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AP Language Flashcards

9917762595	English	English	0
9917762596	adage	a proverb or wise saying commonly used (ex: Things are not always as they seem.)	1
9917762597	allegory	a story in which people, things and happenings have a hidden or symbolic meaning.(fables, parables, apologue have meanings on two or more levels.)	2
9917762598	alliteration	words used in quick succession and begin with letters belonging to the same sound group; a repetition of similar sounds/letters in the sentence. (Wicked witch of the west went her own way.)	3
9917762599	allusion	a passing reference to a commonly-known historical, cultural, religious, literary, or mythical person, place, event, or work of art, whereby the reader must make the connection within the current text.	4
9917762600	ambiguity	multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, passage or sentence; can lead reader toward uncertainty of meaning	5
9917762601	analogy	establishing a relationship based on similarities between two concepts or ideas; helps convey meaning of a new idea	6
9917762602	anaphora	the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect; most commonly found in the Bible (O Lord,.for I am weak.O Lord, heal me. O Lord, have mercy on me.)	7
9917762603	anecdote	short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point and make readers and listeners laugh; Anecdotes can include an extensive range of tales and stories	8
9917762604	antecedent	word, phrase, or clause that is replaced by a pronoun	9
9917762605	antimetabole	repetition of words in reverse grammatical order; Ex: "Fair is foul and foul is fair."	10
9917762606	antithesis	parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses, i.e. the structures of phrases and clauses are similar in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers; Ex: "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."	11
9917762607	apostrophe	speaker talks to someone or something that is obviously not present	12
9917762608	appositive	a renaming of a noun or noun phrase immediately after first stating the noun	13
9917762609	archetype	A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response	14
9917762610	argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence	15
9917762611	asyndeton	author purposely leaves out conjunctions in the sentence, while maintaining the grammatical accuracy of the phrase; shortening the statement for greater impact; "Reduce, reuse, recycle."	16
9917762612	audience	those to whom a piece of literary work is being presented	17
9917762613	cacophony	Tremendous noise, disharmonious sound	18
9917762614	characterization	Actions, dialogue, and narrative description that reveal a sense of a character's personality to the reader.	19
9917762615	circumlocution	an indirect or wordy way of expressing an idea which leaves the reader perplexed; exaggeratedly long and complex sentences in order to convey a meaning that could have otherwise been conveyed through a shorter, much simpler sentence	20
9917762616	climax	that point in a plot that creates the greatest intensity, suspense, or interest. Also called "turning point"	21
9917762617	colloquial	Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing	22
9917762618	concession	An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point.	23
9917762619	conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; unusual and unlikely comparisons between two things	24
9917762620	connotation	associations people make with words that go beyond the literal or dictionary definition	25
9917762621	context	The parts before or after a word or statement that influence its meaning	26
9917762622	counter argument	an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.	27
9917762623	cumulative sentence	a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases	28
9917762624	denotation	Dictionary definition of a word; literal meaning	29
9917762625	denouement	an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot	30
9917762626	detail	The facts revealed by the author or speaker that support the attitude or tone in a piece of poetry or prose.	31
9917762627	diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	32
9917762628	elegy	a mournful, melancholy, or plaintive poem, especially a funeral song or a lament for the dead.	33
9917762629	ellipsis	in a sentence, the omission of a word or words replaced by three periods ...	34
9917762630	epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society	35
9917762631	ethos	One of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Ethos is basically an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.	36
9917762632	euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	37
9917762633	exposition	Background information presented in a literary work.	38
9917762634	hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	39
9917762635	imagery	use of words and phrases to create "mental images" for the reader; helps the reader visualize more realistically the author's writings through the usage of metaphors, allusions, descriptive words and similes	40
9917762636	imperative sentences	gives a command or request; often subject is understood and sentence ends with !	41
9917762637	inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	42
9917762638	verbal irony	Sarcasm; what is said is the opposite of what is meant	43
9917762639	juxtaposition	placing an idea next to its opposite to emphasize contrast and comparison	44
9917762640	logos	An appeal to reason. Logos is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument. writers may use inductive argumentation or deductive argumentation, but they clearly have examples and generally rational tome to their language. The problem with logos is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies.	45
9917762641	metaphor	A figurative comparison of two unlike things without using the word like or as	46
9917762642	metonymy	(mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	47
9917762643	mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader; using specific diction, description, setting, and characterization to create the atmosphere	48
9917762644	motif	A recurring theme, subject or idea	49
9917762645	narrative	a fiction, nonfiction, poetic, or dramatic story, actual or fictional, expressed orally or in text.	50
9917762646	non sequitur	A statement that does not follow logically from evidence	51
9917762647	occasion	the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written	52
9917762648	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Ex: buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur.	53
9917762649	organization	In a composition, the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a perceptible order in a paragraph or essay.	54
9917762650	oxymoron	A figure of speech consisting of two apparently contradictory terms; The richest literary oxymora(paradoxes) seem to reveal a deeper truth through their contradictions. Ex: "without laws, we can have no freedom." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar also makes use of a famous oxymoron: "Cowards die many times before their deaths"	55
9917762651	pace	Speed with which the author delivers the story controlled by language, mood, emotion played out in speech, dialogue, descriptions.	56
9917762652	parable	A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	57
9917762653	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	58
9917762654	parallel structure	repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.	59
9917762655	parody	A humorous or satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing	60
9917762656	pathos	An appeal to emotion. This is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused.	61
