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AP Art History Pacific Flashcards

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8117284119Ambum stoneAmbum valley, Papua New Guinea. 1500 BCE. Neolithic. Greywacke-sandstone with quartz. Hard to carve. Oldest known in Pacific. Discovered in cave in mountains. Possibly representing the embryo of a echidna/ant eater. Greater level of detail than others of this time.0
8117299285Nan MadolPohnpei, federated states of Micronesia. Sudeleur Dynasty. 700 BCE-1600 CE. Basalt boulders and prismatic columns. Name means "spaces between". Huge stones=megalithic, stacked, Seawalls and breakers protect area from ocean. Largest complex like this in Micronesia. Important home of king, administrative center.1
8117313884Moai on platform (ahu)Easter Island (Rapu Nui). 1100-1600 CE. Volcanic tuff figures on basalt base. Sacred religious sites, possibly memorials. 1,000 found, 400 unfinished. Abt 36ft. Watch over island. Many had designs on backs.2
8117336805'Ahu 'ula (feather cape)Hawaiian. Late 18th cent CE. Feathers and fiber. Full length cloak. High social status. Red= high statutes/rank, symbol of chiefs. Crescents and half crescents would be full when worn. Gifts to important visitors. Spiritual power and one's mana. Protective= worn to battle to protect them.3
8117351268Staff godRarotonga, Cook Islands, central Polynesia. Late 18th-early 19th cent CE. Wood, tapa, fiber and feathers. 13ft long. Wrapped in tapa with feathers. Carved phallus at other end=Fertility. Function unknown.4
8117363155Female dietyNukuoro, Micronesia. 18th-19th cent CE. Wood. Stylized simple wooden statue of female. 15" with short legs, large torso. Decorated with feathers, headdresses, bands. Marked beginning of harvest. Placed in temples.5
8117374270Buk maskTorres Strait. Mid to late 19th cent CE. Turtle shell, wood, fiber, feathers, and shell. Part of a part of a larger costume for a performance. 3 parts: human face, bird on top, feathers on top of bird. Many destroyed when Europeans came. Rare to have one.6
8117393265Hiapo (tapa)Niue, Polynesia. 1850-1900 CE. Tapa or bark cloth. Freehand painting. Samoan missionaries brought these to Niue. Purpose unknown. Women generally made material arts like this. Small blanket/skirt. Geometric and asymmetric.7
8117404003Tamati Waka NeneNew Zealand. By Gotfired Lindauer. 1890 CE. Oil on canvas. Likely based on photograph. Important leader who lived through a period of rapid change in NZ when British came. Wearing a Kahu kiwi, cloak covered in kiwi feathers and earring. Holding weapon. Face tattoo= moko, symbolizes rank/status. Embodiment/idol of Nene for people to talk to his spirit.8
8117426054Navigation chartMarshall Islands, Micronesia. 19th-20th cent CE. Wood and fiber (coconut). Sticks showed typical ocean currents and wave patterns. Showed land (shells) and path from one island to the next. Charts usually memorized and not taken on voyages. Passed gen to gen.9
8117461850Malagan display and maskNew Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea. 20th cent CE. Wood, pigment, fiber and shell. Death and commemorative rites to honor deceased, give power to next ruler or honor young men and women in adulthood (sim to Bundu mask tradition) Ceremonies. After, statues usually destroyed or sold bc no longer active. Had face tattoos.10
8117482555Presentation of Fijian mats and tapa cloth to Queen Elizabeth II.Fiji, Polynesia. 1953 CE. Multimedia performance- cosmetics, scent, chant, movement, mats. English colony at the time. Mats simple in design, which means it has more meaningful function and is more important.11
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AP Flashcards

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7011249786ArgentinaPeso0
7011249787MoroccoDirham1
7011249788CyprusEuro2
7011249789BulgariaLev3
7011249790BoliviaBoliviano4
7011249791GuatemalaQueztal5
7011249792PolandZloty6
7011249793Romania and moldovaLeu7
7011249794AfghanistanAfghani8
7011249795ChileChilean peso9
7011249796ColumbiaColumbian peso10
7011249797EgyptPound11
7011249798LaosLao kip12
7011249799MalawiKwacha13
7011249800New zealandDollar14
7011249801EthiopiaBirr15
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AP Human Geography Models Flashcards

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6652805158Demographic Transition Model (DTM)In the four stages of transition from an agricultural subsistence economy to an industrialized country, demographic patterns move from extremely high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. In the process, population growth rates skyrocket and then fall again. The crude death rate first falls because of the influx of better health technology, and then the birth rate gradually falls to match the new social structure.0
6652904439Boserup HypothesisBased on the observation that explains how population increase necessitates increased inputs of labor and technology to compensate for reductions in the natural yields of swidden farming.1
6652805159Epidemiologic Transition ModelDisease vulnerability shifts in patterns similar to the DTM. In the early stages, plague and pestilence spread as a result of poor medical technology. As industrialization proceeds, diseases related to urban life spread. In later stages, diseases once thought eradicated reappear as more-developed societies come into easier contact with less-developed regions struggling with the more primitive diseases, such as smallpox and the bubonic plague. Leading causes of death in later stages are related to diseases associated with aging, such as heart disease.2
6652805160Gravity ModelWhen applied to migration, larger places attract more migrants than do smaller places. Additionally, destinations that are more distant have a weaker pull effect than do closer opportunities of the same caliber.3
6652805161Zelinsky Model of Migration TransitionMigration trends follow demographic transition stages. People become increasingly mobile as industrialization develops. More international migration is seen in stage 2 as migrants search for more space and opportunities in countries in stages 3 and 4. Stage 4 countries show less emigration and more intraregional migration.4
6652805162Ravenstein's Laws of Migrationin the 19th century, E.G. Ravenstein used data from England to outline a series of "laws" explaining patterns of migration. His laws state that migration is impacted by push and pull factors. Unfavorable conditions, such as oppression and high taxes, push people out of a place, whereas attractive opportunities, called pull factors, cause them to migrate into regions. Ravenstein's laws state that better economic opportunities are the chief cause for migration; that migration occurs in multiple stages, rather than one move; that the majority of people move short distances and that those who migrate longer distances choose big-city destinations; that urban residents are less migratory than rural residents; that for every migration stream, there is a counterstream; and factors such as gender, age, and socio-economic level influence a person's likelihood to migrate. Keep in mind that his "laws" applied to the timeframe and context of his analysis.5
