AP Lit Unit 1 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10406947838 | Diction | the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing | 0 | |
| 10406947839 | Syntax | the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language | 1 | |
| 10406947840 | Tone | the writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject, the audience, or herself or himself | 2 | |
| 10406947841 | Imagery | the representation through language of sense experience | 3 | |
| 10406947842 | Point of View | the angle of vision from which a story is told (omniscient, third-person, first-person, objective) | 4 | |
| 10406947843 | Detail | facts | 5 | |
| 10406947844 | Pacing | a stylistic device, which shows how fast a story unfolds | 6 | |
| 10406947845 | Shift | occurs when speakers or writers alter their style or tone in a piece | 7 | |
| 10406947846 | Connotation | what a word suggests beyond it basic definition; a word's overtones of meaning | 8 | |
| 10406947847 | Denotation | dictionary definition | 9 | |
| 10406947848 | Theme | the central idea or unifying generalization implied or stated by a literary work | 10 | |
| 10406947849 | Foot | the basic unit used in the scansion or measurement of verse. It usually contains one accented syllable and one or two unaccented syllables | 11 | |
| 10406947850 | Meter | the regular patterns of accent that underlie metrical verse; the measurable repetition of accented and unaccented syllables in poetry | 12 | |
| 10406947851 | Prose | a form of language that has no formal metrical structure. It applies a natural flow of speech, and ordinary grammatical structure, rather than rhythmic structure, such as in the case of traditional poetry | 13 | |
| 10406947852 | Stanza | a group of lines whose metrical pattern is repeated throughout a poem | 14 | |
| 10504636054 | Rhyme Scheme | the practice of rhyming words placed at the end of the lines in poetry. It refers to the order in which particular words rhyme. | 15 |
AP Lit Unit 3 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10407086951 | Villanelle | a nineteen line fixed form consisting of five tercets rhymed aba and a concluding quatrain rhyme abaa, with lines 1 and 3 of the first tercet serving as refrains in an alternate pattern through line 15 and then repeated as lines 18 and 19 | 0 | |
| 10407086952 | Tercet | a three line stanza exhibited in terza rima and villanelle as well as in other poetic forms | 1 | |
| 10407086953 | Terza rima | an interlocking rhyme scheme with the pattern aba bcb cdc etc. | 2 | |
| 10407086954 | Trimeter | a metrical line containing three feet | 3 | |
| 10407086955 | Triple meter | a meter in which majority of the feet contain three syllables | 4 | |
| 10407086956 | Trochee | a metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by one unaccented syllable | 5 | |
| 10407086957 | Sonnet | a fixed form of fourteen lines, normally iambic pentameter, with a rhyme scheme conforming to or approximating one of two main types (Italian or English) | 6 | |
| 10407086958 | Scansion | the process of measuring metrical verse, that is, of marking accented and unaccented syllables, dividing the lines into feet, identifying the metrical pattern, and noting significant variations from that pattern | 7 | |
| 10407086959 | Sestet | (1) a six line stanza (2) the last six lines of a sonnet structured on the Italian model | 8 | |
| 10407086960 | Rhythm | any wavelike recurrence of motion or sound | 9 | |
| 10407086961 | Quatrain | (1) a four line stanza (2) a four line division of a sonnet marked off by its rhyme scheme | 10 | |
| 10407086962 | Refrain | a repeated word, phrase, line, or group of lines, normally at some fixed position in a poem written in stanzaic form | 11 | |
| 10407086963 | Pentameter | a metrical line containing five feet | 12 | |
| 10407086964 | Monometer | a metrical line containing one foot | 13 | |
| 10407086965 | Italian/Petrarchan Sonnet | a sonnet consisting of an octave rhyming abbaabba and of a sestet using any arrangement of two or three additional rhymes, such as cdcdcd or cdecde | 14 | |
| 10407086966 | Aubade | a poem about dawn; a morning love song; or a poem about the parting of lovers at dawn | 15 | |
| 10407086967 | Ballad | a fairly short narrative poem written in a songlike stanza form | 16 |
AP vocab list 3 Flashcards
AP Language vocabulary #3
Terms : Hide Images
| 8111450793 | allay | to put (fear, doubt, suspicion, anger, etc) to rest; to calm; to relieve or lessen; to reduce or soften emotion | 0 | |
| 8111450794 | analogous | corresponding in some respect; similar; comparable | 1 | |
| 8111450795 | chicanery | trickery or deception, especially verbal (often legal) quibbling; dishonest practice | 2 | |
| 8111450796 | desultory | random; haphazard; jumping fitfully from one thing to another | 3 | |
| 8111450797 | gamut | the entire scale or range; the whole sweep, scope, or extent | 4 | |
| 8111450798 | harbinger | anything that foreshadows a future event, an omen or sign; a person who goes ahead to make known the approach of another | 5 | |
| 8111450799 | indigent | lacking food, clothing, and other necessities of life because of poverty; poor and needy | 6 | |
| 8111450800 | nefarious | extremely wicked or villainous; vile; evil | 7 | |
| 8111450801 | officious | objectionably aggressive in offering unwanted or unrequested advice or help; meddlesome; interfering | 8 | |
| 8111450802 | plaintive | expressing sorrow; sad; mournful | 9 |
AP Poetry Terms (Live) Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9822564624 | alliteration | the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. | 0 | |
| 9822564625 | assonance | Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity | 1 | |
| 9822564626 | cacophony | harsh sounds | 2 | |
| 9822564627 | caesura | A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line. | 3 | |
| 9822564628 | conceit | a fanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor | 4 | |
| 9822564629 | connotation | All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests | 5 | |
| 9822564630 | consonance | Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity. | 6 | |
| 9822564631 | controlling image | an image or metaphor that runs throughout and determines the form or nature of a literary work | 7 | |
| 9822564632 | couplet | two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme | 8 | |
| 9822564633 | dirge | a funeral hymn or mournful speech | 9 | |
| 9822564634 | dissonance | a harsh and disagreeable combination, often of sounds | 10 | |
| 9822564635 | dramatic monologue | a type of poem that presents a conversation between a speaker and an implied listener | 11 | |