9917762657	persona	An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	62
9917762658	personification	author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	63
9917762659	point of view	Perspective from which a story is told; omniscient point of view= the person telling the story or narrator knows everything that's going on in the story; first- person point of view the narrator is a character in the story; limited third-person point of view the narrator is outside the story- like an omniscient narrator- but tells the story from the vantage point of one character."	64
9917762660	polemic	a controversial argument, esp. attacking a particular opinion	65
9917762661	propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	66
9917762662	prose	written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.	67
9917762663	purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	68
9917762664	refutation	The part of an argument wherein a speaker or writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view.	69
9917762665	repetition	Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis	70
9917762666	rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	71
9917762667	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	72
9917762668	rhetorical question	A question whose answer is assumed; a rhetorical question is designed to force the reader to respond in a predetermined manner and to propel an argument emotionally.	73
9917762669	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience ex:Aristotelian triangle	74
9917762670	satire	A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.	75
9917762671	simile	A comparison of two things using like or as	76
9917762672	symbolism	An ordinary object with an extraordinary significance	77
9917762673	synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).	78
9917762674	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	79
9917762675	syntax	Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences	80
9917762676	thesis	Focus statement of an essay; premise statement upon which the point of view or discussion in the essay is based.	81
9917762677	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	82
9917762678	transition	A word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph	83
9917762679	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	84

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AP Language Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9929623750	English	English	0
9929623751	adage	a proverb or wise saying commonly used (ex: Things are not always as they seem.)	1
9929623752	allegory	a story in which people, things and happenings have a hidden or symbolic meaning.(fables, parables, apologue have meanings on two or more levels.)	2
9929623753	alliteration	words used in quick succession and begin with letters belonging to the same sound group; a repetition of similar sounds/letters in the sentence. (Wicked witch of the west went her own way.)	3
9929623754	allusion	a passing reference to a commonly-known historical, cultural, religious, literary, or mythical person, place, event, or work of art, whereby the reader must make the connection within the current text.	4
9929623755	ambiguity	multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, passage or sentence; can lead reader toward uncertainty of meaning	5
9929623756	analogy	establishing a relationship based on similarities between two concepts or ideas; helps convey meaning of a new idea	6
9929623757	anaphora	the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect; most commonly found in the Bible (O Lord,.for I am weak.O Lord, heal me. O Lord, have mercy on me.)	7
9929623758	anecdote	short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point and make readers and listeners laugh; Anecdotes can include an extensive range of tales and stories	8
9929623759	antecedent	word, phrase, or clause that is replaced by a pronoun	9
9929623760	antimetabole	repetition of words in reverse grammatical order; Ex: "Fair is foul and foul is fair."	10
9929623761	antithesis	parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses, i.e. the structures of phrases and clauses are similar in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers; Ex: "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."	11
9929623762	apostrophe	speaker talks to someone or something that is obviously not present	12
9929623763	appositive	a renaming of a noun or noun phrase immediately after first stating the noun	13
9929623764	archetype	A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response	14
9929623765	argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence	15
9929623766	asyndeton	author purposely leaves out conjunctions in the sentence, while maintaining the grammatical accuracy of the phrase; shortening the statement for greater impact; "Reduce, reuse, recycle."	16
9929623768	cacophony	Tremendous noise, disharmonious sound	17
9929623769	characterization	Actions, dialogue, and narrative description that reveal a sense of a character's personality to the reader.	18
9929623770	circumlocution	an indirect or wordy way of expressing an idea which leaves the reader perplexed; exaggeratedly long and complex sentences in order to convey a meaning that could have otherwise been conveyed through a shorter, much simpler sentence	19
9929623771	climax	that point in a plot that creates the greatest intensity, suspense, or interest. Also called "turning point"	20
9929623773	concession	An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point.	21
9929623774	conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; unusual and unlikely comparisons between two things	22
9929623775	connotation	associations people make with words that go beyond the literal or dictionary definition	23
9929623776	context	The parts before or after a word or statement that influence its meaning	24
9929623777	counter argument	an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.	25
9929623778	cumulative sentence	a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases	26
9929623779	denotation	Dictionary definition of a word; literal meaning	27
9929623780	denouement	an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot	28
9929623781	detail	The facts revealed by the author or speaker that support the attitude or tone in a piece of poetry or prose.	29
9929623783	elegy	a mournful, melancholy, or plaintive poem, especially a funeral song or a lament for the dead.	30
9929623784	ellipsis	in a sentence, the omission of a word or words replaced by three periods ...	31
9929623785	epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society	32
9929623786	ethos	One of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Ethos is basically an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.	33
9929623787	euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	34
9929623788	exposition	Background information presented in a literary work.	35
9929623789	hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	36
9929623790	imagery	use of words and phrases to create "mental images" for the reader; helps the reader visualize more realistically the author's writings through the usage of metaphors, allusions, descriptive words and similes	37
9929623792	inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	38
9929623793	verbal irony	Sarcasm; what is said is the opposite of what is meant	39
9929623794	juxtaposition	placing an idea next to its opposite to emphasize contrast and comparison	40
