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AP Human Geography Agriculture Flashcards

6305250774	Agribusiness	System of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.	0
6305250775	Cash Crops	Planting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell.	1
6305250776	Commercial Agriculture	Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.	2
6305250777	Double Cropping	Planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year.	3
6305250778	GMOs	Foods that\have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value	4
6305250779	Intensive Subsistence Farming	A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.	5
6305250780	Monoculture	Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.	6
6305250781	Mechanization	In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.	7
6305250783	Primary Economy	Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials.	8
6305250784	Plantation Agriculture	Raising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export.	9
6305250787	Transhumance	Movement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter.	10
6305250788	Von Thunen Model	Theory that a commercial farmer wull decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.	11
6305250789	Green Revolution	An outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm.	12
6305250790	Examples of Primary Economic Activities	Raising livestock Mining Quarrying Crude oil extraction Lumbering Wheat growing Cotton	13
6305250791	Examples of Secondary Economic Activities	Milk, Cheese Diamonds Petroleum Furniture Bread, Beer Textiles	14
6305250792	Examples of Tertiary Economic Activities	Corporation Doctors Attorneys Tourism Scientist	15
6305250793	Nomadism	Dry Areas Same climate as livestock ranching(commercial farms in MDCs) Marginalized land	16
6305250794	Mixed livestock and grain	Raise domesticated animals and growing feed	17
6305250795	Commercial Grain Farming	Wheat belt Bread-basket US Corn belt	18
6305250796	Mediterranean Agriculture	An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados,	19
6305250797	Double cropping	Harvesting twice in one year Employ crop rotation	20
6305250799	Truck Farms	Farm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies	21
6305250802	Agrarian	relating to land; relating to the management or farming of land	22
6305250803	Agricultural Industrialization	The use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors etc. - makes it easier for farmers to have higher crop yields.	23
6305250804	Agricultural Landscape	The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields.	24
6305250805	Agricultural Location Model	An attempt to explain the pattern of agricultural land use in terms of accessibility, costs, distance, and prices.	25
6305250808	Biotechnology	A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.	26
6305250811	Cultivation Regions	Regions were there is agricultural activity. Know these specifically! (ie. Southwestern US is cattle ranching, Mediterranean is crop trees).	27
6305250812	Dairy Farms	specialized in dairy products, N. America, Europe, NOT Africa, South America, Asia	28
6305250814	Desertification	Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.	29
6305250816	Extensive Commercial Agriculture	A crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output	30
6305250819	Feedlot	a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market	31
6305250821	Food Desert	An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain	32
6305250822	Food Manufacturing	The processes that are used to convert raw materials into finished food products	33
6305250824	Growing Season	The season in which crops grow best. Growing season can vary by location, societies rely on their growing season to which crops they can or can't grow at their latitude.	34
6305250825	Hunting and Gathering	the killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance	35
6305250826	Intensive Commercial Agriculture	Intensive farming in a commercial economy, crops have high yields and market value	36
6305250827	Livestock Ranching	an extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West	37
6305250828	Long-Lot Survey System	A distinct regional approach to land surveying whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals	38
6305250829	Luxury Crops	Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco	39
6305250830	Metes and Bounds System	a system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. The system relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees.	40
6305250831	Pastoralism	A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.	41
6305250833	Organic Agriculture	Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.	42
6305250834	Pesticides	Chemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants, but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals.	43
6305250835	Planned Economy	a system of production of goods and services, usually consumed or distributed by a governmental agency, in quantities, at prices, and in locations determined by governmental program	44
6305250836	Plant Domestication	genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention	45
6305250837	Primogeniture	right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son	46
6305250838	Quaternary Economic Activities	service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.	47
6305250839	Quinary Economic Activities	service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.	48
6305250840	Rectangular Survey System	A system used to divide public domain lands in the United States in which land is divided into 6-mile square townships and subdivided into sections, portions of sections, or irregular lots.	49
6305250841	Root Crops	crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants	50
6305250842	Carl Sauer	Defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis.	51
6305250843	2nd Agriculture Revolution	Innovations led to agricultural surpluses, food surpluses, let people move from farms to factories, growth of cities increased.	52
6305250844	Secondary Economic Activity	economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector	53
6305250845	Seed Crops	crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants. crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants.	54
6305250846	Specialization	The concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities	55
6305250847	Slash and Burn Agriculture	a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land	56
6305250849	Tertiary Economic Activity	economic activity associated with the provision of services--such transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.	57
6305250850	Township and Range System	A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.	58
6305250851	Third Agriculture Revolution	'green revolution' rapid diffusion of new ag techniques between 1970's and 1980's, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers	59
6305250853	Soil Erosion	the wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice	60

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AP Human Geography Agriculture Flashcards