| 9822564636 | elegy | poem or song expressing lamentation; a sad or mournful poem | 12 | |
| 9822564637 | end-stopped line | line of poetry that has a full pause at the end, typically indicated by a period or semicolon | 13 | |
| 9822564638 | enjambment | the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza. | 14 | |
| 9822564639 | epic | a long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds | 15 | |
| 9822564640 | euphony | pleasant, harmonious sound | 16 | |
| 9822564641 | metric foot | a unit of poetry consisting of at least one stressed and one unstressed syllable | 17 | |
| 9822564642 | free verse | Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme | 18 | |
| 9822564643 | iamb | a metrical unit with unstressed-stressed syllables: u/ | 19 | |
| 9822564644 | image | A word or phrase representing that which can be seen, touched, tasted, smelled, or felt. | 20 | |
| 9822564645 | in medias res | into the middle of a narrative; without preamble | 21 | |
| 9822564646 | lyric | A type of short poetry that explores the speaker's personal interpretation of and feelings about the world. Usually about love, but lyric poems have been written on subjects as different as reading and religion. Sonnets and odes are lyric poems. | 22 | |
| 9822564647 | meter | A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry | 23 | |
| 9822564648 | octave | 8 line stanza | 24 | |
| 9822564649 | ode | A lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject. | 25 | |
| 9822564650 | pentameter | a line of verse consisting of five metrical feet | 26 | |
| 9822564651 | persona | a character in a novel or play; the outward character or role that a person assumes | 27 | |
| 9822564652 | quatrain | 4 line stanza | 28 | |
| 9822564653 | refrain | A line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem. | 29 | |
| 9822564654 | end rhyme | A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line | 30 | |
| 9822564655 | external rhyme | A pattern of words that rhyme on the "outside," on the edge of the poem - the last syllable in the last word of each line in a stanza. | 31 | |
| 9822564656 | feminine rhyme | occurs when the rhyme ends on an unstressed syllable (i.e. "calling" and "falling") | 32 | |
| 9822564657 | internal rhyme | A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line | 33 | |
| 9822564658 | masculine rhyme | final syllable of first word rhymes with final syllable of second word (scald recalled) | 34 | |
| 9822564659 | scansion | The process of marking lines of poetry to show the type of feet and the number of feet they contain | 35 | |
| 9822564660 | sestet | 6 line stanza | 36 | |
| 9822564661 | English sonnet | 3 Quatrains and an ending couplet. Rhyme scheme of abab, cdcd, efef, gg. | 37 | |
| 9822564662 | Italian sonnet | A form of sonnet divided into eight line and six line parts (an octave rhyming abba abba and a sestet rhyming in any of various patterns). Also called a Petrarchan sonnet. | 38 | |
| 9822564663 | stanza | a group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem; a verse. | 39 | |
| 9822564664 | stress | the relative prominence of a syllable or musical note (especially with regard to stress or pitch) | 40 | |
| 9822564665 | volta | The shift or point of dramatic change in a poem | 41 | |
| 9822564666 | allusion | A reference to another work of literature, person, or historical event | 42 | |
| 9822564667 | antithesis | A figure of speech characterized by strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences, or ideas, as in "Man proposes; God disposes." Antithesis is a balancing of one term against another for emphasis or stylistic effectiveness. | 43 | |
| 9822564668 | apostrophe | address to an absent or imaginary person | 44 | |
| 9822564669 | ballad meter | a four-line stanza rhymed abcd with four feet in lines one and three feet in lines two and four. O mother, mother make my bed. O make it soft and narrow. Since my love died for me today, I'll die for him tomorrow. | 45 | |
| 9822564670 | blank verse | unrhymed verse (usually in iambic pentameter). Blank verse is the meter of most of Shakespeare's plays, as well as that of Milton's Paradise Lost. | 46 | |
| 9822564671 | devices of sound | The techniques of deploying the sound of words. Examples include rhyme, alliteration, assonance, consonance, and onomatopoeia. The devices are used to create a general effect of pleasant or of discordant sound, to imitate another sound, or to reflect a meaning. | 47 | |
| 9822564672 | diction | The use of words in a literary work. Diction may be described as formal, informal, colloquial, or slang. | 48 | |
| 9822564673 | didactic poem | A poem which is intended primarily to teach a lesson. | 49 | |
| 9822564674 | extended metaphor | An implied analogy, or comparison, which is carried throughout a stanza or an entire poem. | 50 | |
| 9822564675 | metonymy | replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. Ex: speaking of the king as "the crown." | 51 | |
| 9822564676 | mixed metaphor | a combination of two or more incompatible metaphors, which produces a ridiculous effect | 52 | |
| 9822564677 | narrative poem | a non-dramatic poem which tells a story or presents a narrative, whether simple or complex, long or short. Epics and ballads are examples of narrative poems. | 53 | |
| 9822564678 | onomatopeoia | the use of words that imitate the sounds they define (ex: hiss) | 54 | |
| 9822564679 | oxymoron | conjoining contradictory terms (as in 'deafening silence') | 55 | |
| 9822564680 | paradox | a statement, situation, action or feeling that is seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense and yet is perhaps true | 56 | |
| 9822564681 | parallelism | Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other in a line or lines of poetry. | 57 | |
| 9822564682 | poetic foot | the unit of meter in a poem containing stressed or unstressed syllables. Ex: iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, pyrrhic, spondaic | 58 | |
| 9822564683 | anapestic foot | three-syllable foot, stress on third: uu/ | 59 | |
| 9822564684 | dactylic foot | a metrical unit with stressed-unstressed-unstressed syllables: /uu EX: "No one has more resilience / Or matches my PRAC-ti-cal TAC-ti-cal brilliance" (Lin-Manuel Miranda, Hamilton) | 60 | |
| 9822564685 | pyrrhic foot | two unstressed syllables: uu | 61 | |
| 9822564686 | spondaic foot | two stressed syllables: // | 62 | |
| 9822564687 | pun | a play on words, often achieved through the use of words with similar sounds but different meanings | 63 | |
| 9822564688 | sarcasm | the use of irony to mock or convey contempt | 64 | |