9929623795	logos	An appeal to reason. Logos is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument. writers may use inductive argumentation or deductive argumentation, but they clearly have examples and generally rational tome to their language. The problem with logos is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies.	41
9929623796	metaphor	A figurative comparison of two unlike things without using the word like or as	42
9929623797	metonymy	(mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	43
9929623800	narrative	a fiction, nonfiction, poetic, or dramatic story, actual or fictional, expressed orally or in text.	44
9929623801	non sequitur	A statement that does not follow logically from evidence	45
9929623803	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Ex: buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur.	46
9929623804	organization	In a composition, the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a perceptible order in a paragraph or essay.	47
9929623805	oxymoron	A figure of speech consisting of two apparently contradictory terms; The richest literary oxymora(paradoxes) seem to reveal a deeper truth through their contradictions. Ex: "without laws, we can have no freedom." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar also makes use of a famous oxymoron: "Cowards die many times before their deaths"	48
9929623807	parable	A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	49
9929623808	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	50
9929623809	parallel structure	repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.	51
9929623810	parody	A humorous or satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing	52
9929623811	pathos	An appeal to emotion. This is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused.	53
9929623812	persona	An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	54
9929623813	personification	author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	55
9929623815	polemic	a controversial argument, esp. attacking a particular opinion	56
9929623816	propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	57
9929623817	prose	written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.	58
9929623819	refutation	The part of an argument wherein a speaker or writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view.	59
9929623820	repetition	Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis	60
9929623821	rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	61
9929623822	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	62
9929623824	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience ex:Aristotelian triangle	63
9929623825	satire	A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.	64
9929623826	simile	A comparison of two things using like or as	65
9929623827	symbolism	An ordinary object with an extraordinary significance	66
9929623828	synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).	67
9929623829	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	68
9929623830	syntax	Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences	69
9929623833	transition	A word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph	70
9929623834	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	71
9929695299	anecdote	short narrative detailing an interesting, simple episode or event, usually in the life of an important person	72
9929697910	aphorism	concise statement or expression of a principle in pointed words ("Life is short, art is long, opportunity fleeting, experimenting dangerous, reasoning difficult" Hippocrates)	73
9929699246	epithet	descriptive phrase highlighting key traits ("the Brown Bomber;" "the master mariner")	74
9929700081	litotes	(Understatement, sometimes called Meiosis) - deliberate understatement, especially when expressing a thought by denying its opposite ("Oh it's nothing; I can always get another Dad" or, said of a serious wound, "It's only a scratch.")	75
9929701573	Paronomasia	pun- repetition of single word with two different meanings; two words that sound alike but have different meaning; a single word with two different meanings in same sentence	76
9929702550	sarcasm	se of mockery, verbal taunts, or bitter irony, intended to hurt individuals ("Nice shooting, said to a teammate who has missed 10 foul shot free throws in a row).	77
9929704424	syllepsis	When a single word that governs or modifies two or more others must be understood differently with respect to each of those words, often with a witty or comical effect. Not to be confused with zeugma.	78
9929705521	zeugma	A general term describing when one part of speech (most often the main verb, but sometimes a noun) governs two or more other parts of a sentence (often in a series). ("But passion lends them power, time means, to meet.	79
9929706716	amplification	(also called Climax; also, see Anadiplosis below)- the arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing importance, often in parallel structure	80
9929707882	parallelism	repeat grammatical structures at the word/phrase/clause level to balance expressions (showing that ideas have equal importance), to conserve words, and to build climaxes ("I came, I saw, I conquered.")	81
9929708805	anastrophe	violate normal syntactical arrangement (e.g., "Yoda, I be not") for emphasis	82
9929710306	apposition	escribe an object with an adjacent, explanatory element (e.g., Will Shakespeare, the greatest of all playwrights)	83
9929713132	chiasmus	repeat an idea in inverted ABBA word order (e.g., "Eat to live; don't live to eat;" "People don't care how much you know; they want to know how much you care.")	84
9929713868	parenthesis	repeat an idea in inverted ABBA word order (e.g., "Eat to live; don't live to eat;" "People don't care how much you know; they want to know how much you care.")	85
9929716973	brachylogia	omission of conjunctions between a series of words, for broken, hurried delivery	86
9929718556	polysedenton	(opposite of asyndeton)- many conjunctions between clauses, for slowed effect ("I went to the store, and I parked my bike, and I gazed in the window, and I saw the red shoes...")	87
9929719351	Scesis Onomaton	a series of successive, synonymous expressions (usually nouns-adjectives, but not necessarily) ("Mr. Jones, master teacher, sentence scion, grammar gremlin, entered the room")	88
9929720723	Anadiplosis	repetition of last word/phrase from previous clause/line/sentence at beginning of next clause/line/sentence - technically, Climax (see above) ("Glass from sand; sand from quartz; quartz from mountains.")	89
9929721346	Epistrophe	end a successive series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words	90
9929722756	polyptoton	using a cognate of a given word in close proximity ("With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder	91
9929723417	Assonance	Repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacent words ("Beyond the wand of the magic lawn.")	92
9929723983	Consonance	The repetition of consonants in words stressed in the same place (but whose vowels differ). Also, a kind of inverted alliteration, in which final consonants, rather than initial or medial ones, repeat in nearby words ("Mackinac Island: We dredge for fudge.")	93

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AP Language and Composition Test Study Set Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5929278999	Ad hominem argument	Argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, to feeling rather than intellect	0
5929279000	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. i.e. Animal Farm characters; The Crucible	1
5929279001	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words	2
5929279002	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work or art purpose: writer does not have to elaborate	3
5929279003	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage	4