6652805163Von Thünen's Model of Agricultural Land UseDeveloped by German geographer Johann Heinrich von Thünen, this model explains and predicts agricultural land use patterns in a theoretical state by varying transportation cost. Given the model's assumptions, the pattern that emerges predicts more-intensive rural land uses closer to the marketplace, and more-extensive rural land uses farther from the city's marketplace. These rural land use zones are divided in the model into concentric rings.6
6652805164Weber's Least Cost TheoryThis is Alfred Weber's theory of industrial location, explaining and predicting where industries will locate based on cost analysis of transportation, labor, and agglomeration factors. Weber assumes an industry will choose its location based on the desire to minimize production costs and thus maximize profits. Drawbacks to the model include its assumption of an immobile and equal labor force.7
6652805165Hotelling's ModelHotelling's theory asserts that an industry's locational choices are heavily influenced by the location of their chief competitors and related industries. In other words, industries do not make isolated decisions on locations without considering where other, related industries exist. location of an industry cannot be understood without reference to other industries of the same kind.8
6652805166Rostow's Modernization Model (stages of economic development)Developed in the 1950s, the model exemplifies the liberal development ideology, as opposed to structuralist theory. Under this model, all countries develop in a five-stage process. The development cycle is initiated by investment in a takeoff industry that allows the country to grow a comparative advantage, whch sparks greater economic gain that eventually diffuses throughout the country's economy. Drawbacks to this model include its not identifying cultural and historic differences in development trajectories because it is based on North American and western European development histories.9
6652805167Borchert's Model of Urban EvolutionBorchert created this model in the 1960s to predict and explain the growth of cities in four phases of transportation history: stage 1, the "sail wagon" era of 1790-1830; stage 2, the "iron horse" era of 1830-1870; stage 3, the "steel rail" epoch of 1870-1920; and stage 4, the current era of car and air travel that began after 1920.10
6652805168Christaller's Central Place TheoryDeveloped in the 1930s by Walter Christaller, this model explains and predicts patterns of urban places across the map. In his model, Christaller analyzed the hexagonal, hierarchical pattern of cities, villages, towns, and hamlets arranged according to their varying degrees of centrality, determined by the central place functions existing in urban places and the hinterlands they serve. Assumptions: - Flat plane with uniform geography and nature - Uniform population - single mode of transportation - evolution towards the growth of cities - all persons have a similar income - all persons have similar consumption patterns11
6652805169Burgess Concentric Zone ModelThis model was devised in the 1920s by Ernest Burgess to predict and explain the growth patterns of North American urban spaces. Its main principle is that cities can be viewed from above as a series of concentric rings; as the city grows and expands, new rings are added and old ones change character. Key elements of the model are the central business district and the peak land value intersection.12
6652805170Bid Rent Curveshows the variations in rent different users are willing to pay for land at different distances from some peak point of accessibility and visibility in the market, often the CBD. Because transportation costs increase as you move away from the market (often the CBD), rents usually decrease as distance increases from the market. Importantly, different types of land use (commercial retail, industrial, agriculture, housing) generate different bid-rent curves. explain the series of concentric rings of land use found in the concentric zone model.13
6652805171Hoyt's Sector ModelThis model, conceived by Homer Hoyt, predicts and explains North American urban growth patterns in the 1930s in a pattern in which similar land uses and socioeconomic groups clustered in linear sectors radiating outward from a central business district, usually along transportation corridors.14
6652805172Harris-Ullman Multiple-Nuclei ModelDeveloped in the 1950s by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, this model explains the changing growth pattern of urban spaces based on the assumption that growth occurred independently around several major foci (or focal nodes), many of which are far away from the central business district and only marginally connected to it.15
6652805173Vance Urban Realms ModelJames Vance developed this model in the 1970s to explain and predict changing urban growth patterns as the automobile became increasingly prevalent and large suburban "realms" emerged. The suburban regions were functionally tied to a mixed-use suburban downtown, or mini-CBD, with relative independence from the original CBD.16
6652846543Renn's New Donut ModelCore Revitalization New Ring of Poverty17
6652805174Griffin-Ford Latin American City ModelLarry Ford and Ernest Griffin created a model of the pattern of urban growth in Latin America. Their model contains elements of Latin American culture and imprints of colonization and globalization, such as a prominent plaza and heavy growth around the CBD. However, in the Latin American pattern shown in their model, residential quality decreases with distance from the CBD. The model also presents a zone of maturity, populated with services and a wealthier population; in a zone of squatter settlements, where recent urban migrants set up makeshift housing; and a zone of in situ accretion, which is a transitional zone that shows signs of transition to a zone of maturity.18
6652810719McGee Southeast Asian City ModelDeveloped by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found separate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.19
6652816786De Blij Sub-Saharan Africa City ModelDeveloped by Harm De Blij. A model of a city in Sub-Sahara Africa in which there are 3 Central Business Centers: Colonial CBD, Market Zone, and Traditional CBD. The Central Business Districts are encircled by ethnic neighborhoods, ethnic and mixed mining and manufacturing, and finally informal satellite townships20
6652827185Islamic City ModelOwe their structure to their religious beliefs; contain mosques, open air markets; courtyards, surrounded by walls, limiting foot traffic in residential neighborhoods21
6654594504Core-periphery modelCore is the economic, political dominant center (relative center). MDCs above Brandt Line, LDCs around periphery22
6654607639Lee's Migration ModelModel based on Lee's migration theory, that people migrate due to push and/or pull factors, and intervening obstacles are factored23
6654618295Harris peripheral/galactic cityDeveloped in the 1960s, interstates introduced. Ring roads play key role in Harris' model; ring roads detrimental to CBD because removes advantage of CBD. CBD loses consumer services, higher income residences, decrease tax base, decrease infrastructure, decrease in education, etc. Ring roads are *bad* for cities24
6654627597Malthus' Theory of OverpopulationMalthus argued supply grows linearly (arithmetic), while population was growing geometrically. Also argued for humans to use "moral restraint" to avoid overpopulation25