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6393480806	Agribusiness	System of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.	0
6393480807	Cash Crops	Planting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell.	1
6393480808	Commercial Agriculture	Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.	2
6393480809	Double Cropping	Planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year.	3
6393480810	GMOs	Foods that\have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value	4
6393480811	Intensive Subsistence Farming	A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.	5
6393480812	Monoculture	Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.	6
6393480813	Mechanization	In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.	7
6393480814	Market Gardening	The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers.	8
6393480815	Primary Economy	Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials.	9
6393480816	Plantation Agriculture	Raising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export.	10
6393480818	Sustainable Yield	Rate of crop production that can be maintained over time.	11
6393480819	Transhumance	Movement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter.	12
6393480820	Von Thunen Model	Theory that a commercial farmer wull decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.	13
6393480821	Green Revolution	An outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm.	14
6393480822	Examples of Primary Economic Activities	Raising livestock, Mining Quarrying Crude oil extraction Lumbering Wheat growing Cotton	15
6393480823	Examples of Secondary Economic Activities	Milk, Cheese Diamonds Petroleum Furniture Bread Beer Textiles	16
6393480824	Examples of Tertiary Economic Activities	Corporations Doctors Attorneys Tourism Scientists	17
6393480826	Mixed livestock and grain	Raise domesticated animals and growing feed	18
6393480828	Mediterranean Agriculture	An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados,	19
6393480830	Intertillage	the clearing of rows in the field through the use of hoes, rakes, & other manual equipment	20
6393480831	Truck Farms	Farm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies	21
6393480832	Staple Grains	wheat, barley, rye, maize, or rice; potatoes, yams, taro, arrowroot, or cassava	22
6393480833	Adaptive Strategies	the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life- food, clothing, shelter, and defense.	23
6393480834	Agrarian	relating to land; relating to the management or farming of land	24
6393480835	Agricultural Industrialization	The use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors etc. - makes it easier for farmers to have higher crop yields.	25
6393480836	Agricultural Landscape	The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields.	26
6393480838	Aquaculture	Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages	27
6393480839	Biorevolution	the genetic engineering of plants and animals with the potential to exceed the productivity of the Green Revolution	28
6393480840	Biotechnology	A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.	29
6393480842	Collective Farm	a farm or group of farms run by the government, as in a communist state	30
6393480844	Dairy Farms	specialized in dairy products, N. America, Europe, NOT Africa, South America, Asia	31
6393480846	Desertification	Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.	32
6393480847	Dispersed (Rural Settlement Type)	characteristics of the contemporary North American rural landscape, by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers.	33
6393480848	Extensive Commercial Agriculture	A crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output	34
6393480849	Extractive Industry	primary activities involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources	35
6393480851	Feedlot	a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market	36
6393480852	Food Chain	A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten	37
6393480853	Food Desert	An area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain	38
6393480855	Globalized Agriculture	system of food production increasingly dependent upon an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization	39
6393480857	Hunting and Gathering	the killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance	40
6393480858	Intensive Commercial Agriculture	Intensive farming in a commercial economy, crops have high yields and market value	41
6393480859	Livestock Ranching	an extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West	42
6393480860	Long-Lot Survey System	A distinct regional approach to land surveying whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals	43
6393480861	Luxury Crops	Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco	44
6393480863	Pastoralism	A type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.	45
6393480864	Nucleated( Rural Settlement System)	clustered settlement is one of the main types of settlement pattern. It is one of the terms used by geographers and landscape historians to classify settlements	46
6393480865	Organic Agriculture	Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.	47
6393480866	Pesticides	Chemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants, but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals.	48
6393480867	Planned Economy	a system of production of goods and services, usually consumed or distributed by a governmental agency, in quantities, at prices, and in locations determined by governmental program	49
6393480868	Plant Domestication	genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention	50
6393480869	Primogeniture	right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son	51
6393480870	Quaternary Economic Activities	service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.	52
6393480871	Quinary Economic Activities	service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.	53
6393480872	Rectangular Survey System	A system used to divide public domain lands in the United States in which land is divided into 6-mile square townships and subdivided into sections, portions of sections, or irregular lots.	54
6393480873	Root Crops	crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants	55
6393480874	Carl Sauer	Defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis.	56
6393480875	2nd Agriculture Revolution	Innovations led to agricultural surpluses, food surpluses, let people move from farms to factories, growth of cities increased.	57
6393480876	Secondary Economic Activity	economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector	58
6393480877	Seed Crops	crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants. crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants.	59
6393480878	Specialization	The concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities	60
6393480879	Slash and Burn Agriculture	a farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land	61
6393480880	Swidden	Land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash and burn method.	62
6393480881	Tertiary Economic Activity	economic activity associated with the provision of services--such transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.	63
6393480882	Township and Range System	A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.	64
6393480883	Third Agriculture Revolution	'green revolution' rapid diffusion of new ag techniques between 1970's and 1980's, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers	65
6393480884	Village Form (Rural Settlement Type)	a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings	66
6393480885	Soil Erosion	the wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice	67

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AP Vocab Lesson Eight Flashcards

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4745137323	pander	to exploit weaknesses of others; to cater to the vices of others	0
4745138052	otiose	useless; futile	1
4745138372	puerile	childish; juvenile	2
4745138373	aleatory	dependent on luck or chance	3
4745138839	asperity	roughness or harshness; severity	4
4745139719	renunciation	rejection; refusal to acknowledge	5
4745140211	unimpeachable	unquestionable; beyond doubt	6
4745140539	inveigh	to disapprove angrily; to protest	7
4745140782	lionize	to assign great social importance to; to treat as a celebrity	8
4745141281	allay	to relieve; to alleviate	9
4745141831	vitiate	to corrupt morally; to contaminate	10
4745142249	recalcitrant	stubbornly resistant; showing opposition	11
4745143153	exegesis	an explanation of text; a critical interpretation	12
4745143764	ameliorate	to make better; to improve	13
4745144234	profligate	wasteful and immoral	14

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AP * Computer Science Principles * Flashcards