5929279004	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them; using something well known to help explain something not as well known. (similar to simile)	5
5929279005	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	6
5929279006	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or moral principle; a memorable summation of the author's point	7
5929279007	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction, such as liberty or love and adds familiarity or emotion intensity	8
5929279008	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.	9
5929279009	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.	10
5929279010	Colloquial	The use of slang or in formalities in speech or writing. Gives work a conversational, familiar tone. Often used to express regional or local dialects	11
5929279011	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; displays intellectual cleverness due to the unusual comparison	12
5929279012	Connotation	The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning	13
5929279013	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color	14
5929279014	Diction	Related to style, refers to the writer's word choice	15
5929279015	Didactic	Meaning "teaching", it has the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially of moral or ethical principles	16
5929279016	Euphemism	A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts. Can be used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness, or to add humor or ironic understatement	17
5929279017	Extended metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work	18
5929279018	Figurative language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	19
5929279019	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language, Many compare dissimilar things	20
5929279020	Generic conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre and helps define each genre. For example, they differentiate between an essay and journalistic writing and an autobiography and political writing	21
5929279021	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry , and drama	22
5929279022	Homily	This term literally means "sermon" but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice	23
5929279023	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement for emphasis	24
5929279024	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, uses terms related to the five senses	25
5929279025	Inference	To draw reasonable conclusion from the information presented	26
5929279026	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language	27
5929279027	Irony	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant; the difference between what appears to be and what actually is true	28
5929279028	Verbal irony	The words literally state the opposite of the writers or speakers true meaning	29
5929279029	Situational irony	Events turn out the opposite of what was expected	30
5929279030	Dramatic irony	Facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work	31
5929279031	Loose sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. Makes work often seem informal, relaxed, and conversational	32
5929279032	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other	33
5929279033	Metonymy	A figure of speech which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. Example: the White House declared instead of the President declared	34
5929279034	Mood	The overall feel of the writing (created by writer; determined by reader)	35
5929279035	Indicative mood	used only for factual sentences "Joe eats too quickly"	36
5929279036	Subjunctive mood	Used for a doubtful or conditional attitude "If I were you, I would get another job."	37
5929279037	Imperative mood	Used for commands "Shut the door!"	38
5929279038	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events	39
5929279039	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words	40
5929279040	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish" a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Example: Jumbo Shrimp	41
5929279041	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense, but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity	42
5929279042	Parallelism	Refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity; structuring in generally same way to link them all	43
5929279043	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It distorts or exaggerates distinctive features of the original	44
5929279044	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish	45
5929279045	Periodic sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone	46
5929279046	Point of view	The perspective from which a story is told	47
5929279047	First-person narrator	Tells the story with the first-person pronoun "I" and is a character in the story.	48
5929279048	Third person narrator	Relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he, she it"	49
5929279049	Third person omniscient	the narrator, with god-like knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters	50
5929279050	Third person limited omniscient	Presents the feelings and thoughts of only the actions of all remaining characters	51
5929279051	Predicate adjectives	One type of subject complement- an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clauses that follows a linking verb Example: My boyfriend is tall, dark, and handsome. Tall, dark and handsome is describing boyfriend	52
5929279052	Predicate nominative	A second type of subject complement- a noun, group of nouns, or noun clauses that renames the subject Example: "Lincoln was a man of integrity" Man of integrity describes Lincoln	53
5929279053	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, refers to fiction and nonfiction, because they are written in ordinary language and most closely resemble everyday speech	54
5929279054	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate of any element of language	55
5929279055	Rhetoric	From the Greek "orator" describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively	56
5929279056	Rhetorical modes	Describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing	57
5929279057	Exposition	To explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion	58
5929279058	Argumentation	To prove the validity of an idea, point of view, by presenting sound reasoning	59
5929279059	Sarcasm	Bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something	60
5929279060	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies, or social institutions or conventions for reform or ridicule	61
5929279061	Style	An author's sum of choices that he or she makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices	62
5929279062	Subject complement	The word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by renaming it or describing it	63
5929279063	Subordinate clause	Contains a subject and a verb but can not stand alone	64
5929279064	Syllogism	From the Greek "reckoning together" this term is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises, first major and second minor Major premise: All men are mortal. Minor premise: Socrates is a man. Conclusion: Socrates is mortal.	65
5929279065	Symbol	Anything that represents or stands for something else	66
5929279066	Natural symbols	Use objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them I.e. Dawn and new beginnings	67
5929279067	Conventional symbols	Those that have been invested with meaning by a group i.e. Star of David	68
5929279068	Literary symbols	They are found in a variety of literature and are generally recognized i.e. whale in Moby Dick	69
5929279069	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences	70
5929279070	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers to life	71