6654633798Tobler's First Law of Geography"All things are similar, but nearby things are more similar than distant things."26
6654640337Friction of Distance and Distance Decay27
6654643590Density Gradient ModelThe change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery28
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AP Human: Industry Flashcards

AP Human Geography Ms. Hancock D6 Linda Bedwell Vocabulary Cards

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9493970555Break-of-bulk pointA location where the transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another. Ex: Workers must unload goods from a truck and then reload them onto a plane.0
9493970556Bulk-gaining industryAn industry in which the final product weighs more or has a greater volume than the inputs. Ex: Fabrication of parts and machinery from steel and other metals.1
9493970557Bulk-reducing industryAn industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs. Ex: Most of the steps of copper production: Mining, Concentration, Smelting, Refining, and Manufacturing.2
9493970558Cottage InustryManufacturing that was performed at the home prior to the Industrial Revolution. Ex: Handcrafts people make at home to sell to others.3
9493970559FordistA form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly. Ex:4
9493970560Industrial RevolutionInvolved major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to the market. Ex: Machinery such as the spinning wheel to produce textiles, the water wheel used to power machinery and the steam engine were invented. These inventions aided in speeding up the production of manufactured items.5
9493970561Labor-intensive industryAn industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses. Ex: agriculture, mining, hospitality and food service6
9493970562MaquiladoraA factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of the much lower labor costs in Mexico. Ex: 3 day blinds company7
9493970563New international division of laborTransfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries. Ex:8
9493970564OutsourcingA decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers. Ex: companies do this so they can redirect their attention to its own competencies.9
9493970565Post-fordistAdoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks. Ex:10
9493970566Right-to-work lawsA U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join the union as a condition of employment. Ex:11
9493970567Site factorsLocation factors related to the costs of factors of production inside the plant, such as land, labor, and capital. Ex.12
9493970568Situation factorsLocation factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory. Ex.13
9493970569TextilesIndustry revolved around making cloth; includes cotton gathering, spinning, and weaving. Ex.14
9493970570Vertical IntegrationAn approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a highly complex production process. Ex:15
9493970571BRIC CountriesDeemed to be at a similar stage of newly advanced economic development. Ex:16
9493970572Agglomeration economiesBenefits that come when firms and people locate near one another together in cities and industrial clusters. Ex:17
9493970573Just-in-time deliveryShipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed. Ex:18
9493970574primary sectorThe portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth, generally through agriculture. Ex:19
9493970575secondary sectorThe portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials. Ex:20
9493970576Tertiary sectorThe portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment. Ex:21
9493970577Quaternary sectorHigher skill level jobs Ex: Doctors, lawyers22
9493970578Quinary sectorHighest skill level jobs, decision may affect millions of people. Ex: President23
9493970579footloose industriesGeneral term for an industry that can be placed and located at any location without effect from factors such as resources or transport. Costs of the products do not change despite where the product is assembled. Ex:24
9493970580Export Processing Zone (EPZ)Areas within developing countries that offer incentives and a barrier-free environment to promote economic growth by attracting foreign investment for export-oriented production. Ex:25
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AP Psychology Flashcards

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7324053727Hindsight Biasthe tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.0
7324063513Overconfidencetending to think we know more than we do.1
7324074358What are the three main components of the scientific attitude?skepticism, humility, curiosity2
7324087078The purpose of psychological research:predict and manipulate behavior3
7324089444Theoryan explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.4
7324102837Hypothesisa testable prediction, often implied by a theory.5
7324132506Operational Definitiona statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables.6
7324140636ReplicationRepeating the7
7324123987Critical Thinkingthinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.8
7327765094Case Studyan observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles9
7327765188Social Desirability Biasanswers questions based on favorability10
7327781785Volunteer BiasDoesn't represent everybody11
7327786416Surveya technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.12
7327809858Hawthorne Effectchanging behavior because you are being watched13
7327818441Naturalistic Observationobserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.14
7327828224Random Sampleevery person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating15
7328441150Populationall the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.16
7328448026Wording Effectseven subtle changes in the order or wording of questions can have major effects17
7328458532Correlationa measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.18
7328465632Correlation Coefficienta statistical index of the relationship between two things (r).19
7328992107Scatterplota graphed cluster of dots, each dot represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation)20
7329051991Positive Correlationtwo sets of scores will rise and fall together21
7329054720Negative Correlationtwo sets of scores relate inversely ( one going up, one going down).22
7329060867Perfect Correlationr = +1 OR -123
7329066955Weak Correlationindicating little relationship, has a coefficient of zero.24
7329075875Illusory Correlationthe perception of a relationship where none exists25
7329080736Experimenta research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effect on some behavior or some mental process (the dependent variables). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.26
7329135085Control Groupin an experiment, the group that is NOT exposed to treatment27
7329148318Random Assignmentassigning participants to expirimental and control groups by chance, thus minimazing prexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.28
7329159215Experimental Groupin an experiment, the group that is exposed to treatment29
7329169063Double-blind Procedurean experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants received the treatment or the placebo30
7329187452Placebo Effectexperimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance/condition.31