| 9822564689 | satire | the use of humor to emphasize human vice, weaknesses or imperfections in social institutions | 65 | |
| 9822564690 | rhetorical strategy | the management of language for a specific effect. The rhetorical strategy of most love poems is deployed to convince the loved one to return to the speaker's love. By appealing to the loved one's sympathy, or by flattery, or by threat, the lover attempts to persuade the loved one to love in return. | 66 | |
| 9822564691 | synechdoche | Uses a part to explain a whole or a whole to explain a part. ex. Lend me an ear. | 67 | |
| 9822564692 | syntax | Arrangement of words in phrases and sentences | 68 | |
| 9822564693 | tercet | 3 line stanza | 69 | |
| 9822564694 | terza rima | a three-line stanza rhymed aba, bcb, cdc, etc. Dante's Divine Comedy is written in terza rima. | 70 | |
| 9822564695 | theme | A message about life or human nature that the writer shares with the reader. | 71 | |
| 9822564696 | tone | Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character | 72 | |
| 9822564697 | understatement | a statement that is restrained in ironic contrast to what might have been said | 73 | |
| 9822564698 | villanelle | a nineteen-line poem divided into five tercets and a final quatrain. Uses only two rhymes: aba, aba, aba, aba, aba, abaa. Line one is repeated entirely to form lines 9, 15, and 19; thus, eight of the nineteen lines are refrain. | 74 | |
| 9822564699 | trochee | A metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by one unaccented syllable. Ex:"Tyger! Tyger! Burning bright" |  | 75 |
| 9822564700 | eye rhyme | Rhyme that appears correct from spelling, but is half-rhyme or slant rhyme from the pronunciation. Ex: bear/fear, dough/cough/through/bough | 76 |
AP Transcription and Translation Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8522635448 | transcription | process of copying DNA into mRNA |  | 0 |
| 8522635450 | Template Strand | This is the transcribed DNA strand, has directions |  | 1 |
| 8522635452 | 5' to 3' | The direction RNA is built by RNA Polymerase |  | 2 |
| 8522635453 | 3' to 5' | The direction RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA | | 3 |
| 8522635454 | RNA Polymerase | makes mRNA from DNA template | | 4 |
| 8522635455 | Promoter | binding site for polymerase before beginning of gene |  | 5 |
| 8522635456 | Transcription Factors | Proteins that bind to promoter region of DNA and help control transcription. Work with RNA polymerase. |  | 6 |
| 8522635457 | Initiation (Transcription) | First step of transcription. RNA polymerase binds to promoter of template strand of DNA |  | 7 |
| 8522635458 | Elongation (Transcription) | Second step in transcription. RNA polymerase adds complimentary RNA nucleotides in 5' to 3' direction. | | 8 |
| 8522635459 | Termination (Transcription) | Third step in transcription. Termination sequence cause polymerase to detach from DNA, mRNA is released. | | 9 |
| 8522635460 | Exons | A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed |  | 10 |
| 8522635461 | Introns | Noncoding segments that are removed during RNA processing | | 11 |
| 8522635464 | Spliceosome | This enzyme complex is made of snRNPs, removes introns and pastes exons together |  | 12 |
| 8522635467 | Codon | found on mRNA, 3 nucleotides (3 bases) that code for 1 amino acid |  | 13 |
| 8522635475 | tRNA | transfers amino acids to the growing protein |  | 14 |
| 8522635478 | rRNA | holds mRNA and tRNA together during protein synthesis |  | 15 |
| 8522635479 | The A, P, and E sites. | 3 locations on ribosome |  | 16 |
| 8522635480 | A Site | This site locates the tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain (3rd). Tests for codon/anticodon match. |  | 17 |
| 8522635481 | P Site | This site holds tRNA as it drops off amino acid, building polypeptide chain. | | 18 |
| 8522635482 | E Site | The exit site where the empty tRNA leaves ribosomes. | | 19 |
| 8522635483 | Initiation (Translation) | mRNA, small and large ribosome sub-unit and first tRNA come together |  | 20 |
| 8522635484 | Elongation (Translation) | Polypeptide increases in length as new amino acids keep getting added to protein. |  | 21 |
| 8522635485 | Termination (Translation) | Release factor binds to stop codon on mRNA, polypeptide set free and forms 3D shape, ribosomes dissociate (aren't specific, ribsomes are general) |  | 22 |
| 8522659299 | TATA | promoter region on DNA for transcription to begin | 23 | |
| 8522664349 | TTATTT | sequence on DNA for termination of mRNA | 24 | |
| 8522666000 | AUG | start codon for translation | 25 | |
| 8522667144 | UAA,UAG,UGA | stop codons for translation | 26 |
AP Genetics and DNA Flashcards
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| 9034668475 | Nucleotide | Made of a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base | 0 | |
| 9034671325 | Purine | Adenine and Guanine. Double Ringed | 1 | |
| 9034674669 | Pyrimadine | Cytosine and Thymine. Single Ringed | 2 | |
| 9034677771 | Deoxyribose |  | 3 | |
| 9034679882 | Ribose |  | 4 | |
| 9034685455 | mRNA | Makes a copy of a DNA gene in the nucleus | 5 | |
| 9034690676 | RNA polymerase | Enzyme that reads a gene on DNA to make an mRNA copy | 6 | |
| 9034703651 | Central Dogma of Biology | DNA - RNA - Protein | 7 | |
| 9034705889 | polypeptide | name for a protein that describes the bonds holding the amino acids together | 8 | |
| 9034709234 | codon | Set of three base pairs on an mRNA transcript | 9 | |
| 9034713714 | anticodon | Set of three base pairs on a tRNA molecule | 10 | |
| 9034718815 | intron | genetic information that gets cut out of an RNA transcript and stays in the nucleus | 11 | |
| 9034718816 | exon | genetic information that gets cut out of an RNA transcript and codes for the gene | 12 | |
| 9034722466 | differential RNA splicing | allows one gene to code for more than one protein | 13 | |
| 9034722467 | splicosome | the complex of RNA and enzymes that cut out introns. | 14 | |
| 9034834288 | Aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase | enzyme that binds tRNA to specific amino acid | 15 | |
| 9034838545 | wobble | the 3rd base of a codon has less strict base pairing rules than bases 1 and 2 | 16 | |
| 9034844469 | A site | Site on a ribosome that holds the amino acid to be attached | 17 | |
| 9034844470 | P site | Site on a ribosome that forms the peptide bond between the new amino acid and the elongated chain | 18 | |
| 9034844471 | E site | place where the "empty" tRNA dissociates from the ribosome | 19 | |
| 9034861839 | hydrogen bonds | form between the bases on the DNA ladder | 20 | |
| 9034871457 | 5' cap and poly A tail | added to an mRNA transcript to protect the transcript on it's way to a ribosome | 21 | |