5929279071	Thesis	Statement that is a sentence that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or preposition	72
5929279072	Tone	Describes the author's attitude toward his or her material or the audience	73
5929279073	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas	74
5929279074	Understatement	The ironic minimalizing of fact, presenting something less significant than it actually is. Makes a work humorous and emphatic;A statement that lacks emphasis and is given less force than normal.	75
5929279075	Wit	intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights	76
5929279076	Attitude	A writer's intellectual position or emotion regarding the subject of the writing (related to tone)	77
5929279077	Concrete detail	A non abstract detail asked on essay portion	78
5929279078	Descriptive detail	Detail appealing to the visual sense of the reader	79
5929279079	Devices	The figures of speech, syntax, diction, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect	80
5929279080	Language	how the elements of this combine to form a whole (diction, syntax, figurative language, etc)	81
5929279081	Narrative devices	The tools of the storyteller such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding information until a crucial time	82
5929279082	Narrative technique	The style of telling the story, especially the order of events and their detail	83
5929279083	Persuasive devices	The words in the passage that have strong connotations hint at this. Words that intensify the emotional effect	84
5929279084	Persuasive essay	An essay that leads to appeal to the audience's emotion or ethical standards to make them feel or support the author's position	85
5929279085	Resources of language	All the devices of composition available to a writer such as diction, syntax, sentence structure, etc	86
5929279086	Rhetorical features	Refers to how a passage is constructed. Look at the passage's organization and how the writer combines images, details, or arguments	87
5929279087	Sentence structure	The type of sentences the author uses; the simple, compound, complex types of this	88
5929279088	Bathos	the sudden appearance of the commonplace in otherwise elevated matter or style; insincere or overdone pathos	89
5929279089	Hyperbole	A non-literal exaggeration to emphasize something.	90
5929279090	Litotes	(Similar to understatement) Emphasizes a point by using a word opposite to the condition.	91
5929279091	Antithesis	A structure that places contrasting ideas next to each other.	92
5929279092	Hypophora	Asking a question, then answering it too.	93
5929279093	Rhetorical Question	A question that is asked to create an effect, not really to be answered.	94
5929279094	Procatalepsis	(Form of hypophora) Eliminates an objection without asking any questions.	95
5929279095	Distinctio	Giving the definition of a word so that the word isn't taken the wrong way.	96
5929279096	Simile	A figure of speech using "like" or "as" to compare two thing somewhat alike.	97
5929279097	Metaphor	(Similar to simile) Speaking of something as though it were another.	98
5929279098	Eponym	(Similar to allusion) Linking the attributes of a well known person to another person.	99
5929279099	Sententia	A quotation or wise saying. Can be a quote from a person.	100
5929279100	Exemplum	Providing the reader with an example to illustrate what the author means. Fictional examples need to be hypothetical.	101
5929279101	Climax	Organizing ideas in writing from least to most important.	102
5929279102	Parallelism	Structuring multiple sentences, generally the same way, to link them all.	103
5929279103	Chiasmus	(Form of parallelism) The structure of two lines are crisscrossed. The beginning of the first is at the end of the second and vice versa.	104
5929279104	Anadiplosis	(Form of repetition) Repeating the last word of a phrase or sentence near the beginning of the next.	105
5929279105	Conduplicatio	(Form of repetition) Take an important word in the previous sentence or phrase and repeats it at the beginning of the next.	106
5929279106	Metabasis	A summary of a previous body of work that allows the reader to move on to a new point.	107
5929279107	Parenthesis	A device that is used to insert additional information into the main body of the writing.Equivalent to the spoken aside.	108
5929279108	Enumeratio	A list of details about something that is supplied.	109
5929279109	Antanagoge	Making negative things seem not as bad so the reader doesn't feel as strongly about them.	110
5929279110	Epithet	Adding a descriptive adjective to a noun to evoke an idea or emotion.	111
5929279111	Asyndeton	Leaving out conjunctions in lists or between phrases, words, or clauses.	112
5929279112	Polysyndeton	(The stylistic Opposite of asyndeton) Deliberate use of conjunctions.	113
5929279113	Zeugma	Linking unexpected items together by a shared word.	114
5929279114	Synecdoche	(Similar to metonymy) Using part of something to refer to another thing as a larger whole.	115
5929279115	Hyperbaton	Purposely arranging words in an unexpected order.	116
5929279116	Aporia	Used to express doubt about an idea.	117
5929279117	Anaphora	The use of the same word or phrase at the beginning of each phrase or sentence.	118
5929279118	Epistrophe	(Similar to anaphora) The use of the same word or phrase at the end of each phrase or sentence.	119
5929279119	Symploce	(Form of parallelism) A combination of using a word or phrase repeatedly at the beginning or end of a phrase or sentence.	120
5929279120	Amplification	Repeating something just said but adding more detail to it.	121
5929279121	Personification	Giving human-like traits to something not human.	122
5929279122	Parataxis	A series of clauses without conjunctions.	123
5929279123	Enthymeme	An abbreviated, informal structured argument with a major and minor premises, both assumed true, making the audience assume the conclusion is also true.	124
5929279124	Trope	A figure of speech in which words are used in a way that changes their meanings.	125
5929279125	Polemic	An attack during an argument that hits the opposing point of view.	126
5929279126	Equivocation	A fallacy that uses a word with two meanings but concludes the word to have only one meaning.	127
5929279127	Phronesis	Effects Ethos in making it seem the speaker has the wisdom to judge right from wrong.	128
5929279128	Red Herring	A remark that distracts or sidetracks from the original subject of argument.	129
5929279129	Straw Man	A fallacy that attacks the weaker side of the argument and not the issue at hand.	130
5929279130	Hortatory	Speech or writing that urges or commands the audience to do something.	131
5929279131	Persona	A voice or mask that is used with acting or speaking that the person uses for a particular reason.	132
5929279132	Absolute	A word free from limitations or qualifications	133
5929279133	Adage	A familiar proverb or wise saying	134
5929279134	Archetype	A detail, image, or character type that appears frequently in literature and is thought to appeal in a universal way	135
5929279135	Balanced sentence	A sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast	136
5929279136	Cliche'	An expression that has been overused to the extent that its freshness has worn off	137
5929279137	Colloquialism	A word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't)	138
5929279138	Complex sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause	139
5929279139	Compound sentence	Contains at least two independent clauses but no dependent clauses.	140
5929279140	loose (cumulative) sentence	A sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases (main clause is at the beginning)	141
5929279141	Declarative sentence	A sentence that makes a statement or declaration	142