7329203316Independent Variablethe expirimental factor that is manipulated; variable being studied.32
7329210148Dependent Variablethe outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to the manipulations of the independent variable.33
7329225005Confounding (Extraneous) Variablesa factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment (outside effects)34
7329244287Modethe most frequently occurred score(s) in a distribution35
7329250853Meanthe arithmetic average of a distribution obtained by adding all the scores together and then dividing by the number of scores there are.36
7329263917Medianthe middle score of a distribution; half the scores are below it and half are above it37
7329284865Rangethe difference between the highest and the lowest scores.38
7329289539Standard Deviationa completed measure of how much scores around the mean score39
7329292870Normal Curvescores on an aptitude test tend to form a normal, or bell-shaped curve40
7329302779Positive Skewwhen the scores pull the mean to the higher end of the scores (greater than rest)41
7329306888Negative Skewmean being pulled down toward lower end of scores42
7329317288Descriptive Statisticsdata used to measure and describe the characteristics of groups43
7329323649Inferential Statisticsnumerical data that allows to generalize the sample to the population44
7329341896Statistical Significancethe likely-hood that a result occurred by chance.45
7329353338p-valuestatistical significance (when 0.05 or lower)46
7329368148Ethical Principles1) obtain informed consent of potential participants 2) protect them from harm and discomfort 3) treat information about individual participants, confidentiality 4) fully debrief people; explain research afterwards47
7329394233Socrates & Plato(428-348 B.C.E) concluded that the mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies, and that knowledge is innate- born with us.48
7329408276Aristotle(384-322 B.C.E) derived principles from careful observations; says knowledge is not preexisting; it grows from the experiences stored in our memories.49
7329424542Rene Descartes(1595-1626) agreed with Socrates and Plato about the mind being completely distinct from the body. He dissected animals and concluded the fluid leaving was the spirit.50
7329443518John Locke(1632-1704) argued that the mind at birth is a "tabula rasa"- a blank slate. Helped from modern empiricism.51
7329478964Francis Bacon(1561-1626) one founder of modern science; interested in the mind and it's failings. The human understandings from its peculiar nature, easily supposes a greater degree of order and equality in things than it really finds52
7329493946Empiricismthe view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely in observation and experience.53
7329521222Wilhelm Wundt (1879)him and two of his students built a machine that measured time lag between peoples hearing and a ball hitting a platform54
7329535207Functionalism(William James) an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind.55
7329550270Introspectionthe examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes.56
7329552841Functionalistencouraged explorations of down-to-earth emotions, memories, willpower, habits, and moment-to-moment streams of consciousness.57
7329573727Who developed the psychoanalytic theory?Sigmund Frued58
7329579527What was psychology first defined as?the science of mental life59
7329583402Behaviorism(John B. Watson & B.F. Skinner) the 1) view that psychology should be an objective science that studies 2) behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2.60
7329617398Humanistic Psychology(Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow) historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth.61
7329633918Cognitive Neurosciencethe interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language).62
7329647895*Psyhcologythe science of behavior and mental processes.63
7329653521Nature-Nurture Issuethe longstanding controversy over the relative controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.64
7329714894Natural Selctionthe principle that, among the range if inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.65
7329741100Levels of Analyisisthe differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon66
7329760932Biopsychosocial Approachthis integrated viewpoint incorporates various levels of analysis and offers a more complete picture of any given behavior or mental process.67
7329802398Biological Influencesnatural selection of adaptive traits, genetic predispositions responding to the environment, brain mechanisms, hormonal influences68
7329829116Psychological Influenceslearned fears and other learned expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing, and perceptual interpretations.69
7329843134Social-cultural Influencespresence of others, cultural, societal, and family expectations, peer and other group influences, compelling models (such as the media)70
7329856771Biological Perspectivemight study brain circuits that cause us to be "red in the face" and "hot under the collar" or how hereditary and experience influence our individual differences in temperament.71
7329888237Evolutionary Perspectiveanalyze how anger facilitated the survival of our ancestors genes.72
7329914419Psychodynamic perspectiveview an outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility.73
7329923218Behavioral Perspectiveattempt to determine which external stimuli trigger angry responses or aggressive acts.74
7329929569Cognitive Perspectivestudy how our interpretation of a situation affects our anger and how our anger affects our thinking.75
7329959398Social-cultural Perspectiveexplore how expressions of anger vary across cultural contexts.76
7329972978Psychometricsthe scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitude, and traits77
7329986543Developmental psychologythe scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.78
7329998488Educational Psychologythe study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.79
7330013787Social psychologythe scientific study if how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.80
7330022457Personality psychologythe study of an individuals characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.81
7330036147Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychologythe application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces82
7330050062Human Factors psychologythe study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and evironments83
7330061383Clinicala branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders84
7330072217Counseling Psychologya branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being85
7330079697Psychiatrya branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as therapy86
7330099764Basic Researchbuilds psychology knowledge87
7330104126Applied Researchtackles practical problems88
7330113079Social Psychologistsstudy how thoughts, behaviors89
7330116451Attribution Theorythe theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons dispostion90
7330131159Dispositional attribuationspersonality91
7330133247Situational attributionexternal factors92
7330138934Fundamental Attribution Errorthe tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior to underestimate the impact of personal dispostions93
7330151145Attitudefeelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events94
