| 7547844386 | pulse | The time from which data leaves baseline to the time where it comes back to baseline | | 0 |
| 7547865059 | The Marker | resides in a dock at the bottom left of the LabTutor panel; from here it can be dragged and dropped on to any part of the data | | 1 |
| 7547870428 | cycle | The time from the beginning of one pulse to the beginning of the next pulse. | | 2 |
| 7547887001 | Frequency Formula (how often does it pulsate) | = number of cycles / time (s)
Units in 1/s or Hz or S-1 | | 3 |
| 7547894187 | Duration Formula (how long the pulse last) | = Sum of time interval of each pulse/ # of total pulses
Units are in seconds | | 4 |
| 7547932558 | Magnitude Formula (How strong (weak) is the pulse) | = Sum of magnitude of each pulse/ # of total pulses
Units are in (mV) | | 5 |
| 7549222529 | Osmotic Pressure Formula | = iRT (C1 - C2) | | 6 |
| 7549228012 | Osmosis Formula | = M X ions | | 7 |
| 7549247012 | Percent Volume Change Formula | ((Final volume-Initial
volume)/Initial volume) x 100%. | | 8 |
| 7549282208 | Retardation Factor Formula | = Distance from origin to steroid spot / distance from the origin to the solvent front | | 9 |
| 7547956412 | Osmosis | Solvent moves from an area of high solvent concentration to an area of low solvent concentration. | | 10 |
| 7598057595 | Diffusion | Solute moves from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration. | | 11 |
| 7547968792 | Osmotic pressure | the hydrostatic back pressure required to cancel the osmotic diffusion of H2O from one side of osmometer to the other.
Formula: = iRT (C1 - C2) | | 12 |
| 7548051508 | Structure of neuron | |  | 13 |
| 7548064438 | Cell Body (Soma) | contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm and organelles. | | 14 |
| 7548067335 | Dendrites | receiving or input portions of the neuron | | 15 |
| 7548069902 | Axon Hillock | cone-shaped elevation joining the cell body and the axon | | 16 |
| 7548082091 | Initial Segment | The first part of the axon | | 17 |
| 7548085130 | Trigger Zone | junction between the axon hillock and the initial segment where action potentials are generated | | 18 |
| 7548088902 | Axon | the nerve fiber through which impulses are conducted | | 19 |
| 7548092966 | Axon Terminals (Knobs) | House neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles for neurons to communicate. | | 20 |
| 7548077363 | turbidity | he cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air | | 21 |
| 7548147141 | Hormone | a chemical messenger secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulates the metabolic functions of other cells in the body. | | 22 |
| 7548151605 | Endocrine glands: | do not have a duct system and are called ductless glands. These glands release hormones directly into the blood. | | 23 |
| 7548151606 | Exocrine glands | have a duct system. Ducts are tubes leading from a gland to its target organ | | 24 |
| 7548167243 | steroid | transcription factors and only resident nuclear receptors can repress in the absence of ligand. | | 25 |
| 7548186089 | polypeptide | They function in an endocrine manner to regulate many physiological functions, including growth, appetite and energy metabolism, cardiac function, stress, and reproductive physiology. Many signal via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). | | 26 |
| 7548191431 | Tyrosine derivative | The primary function of these hormones is to regulate the basal metabolic rate and affect almost all the cells of the body. regulate carbohydrate, fat, protein and vitamin metabolism and thereby control the way in which human cells produce energy and use it for the various cellular functions. | | 27 |
| 7548217407 | thin layer chromatography | |  | 28 |
| 7548293491 | Somatic: | Affects striated, skeletal muscle
Involved with reflexes
Nerves do not synapse at ganglia after leaving CNS
Length of the fibers are mostly equidistant | | 29 |
| 7548316080 | Autonomic: | Affects smooth muscle
Involved in "fight or flight" response
Nerves synapse at ganglia after leaving CNS
Length of the fibers are usually not equidistant | | 30 |
| 7548323851 | Sympathetic | - Adrenergic
- Epinephrine/Norepinephrine | | 31 |
| 7548333569 | Parasympathetic | - Cholinergic
-Acetylcholine | | 32 |
| 7548337001 | Non-adrenergic / non-cholinergic | -Nitrergic
- Nitric Oxide | | 33 |
| 7548354477 | Cholinergic: | neurons that release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Ex: Skeletal muscle | | 34 |
| 7548398400 | Adrenergic: | neurons that release the neurotransmitter epinephrine or norepinephrine
Ex: myocardium, glands | | 35 |
| 7548404381 | Nitrergic: | neurons that release the neurotransmitter nitric oxide
Ex: vasculature endothelium | | 36 |
| 7548416969 | Parasympathetic System: | 1)Ganglia are located close to the effector organ and far from the spinal cord.