5929279142	Dialect	A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.	143
5929279143	Dilemma	a difficult or perplexing situation or problem requiring a person to decide between two equally attractive or unattractive alternatives	144
5929279144	Dissonance	harsh, inharmonious sounds	145
5929279145	Elegy	a sorrowful formal poem or speech about death or another solemn theme	146
5929279146	Ellipsis	Indicated by a series of three periods, the __ indicates that some material has been omitted from a given text.	147
5929279147	Epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society	148
5929279148	Epigram	A brief witty poem, often satirical.	149
5929279149	Epigraph	a saying or statement on a title page of a work, or used as a heading for a chapter or other section of a work	150
5929279150	Epiphany	A moment of sudden revelation or insight	151
5929279151	Epitaph	a brief statement written on a tomb or gravestone	152
5929279152	Eulogy	a speech honoring the dead	153
5929279153	Exclamatory sentence	A sentence expressing strong feeling, usually punctuated with an exclamation mark	154
5929279154	Expletive	an interjection to lend emphasis; often a profanity	155
5929279155	Fable	A brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters	156
5929279156	Fantasy	A story including elements that are impossible or make-believe.	157
5929279157	Flashback	A method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events	158
5929279158	Flat character	A character who is not well-developed, but rather one-dimensional ; he/she has only one or two personality traits	159
5929279159	Foreshadowing	A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.	160
5929279160	Frame device	a story within a story. An example is Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, in which the primary tales are told within the "frame story" of the pilgrimage to Canterbury	161
5929279161	Hubris	Excessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy	162
5929279162	Hypothetical question	a question that asks how a respondent might react in a given situation	163
5929279163	Idiom	A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.	164
5929279164	Implication	A suggestion an author or speaker makes (implies) without stating it directly. NOTE: the author/sender implies; the reader/audience infers.	165
5929279165	Jargon	specialized technical terminology; a characteristic language of a particular group	166
5929279166	Juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	167
5929279167	Legend	A narrative story about mythical or supernatural beings or events handed down from the past	168
5929279168	Limerick	A five line poem in which lines 1, 2 and 5 rhyme and lines 3 and 4 rhyme.	169
5929279169	Literary license	deviating from normal rules or methods in order to achieve a certain effect	170
5929279170	Malapropism	the unintentional misuse of a word by confusion with one that sounds similar	171
5929279171	Maxim	A concise statement, often offering advice; an adage	172
5929279172	Motif	A recurring element, such as an image, theme, or type of incident.	173
5929279173	Motivation	A character's incentive or reason for behaving in a certain manner; that which impels a character to act	174
5929279174	Myth	a traditional story where supernatural characters and events are used to explain a natural event	175
5929279175	Non sequitur	An argument where claim, reasons and warrants don't connect logically, and one point doesn't follow another.	176
5929279176	Parenthetical	a comment that interrupts the immediate subject, often to qualify or explain	177
5929279177	Pathos	Appeal to emotion	178
5929279178	Logos	Appeal to logic; facts	179
5929279179	Ethos	Appeal to ethics; credibility	180
5929279180	Philippic	A bitter verbal attack	181
5929279181	Pun	Play on words; achieved through the use of words with similar sounds but different meanings	182
5929279182	Resolution	Also called the denouement, this is the final stage in the plot of a drama or work of fiction. Here the action comes to an end and remaining loose ends are tied up.	183
5929279183	Round character	A character who demonstrates some complexity and who develops or changes in the course of a work	184
5929279184	Romantic	19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason	185
5929279185	Scapegoat	a person or thing carrying the blame for others	186
5929279186	Simple sentence	A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause	187
5929279187	Solecism	Nonstandard grammatical usage; a violation of grammatical rules	188
5929279188	Structure	Arrangement of parts	189
5929279189	Surrealism	An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images	190
5929279190	Syllepsis	A construction in which one word is used in two different senses ("After he threw the ball, he threw a fit.")	191
5929279191	Synesthesia	describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")	192
5929279192	Tautology	needless repetition using different but equivalent words; a redundancy (ex: widow woman, free gift)	193
5929279193	Trilogy	A group of three literary or musical works that have a related theme	194
5929279194	Trite	commonplace; overused, stale	195
5929279195	Vernacular	Everyday language used in a country or region.	196
5929279196	Archaism	A word, expression, spelling, or phrase that is out of date in the common speech of an era, but still deliberately used by a writer, poet, or playwright for artistic purposes	197
5929279197	Authorial intrusion	literary device wherein the author penning the story, poem or prose steps away from the text and speaks out to the reader.	198
5929279198	Idyll	A scene or event of a simple and tranquil nature	199
5929279199	Socratic irony	someone pretends to be ignorant to expose the ignorance or inconsistency of someone else.	200
5929279200	Ironic overstatement	when a person exaggerates the character of something.	201
5929279201	Ironic understatement	when a person undermines the character of something.	202
5929279202	Melodrama	a play interspersed with songs and orchestral music accompanying the action	203
5929279203	Absolute metaphor	a metaphor (or figurative comparison) in which one of the terms (the tenor) can't be readily distinguished from the other (the vehicle).Example: "We are the eyelids of defeated caves."	204
5929279204	Active metaphor	one which is relatively new and has not become part of everyday linguistic usage. The audience knows that a metaphor has been used.	205
5929279205	Dead metaphor	metaphors that normally go unnoticed or that are cliché	206
5929279206	Mixed metaphor	a metaphor that combines different images or ideas in a way that is foolish or illogical	207
5929279207	Submerged metaphor	one in which the vehicle is implied, or indicated by one aspect. Example: "my winged thought". Here, the audience must supply the image of the bird.	208
5929279208	Neoclassical drama	Neoclassicism covers the period from the end of the English Renaissance in 1642 to the culmination of the French Revolution and the beheading of Louis the XVI in 1793 - in this type of drama, there were either comedies or tragedies - no combination of the two.	209
5929279209	Implied metaphor	one in which the tenor is not specified but implied. Example: "Shut your trap!" Here, the mouth of the listener is the unspecified tenor.	210
5929279210	undertone	an attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under the surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones	211
5929279211	anecdote	a short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event.	212

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AP Language Flashcards

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9962620134	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	0