7330170257Central Route Persuasionattitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts95
7330192964Foot-in-the-door Phenomenonthe tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.96
7330203202Rolea set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave97
7330220702Phillip Zimbardo's Expirimentguards and prisoners98
7330225927Cognitive Dissonance Theorywe act to reduce to discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitive) are inconsistent99
7330242508Chameleon Effectunconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones helps us feel what they are feeling100
7330255297Conformityadjusting one's behavior/thinking to coincide with a group standard.101
7330268746Solomon Asch'sdevised a simple test; when given that test with other people you're going to answer whatever the rest answer102
7330279931Normative Social Influenceinfluence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval103
7330289832Informational Social Influenceinfluence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality104
7330297017Stanley Milgramteacher and learner105
7330301974Social Facilitationstronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others106
7330308433Social Loafingthe tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable107
7330335645Individuationthe loss of self awareness and self -restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity108
7330345423Groupthinkthe mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives109
7330356145Culturethe enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next110
7330369679Normsan understood rule for accepted and expected behavior; norms prescribe "proper" behavior111
7330380270Personal spacethe buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies112
7330389718Prejudicean unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude towards a group of people; stereotyped beliefs113
7330395915Sterotypea generalized belief about a certain group of people114
7330399741Discriminationunjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and it's members115
7330404326Ingroup"us"- people with whom we share a common identity116
7330410041Outgroup"them"- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup117
7330419650Scapegoat Theorythe theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame118
7330426604Ethnocentrismbelief that your society, group, and culture is superior to all others119
7330434260Other-race effectthe tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately then faces of other races; also called the cross race effect and own race bias120
7330446816Just-world Phenomenonthe tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve121
7332458938Lack of Serotonin=?more agressive122
7332460442Agressionany physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy123
7332468661Are there genetic influences of aggression?yea124
7332473628Neutral Influencesthe brain has a neural system that when provoked, will facilitate aggression125
7332481107Biochemical Influenceshormones, alc., and other substances in the body.126
7332495238Frustration-aggression Principlethe principle that frustration- the blocking which can generate aggression127
7332501378Social and Cultural Influences of Aggression1) individuation from being in a crowd 2) challenging environmental factors, such as crowding, heat, and direct provocations 3) parental models of aggression being rejected from a group 4)exposure to violent media128
7332523750Impact of Observing T.V. Violencetends to desensitize cruelty129
7332525866Rape Myththe idea that women enjoy rape and get "swept away" while being "taken"130
7332535162Higher Pornography Consumption=greater sexual aggressive behavior131
7332538676Exposure to Pornography Lead to1) own partner being less attractive 2) friendliness seems more sexual 3) makes sexual aggression seem less serious132
7332545050Social Scriptsmental tapes for how we act, provided by our culture133
7332568740Adolesents who play alot of video games1) see the world as more hostile 2) get into more arguments and fights 3) get worse grades134
7332576335Catharsis Hypothesisthe idea that we feel better when we "blow off steam"135
7332580641Mere Exposure Effectwithin certain limits, familiarity, breeds fondess136
7332588552Passionate Lovean aroused state of intense positive absorption in another; usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.137
7332598784Companionate Lovethe deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.138
7332607398Equitya condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it139
7332620229Altruismunselfish regard for the welfare of others140
7332978478Self Disclosurerevealing intimate aspects on oneself to others141
7332982804Bystander Effectthe tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are prensent142
7332995971Social Exchange Theorythe theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs143
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AP vocab list Flashcards

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7361496307Alliteration"Repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence. Example: Once upon a midnight dreary while I pondered weak and weary. "0
7361501057Allusion"Brief reference to a person, event, or place, real or fictitous, or to be a work of art. Example: ""He was a real Romeo with the ladies."" Romeo was a character in teh play Romeo and Juliet an was very romantic in expressing his love. "1
7361506473Analogy"Drawing a comparison in order to show a similiarity in some respect. Example: ""The operation of a computer presents an interesting analogy to the working of the brain."""2
7361509287AnalyzeTo break down into parts in order to understand the whole.3
7361513275Anaphora"Repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines (a form of parallelism). Example: ""So turn off your television sets. Turn them off now! Turn them off right now! Turn them off and leave them off..."4
7361515541AnecdoteShort, usually funny account of an event.5
7361526208Antecedent"A noun to which a pronoun refers. Example: The man on the boat thinks he is safe without a life jacket. (man = antecdent he = personal pronoun)"6
7361529994Antithesis"Opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel contstruction. Example: ""We must live together as brothers or perish as fools."" "7
7361534300ArgumentA statement put forth and supported by evidence.8
7367021509AudienceWho is the piece written for/to; message, expectation on the reader/listener9
7367024157BiasPrejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.10
7367029583ClaimA conclusion we are seeking to establish- an assertion of belief (our thesis)11
7367032970Compare/ContrastTo compare means to bring both similarities and differences with the emphasis on similarities. To contrast is to stress only the differences.12
7367040001ConnotationMeanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition or denotation.13
7367045030Counter argumentA challenge to a position, an opposing argument14
7367059213Cumulative SentenceClarifies or qualifies an idea state in a prededing base clause.15
7367066549Declarative Sentencestates a fact or argument without requiring either an answer or action from the reader.16
7367072724DeductionA logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth and applying it to a specific case.17