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7696230384	Agile software development	An approach to software development that emphasizes a flexible and ready response to meet a shifting target.	0
7696230385	Benchmarking	Running a program on many data sets to be sure its performance falls within required limits; timing the same algorithm on two different machines.	1
7696230386	Code library	A collection of thoroughly tested object code for various useful tasks.	2
7696230387	Coding	The process of translating the detailed designs into computer code.	3
7696230388	Divide-and-conquer	A program design strategy in which tasks are broken down into subtasks, which are broken down into sub-subtasks, and so on, until each piece is small enough to code comfortably. These pieces work together to accomplish the total job.	4
7696230389	Empirical testing	Designing a special set of test cases and running the program using these test data.	5
7696230390	Executable module	The resulting object code after a linker inserts requested code from code libraries.	6
7696230391	External documentation	Any materials assembled to clarify the program's design and implementation.	7
7696230392	Feasibility study	A step in the software development life cycle that evaluates a proposed project and compares the costs and benefits of various solutions.	8
7696230393	Integrated development environment (IDE)	A collection of programs that support software development, such as debuggers, editors, toolkits, and libraries, that lets programmers perform several tasks within the shell of a single application.	9
7696230394	Integration testing	After unit testing, integration testing is done to see that the modules communicate the necessary data between and among themselves and that all modules work together smoothly.	10
7696230395	Internal documentation	Documentation that is part of the program code itself.	11
7696230396	Logic error	An error in the algorithm used to solve a problem.	12
7696230397	Object code	Machine language instructions.	13
7696230398	Pair programming	Involves two programmers at a single workstation. At any given point in time, one is writing code and the other is actively observing, watching for possible errors but also thinking about the overall approach.	14
7696230399	Problem specification	A step in the software development life cycle that involves developing a clear, concise, and unambiguous statement of the exact problem the software is to solve.	15
7696230400	Procedural language	A program written in a procedural language consists of sequences of statements that manipulate data items.	16
7696230401	Program design phase	A step in the software development life cycle that plans the structure of the software to be written.	17
7696230402	Program maintenance	The process of adapting an existing software product due to errors, new system requirements, or changing user needs.	18
7696230403	Program verification	Used to prove that if the input data to a program satisfies certain conditions, then, after the program has been run on these data, the output data satisfies certain other conditions.	19
7696230404	Regression testing	If anything is changed on an already-tested module, regression testing is done to be sure that this change has not introduced a new error into code that was previously correct.	20
7696230405	Runtime error	An error that occurs when the program is run using certain sets of data that result in some illegal operation, such as dividing by zero.	21
7696230406	Semantics	The meaning of correctly written programming statements.	22
7696230407	Source code	High-level language instructions.	23
7696230408	Syntax error	An error that occurs because a program statement fails to follow the correct rules of syntax.	24
7696230409	Technical documentation	Documentation that enables programmers who later have to modify the program to understand the code.	25
7696230410	Third-generation language	Another name for high-level programming language as opposed to machine language (first generation) or assembly language (second generation).	26
7696230411	Top-down decomposition	A program design strategy in which tasks are broken down into subtasks, which are broken down into sub-subtasks, and so on, until each piece is small enough to code comfortably. These pieces work together to accomplish the total job.	27
7696230412	Syntax	The rules for exactly how programming statements must be written; the grammatical structure of a programming language	28
7696230413	Application	(Java) A complete standalone program that resides and runs on a self-contained computer.	29
7696230414	External library	A well-written, efficient, and thoroughly tested code module that is separately compiled and then drawn on by any program that wishes to use its capabilities.	30
7696230415	Functional programming languages	Views every task in terms of functions. In this context, function means something like a mathematical function—a recipe for taking an argument (or possibly several arguments) and doing something with them to compute a single value.	31
7696230416	Knowledge base	Facts and rules about a certain domain of interest.	32
7696230417	Open source	Software whose source code is freely available and may be used, distributed, or modified by anyone.	33
7696230418	Recursive	Something that is defined in terms of "smaller versions" of itself.	34
7696230419	Computational model	A model constructed using algorithmic procedures implemented as computer programs.	35
7696230420	Computational steering	A procedure for using a computational model to improve the design of an actual system by continually resetting model parameters to improve system performance.	36
7696230421	Computer graphics	The field of computer science that examines the technical problems of displaying visual images on a computer screen.	37
7696230422	Continuous model	A model of a system using mathematical equations that describe system performance as a continuous function of time t.	38
7696230423	Discrete event simulation	A computational modeling technique that simulates the behavior of a system only at discrete points in time.	39
7696230424	Garbage in, garbage out	The term for the fact that the output coming out of a computer model is only as accurate as the assumption used to build the model.	40
7696230425	Scientific visualization	The use of images and visualization techniques to make scientific data easier to interpret and understand.	41
7696230426	Simulation model	Another term for a computational model.	42
7696230427	Statistical distribution	This is a mathematical function that describes the probability of a random quantity taking on certain values.	43
7696230428	Stochastic components	Parts of a model that display random behavior.	44
7696230429	Uniform random number	Every value in the range from a to b has the same chance of occurring.	45
7696230430	Analogy	Arguing about a problem by comparing it to a related problem, which you claim is very similar in terms of its ethical implications and consequences.	46
7696230431	Consequentialism	A school of thought in ethics that focuses on the consequences of an act to determine if the act is good or bad.	47
7696230432	Cyberbullying	Humiliating, taunting, threatening or invading someone's privacy using the Internet, Web, or other type of electronic technology.	48
7696230433	Ethics	The study of how to decide if something is morally right or wrong.	49
7696230434	Hacktivism	Hacking that is intended as political activism.	50
7696230435	Peer-to-peer file sharing	The sharing of files between two equal participants on a network. This is distinct from the client-server model in which the two sides serve very different roles--one side only sending information (the server) and the other side only receiving information (the client).	51
7696230436	Computer science	The study of algorithms, including their mathematical properties, hardware and linguistic realizations, and their applications.	52
7696230437	Computing agent	The entity (machine, robot, person, or thing) that executes the steps of an algorithm.	53
7696230438	High-level programming language	A programming language that uses both natural language constructs and mathematical notation.	54
7696230439	Infinite loop	The repetitive execution of a block of operations that will never end. This is a fatal error when it occurs in an algorithm.	55
7696230440	Sequential operation	An algorithmic operation that carries out a single task and then moves on to the next operation in sequence.	56
7696230441	Algorithm discovery	The process of finding an algorithmic solution to a given problem. Computation: An algorithmic operation that carries out a single numeric computation and stores the result.	57
7696230442	Computation	An algorithmic operation that carries out a single numeric computation and stores the result.	58
7696230443	Conditional statements	Operations that ask a question and select the next instruction to carry out based on the answer to that question.	59
7696230444	Continuation condition	The true/false condition that will determine when the iteration has been completed.	60
7696230445	Control operations	Operations that alter the normal sequential flow of control within an algorithm.	61
7696230446	Input	An operation that causes data values from the outside world to be brought into the algorithm.	62
7696230447	Iteration	The repetitive execution of a block of operations.	63
7696230448	Output	An operation that causes computed values to be sent to the outside world for viewing or saving.	64
7696230449	Primitive operation	An operation that can be directly understood by the computing agent executing the algorithm and which does not have to be further clarified or explained.	65
7696230450	Pseudocode	A notation used to design algorithms. It uses English constructs, mathematical notation and an informal algorithmic structure designed to look like a high-level programming language.	66
7696230451	Sorting	The task of putting a list of values into numeric or alphabetical order.	67
7696230452	Boolean expression	An expression that can evaluate only to true or false.	68
7696230453	Gigabyte	One billion bytes.	69
7696230454	Program	an algorithm that is written in a programming language that runs on a computer	70
7696230455	Control Structures	a block of programming that determines which part of the program is executed next. There are three types of structures: sequence, selection, and repetition.	71
7696230456	Computational Artifact	an object created by a human being that involves the use of computation in some way, for example a mobile app or a web page.	72
7696230457	Event Driven Programming	a programming approach whereby the program's behavior is controlled by writing code that responds to various events that occur, such as Button clicks.	73
7696230458	Hardware	the large and small physical components that make up a computers such as the computer's keyboard or its processor.	74
7696230459	Software	the computer programs that make up a computer system such as the mobile apps we will be creating in this course.	75
7696230460	Abstraction	one of the seven big ideas of the CS Principles curriculum. An abstraction is a simplified and general representation of some complex object or process. One example --we'll encounter many in this course, including abstractions used in computer programming -- would be a Google map.	76
7696230461	Binary Number	a number written in the binary system, a system that uses only two digits, 0s and 1s.	77
7696230462	Blacklist	in internet terminology, a generic term for a list of email addresses or IP addresses that are origination with known spammers	78
7696230463	Character	any symbol that requires one byte of storage	79
7696230464	Cyberspace	a metaphor for describing the non-physical terrain created by computer systems	80
7696230465	Data	data is distinct information that is formatted in a special way. Data exists in a variety of forms, like text on paper or bytes stored in electronic memory	81
7696230466	Data Center	are physical or virtual infrastructures used by enterprises to house computer, server and networking systems and components for the company's IT (information technology) needs	82
7696230467	Data Network	a telecommunications network which allows computers to exchange data	83
7696230468	Disk Drive	a randomly addressable and rewritable storage device	84
7696230469	Intellectual Property	refers to any property that is created using original thought. Traditional intellectual property include patents, copyrights, and trademarks.	85
7696230470	Network	a group of two or more computer systems linked together	86
7696230471	Processor	short for microprocessor or CPU	87
7696230472	Social Networking	a social structure made of nodes that are generally individuals or organizations. A social network represents relationships and flows between people, groups, organizations, animals, computers, or other information/knowledge processing entities	88
7696230473	Whitelist	a generic name for a list of email address or IP addresses that are considered to be spam free	89
7696230474	Analog	a device or system that represents changing values as continuously variable physical quantities	90
7696230475	Cloud Computing	comparable to grid computing, cloud computing relies on sharing resources rather than having local servers handle applications.	91
7696230476	Cryptography	the art of protecting information by transforming it into an unreadable format, called cipher text	92
7696230477	Digital	any system based on discontinuous data or events. Computers are digital machines because at the basic level they can distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1.	93
7696230478	Digital Signal Processing	(DSP) refers to manipulating analog information	94
7696230479	Download	to copy data (usually an entire file) from a main source to a peripheral device	95
7696230480	Megabyte	used to describe data storage, 1,048,576 bytes (abbreviated MB)	96
7696230481	Megapixel	one million pixels, used in reference to the resolution of a graphics device	97
7696230482	Modeling	process of representing a real-world object of phenomenon as a set of mathematical equations.	98
7696230483	OCR	optical character recognition, the branch of computer science that involves reading text from paper and translating the images into a form that the computer can manipulate	99
7696230484	Raster	the rectangular area of a display screen actually being used to display images	100
7696230485	Render	refers to the process of adding realism to a computer graphics by adding 3-D qualities, such as shadows and variations in color and shade.	101