| 9034875416 | chaperonin | assists with the proper folding of a protein | 22 | |
| 9034880046 | primary structure |  | 23 | |
| 9034881721 | secondary structure |  | 24 | |
| 9034883753 | tertiary structure |  | 25 | |
| 9034885715 | quarternary structure |  | 26 | |
| 9034890042 | operon | cluster of related genes with on/off switch | 27 | |
| 9034890043 | promoter | where RNA polymerase attaches | 28 | |
| 9034920659 | gene | code for related enzymes in a pathway | 29 | |
| 9034922717 | operator | "on/off", controls access of RNA poly | 30 | |
| 9034924897 | inducable operon | gene expression is turned on by the presence of a substance that needs to be broken down. (catabolic) | 31 | |
| 9034928564 | repressable operon | gene expression is controlled and turned off by the presence of a product that is made. (anabolic) | 32 | |
| 9034941497 | trp operon | example of a repressable operon | 33 | |
| 9034944327 | lac operon | example of an inducable operon | 34 | |
| 9034951664 | regulatory gene | produces repressor protein that binds to operator to block RNA polymerase | 35 |
AP Biology Evolution Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9578291644 | Fossils | -darwin drew from these (the remains or traces of organisms from the past) | 0 | |
| 9578291646 | Paleontology | -study of fossils, developed by Georges Cuvier 0noted that the older the stratum the more dissimilar fossils were to current life-forms -from one layer to the next, new species appeared while others disappeared -each boundary represented a sudden catastrophic event | 1 | |
| 9578291647 | Charles Lyell | -incorporated Hutton's thinking into his proposal that the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate | 2 | |
| 9578291648 | Jean-Baptiste Lamarck | -found several lines of descent, a chronological series of older to younger fossils leading to a living species -use and disuse (giraffes' neck) | 3 | |
| 9578291649 | Wallace | -writes a paper with a similar hypothesis to Darwin based on the Malay archipelago | 4 | |
| 9578291650 | Darwin | -HMS beagle, interested in species in the galapagos (turtles, finches) | 5 | |
| 9578291651 | Artificial Selection | -modification of other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits | 6 | |
| 9578291652 | Darwin's 2 Inferenences | -All species and produce more offspring than their enviorment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce -This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations | 7 | |
| 9578291653 | Homology | -similarity resulting from common ancestry | 8 | |
| 9578291654 | Homologous Structures | -represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor | 9 | |
| 9578291655 | Vestigal Structures | -remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors | 10 | |
| 9578291656 | Convergent Evolution | -independent evolution of similar features in different lineages -ex: marsupials and sugar glider (same environment) -can occur when similar environmental pressures and natural selection exists | 11 | |
| 9578291657 | Analogous | -species share features b/c of convergent evolution, share similar function but not common ancesty | 12 | |
| 9578291666 | Analogy | -similarity due to convergent evolution | 13 | |
| 9578291679 | Genetic Variation | -differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences | 14 | |
| 9578291680 | Population | -group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed creating fertile offspring | 15 | |
| 9578291681 | Gene Pool | -all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population | 16 | |
| 9578291682 | Hardy-Weinberg Conditions | -no mutations -random mating -no natural selection -very large population size -no gene flow | 17 | |
| 9578291683 | Genetic Drift | -chance events can alter allele allele frequencies to fluctuate from one generation to another (especially in one generation to another) | 18 | |
| 9578291684 | Founder Effect | -when few individuals become isolated from a larger population this smaller group may make a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population | 19 | |
| 9578291685 | Bottleneck Effect | -a severe drop in population results in the over or under representation of certain alleles. | 20 | |
| 9578291686 | Gene Flow | -transfer of allele into or out of a population from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes | 21 | |
| 9578291687 | Effects of Genetic Drift | -Genetic Drift is significant in small populations -Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random -Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations -Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed | 22 | |
| 9578291688 | Adaptive Evolution | -NS increases the frequency of allele that provide an advantage and reproduce more | 23 | |
| 9578291689 | Relative Fitness | -contribution an individual makes to the gene pool relative to the contributions of indivdauls | 24 | |
| 9578291690 | Directional Selection | -conditions father shifting traits to one extreme |  | 25 |
| 9578291691 | Disruptive Selection | -conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range |  | 26 |
| 9578291692 | Stabilizing Selection | -reduces variation and gets rid of extreme phenotypes in the population |  | 27 |
| 9578291693 | Sexual Selection | -form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain maits | 28 | |
| 9578291694 | Sexual Dismorphism | -difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species | 29 | |
| 9578291695 | Intersexual Selection | -individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting mates | 30 | |
| 9578291696 | Neutral Variation | -differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage | 31 | |
| 9578291698 | Heterozygote Selection | -individuals who are heterozygotes at a particular locus have a greater fitness than both kinds of homozygotes | 32 | |
| 9578291699 | Frequency Dependent Selection | -fitness of a phenotype depends on how commen it is | 33 | |
| 9578291700 | Natural Selection Constraints | 1. Selection can only act on existing variation 2. Evolution is limited by historical constraints 3. Adaptations are often compromises 4. Chance, NS and the environment interact | 34 |
AP Biology Review Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6679902450 | Dehydration Synthesis | connecting monomers together by the removal of water | 0 | |
| 6679902451 | Hydrolysis | disassembling polymers by the addition of water | 1 | |
| 6679902452 | Disaccharides | glucose + glucose = maltose / glucose + fructose = sucrose / glucose + galactose = lactose | 2 | |
| 6679902453 | Polysaccharides | Plants: starch (energy) and cellulose (structure) Animals: glycogen (energy) and chitin (structure) | 3 | |