7367076774Defineto give clear, concise meaning to a term.18
7367092633DescribeTo give a word picture of something: to tell a story in detail.19
7367096698DetailsWhat are the facts; example, definition, division and classification, description20
7367101235DiagramTo organize in a graphic way, to chart, to draw, sketch or outline.21
7367108818DictionThe manner in which something is expressed in words (WORD CHOICE)22
7367114310EthosAn appeal based on the character of the speaker. An ethos-driven document relies on the reputation of the author.23
7367125472EvaluateTo assess: to show worth or lack of worth of a particular "something" To give a judgement of value both positive and negative.24
7367134490ExplainTo make plain, to clarify, to analyze and account for.25
7367151646Extended MetaphorAlso call a conceit, is a metaphor that continues into the sentences that follow. An extended metaphor is also a metaphor develop at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.26
7367156244FigurativeGoing beyond literal meaning using figures of speech such as: metaphor, irony, simile, etc to achieve literary effect27
7367164201Fragment SentenceIncomplete sentences. They usually lack a subject, predicate, or an agreement between the two.28
7367170643GenreA category of artistic composition in music or literature29
7367177940HyperboleExaggeration; used to create emphasis. It may be used to evoke strong feelings or to create a strong impression, and is not meant to be taken literally.30
7367197420Imperative SentenceA sentence that requests or commands.31
7367199573ImplicationSomething suggested to be inferred or understood32
7367211755Interrogative SentenceAsks a direct question and always ends in a question mark.33
7367219916IronyA word or expression that involves differences between what is expected and what occurs; when taken in context, may actually mean the opposite of what is written literally.34
7367225920JuxtapositionPlacement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts.35
7367232215LogosAn appeal based on logic or reason. Documents distributed by companies or corporations are logos driven, as well as, scholarly documents.36
7367240234MetaphorA figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally indicate in order to suggest a similarity (NOT USING 'like' or 'as')37
7367243767MetonomyUsing a single feature to represent the whole.38
7367248207OccasionWhen and where and in what situation; place, context, or current situation that created the reason for the author to write39
7367133235Thesis StatementA statement of the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.40
7367141789ThesisThe central idea in a work to which all the parts or the work refer.41
7367245676Oxymoron"Conjoining contradictory terms Example: "deafening silence" "jumbo shrimp"42
7367164444SyntaxThe grammatical arrangement of words in sentences (Sentence structure).43
7367203535Sentence VarietyUsing a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.44
7367242272Paradox"Self contradicion Example: ""I might not always be right, but I'm never wrong"""45
7367199779SimileA figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with 'like' or 'as')46
7367129290Understatement"Lack of emphasis in a statement or point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect. Example: ""The desert is sometimes dry and sandy"" - While describing the driest desert in the world. "47
7367239356Parallelism"Using similar grammatical forms of sentence patterns to express ideas of equal importance. Example: "Patrick Henry said, 'Give me liberty or give me death!"48
7367124985VoiceDistictive quality in style and tone of writing. KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE.49
7367207070RhetoricAs Aristotle defined the term, "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion. In other words, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience.50
7367236197PathosAn appeal based on emotion. Advertisments tend to be pathos-driven.51
7367232729"Periodic Sentence""A long, complex, grammatically correct sentence. The main clause comes last and is preceded by the subordinate clause. It's effective when it's used to arouse interest and curiosity, to hold an idea in suspense before its final revelation. Example: For a long time these demonstrations were confined to tragic-comedies, or comedies larmoyantes, in which the gesticulating characters, often morbid, always extravagant, were united at curtain fall, but when they transposed to a form of tragedy, dealing with contemporary problems, as they were in the works of the pre-Revelutionary dramatist Louise-Sebastien Mercier, one is already very close to the more rhetorical aspect of Romantic paintings. "52
7367180721SOAPSA mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker. It is a way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation.53
7367226304PurposeThe goal the speaker wants to achieve.54
7367173478SubjectThe topic of a text. What the text is about.55
7367167625Synecdoche"The use of synecdoche is a common way to emphasize an important aspect of a fictional character; for example, a character might be consistently described by a single body part, such as the eyes or a scar, which come to represent the character. This is often used when the main character does not know or care about the names of the characters that he/she is referring to. Example: ""The ship was lost with all hands [sailors]."" OR ""His parents bought him a new set of wheels [car]."""56
7367229307Personification"Attribution of human form or other characteristics to anything other than a human being. Example: ""The leaves waved in the wind."" The sun smiles at us."" "57
7367156301Synthesizeopportunity to create new knowledge out of already existing knowledge, i.e., other sources.58
7367176568SpeakerThe person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement.59
7367222554RebuttalStatements recognizing the opposing side, while refuting their claims.60
7367367886ToneThe speaker's attitude toward the subject or audience. The quality of something that reveals the attitudes and presuppositions of the author. KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE61
8862829527Bandwagon Appeal (aka ad populum)This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everyone's doing it"62
8862836376Appeal to false authorityThe fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. A TV star, for instance, is not a medical expert, even though pharmaceutical advertisment often use celebrity endorcement.63
8862846576Circular reasoning"A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence. Example: ""You cant give me a C; I'm an A student!"""64
8862852250Claim of fact"A claim that asserts that something is true or not true. Example: ""The number of suicides and homicides committed by teenagers, most often young men, has exploded in the last three decades..."""65
8862863565Claim of PolicyA claim that proposes a change.66
8862869115Claim of ValueA claim that argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong.67
8862872659Closed ThesisA statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make. Example: The 3-dementional characters, exciting plot, and the complex themes of the Harry Potter series make them not only legendary childrens book but also enduring literary classics."68