2)Preganglionic neurons long; post ganglionic short
3)Motor neurons exit the brain, (CN3, CN7, CN9, CN10) and sacral regions, (S2-S4), of the spinal cord
4)Referred to as the Craniosacral Nervous system | | 37 |
| 7548419488 | Sympathetic System: | 1)Ganglia are located far from the effector organ and closer to the spinal cord.
2)Preganglionic neurons short; post ganglionic long
3)Motor neurons exit the thoracic and lumbar regions, (T1-L2), of the spinal cord.
4)Referred to as the Thoracolumbar Nervous system | | 38 |
| 7548471205 | Stomach, Intestines-Parasympathetic | Increase motility, tone and gastric/intestinal secretions | | 39 |
| 7548483784 | Sweat glands-Parasympathetic | No stimulation | | 40 |
| 7548483785 | Salivary Glands-Parasympathetic | Increases secretion | | 41 |
| 7548487412 | Liver-Parasympathetic | Increase in bile secretion and glycogen synthesis | | 42 |
| 7548487413 | Lacrimal glands
-Parasympathetic | Stimulates secretion | | 43 |
| 7548492285 | Skin arterioles
-Parasympathetic | Dilation, increase blood supply | | 44 |
| 7548492286 | Heart arterioles
-Parasympathetic | Constriction of coronary arteries | | 45 |
| 7548505475 | Heart arterioles- Sympathetic | Dilation of coronary arteries | | 46 |
| 7548517071 | Skin arterioles- Sympathetic | Constriction, decrease blood supply | | 47 |
| 7548523796 | Lacrimal glands-Sympathetic | No stimulation | | 48 |
| 7548354742 | Blood Pressure | Measured with a stethoscope and a Sphygmomanometer; it measures the direct pressure of the brachial artery in mmHg. During a time of stress both systolic and diastolic blood pressures rise. | | 49 |
| 7548539771 | Liver-Sympathetic | Decrease in bile secretion Increase in glucose levels | | 50 |
| 7548555066 | Salivary Glands-Sympathetic | Decreases secretion | | 51 |
| 7548735263 | Basic Anatomy of the Earthworm | Go look at powerpoint picture slide 29 |  | 52 |
| 7548778246 | Median Lateral Fiber | Once the threshold for the median giant fiber is determined, the voltage is increased further to stimulate the lateral giant fiber | | 53 |
| 7548808318 | Lateral Giant Fiber | Have a higher stimulus threshold and conduct more slowly than median giant fiber because their action potential reaches the recording electrodes after a long latent period and is seen as a second, delayed peak in the recording. | | 54 |
| 7548887582 | Stimulus Artifact | The first immediate response after the stimulus which is not an action potential but simple due to the voltage applied. | | 55 |
| 7548932028 | First and Second Neural Response | The median fiber giant and the lateral fiber giant. | | 56 |
| 7548937044 | Threshold potential (All-or-none response) | If depolarization reaches a certain level, (-55mV), then the voltage-gated ion channels open, and an action potential that is always the same size (amplitude) occurs.
If threshold potential is not achieved, the action potential will not occur. | | 57 |
| 7549018588 | Normal Pulse | A normal resting heart rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats a minute. | | 58 |
| 7549037619 | Thready Pulse | A scarcely perceptible pulse that feels like a fine mobile thread under a palpating finger.