| 6679902454 | Lipids | hydrophobic (very non-polar), consist of long hydrocarbon chains | 4 | |
| 6679902455 | Fats | consist of glycerol and 3 fatty acids, store long term energy, saturated = no double bond in hydrocarbon tails (no kink), unsaturated = double bond (kink) | 5 | |
| 6679902456 | Phospholipids | consist of phosphate head, glycerol, and 2 fatty acid tails, tail is hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic | 6 | |
| 6679902457 | Protein structure and organization | composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, hydrogen, and an R group, joined by peptide bonds and folded numerous times; 1) Primary (linear sequence) 2) Secondary (helix or pleat) 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary (globular) | 7 | |
| 6679902458 | Protein functions (8) | 1) enzymes 2) antibodies 3) storage proteins 4) transport proteins 5) hormones 6) receptor proteins 7) motor proteins 8) structural proteins | 8 | |
| 6679902459 | Nucleic Acids | DNA (A+T, G+C) carries genetic info, RNA (A+U, G+C) manufactures proteins | 9 | |
| 6679902460 | Nuclear Envelope | double membrane enclosing the nucleus (where genetic info is stored) perforated with pores, continuous with ER | 10 | |
| 6679902461 | Chromatin | uncondensed DNA that forms chromosomes during cell division | 11 | |
| 6679902462 | Nucleolus | nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes, a nucleus has one or more of these | 12 | |
| 6679902463 | Rough ER | covered in ribosomes, secretes and transports proteins produced by ribosomes | 13 | |
| 6679902464 | Smooth ER | metabollic processes (synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbs, detoxification of drugs and poisons) | 14 | |
| 6679902465 | Golgi | packages, stores, transports, and secretes cell products | 15 | |
| 6679902466 | Cytoskeleton | supports cell, maintains its shape, aids in movement of cell products | 16 | |
| 6679902467 | Centrosomes (2 centrioles) | only in animal cells, microtubules used for cell division | 17 | |
| 6679902468 | Lysosomes | only in animal cells, digestive organelles | 18 | |
| 6679902469 | Flagella | only in animal cells, cluster of microtubules for motility | 19 | |
| 6679902470 | Extracellular Matrix | only in animal cells, made of proteins that provide support for cells and relay information for communication between the environment and the cell | 20 | |
| 6679902471 | Central Vacuole | only in plant cells, stores water and sugar, breaks down waste, and used as a mechanism for plant growth (when it swells) | 21 | |
| 6679902472 | Prokaryotic | one of two major cell types - no membrane bound organelles | 22 | |
| 6679902473 | Phospholipid Bilayer | tails of phospholipids are loosely packed and are in constant motion; membrane contains integral and peripheral proteins, cholestrol, and glycopreotins and glycolipids; cholesterol makes the membrane less permeable to water and other substances; non-polar and small polar molecules can pass through unadied | 23 | |
| 6679902474 | Passive trasport | movement of molecules without requirement of energy: 1) diffusion 2) osmosis (across a membrane) 3) facilitated diffusion (helped by transport proteins) | 24 | |
| 6679902475 | Active transport | movement of molecules that requires energy: 1) sodium-potassium pumps 2) exocytosis 3) endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis) | 25 | |
| 6679902476 | Membrane Potential | voltage across a membrane due to difference in positive and negative ions, electrons move from high to low concentration (ex. sodium-potassium pumps in neurons) | 26 | |
| 6679902477 | Electrochemical Gradient | diffusion gradient resulting in combination of membrane potential and concentration gradient | 27 | |
| 6679902478 | Hypertonic | solution with higher concentration of solutes, animal/plant cell in this solution would become shiveled/plasmolyzed | 28 | |
| 6679902479 | Hypotonic | solution with lower concentration of solutes, animal/plant cell in this solution would lyse/become turgid | 29 | |
| 6679902480 | Isotonic | equal levels of solute concentration, plant cell in this solution would become flaccid | 30 | |
| 6679902481 | When ΔG is negative... | ...the reaction is exergonic (loss of free energy). | 31 | |
| 6679902482 | When ΔG is positive... | ...the reaction is endergonic (gain of free energy). | 32 | |
| 6679902483 | *Enzymes | proteins that are biological catalysts, lower the activation energy required to start a chemical reaction (reactants at unstable transition state) can be used over and over | 33 | |
| 6679902484 | Substrate | the substance that an enzyme acts upon | 34 | |
| 6679902485 | Active Site | region of enzyme that binds to the substrate | 35 | |
| 6679902486 | Induced fit | change in the shape of an enzyme's active site induced by the substrate, helps to break down the substrate | 36 | |
| 6679902487 | The higher the substrate concentration... | ...the faster the reaction until the enzyme becomes saturated. | 37 | |
| 6679902488 | Denaturation | the unraveling of an enzyme due to high temperatures or incompatible pH | 38 | |
| 6679902489 | Cofactors | nonprotein molecules that are required for proper enzyme function, cofactors made of organic molecules are called coenzymes | 39 | |
| 6679902490 | Enzyme inhibition may be irreversible if... | ...the inhibitor attaches by covalent bonds (poisons, toxins) | 40 | |
| 6679902491 | Competitive Inhibitors | resemble a substrate and block enzymes' active sites, can be overcome with higher concentration of substrate | 41 | |
| 6679902492 | Noncompetitive Inhibitors | bind to a portion of the enzyme and change the shape of the active site so that it cannot match with substrates, used for regulating metabolic reactions | 42 | |
| 6679902493 | Feedback Inhibition | the product of a metabolic pathway switches off the enzyme that created it earlier in the process | 43 | |
| 6679902494 | Oxidation | loss of electrons (OIL) | 44 | |
| 6679902495 | Reduction | gain of electrons (RIG) | 45 | |
| 6679902496 | Oxidative Phosphorylation | ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions that transfer electrons to oxygen | 46 | |
| 6679902497 | Electron Acceptors | Cellular respiration: NAD+ and FAD (to NADH and FADH2) Photosynthesis: NADP+ (to NADPH) | 47 | |
| 6679902498 | Glycolysis | Input: glucose, 2 ATP Output: 2 pyruvic acid, 4 ATP (net 2), 2 NADH | 48 | |
| 6679902499 | Conversion Reaction before Kreb's | Input: 2 pyruvate Output: 2 acetyl (w/ CoA), 2 NADH, 2 CO2 | 49 | |
| 6679902500 | Krebs Cycle | Input: 2 acetyl ➝ citric acid Output: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2 (after 2 turns of the cycle) | 50 | |