8862885825First Hand EvidenceEvidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events.69
8862889133Hasty Generalization"A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached between inadequate evidence Example: ""Smoking isn't bad for you; my great aunt smoked a pack a day and lived to be 90."70
8862899505InductionForm the Latin inducere, "to lead into"; a logical process whereby the writer reasons from the particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization. Examples: "Regular exercise promotes weight loss", "Exercise lowers stress levels", "Exercise improves mood and outlook", "Exercise contributes to better health".71
8862909618Logical fallacypotential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make logical connections between the claim and the evidence used to support it.72
8862913051Open ThesisA thesis that does not list all the points that the writer intends to cover in an essay. Example: ""The popularity of the Harry Potter series demonstrates that simplicity trumps complexity when it comes to the taste of the readers, both young and old."""73
8862928748QualifierUses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to the temper of the claim, making it less absolute.74
8862944905Quantitative Evidenceevidence that includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers- for instance, statistics, surveys, polls, census information.75
8862952479Second-hand EvidenceEvidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data.76
9051492474ad hominemWhen the speaker abandons the argument to attack the opponent Example: Her economic plan is impressive, but remember: this is a woman who spent 6 weeks in the Betty Ford Center getting treatment for alcoholism.77
9051492475False AnalogyUsing an analogy as proof; although 2 situations may be similar in several ways, it does not follow that they are similar in every way; thus an analogy, while it may feel persuasive; is not logically conclusive. Example: Since Mayor Perry has been in office, our city has had a blanked budget; if he were governor, the state budget would finally be balance.78
9051492476red herringCheap ploy to divert the audience from the real or central issue to some irrelevant detail Example: "Hey look! It's Elvis!" in a crowded room after spilling red wine on one's shirt.79
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ap Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7015352447functions of minerals in the bodybody structure, enzyme function0
7015357565aniongain an electron, net negative charge1
7015360016cationloose an electron, net positive charge2
7015372495bonds in terms of strongest to weakestnon-polar, polar, ionic, hydrogen3
7015377684inertfull outer shell4
7015388527water is 50% ----- to of body weight75%5
7015395419catabolicbreakdown6
7015395420anabolicsynthesis7
7015399024polymer (broken down by hydrolysis)macromolecule8
7015399025monomer (linked by protein synthesis)building block of macros9
7015410673carbs (saccaride)ex. glucose10
7015447699motile cilia is found on the...respiratory tract, uterine tubes etc.11
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AP Chapter 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5693915193CartogramDisorts land0
5693926376Choropleth MapShade to show value1
5693937589Graduated SymbolDot-Distribution map, but with different sized dots to show value2
5693981473IsolineLines to connect places of similar value3
5694013439Flow Line MapMovement4
5694047388SiteUnique physical characteristics5
5694064284SituationLocation relative to other locations6
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AP geo Flashcards

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7292120992mercator maplatitude and longitude are straight, destorting continents and poles0
7292121880robinsonDistorts shape, area,scale, and distance in an attempt to balance the errors of projection properties1
7292122990winkel-tripelScale is true along the central meridian and constant along the equator, distorted in the outer meridians near the pole region, used by National Geographic2
7292131077hobo-dyerWay of placing a 3 dimensional map on a 2 dimensional paper without tons of distortion to the oceans and continents,compressed at the poles but well preserved between 45 degrees3
7292143639globenot practical for navigation4
7292148293cartograma map that distorts the shapes and sizes of countries or other political regions to represent the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena in that area5
7292154411dot distribution diagrama map where dots are used to demonstrate the frequency of intensity of phenomena6
7292159190map projectiona systematic transformation of locations on the surface of a round 3-D earth on a flat piece of paper7
7292163921mental mapan individual's perception, impression, and understanding of how space is laid out8
7292175573contagious diffusiondistance-controlled spreading of an idea innovation or some other item through local population by contact from person to person9
7292185453sense of placefeelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place10
7292185487hierarchal diffusionform of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected people or places11
7292189426absolute locationidentifies a precise location/place often through latitude and longitude of certain place12
7292196504vernacular/perceptual regionregion that only exists as an idea based on different traits to different people and is therefore hard to draw clear boundaries13
7292204121concentrationspread of something of a given area; clustered or dispersed14
7292218432independent inventionthe concept that a trait was invented in different hearths without diffusion15
7292223608distance decaythe decline and eventual disappearance of a phonon with increasing space from its origin16
7292233757expansion diffusionthe general spread of ideas or material trait spread outward from a hearth and grows continuously larger17
7292295909patternthe geometric arrangement of objects in space18
7292303179sitethe physical characteristics of a place19
7292308190relative locationthe position of a place in relation to another place20
7292312481time-space compressionthe reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation21
7292322575hearththe region from which innovative ideas or material traits originate22
7292326977relocation diffusionthe spread of an idea though physical movement or migration of people from one place to another23
7292331691stimulus diffusionthe spread of underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected24
7292348285global positioning systemusing satellite system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features25
7292351563density# of any variable per unit area26
7292355420time zones24 regions or devisions of the globe approximately conceding with meridians at successive hours from the observatory at Greenwich,England.Each degree is 15 degrees longitude.27
7292381595geographic informational systems (GSI)a collection of computer hardware and software that permits spatial data to be collected, recorded, stored, retrieved, manipulated, analyzed, and displayed all at once or in layers28
7292481658cartographythe study and practice of making maps29
7292516977what is the great circle?cuts the earth in two equal halves30
7292527966how many time zones are in the US6 but four in continuous US31