7696230486	Spam	spam is electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup postings	102
7696230487	Steganography	the art and science of hiding information by embedding messages within other, seemingly harmless messages	103
7696230488	Upload	to transmit data from a computer to a bulletin board service, mainframe, or network.	104
7696230489	Bit	Single unit of information on a computer represent as a 0 or 1	105
7696230490	Bit Rate	The number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time	106
7696230491	Latency	The time it takes for a signal to arrive	107
7696230492	Bandwidth	Transmission capacity, measured by bit rate	108
7696230493	Fiberoptics	Method of transmitting data that utilizes light	109
7696230494	Copper Wire	Method of transmitting data that utilizes electricity	110
7696230495	WiFi	A wireless networking technology that utilizes radio waves to transmit information/data	111
7696230496	Prototype	A preliminary sketch of an idea or model for something new. It's the original drawing from which something real might be built or created.	112
7696230497	IP Address	A number assigned to any item that is connected to the Internet.	113
7696230498	Packets	Small chunks of information that have been carefully formed from larger chunks of information.	114
7696230499	Router	A computer which receives messages travelling across a network and redirects them towards their intended destinations based on the addressing information included with the message.	115
7696230500	Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)	Provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of packets on the internet. TCP is tightly linked with IP and usually seen as TCP/IP in writing.	116
7696230501	Domain Name System (DNS)	An abbreviation for Domain Name System, the Internet's system for converting alphabetic names into numeric IP addresses.	117
7696230502	Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)	The protocol used by the World Wide Web. It describes how messages are formatted and interchanged, and how web servers respond to commands.	118
7696230503	Server	A computer that awaits and responds to requests for data.	119
7696230504	Client	A computer that requests data stored on a server.	120
7696230505	Net Neutrality	The principle that Internet service providers should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites.	121
7696230506	Internet Censorship	The control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet. It may be carried out by governments or by private organizations at the behest of government, regulators, or on their own initiative.	122
7696230507	Node	Vertex; Represented by a labeled circle	123
7696230508	Edge	A line connecting two nodes	124
7696230509	Cost	Weight; The number associated with an edge that indicates distance, time, or estimated cost	125
7696230510	Cycle	A set of edges that begin at one node and can be followed through other nodes back where you started	126
7696230511	Efficiency	A measure of the number of steps per input size needed to complete an algorithm	127
7696230512	Routing Table	A data table stored in a router that lists the routes to particular network destinations	128
7696230513	Minimum Spanning Tree	Dictates the shortest aggregate path from one node to every node A spanning tree connecting all nodes together with the minimum aggregate value of its edges.	129
7696230514	IETF	A group of volunteers, private citizens, government officials, etc. who promote internet standards	130
7696230515	IETF stands for...	Internet Engineering Task Force	131
7696230516	Algorithm	A precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be executed by a computer	132
7696230517	Function	A piece of code that you can easily call over and over again.	133
7696230518	API	a collection of commands made available to a programmer	134
7696230519	Documentation	a description of the behavior of a command, function, library, API, etc.	135
7696230520	Parameter	An extra piece of information that you pass to the function to customize it for a specific need	136
7696230521	For Loop	A particular kind of looping construct provided in many languages. Typically, a for loop defines a counting variable that is checked and incremented on each iteration in order to loop a specific number of times.	137
7696230522	Loop	The action of doing something over and over again.	138
7696230523	Byte	technical term for 8 bits of data	139
7696230524	Kilobyte (KB)	1000 bytes	140
7696230525	Megabyte (MB)	1,000 kilobytes	141
7696230526	Terabyte (TB)	1,000 gigabytes	142
7696230527	Petabyte (PB)	1,000 terabytes	143
7696230528	.bmp	(bitmap image file or bitmap) is a raster graphics image file format used to store digital images.	144
7696230529	.gif	(acronym for Graphics Interchange Format) a bitmap image format which uses the LZW lossless data compression technique to reduce the file size without degrading the visual quality. Supports 8 bits per pixel for each image and animations.	145
7696230530	.jpg or .jpeg	(acronym for Joint Photographic Experts Group), a commonly used lossy compression format for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The format supports adjustable degrees of compression.	146
7696230531	.mp3	an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression which works by reducing (or approximating) certain components of the audio that are considered to be beyond audible human hearing.	147
7696230532	.wav	(Waveform Audio File Format) an audio coding format standard for storing an audio bitstream of uncompressed audio data.	148
7696230533	.txt	a computer format that is structured as a sequence of lines of electronic text.	149
7696230534	.zip	an archive file format that supports lossless data compression; may contain one or more files or directories.	150
7696230535	.png	(Portable Network Graphics) a raster graphics file format that supports lossless data compression.	151
7696230536	Heuristic	a problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible.	152
7696230537	Image	A type of data used for graphics or pictures.	153
7696230538	Metadata	Data that describes other data. For example, a digital image my include metadata that describe the size of the image, number of colors, or resolution.	154
7696230539	Pixel	Short for "picture element" it is the fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color of a larger image.	155
7696230540	Hexadecimal Number System	A number system consisting of 16 distinct symbols — 0-9 and A-F — which can occur in each place value.	156
7696230541	Lossless compression	A compression scheme in which every bit of the original data can be recovered from the compressed file.	157
7696230542	Lossy compression	A compression scheme in which "useless" or less-than-totally-necessary information is thrown out in order to reduce the size of the data. The eliminated data is unrecoverable.	158
7696230543	RGB	the color model that uses varying intensities of (R)ed, (G)reen, and (B)lue light added together in order to reproduce a broad array of colors.	159
7696230544	File extensions	the endings of file names that indicate to the computer the format for how the underlying bits are organized.	160
7696230545	Computationally Hard Problem	A problem that can not be solved in a reasonable amount of time. Heuristics are often used to create an approximate or good enough solution.	161
7696230546	Innovation	A novel or improved idea, device, product, etc. or the development thereof	162
7696230547	Moore's Law	the observation that computing power roughly doubles every two years.	163
7696230548	Big Data	a broad term for datasets so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate.	164
7696230549	Cipher	the generic term for a technique (or algorithm) that performs encryption	165
7696230550	Cracking encryption	When you attempt to decode a secret message without knowing all the specifics of the cipher.	166
7696230551	Decryption	a process that reverses encryption, taking a secret message and reproducing the original plain text	167
7696230552	Encryption	a process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only "authorized" parties can read it.	168
7696230553	Asymmetric encryption	used in public key encryption, it is scheme in which the key to encrypt data is different from the key to decrypt.	169
7696230554	Public Key Encryption	Used prevalently on the web, it allows for secure messages to be sent between parties without having to agree on, or share, a secret key. It uses an asymmetric encryption scheme in which the encryption key is made public, but the decryption key is kept private.	170
7696230555	Digital Divide	the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet, and those who do not.	171
7696230556	Hypothesis	A proposed explanation for some phenomenon used as the basis for further investigation.	172
7696230557	Search Trends	Comparison of the popularity of topical queries in an online search engine as they relate to time.	173
7696230558	Visualization	Images, diagrams, tables, etc created from information extracted from a given data set, with the express intention of highlighting a data story.	174
7696230559	Pivot Table	The name of the tool used by most spreadsheet programs to create a summary table.	175
7696230560	README	A document providing background information about a dataset.	176
7696230561	CSV	Abbreviation of "comma-separated values," this is a widely-used format for storing data.	177
7696230562	Raw data	The original data as it was collected.	178
7696230563	Summary table	A table of aggregate information about a dataset (e.g., the average, sum, count of some values).	179
7696230564	Filter	tool/technique using dynamic parameters for reducing a data set to viewing only similar items in a row or column.	180
7696230565	Aggregation	A computation in which rows from a data set are grouped together and used to compute a single value of more significant meaning or measurement. Common aggregations include: Average, Count, Sum, Max, Median, etc.	181
7696230566	Binary question	a question where there are only two possible answers	182
7696230567	Protocol	A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices.	183
7696230568	ASCII	The universally recognized raw text format that any computer can understand	184
7696230569	What does ASCII stand for?	American Standard Code for Information Interchange	185
7696230570	HTTP stands for...	Hypertext transfer protocol	186
7696230571	code	(slang) to write instructions for a computer	187
7696230572	Redundancy	repetition of information or the inclusion of additional information to reduce errors in transmission.	188
7696230573	DNS	The service that translates URL's to IP addresses	189
7696230574	DNS stands for...	Domain name service	190
7696230575	TCP	provides reliable, ordered and error checked delivery of a stream of packets in the internet	191
7696230576	URL	an easy to remember address for calling a web page	192
7696230577	Octal	The octal number system is base 8, using only digits 0 through 7.	193
7696230578	Decimal	Traditional number system using digits 0-9.	194
7696230579	Iterative innovation	Incremental or small improvement to an item	195
7696230580	Novel innovation	Improvement that is new, creative and has not been done before "outside the box thinking."	196
7696230581	Vint Cerf	Internet pioneer who believed the Internet should be free and available to everyone	197
7696230582	__________ level protocols use __________ levels without needing to understand precisely how they work. (space between each term)	Higher lower	198
7696230583	__________ level protocols guarantee __________ level protocols will function without stating specifically how this will be accomplished.	Lower Higher	199
7696230584	Creative Commons	one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work. A CC license is used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created.	200
7696230585	High Level Programming Language	A programming language that enables a programmer to write programs that are more or less independent of a particular type of computer. Such languages are considered high-level because they are closer to human languages and further from machine languages. Examples: JavaScript, Java, FORTRAN	201
7696230586	Low Level Programming Language	A programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture—commands or functions in the language map closely to processor instructions. Generally this refers to either machine code or assembly language.	202
7696230587	Fault tolerant network	The ability to route around broken servers on the internet.	203
7696230588	Global Variable	A variable whose scope is "global" to the program, it can be used and updated by any part of the code. Its global scope is typically derived from the variable being declared (created) outside of any function, object, or method.	204
7696230589	If Statement	The common programming structure that implements "conditional statements".	205
7696230590	Local Variable	A variable with local scope is one that can only be seen, used and updated by code within the same scope. Typically this means the variable was declared (created) inside a function; includes function parameter variables.	206
7696230591	Callback function	a function specified as part of an event listener; it is written by the programmer but called by the system as the result of an event trigger.	207
7696230592	Event	An action that causes something to happen.	208
7696230593	User Interface	The visual elements of an program through which a user controls or communications the application. Often abbreviated UI.	209
7696230594	Data Type	(ex: Number, Boolean, or String) a value's property that dictates how the computer will interpret it. For example 7+5 is interpreted differently from "7"+"5"	210
7696230595	Expression	Any valid unit of code that resolves to a value.	211
7696230596	Variable	A placeholder for a piece of information that can change.	212
7696230597	Debugging	Finding and fixing problems in your algorithm or program.	213
7696230598	Conditionals	statements that run under only certain conditions	214
7696230599	Selection	A generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select, whether or not to run a certain block of statements.	215
7696230600	Concatentate	to link together or join. Typically used when joining together text Strings in programming (e.g. "Hello, "+name)	216
7696230601	byte	8 bits one letter https://www.computerhope.com/issues/chspace.htmv	217
7696230602	Lossless Compression	a data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data.	218