| 6679902501 | Electron Transport Chain | Input: NADH, FADH2, O2 (to accept e-) Output: 34-38 ATP, H2O | 51 | |
| 6679902502 | Alcohol Fermentation | Input: glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NADH Output: 2 NAD+, 2 ethanol, 2 CO2, 4 ATP (net 2) | 52 | |
| 6679902503 | Lactic Acid Fermentation | Input: glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NADH Output: 2 NAD+, 2 lactate, 4 ATP (net 2) | 53 | |
| 6679902504 | Photosynthetic Equation | 54 | ||
| 6679902505 | Chloroplast structure | Exciting chlorophyll: chlorophyll in thylakoids absorb light, which excites electrons to produce potential energy | 55 | |
| 6679902506 | Light Reactions | Input: H2O (2 e-), light energy, NADP+ Output: O2, ATP, NADPH | 56 | |
| 6679902507 | Calvin Cycle | Input: 6 CO2 (fixed to RuBP by Rubisco), ATP, NADPH Output: 2 G3P = 1 glucose | 57 | |
| 6679902508 | Watson and Crick | built the first accurate 3D DNA model | 58 | |
| 6679902509 | Leading Strand vs. Lagging Strand | works toward replication fork / works away from replication fork; both always move in the 5' ➝ 3' direction | 59 | |
| 6679902510 | Steps of DNA Replication | 1) helicase separates the DNA strands 2) SSB proteins prevent DNA from reanneling 3) primase creates RNA primer 4) DNA polymerase extends DNA strand from the primer 5) DNA polymerase I (RNase H) removes the primers 6) ligase joins the okazaki fragments of the lagging strand | 60 | |
| 6679902511 | 3 types of RNA | 1) mRNA messenger 2) tRNA transfer amino acids (20 kinds) 3) rRNA ribosomes | 61 | |
| 6679902512 | Transcription | 1) Initiation: promoter site (TATA) is recognized 2) Elongation: RNA polymerase adds ribonucleotides in the 5' ➝ 3' direction 3) Termination: RNA strand separates, RNA polymerase recognizes termination sequence (AAUAAA) | 62 | |
| 6679902513 | RNA processing/splicing | splicesomes remove introns and put together exons, 5' cap and PolyA tail are added | 63 | |
| 6679902514 | Codon vs. Anticodon | codon = nucleotide sequence on mRNA anticodon = nucleotide sequence on tRNA | 64 | |
| 6679902515 | Translation | 1) Initiation: 5' cap attaches to ribosome which accepts an initiator tRNA at the P site (*AUG will always be 1st codon) 2) Elongation: codon/anticodon recognition and formation of peptide bond between A site amino acid and P site amino acid chain 3) translocation of the ribosome down the mRNA strand 4) Termination: ribosome will recognize stop codon and release the protein | 65 | |
| 6679902516 | DNA mutations | base-pair substitution; insertion/deletion; frameshift: 1) missense = different protein 2) nonsense = codes for a stop signal prematurely 3) silent = no harmful change | 66 | |
| 6679902517 | Prokaryotic cell division | binary fission: splits in 2, exact copies, quick and efficient with few mutations, but reduces amount of genetic variation | 67 | |
| 6679902518 | Somatic cell vs. Gamete | any body cell except gametes / reproductive cells (sperm, egg) | 68 | |
| 6679902519 | Interphase | (90% of cell's life) G1: 1st growth, normal metabolic activity (goes into G0 phase if it is not ready for next phase); S: synthesis, DNA replication; G2: 2nd growth, prepares for mitosis | 69 | |
| 6679902520 | Mitosis | 1) Prophase: chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nucleus disappears 2) Metaphase: chromosomes line up at equator, kinetechore microtubules attach 3) Anaphase: sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell 4) Telophase and Cytokinesis: daughter cells separate, nucleus reforms, chromosomes decondense | 70 | |
| 6679902521 | Cyclin-dependent Kinases (Cdks) | a regulatory protein that depends upon the presence of cyclin to complete its function, MPF is a Cdk that triggers a cell's passage into the M phase | 71 | |
| 6679902522 | Meiosis I | 1) Prophase I: homologous chromosomes pair up and synapsis occurs, crossing over segments of the chromosomes (chiasma) to create more genetic variation 2) Metaphase I: homologous chromosomes line up at the equator 3) Anaphase: homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell. 4) Telophase I... | 72 | |
| 6679902523 | Meiosis II | Prophase II - Telophase II act exactly like mitosis except that the resultant number of daughter cells is 4 instead of 2, each with their own unique combination of genetic information | 73 | |
| 6679902524 | 4 mechanisms that contribute to genetic variation | 1) Mutation 2) Independent Assortment: homologous chromosomes align randomly on one side of the equator or another 3) Crossing Over 4) Random Fertilization: a zygote can be any combination of a sperm and egg (64 trillion different combinations in humans) | 74 | |
| 6679902525 | Testcross | breed a homozygous recessive individual with an individual with a dominant phenotype but an unknown genotype to determine whether or not the individual is homozygous or heterozygous | 75 | |
| 6679902526 | Dyhybrid heterozygous cross ratio | 9:3:3:1 | 76 | |
| 6679902527 | Incomplete Dominance | heterozygous offspring have an intermediate phenotype of the parents, 1:2:1 ratio (ex. pink flower from red and white flowers) | 77 | |
| 6679902528 | Codominance | both alleles manifest themselves separately in an organism's phenotype (ex. roan cattle) | 78 | |
| 6679902529 | Multiple alleles | a trait controlled by two or more alleles (ex. blood type, eye color) | 79 | |
| 6679902530 | Blood Types | A: A antigen, B antibody B: B antigen, A antibody AB: A and B antigen, no antibodies (universal recipient) O: no antigens, A and B antibodies (universal donor) | 80 | |
| 6679902531 | Polygenic Inheritance | the additive effect of 2 or more independently assorted genes on phenotype (ex. human skin pigment) | 81 | |
| 6679902532 | Linked genes phenotypic ratio | two large numbers (wild and mutant) and two much smaller numbers (recombinant phenotypes) | 82 | |
| 6679902533 | Genetic Map (Linkage/Cytological Map) | ordered list of the genetic loci along a particular chromosome, recombinant frequencies can be used to construct it (smaller the percentage = closer together) | 83 | |
| 6679902534 | X Inactivation | in females during embryonic development, one of the two X chromosomes in a cell becomes inactive (Barr body) (ex. calico cats) | 84 | |
| 6679902535 | Nondisjucntion | homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis I or II | 85 | |
| 6679902536 | Aneuploidy | one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number; Trisomic = 3 copies instead of 2, Monosomic = 1 copy instead of 2 | 86 | |
| 6679902537 | Polyploidy | when there is a whole extra set of chromosomes (ex. oversized fruits); Triploidy = 3 sets, Tetraploidy = 4 sets | 87 | |