7292536651IF you go east of the international date line do you lose or gain day?you lose a day if you go east and gain day if you go west32
7292544475three types of mapping scales-numerical ratio(1:1000) -bar(visible manner) -phase(i inch= 1 mile)33
7292553043what is a location/general purpose/reference map?location and topography of Earth's physical features ,boundaries, and between other units of government34
7292578741what is a topographic map?the details of physical features35
7292578742what is a thematic/special purpose map?emphasizes single idea of particular kind of info36
7292857559Pierce quincuncialEqual area cylindrical, areas of equal size on the globe are also equal size on the map37
7292857560Van de gritenDistortion increases from the equator to the poles,minimal at the equator but much at the poles is most accurate at the 75th parallels38
7292857561Dymaxion(fuller)Distortion increases as the distance from the facet edges increase, overall shape distortion is low, north direction is not upright , direction is distorted however scale is correct along the facet edges39
7292857562Goode homolosineNo distortion along the central meridians, areas are represented accurately, is only useful for world maps40
7292857563Plate carrèeDistortion increases as the distance from the standard parallels increase,NSWE directions are accurate but general directions are not; best used for city maps or other places with small areas41
7292857564Waterman ButterflyShows equator,continental shapes, distances, areas, angular distortions, and relative positions, distortion of Ellesmere Island and Greenland42
7292857565Gall-Peters ProjectionEqual area, equal axis, equal positions, fairness to all people43
7293002919chloropleththematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurements of the statistical variable being displayed44
7293194743isoline mapa thematic map displaying lines that connect points of equal value often used for weather or elevation45
7293229879data aggregationin any process which information is gathered and expressed in a summary form46
7293238091remote sensingthe science of obtaining info about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites47
7293248739proportional symbola map where the size of a symbol varies depending on the frequency of variable being studied48
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ap Flashcards

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7224468800hominidshumans and other creatures that walk upright0
7224468801HomosapiensThe species name for modern humans1
7224468802complex society-job specialization2
7224468803lucythe first human who left remains of her bones; she lived around 3.5 million years ago.3
7224468804PaleolithicOld stone age4
7224468805Neolithic"New Stone Age"5
7224468806Venus figurinesSmall Paleolithic statues of women with exaggerated sexual features.6
7224468807Lascaux Cave Paintingscave art7
7224468808Textilesthe craft of making clothes8
7224468809Neolithic RevolutionThe switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle is this revolution.9
7224468810Epic of Gilgameshan epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia10
7224468811IrrigationThe process of supplying water to areas of land to make them suitable for growing crops.11
7224468812Hammurabi's Codefirst written code/set of laws that all were expected to obey. law of retaliation12
7224468813Assyrian Empire934 to 608 BCE, Successful Empire in Mesopotamia13
7224468814bronze and iron metallurgythe modification of a metal to make usefull objects14
7224468815MesopotamiaLand between Tigris and Euphrates rivers15
7224468816CunieformThe world's first system of writing16
7224468817Phoeniciansthe most powerful traders along the Mediterranean17
7224468818MonotheismBelief in one God18
7224468819PolytheismBelief in many gods19
7224468820Patriarchal Societya system run by men only20
7224468821Mummificationthe preservation of dead bodies by embalming and wrapping them in cloth21
7224468822Savannahsa grassy plain in tropical regions22
7224468823Demographic Pressurethe way humans damage the environment with populations and their size and rapid growth23
7224468824Cataractsa large waterfall24
7224468825PharaohAncient Egyptian king25
7224468826Mercenarya professional soldier hired by a foreign army26
7224468827Scribespeople who specialized in writing and record keeping27
7224468828Menes/Narmerpharaoh that United upper and lower Egypt28
7224468829HeiroglyphicsEgyptian form of writing29
7224468830PyramidsHuge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top30
7224468831Rosetta StoneArtifact that unlocked the mystery of Egyptian hieroglyphics31
7224468832Araynsnomadic indo Europeans32
7224468833HarappanThe first Indian civilization; also known as the Indus Valley civilization33
7224468834vedasbook of knowledge; collection of prayers and hymns34
7224468835Big Vedaa collection of 1,028 hymns dedicated to Aryan gods35
7224468836Castessocial groups into which people are born and cannot change36
7224468837UpanishadsIndian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.37
7224468838BrahminPriests38
7224468839asceticOne who leads a life of self-denial and contemplation; absent of luxury39
7224468840satithe Hindu ritual requiring a wife to throw herself on her deceased husband's funeral pyre40
7224468841DravidiansThe original people of the Indus Valley41
7224468842karmathe effects that good or bad actions have on a person's soul42
7224468843BrahmanThe term for The Univeral Soul in Hinduism.43
7224468844jatisubcastes44
7224468845Ecological Degradationthe deterioration of the environment through overuse of resources45
7224468846DynastyA series of rulers from the same family46
7224468847Xia Dynastyfirst Chinese dynasty47
7224468848loessa fine, light slit deposited by by win and water48
7224468849China's SorrowYellow river floods were disastrous, destroyed whole villages49
7224468776Hereditary statethe passing of power through blood50
7224468777Zhou Dynastythe longest lasting Chinese dynasty, during which the use of iron was introduced.51
7224468778Book of Songsa collection of 305 of the earliest recorded poems in Chinese history52
7224468779Mandate of Heavenin Chinese history, the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority53
7224468780Oracle bonesanimal bones carved with written characters which were used for telling the future54
7224468781steppe landsgrasslands and shrub lands55
7224468782Decentralized administrationsystem of government that shares power over multiple regions with co leaders56
7224468783Royal Courtsa court that dealt with all land disputes and some felonies57
7224468784cowrie shellsImported from the Maldives, they served as the medium of exchange in West Africa58
7224468785Ancestor VenerationWorship and respect for ancestors59
7224468786Obsidianvolcanic glass60
7224468787Maizecorn61
7224468788Bering Land BridgeFormer ice age link between Siberia and Alaska.62
7224468789ceremonial centeran area used for religious ceremonies by the ancient people of the Americas63
7224468790Authoritarian terracesa type of land scaping the improves farming64
7224468791bloodletting ritualsmen and women cut themselves and bled to appease their gods65
7224468792double-hulled canoescanoes with two waterproof layers66
7224468793Olmec ball gamesball game in which losers are executed67
722446879468
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