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AP Psychology - Memory Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

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5498999300	memory	the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.	0
5498999301	encoding	the processing of getting information into the memory system.	1
5498999302	storage	the retention of encoded information over time.	2
5498999303	retrieval	the process of getting information out of memory storage.	3
5498999304	sensory memory	the immediate, very brief recording of what we hear and see.	4
5498999305	short-term memory	holds a few items for as long as we are thinking about them.	5
5498999306	long-term memory	the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.	6
5498999310	rehearsal	the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.	7
5498999311	spacing effect	the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.	8
5498999312	serial position effect	our tendency to better recall the first few and last few items in a list.	9
5498999313	visual encoding	the encoding of picture images.	10
5498999314	acoustic encoding	the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.	11
5498999316	imagery	using mental pictures to effortfully encode information	12
5498999317	mnemonics	memory aids that use silly sentences, associations, acrostics, and acronyms	13
5498999318	chunking	organizing items into smaller, related, manageable units; often occurs automatically.	14
5498999319	iconic memory	a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.	15
5498999320	echoic memory	A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.	16
5498999321	long-term potentiation (LTP)	an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.	17
5498999322	flashbulb memory	a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.	18
5498999324	implicit memory	Something you were not consciously aware that you remembered until you did it. These are mostly procedural memories.	19
5498999325	explicit memory	memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.)	20
5498999326	hippocampus	a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process and form new long term memories	21
5498999327	recall	when a person must retrieve a memory with few external cues. It must be "pulled" from their mind and produced. Fill in the blank or an essay are examples	22
5498999328	recognition	the ability to match a piece of information to a stored image or fact. Multiple choice questions	23
5498999330	priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.	24
5498999331	déjà vu	that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.	25
5498999332	mood-congruent memory	the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.	26
5498999333	proactive interference	the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.	27
5498999334	retroactive interference	the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.	28
5498999336	misinformation effect	incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.	29
5498999337	source amnesia/source monitoring error	attributing an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined to the wrong source. For instance, thinking we experienced something personally when we really only read about it. Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.	30
5498999338	prospective memory	A memory of something you will do in the future. "I remember I have practice after school today"	31
5499094415	Shallow processing	Encoding with no meaning attached, just glancing something over	32
5499096126	Maintenance rehearsal	Encoding by repeating again and again, with no meaning attached	33
5499106343	Elaborative rehearsal	Encoding by attaching meaning and significance.	34
5499108060	Procedural Memory	a memory of how to perform a specific task. Doing a back flip.	35
5499108061	Semantic Memory	a memory of a fact or bit of information. Congress has two houses, the Senate and House of Representatives.	36
5499109324	Episodic Memory	a memory of something you have personally experienced. I went on the Tower of Terror when I was 5 and hated it.	37
5499109325	Elizabeth Loftus	Researcher who demonstrated that eyewitness testimony is not as accurate as we think	38
5499110957	Retrospective Memory	memory of anything that has happened in the past.	39
5499115884	Context Dependent Memory	You are more likely to remember something when you are in the same/a similar setting as when the memory took place.	40
5499115885	State Dependent Memory	You are more likely to remember something when you are in the same mental state as when the memory took place	41
5499117465	Confabulation	When you remember something that never really happened. You are not lying, it's more the product of a vivid imagination.	42
5499117466	Curve of Forgetting	idea that forgetting happens rapidly within the first hour of learning, then tapers off gradually.	43
5499118565	Decay Theory	theory that forgetting is caused by the passage of time	44
5499118566	Retrograde Amnesia	the inability to remember what happened before sustaining brain injury	45
5499121135	Anterograde Amnesia	the inability to form new memories after sustaining brain injury.	46
5499123438	Von Restorff Effect	idea that something that stands out and is different from the rest will be more likely remembered.	47
5499878072	Ebbinghaus	Researcher who created the curve of forgetting	48
5500082021	Reconstructive Memory	remembering is influenced by perception, imagination, expectations, and experience. our brain wants to make memories complete and fit into a meaningful plan even if one doesn't exist.	49