| 6679902538 | 4 alterations to gene structure | 1) Deletion: removal of chromosomal segment 2) Duplication: repetition of a segment 3) Inversion: reversal of a segment within a chromosome 4) Translocation: movement of a segment from one chromosome to another, non-homologous one | 88 | |
| 6679902539 | 3 stages in cell cummunication | 1) Reception: cell detects a signal via connection of a ligand to a receptor protein 2) Transduction: the receptor protein converts the signal to a form that can cause a chemical response 3) Response: transduced signal triggers a specific cellular response | 89 | |
| 6679902540 | Types of cell signaling (4) | synaptic, paracrine, hormonal | 90 | |
| 6679902541 | Examples of cell signaling | G-protein coupled receptor, ligand-gated ion channels, steroid hormones (dissolved across plasma membrane, intracellular receptor) | 91 | |
| 6679902542 | Second Messengers and Phosphorylation cascade | second messengers and kinases spread throughout a cell that help amplify a cellular signal by a series of phosphorylation reactions (addition of phosphate) | 92 | |
| 6679902543 | Virus structure | nonliving, can't rproduce on their own; Capsid: protein coat that encloses the viral genome; Envelope: membrane that surrounds some viral capsids; Phage: protein encapsulated virus that attacks bacteria | 93 | |
| 6679902544 | Lytic Cycle | 1) virus attaches to host cell 2) phage DNA enters cell and the cell's DNA degrades (*restriction enzymes in bacteria could destroy them) 3) synthesis of viral genomes and proteins 4) assembly of phages within cell 5) release of viruses, destroys cell | 94 | |
| 6679902545 | Lysogenic Cycle | the virus inserts its DNA into a host cell, and its DNA integrates with the DNA of the host, allows it to be replicated without being attacked for long periods of time before entering the lytic cycle | 95 | |
| 6679902546 | Retrovirus | RNA virus that transcribes its RNA into DNA to insert into host cells (ex. HIV) | 96 | |
| 6679902547 | Provirus | a viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome | 97 | |
| 6679902548 | Viral Transduction | contributes to bacterial genetic variation | 98 | |
| 6679902549 | Repressible Operon | trp operon - usually on, can be repressed. Repressor protein produced in inactive shape | 99 | |
| 6679902550 | Inducible Operon | lac operon - usually off, can be turned on. Repressor protein produced in active shape. | 100 | |
| 6679902551 | cAMP and CAP regulated Operon | when CAP is inactive, transcription continues at a much less efficient rate even in the presence of lactose | 101 | |
| 6679902552 | Histone Acetylation | the loosening of chromatin structure (euchromatin), promotes transcription | 102 | |
| 6679902553 | Histone Methylation | the condensing of chromatin structure (heterochromatin), prevents transcription | 103 | |
| 6679902554 | Transcription Factors and Enhancers | RNA polymerase requires the assistance of transcription factor proteins and enhancers or activators to successfully transcribe RNA | 104 | |
| 6679902555 | Epigenetic Inheritance | inheritance of traits not directly related to nucleotide sequence (ex. fat, sickly, yellow rats were fed a methylated diet, resulted in offspring that were normal-sized, healthy, and brown) | 105 | |
| 6679902556 | 5 Evidences for Evolution | 1) Biogeography 2) Fossil Record 3) Comparative Anatomy 4) Comparative Embryology 5) Molecular Biology | 106 | |
| 6679902557 | 4 conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (not evolving) | 1) very large population 2) isolation from other populations 3) no mutations 4) no natural selection | 107 | |
| 6679902558 | Microevolution vs. Macroevolution | change in the gene pool of a population over several generations / large scale changes in a population that leads to the evolution of a new species | 108 | |
| 6679902559 | 4 causes of Microevolution | 1) genetic drift 2) gene flow 4) natural selection | 109 | |
| 6679902560 | Genetic Drift | random change in gene frequency of a small breeding population: 1) Founder Effect = small population of organisms colonizes a new area, 2) Bottleneck Effect = sudden decrease in population size due to disaster | 110 | |
| 6679902561 | Gene Flow | loss/addition of alleles from a population due to imigration/emigration | 111 | |
| 6679902562 | Nonrandom Mating | selection of mates for specific phenotypes: 1) Assortative Mating = when individuals select partners with simple phenotypic characters, 2) Inbreeding = more recessive traits likely to come together | 112 | |
| 6679902563 | 3 Modes of Natural Selection | 1) Stabilizing: favors intermediate, 2) Directional: favors one extreme phenotype, 3) Diversifying: favors both extremes | 113 | |
| 6679902564 | Heterozygote Advantage | heterozygotes for a trait are more likely to survive (ex. carriers of sickle cell anemia are immune to malaria) | 114 | |
| 6679902565 | Biological Species Concept | population whose members can create viable, fertile offspring (Problems: doesn't apply to extinct animals or asexually reproducing organisms) | 115 | |
| 6679902566 | Prezygotic Reproductive Barriers | 1) Habitat Isolation 2) Behavioral Isolation (differing behaviors for attracting mates) 3) Temporal Isolation (mate at different times) 4) Mechanical Isolation 5) Gametic Isolation (unable to fertilize egg) | 116 | |
| 6679902567 | Postzygotic Reproductive Barriers | 1) Reduced Hybrid Viability (disruption in embryonic stage) 2) Reduced Hybrid Fertility 3) Hybrid Breakdown (F1 is fertile, F2 is sterile or weak) | 117 | |
| 6679902568 | Allopatric Speciation | when populations become geographically isolated from the rest of the species and has the potential to develop a new species (ex. Adaptive Radiation: many diversely adapted species from common ancestor, Darwin's finches) | 118 | |
| 6679902569 | Sympatric Speciation | members of a population develop gametic differences that prevent them from reproducing with the parental type (polyploidy, not as common) | 119 | |
| 6679902570 | Punctuated Equilibrium vs. Gradualism | evolution occurs in short spurts of rapid change / each new species will evolve gradually over long spans of time |  | 120 |
| 6679902571 | Convergent Evolution | different organisms that occupy similar environments come to resemble one another (ex. dolphins and sharks) | 121 | |
| 6679902572 | Endosymbiosis | Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Evidence: They have their own DNA and ribosomes, double membrane structure, grow and reproduce on their own within the cell |  | 122 |
| 6679902573 | Phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species or group of related species | 123 | |