9962620135	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells). Although the term is not used frequently in the multiple-choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	1
9962620136	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	2
9962620137	Ambiguity (am-bi-gyoo-i-tee)	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
9962620138	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. Ex. He that voluntarily continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as to him	4
9962620139	Anaphora (uh-naf-er-uh)	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	5
9962620140	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person	6
9962620141	Antecedent (an-tuh-seed-nt)	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP Language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.	7
9962620142	Antithesis (an-tih-theh-sis)	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.	8
9962620143	Aphorism	A terse statement of know authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.	9
9962620144	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back:	10
9962620145	Asyndeton (uh-sin-di-tuhn)	consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.	11
9962620146	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere forshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	12
9962620147	Chiasmus (kahy-az-muhs)	(From the Greek word for "criss-cross," a designation baed on the Greek letter "chi," written X). Chiasmus is a figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of the analogous words.	13
9962620148	Clause	a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can sand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element to the other. You should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	14
9962620149	Colloquial/colloquialism (kuj-loh-kwee-uhl)	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.	15
9962620150	Coherence	A principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible. Words, phrases, clauses within the sentence; and sentences, paragraphs, and chpters in larger pieces of writing are the unit that by their progressive and logical arrangement, make for coherence.	16
9962620151	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.	17
9962620152	Connotation	- The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.	18
9962620153	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.	19
9962620154	Diacope	repetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase: word/phrase X, . . ., word/phrase X.	20
9962620155	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	21
9962620156	Didactic (dahy-dak-tik)	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	22
9962620157	Enumeratio	Figure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details, and may include a listing of causes, effects, problems, solutions, conditions, and consequences; the listing or detailing of the parts of something.	23
9962620158	Expletive (ek-spli-tiv)	Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive.	24
9962620159	Euphemism (yoo-fuh-miz-uhm)	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be sued to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement.	25
9962620160	Exposition	In essays, one of the four chief types of composition, the others being argumentation, description, and narration. The purpose of exposition is to explain something. In drama, the exposition is the introductory material, which creates the tone, gives the setting, and introduces the characters and conflict.	26
9962620161	Extended metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.	27
9962620162	Figurative language	- Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	28
9962620163	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurate language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.	29
9962620164	Generic conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	30
9962620165	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. ON the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing.	31
9962620166	Homily (hom-uh-lee)	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	32
9962620167	Hyperbole (hahy-pur-buh-lee)	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	33
9962620168	Hypophora	Figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to one's own question(s). A common usage is to ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use the paragraph to answer it. You can use hypophora to raise questions which you think the reader obviously has on his/her mind and would like to see formulated and answered.	34
9962620169	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imager y uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection (It is the highest flower on the Great Chain of Being). An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figure s of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. ON the AP exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.	35
9962620170	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple-choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices.	36
9962620171	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language.	37
9962620172	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language; (1) In a verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. (2) In situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and the readers think ought to happen. (3) In dramatic irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction, but know to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.	38
9962620173	Juxtaposition (juhk-stuh-puh-zish-uhn)	When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.	39
9962620174	Litotes (lahy-toh-teez)	From the Greek word "simple" or "plain." Litotes is a figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. It is a special form of understatement, where the surface denial serves, through ironic contrast, to reinforce the underlying assertion.	40
9962620175	Loose sentence	a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by wdependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational. Generally loose sentences create loose style.	41
9962620176	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.	42
9962620177	Metonymy (mi-ton-uh-mee)	A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name." Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared" is using metonymy. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional response.	43
9962620178	Mood	This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and eals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The indicative mood is used only for factual sentences. For example, "Joe eats too quickly." The subjective mod is used to express conditions contrary to fact. For example, "If I were you, I'd get another job." The imperative mood is used for commands. For example, "Shut the door!" The second meaning of mood is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.	44
9962620179	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	45
9962620180	Onomatopoeia (on-uh-mat-uh-pee-uh)	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you not eexamples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	46
9962620181	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect which the author achieves with this term.	47
9962620182	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	48
9962620183	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. A famous example of parallelism begins Charles Dickens's novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity . . ." The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.	49