It is weak, distant, or muffled upon auscultation. Causes include: anxiety/panic attacks, arrhythmias, Hypovolemic or cardiogenic shock,
Heat exhaustion,
Hemorrhage, and
Respiratory failure. | | 59 |
| 7549047422 | Bounding Pulse | Is loud, strong and forceful. It is possible for this to be normal such as immediately after exercising. Causes include: Anemia, fever, cirrhosis, anxiety and fever, tachycardia, fluid overload (edema), chronic kidney failure. | | 60 |
| 7549163335 | Irregular Pulse | A variation in rate of impulses in an artery due to cardiac arrhythmia. Cases include: High blood pressure, coronary heart disease where cholesterol occludes the cardiac arteries, certain drugs like caffeine beta-blockers and amphetamines, low levels of certain electrolytes like potassium, heart muscle changes following injury, illness or surgery, and heart abnormalities. | | 61 |
| 7548548848 | Pulse Rate | During a time of stress, heart rate and cardiac output increases. | | 62 |
| 7548380088 | Skin Temperature | Skin vasodilatation will increase skin temperature | | 63 |
| 7548241637 | ACTH | increased glucocorticoid secretion. | | 64 |
| 7548237007 | β endorphins | analgesia in the brain in response to stress and exercise | | 65 |
| 7548241636 | Lipotropins | increased fat breakdown. | | 66 |
| 7548239716 | FSH | follicle maturation and estrogen secretion; sperm cell production. | | 67 |
| 7548247604 | GH | Increased growth in tissues, cartilage and bone, amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, and glycogen and glucose levels. | | 68 |
| 7548267528 | MSH | Increases the production of melanin in melanocytes. | | 69 |
| 7548267529 | TSH | increased thyroid hormone secretion. | | 70 |
| 7548270014 | PRL | milk synthesis in lactating women. | | 71 |
| 7548270015 | LH | ovulation and testosterone synthesis. | | 72 |
| 7548186237 | Absolute Refractory Period (ARP): | the period of time where and excitable cell CANNOT generate another action potential; this time interval coincides with the Na+ channels being closed and inactive which cannot reopen until they return to resting state. | | 73 |
| 7548190021 | Relative Refractory Period (RRP): | the period of time during which a second action potential can be initiated, but only by a suprathreshold stimulus; this time interval coincides with the period when the K+ channels are still open after inactivated Na+ channels have returned to resting state; the action potential will always be LESSER in magnitude. | | 74 |
| 7548160684 | The Transmission of the Impulse Across the Synaptic Cleft | 1)Action potential reaches presynaptic terminal.
2)Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open.
3)Influx of Ca2+ occurs.
4)Synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane, (exocytosis).
5)Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft and diffuse to the postsynaptic membrane.
6)Neurotransmitter binds to neuroreceptors on the postsynaptic membrane
7)This causes Na+ channels to open and flow into postsynaptic neuron
8)If threshold is reached, action potential is initiated.
Specific enzymes break down neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft. | | 75 |
| 7548366045 | Color Blindness | The Ishihara color test is a test for red-green color deficiencies, the most common kind. A sex-linked occurring primarily in males, women are carriers. Protan is reduced sensitivity to red light. Deutan is to green light and tritin is to blue light. | | 76 |
| 7548529206 | Epinephrine | an adrenergic agonist which binds to adrenergic receptors
Increases the heart rate and strength of contraction | | 77 |
| 7548529207 | Atropine | a cholinergic antagonist which blocks acetylcholine receptors, causing increased sympathetic tone thus indirectly increasing the heart rate
Antagonistic at the muscarinic receptor | | 78 |
| 7548529208 | Acetylcholine | Decelerates heart rate. Delays the transmission of the impulse, (action potential), into the ventricles and decreases the rhythm rate into the SA node.
Cells in the SA node initiate their own depolarization without CNS input! | | 79 |
| 7548531998 | Pilocarpine | a direct acting cholinergic agonist which decreases heart rate by directly acting on the receptor. | | 80 |
| 7548534481 | Digitals | strengthens the force of the heartbeat by increasing the amount of calcium in the cardiocytes. (Calcium stimulates the heartbeat)
It binds to sodium and potassium receptors which controls the amount of calcium in the heart muscle by stopping the calcium from leaving the cells. | | 81 |
| 7548508662 | Color Blindness Test | The Ishihara color test is a test for red-green color deficiencies, the most common kind.
It was named after its designer, Dr. Shinobu Ishihara (1879-1963), a professor at the University of Tokyo, who first published his tests in 1917.