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AP Biology - Cell Cycle Flashcards

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5459445476	G1 Phase	Primary growth phase of the cell	0
5459445477	S Phase	Phase where genome is replicated	1
5459445478	G2 Phase	Preparation made for separation of genomes; organelles replicate, chromosomes condense, microtubules assemble	2
5459445479	Interphase	Collective name for G1, S, and G2 Phases	3
5459445480	Anaphase (A)	Phase where microtubules pull sister chromatids apart	4
5459445481	Cytokinesis (C)	Cytoplasm divides; forms 2 daughter cells	5
5459445482	Sister Chromatids	The two identical copies formed by the replication of a single chromosome, joined by centromere	6
5459445483	Centromere	Links sister chromatids	7
5459445484	Kinetochore	Protein disk bound to specific DNA sequence at centromere	8
5459445485	Mitotic Phase	Includes both mitosis and cytokinesis	9
5459445486	Mitotic Spindle	Consists of fibers made of microtubules and associated proteins	10
5459445487	Centrosome	Subcellular region containing material that functions through the cell cycle to organize the cell's microtubules	11
5459445488	Prophase	Chromatin fibers condense into chromosomes, mitotic spindle begins to form, centromeres move away from each other	12
5459445489	Prometaphase	Nuclear envelope fragments, Each of the two chromatids now has kinetochore, some microtubules attach to kinetochores	13
5459445490	Metaphase	Centrosomes at opposite poles of the cell, Chromosomes convene at metaphase plate	14
5459445491	Anaphase	Beginning when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes have arrived at each of the two poles of the cell	15
5459445492	Telophase	Two daughter nuclei form in the cell, nuclear envelope forms	16
5459445493	G1 Checkpoint	Most important checkpoint; if cell receives go-ahead signal, the the cell continues with the cell; in the absence of the go-ahead signal, cell exits the cell cycle and enter the G0 phase	17
5459445494	M Checkpoint	Cell in mitosis receives a stop signal when any of its chromosomes are not attached to spindle fibers	18