| 6679902574 | Taxonomic groups from broad to narrow (8) | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |  | 124 |
| 6679902575 | 3 mechanisms in which bacteria transfer genetic materials | 1) Transformation: prokaryote takes up DNA from its environment 2) Transduction: viruses transfer genes between prokaryotes 3) Conjugation: genes are directly transferred from one prokaryote to another over a temporary "mating bridge" | 125 | |
| 6679902576 | Types of Symbiotic Relationships | Mutualism (+, +), Commensalism (+, 0), Parasitism, (+, -) | 126 | |
| 6679902577 | Factors that influence Transpiration Rate | Temperature: higher temperature, faster rate; Humidity: higher humidity, slower rate; Sunlight: more sun, faster rate; Wind: more wind, faster rate | 127 | |
| 6679902578 | Lines of Immune Defense | 1st Line) skin oil and sweat, mucous; 2nd Line) nonspecific phagocytes and cytotoxic immune cells; 3rd Line) specific immune system | 128 | |
| 6679902579 | Primary and Secondary Immune Response |  | 129 | |
| 6679902580 | Active vs. Passive Immunity | depends on the response of a person's own immune system (artificial = vaccines) / immunity passed from one organism to another | 130 | |
| 6679902581 | B cells vs. T cells (maturation) | mature in bone marrow / mature in thymus | 131 | |
| 6679902582 | Humoral vs. Cell-Mediated Immune Responses |  | 132 | |
| 6679902583 | Non-steroid hormone vs. Steroid hormone | travels in bloodstream, binds to receptor on cell surface / travels in bloodstream, binds to receptor inside the cell |  | 133 |
| 6679902584 | Endotherms vs. Ectotherms | warmed by heat generated by metabolism (mammals, birds) / generate little metabolic heat, warmed by environment |  | 134 |
| 6679902585 | Niche | a position/role taken by a kind of organism within its community | 135 | |
| 6679902586 | Resource Partitioning | division of environmental resources by coexisting species |  | 136 |
| 6679902587 | Per capita Growth Rate | birth - death / total population | 137 | |
| 6679902588 | Exponential vs. Logistic Growth | in logistic growth, carrying capacity will limit the population's size |  | 138 |
| 6679902589 | Density-dependent Regulation | Density-independent: natural disasters, human impact, etc. |  | 139 |
| 6679902590 | Keystone Species | species that exerts strong control on community structure not by numerical might but by their pivotal ecological roles or niches |  | 140 |
| 6679902591 | Energy Pyramid | each energy level receives only 10% of the pervious level's energy |  | 141 |
| 6679902592 | Gross Primary Production vs. Net Primary Production | total amount of energy from light converted to chemical energy to organic molecules / GPP - energy used by primary producers for "autotrophic respiration" | 142 | |
| 6679902593 | Carbon Cycle | Connect photosynthesis (fixation) to cellular respiration (CO2 release) |  | 143 |
| 6679902594 | Plasmids | a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome |  | 144 |
| 6679902595 | Recombinant DNA | a DNA vector made in vitro with segments from different sources |  | 145 |
| 6679902596 | Restriction Enzyme | an enzyme that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites), can then be used to create recombinant DNA |  | 146 |
| 6679902597 | Gel Electrophoresis | analyzing fragments of DNA (RFLPs) by their length and charge to determine genetic fingerprints and other genetic information |  | 147 |
AP Biology- Endocrine System Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9148916783 | Endocrine System | Releases hormones, chemicals released by *ductless glands* into the blood stream that can have an effect anywhere in the body | 0 | |
| 9148916784 | Tropic hormones | Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones | 1 | |
| 9148916785 | Pheromones | Hormones released by one animal that affect other animals | 2 | |
| 9148916786 | Hypothalamus | Bridge between endocrine and nervous systems Sends electrical signals to adrenal gland to release adrenaline Releases *oxytocin* and *antidiuretic hormone* into posterior pituitary for storage | 3 | |
| 9148916787 | Anterior Pituitary | Growth hormone (GH)- Bone growth Luteinizing hormone (LH)- Ovaries and testes Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- Thyroid to release thyroxin Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- Adrenal cortex to release cortisol Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- gonads to produce gametes | 4 | |
| 9148916788 | Posterior Pituitary | Stores and releases hormones (*oxytocin*-stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary glands during labor and *ADH*- stimulates the collecting tubule in nephron) from hypothalamus | 5 | |
| 9148916789 | Thyroid Gland | Releases *thyroxin*- controls rate of metabolism Releases *calcitonin*- lowers blood calcium levels by facilitating uptake of calcium by bones | 6 | |
| 9148916790 | Parathyroid Gland | Releases *parathormone*- raises blood calcium levels by removing calcium from bones Works in opposition to *calcitonin* | 7 | |
| 9148916791 | Adrenal Cortex | Responds to stress by releasing corticosteroids- *cortisol* Raises blood sugar levels | 8 | |
| 9148916792 | Adrenal Medulla | Releases *epinephrine (adrenaline)*- the "fight or flight" hormone- raises blood sugar levels by increasing breakdown of glycogen in liver | 9 | |
| 9148916793 | Pancreas | Functions as both endocrine gland (releasing hormones) and exocrine gland (releasing digestive enzymes) Releases *insulin* to lower blood glucose levels Releases glucagon to raise blood glucose levels | 10 | |
| 9148916794 | Thymus Gland | Most active in fetal and postnatal life Essential to development of a normal immune system Stimulates proliferation of T-lymphcytes | 11 | |
| 9148916795 | Pineal Gland | In brain Secretes hormone melatonin | 12 | |
| 9148916796 | Ovaries | *Estrogen*- stimulates uterine lining, promotes development and maintenance of primary and secondary sexual characteristics *Progesterone*- promotes growth of uterine lining | 13 | |
| 9148916797 | Testes | *Testosterone*- supports sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics | 14 | |
| 9148916798 | Positive Feedback | Mechanisms amplify an already existing response and bring a process to an end |  | 15 |
| 9148916799 | Negative Feedback | Mechanisms maintain homeostasis by inhibiting a response. |  | 16 |
| 9148916800 | Signal-Transduction Pathway | 1. Chemicals bind to a receptor on the surface of the plasma membrane 2. Triggers a *secondary messenger* (cAMP or calcium ions) 3. Converts chemical signal to a specific cellular response from the nucleus |  | 17 |
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