Color blindness is sex-linked occurring primarily in males; women are carriers. | | 82 |
| 7548516446 | Pseudoisochromatic Plates of Ishihara | Nine plates are used for the condensed version of the Ishihara test on the powerlab tutor |  | 83 |
| 7548487544 | Jendrassik Maneuver | |  | 84 |
| 7548471730 | myotatic reflex | |  | 85 |
| 7548484303 | Saccades | constant, involuntary, cyclical movement of the eyeball.
Vestibular apparatus disturbance
can be in either direction (right or left) | | 86 |
| 7548477366 | Nystagmus | characterized by the combination of 'slow phases', interspersed with saccade-like 'quick phases' that serve to bring the eye back on target | | 87 |
| 7548481476 | Opsoclonus | consists of rapid, involuntary, multivectorial (horizontal and vertical), unpredictable, conjugate fast eye movements without intersaccadic intervals; characterized by purely fast-phase saccadic eye movements | | 88 |
| 7548145643 | Action potential | Na+/K+ ATPase pumps 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell |  | 89 |
| 7548356093 | Lidocaine | Local anesthetics such as Lidocaine, Novocain and Xylocaine function by attaching to the Na+ gates of the neuronal membrane, and thus prevent the flow of Na+ into the cell and the generation of an action potential upon stimulation. | | 90 |
| 7548377105 | Reflex Arc | 5 Components of the reflex:
Sensory receptor
Sensory afferent nerve
Synapse / interneurons
Motor efferent nerve
Effector organ | | 91 |
| 7548359482 | Curare | Curare and αbungarotoxin are both snake venoms.
They block the nicotinic receptors in the somatic nervous system, relaxing skeletal muscle, leading to skeletal muscle paralysis. | | 92 |
| 7548342328 | Diethyl Ether | General anesthetics such as diethyl ether and chloroform function to decrease brain activity by opening K+ gates, thus allowing K+ ions out of the cell.
The neuron becomes hyperpolarized and is unable to discharge. | | 93 |
| 7548022187 | tonicity | |  | 94 |
| 7548047461 | osmolarity | |  | 95 |
| 7548316688 | Conduction Velocity | CV = (D2 - D1)/(T2 - T1) | | 96 |
| 7548312357 | Stroop Stress Test | A way of inducing physiological stress in human volunteers such as blood pressure, pulse and temperature. | | 97 |
| 7548058446 | Hemolysis | the rupture or destruction of red blood cells | | 98 |
| 7548602007 | Abduction | to draw away from the center anatomical axis of the body. | | 99 |
| 7548605223 | Adduction | to draw toward the center anatomical axis of the body. | | 100 |
| 7548605224 | Flexion | a muscle that bends a limb or body part at a joint so that the angle of the joint decreases. | | 101 |
| 7548610966 | Extension | a muscle that straightens a limb or body part at a joint so that the angle of the joint increases. | | 102 |
| 7548613409 | Circumduction | circular (conical) rotation | | 103 |
| 7548617384 | Elevation/Depression | movement in the superior/inferior direction | | 104 |
| 7548620489 | Human Motor Points | |  | 105 |
| 7548706257 | Sweat glands-Sympathetic | Increases secretion | | 106 |
| 7548708720 | Stomach, Intestines-Sympathetic | Decrease motility, tone and gastric/ intestinal secretions | | 107 |
| 7548708721 | Lungs smooth muscle-Parasympathetic | Bronchiole constriction | | 108 |
| 7548708722 | Lungs smooth muscle-Sympathetic | Bronchiole relaxation and dilation | | 109 |
| 7548710611 | Cardiac muscle-Parasympathetic | Decreases heart rate and force of contractions | | 110 |
| 7548710612 | Cardiac muscle-Sympathetic | Increases heart rate and force of contractions | | 111 |
| 7549502853 | Miosis | An abnormal fixed constriction of pupils; aka "pin-point pupils" | | 112 |
| 7549502854 | Mydriasis | an abnormal fixed dilation of the pupils | | 113 |
| 7549518329 | Presbyopia | decreased elasticity of the lens = or < 1Diopter! | | 114 |
| 7549522786 | Diopter | 1/FL | | 115 |