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Flashcards

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AP Human Geography Agriculture Flashcards

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8525946770	Animal Husbandry	An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.	0
8525946771	Cash Cropping	Planting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell.	1
8525946772	Corporate Agriculture (Agribusiness)	System of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.	2
8525946773	Commercial Crops	A crop grown for direct sale rather than for livestock feed.	3
8525946774	Domestication of Plants	Domesticating plants for human use, one of the first steps to a full fledged agricultural economy.	4
8525946775	Double Cropping	Planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year.	5
8525946776	Fallow	When farmers grow crops in a clear field for only a few years until the soil nutrients are depleted. The farmers then have the soul empty for a few years so the nutrients in the soil can be restored; uncropped land.	6
8525946777	GMOs	Foods that are mostly products or organisms that have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value; Genetically Modified Organisms.	7
8525946778	Intensive Farming	Subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relative large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a pared of land.	8
8525946779	Labor-intensive Crops	Includes fruits, garden vegetables, herbs, and anything requiring constant tending or wielding.	9
8525946780	Labor-intensive Animals	Animals that require constant tending, includes dairy cow and poultry for eggs.	10
8525946781	Monoculture	Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.	11
8525946782	Mechanization	In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.	12
8525946783	Market Gardens	Small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers, Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.	13
8525946784	Primary Economy	Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials.	14
8525946785	Plantation Agriculture	Raising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export.	15
8525946786	Suitcase Farmers	A suitcase farm is a farm in which no one reside permanently, they go against the grain of traditional farming. In the US migrant workers provide a cheap, abundant labor source; they work on the farm during the day and leave at night. There is no residence on the site.	16
8525946787	Spring Wheat	Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.	17
8525946788	Sustainable Yield	Rate of crop production that can be maintained over time.	18
8525946789	Transhumance	Movement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter.	19
8525946790	Winter Wheat	Wheat plated in the fall and harvested in the early summer.	20
8525946791	Von Thunen Model	Theory that a commercial farmer wull decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.	21
8525946792	Green Revolution	An outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm.	22
8525946793	Communes	A group of people living together and sharing processions.	23
8525946794	SE Asia domesticated what?	Yams, Taro Root, Bananas, palm oil, cattle, sheep, goats	24
8525946795	Western Africa domesticated what?	Millet(China), Sorghum	25
8525946796	S. Mexico domesticated what?	squash, beans, cotton, Maize(Corn),	26
8525946797	SW Asia domesticated what?	Wheat, Barley, Rice(India)	27
8525946798	1st Agric Revo Location	Nile River Valley/Fertile Crescent	28
8525946799	1st Agric Revo Change	Nomadic herders to sedentary lifestyle and intentional farming	29
8525946800	1st Agric Revo Impact	Birth of civilization Birth of urban areas Birth of government Birth of class structures(social stratified) Before this egalitarian Created irrigation Created farmers,slaves, government officials, merchants Surplus of food Led to writing Began trading which led to system of defense Towns located on high ground(acropolis) and water	30
8525946801	2nd Agric Revo Location	England, Denmark, Netherlands	31
8525946802	2nd Agric Revo Sustained by...	Mechanical reaper Combustible engine Seed drill Railroad Refrigeration Artificial feed New banking practices	32
8525946803	2nd Agric Revo Before I.R	Improved methods Improved plows and draft-animals (Leesdale and ox) New crops Potato and Corn since both can be grown in marginalized land(Not-so fertile land) Government policies British Enclosure Act Crop rotation and consolidated/fenced off land In same year and plot, rotate crops to maintain soil fertility Improved soil fertility Canals	33
8525946804	3rd Agric Revo Defintion	new strains with higher yields through genetic manipulation to increase yield through the use of herbicides and fertilizers	34
8525946805	How to increase GMOs	1. Purchase artificial fertilizer Chemicals 2. Irrigation system 3. Purchase herbicides/pesticides 4. Purchase machines to keep up with production 5. Need a receptive environment 6. Need receptive commodity markets 7. Barriers to implementation Poor, unreceptive environment river water	35
8525946806	Shifting Cultivation Location	Subtropics and Tropics	36
8525946807	Shifting Cultivation Steps and Characteristics	Steps: Clear land Plant land Fallow(not planting anything so soil can replenish itself) Come back to land when it is full of nutrients Characteristics: Low quality land Low population density	37
8525946808	Slash-and-Burn is also know	Patch agriculture Milpa(Yucatan peninsula) Swidden(Indonesia) Chitemene (Nambia) Ladang(Old english meaning to farm)	38
8525946809	Nomadism	Dry Areas Same climate as livestock ranching(commercial farms in MDCs) Marginalized land	39
8525946810	Commercial Farming Positives	Increase yield Keeps food costs low	40
8525946811	Commercial Farming Negatives	Use of chemicals Human health Younger age of puberty Cancer increase Environment Rainforest destruction Desertification Rise in sustainably sourced farming Local and organic Blue zone where business collaborate to show thi	41
8525946812	Livestock Ranching	Raising of domesticated animals for food or items like leather Climate: Dry Growing industry As countries develop, meat eating increases Standard of living increases Not near market Bulk-reducing industry	42
8525946813	Dairying	Climate: Cold Perishable Area surrounding dairying is milk shed Closer to market North Latitude Bulk-gaining Bottling fluid	43
8525946814	Mixed livestock and grain	Raise domesticated animals and growing feed	44
8525946815	Commercial Grain Farming	Wheat belt Bread-basket US Corn belt	45
8525946816	Market Gardening	Items people garden Near market since items are perishable Suitcase farms Rely on migrant labor	46
8525946817	Mediterranean	Dry summers High rainfall needed France, Spain, Greece, North Africa, Australia, Chile, California Produce grapes, citrus, etc. Wine production	47
8525946818	Plantation farming	Tropics In LDCs Owned by MDCs Cash crops	48
8525946819	Cash Crop Examples	Worldwide Cotton Rubber Amazon Rice India Sugar from Caribbean	49
8525946820	Coffee	Ethiopian Origin US #1 consumer Central America and Africa produce it	50
8525946821	Tea	Most production in Asia China British own most tea plantations	51
8525946822	Illegal Drugs	Marijuana, Poppy seeds Core are demanders Periphery grows them Takes processing	52
8525946823	What two factors influenced Von Thunen model?	Perishability and Transport Costs	53
8525946824	Von Thunen ring outside city(1)	Market gardening/dairying/feedlot Feedlots fatten livestock before slaughter Skinny before sent near market	54
8525946825	Von Thunen ring (2)	Forestry and growing feed grains Wood: Fuel and building materials Feed: Food for livestock	55
8525946826	Von Thunen ring (3)	Food grains and cash crops	56
8525946827	Von Thunen ring (4)	Livestock ranching Low land cost and marginalized land	57
8525946828	Von Thunen assumptions	Flat terrain---Similar climate/soil---no barriers to transportation	58
8525946829	Von Thunen factors that decrease the model	Refrigeration Food preservation Global markets/corporate decision making New alternatives for fuel New ways grains are used	59
8525946830	Horizontal integration	Companies buy out companies Allows for them to set prices No quality for consumers Aka Monopoly Laws created in 1900s that makes monopoly illegal Multiple like industries	60
8525946831	Vertical integration	One industry that eliminates the middleman Control supply chain Food is homogenous Farm production becomes aggregated Create more commercial agricultural No more small farms Harmful effects on people and environment	61
8525946832	Double cropping	Harvesting twice in one year Employ crop rotation	62
8525946833	Triple cropping	Harvesting 3 times in one year Employ crop rotation	63
8525946834	Vertical farming	Urban, crowded, squatter areas Takes up less space	64
8525946835	Agrarian-based society	Based on agriculture Mesopotamian, River valley, Primary sectors	65
8525946836	Animal husbandry	Care of domesticated animals	66
8525946837	Open-lot farming	Type of subsistence farming Village farms the land Ejiado	67
8525946838	Subsistence crop	Food crops used only by family or local market trading	68
8525946839	Organic Farming	o extracts farmers from big corporations o environmental=reduce synthetic chemicals in soil/water farming and ranching without the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other synthetic inputs. o sold in 54% of US grocery store	69
8525946840	Truck Farms	Farm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies	70
8525946841	Staple Grains	wheat, barley, rye, maize, or rice; potatoes, yams, taro, arrowroot, or cassava	71

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AP BIology DNA Replication Flashcards

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6247417170	DNA Replication	the process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis	0
6247417171	Transformation	a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell transforming substance- DNA	1
6247417172	Bacteriophages	Viruses that infect bacteria Bacteria eaters	2
6247417173	Virus	infects a cell and takes over the cell's metabolic machinery	3
6247417174	Hershey and Chase	Concluded that phage DNA entered bacterial host cells, but phage proteins did not, so DNA functions as the genetic material	4
6247417175	Griffith	Concluded that nonpathogenic bacteria transformed into pathogenic bacteria by an unknown, heritable substance from the dead S cells that enabled the R cells to make capsules	5
6247417176	Chargaff's Law	the base compostion of DNA varies between species and for each species, the percentages of A and T bases are roughly equal to the percentages of the G and C bases	6
6247417177	Rosalind Franklin	accomplished X-ray crystallographer that discovered the double helix of DNA	7
6247417178	Watson and Crick	Came up with the structural model of DNA	8
6247417179	Double helix	two strands	9
6247417180	Antiparallel	subunits run in opposite directions	10
6247417181	Nitrogenous bases of Dna	A, T, C, G	11
6247417182	Purines	A and G Nitrogenous bases with two organic rings	12
6247417183	Pyrimidines	C and T Nitrogenous base with a single organic ring	13
6247417184	Conservative model	two parental strands reassociate after acting as templates for new strands thus restoring the parental double helix	14
6247417185	Semiconservative Model	the two strands of the parental molecule separate and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand- most common	15
6247417186	Dispersive Model	each strand of both daughter molecules contains a mixture of old and newly synthesized DNA	16
6247417187	Origins of Replication	short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides	17
6247417188	Replication Fork	a Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound	18
6247417189	Helicases	enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and make them available as template strands	19
6247417190	Single Strand Binding Proteins	Bind to the unpaired DNA strands keeping them from repairing	20
6247417191	Topoisomerase	The untwisting of double helix causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of replication fork Relieve this strain by breaking swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands	21
6247417192	Primer	The initial nucleotide chain that is produced during DNA synthesis is actually a short stretch of RNA	22
6247417193	Primase	Synthesizes the primer Starts a complementary RNA chain from a single RNA nucleotide, adding more RNA nucleotides one at a time, using the parental DNA strand as a template	23
6247417194	DNA polymerases	Enzyme that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain	24
6247417195	Leading strand	Strand that continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses DNA pol III	25
6247417196	Lagging Strand	The strand that DNA pol III works away from the replication fork Synthesized discontinuosly as a series of segments	26
6247417197	Okazaki fragments	Series of segments that are 1000-2000 nucleotides long	27
6247417198	DNA Ligase	joins the sugar phosphate backbones of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand	28
6247417199	DNA pol III	Synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand	29
6247417200	DNA pol I	Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides	30
6247417201	Mismatch repair	Other enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors	31
6247417202	Nuclease	DNA cutting enzyme that cuts out the damaged parts of the strand and fills the space with nucleotides using the undamaged strand as a template	32
6247417203	Nucleotide excision repair	DNA repair system where teams of enzymes detect and repair the DNA, the nuclease cuts out the damaged DNA and removes it, fills in the missing nucleotides and the DNA ligase seals the free end of the new DNA to the old DNA making the strand complete	33
6247417204	Telomeres	Special nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes TTAGGG is repeated between 100-1000 times Prevent the staggered ends of daughter molecule from activitating cell's system for monitoring DNA damage	34
6247417205	Telomerase	Enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells and restores the original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication	35
6247417206	Histones	Proteins that are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin	36
6247417207	Nucleosome	the basic unit of DNA packing	37
6247417208	Chromatin	complex of DNA and protein	38
6247417209	Heterochromatin	centromeres and telomeres exist in a highly condensed state with visible irregular clumps making it largely inaccessible	39
6247417210	Euchromatin	centromeres and telomeres exist in a less compacted state that is very accessible	40

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