9962620184	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. As comedy, parody distorts or exaggerated distinctive features of the original. As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original. Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original	50
9962620185	Pedantic (puh-dan-tik)	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	51
9962620186	Periodic sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. For example: "Ecstatic with my AP score, I let out a loud, joyful shout!" The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence.	52
9962620187	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animal, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	53
9962620188	Polysyndeton (paulee-sin-dih-tawn)	Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses. The effect is a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up - a persistence or intensity.	54
9962620189	Predicate adjective	One type of subject complement is an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is an the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject.	55
9962620190	Predicate nominative	A second type of subject complement - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that names the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence.	56
9962620191	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line	57
9962620192	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	58
9962620193	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	59
9962620194	Rhetorical modes	This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes and their purposes are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional and subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. These four modes are sometimes referred to as mode of discourse.	60
9962620195	Rhetorical Question [erotesis]	- differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer would suffice. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the fact at hand.	61
9962620196	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony is a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intended to ridicule. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when done poorly, it's simply cruel	62
9962620197	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.	63
9962620198	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another	64
9962620199	Style	The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author (or a writer emulating that author's style)/ Compare, for example, Jonathan's Swift to George Orwell or William Faulkner to Ernest Hemingway. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, or laconic, to name only a few examples. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance of the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental or realist movement.	65
9962620200	Subject complement	The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clauses that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it. The former is the technically a predicate nominative, the latter a predicate adjective. Multiple-choice questions.	66
9962620201	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause, sometimes called an independent clause, to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses 0 for example: although, because, unless, if even though, since, as soon as, while who, when , where, how and that.	67
9962620202	Syllogism (sil- uh-jiz-uhm)	From the Greek for "reckoning together, " a syllogism (or syllogistic-reasoning or syllogistic logic is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the firs one called "major" and the second, "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows;	68
9962620203	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete - such as object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols, and symbolism can be much more complex. One system classifies symbols in three categories: (1) Natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) Conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull an crossbones for pirates or the scales of justice for lawyers). (3) Literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated as is the whale in Moby Dick and the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.	69
9962620204	Synecdoche (si-nek-duh-kee)	is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion , section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa).	70
9962620205	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple-choice section, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.	71
9962620206	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly stated, especially in exposityr or argumentative writing.	72
9962620207	Thesis	In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proved the thesis.	73
9962620208	Tone	Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if ti were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, and somber	74
9962620209	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly and on the contrary. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition. We will discuss these methods later.	75
9962620210	Understatement	The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.	76
9962620211	Undertone	An attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under a cheery surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones. William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" from the Songs of Innocence has a grim undertone.	77
9962620212	Wit	In modern usage, intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally (in the early seventeenth century), it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.	78

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AP Language Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9965259637	English	English	0
9965259638	adage	a proverb or wise saying commonly used (ex: Things are not always as they seem.)	1
9965259639	allegory	a story in which people, things and happenings have a hidden or symbolic meaning.(fables, parables, apologue have meanings on two or more levels.)	2
9965259640	alliteration	words used in quick succession and begin with letters belonging to the same sound group; a repetition of similar sounds/letters in the sentence. (Wicked witch of the west went her own way.)	3
9965259641	allusion	a passing reference to a commonly-known historical, cultural, religious, literary, or mythical person, place, event, or work of art, whereby the reader must make the connection within the current text.	4
9965259642	ambiguity	multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, passage or sentence; can lead reader toward uncertainty of meaning	5
9965259643	analogy	establishing a relationship based on similarities between two concepts or ideas; helps convey meaning of a new idea	6
9965259644	anaphora	the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect; most commonly found in the Bible (O Lord,.for I am weak.O Lord, heal me. O Lord, have mercy on me.)	7
9965259645	anecdote	short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point and make readers and listeners laugh; Anecdotes can include an extensive range of tales and stories	8
9965259646	antecedent	word, phrase, or clause that is replaced by a pronoun	9
9965259647	antimetabole	repetition of words in reverse grammatical order; Ex: "Fair is foul and foul is fair."	10
9965259648	antithesis	parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses, i.e. the structures of phrases and clauses are similar in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers; Ex: "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."	11
9965259649	apostrophe	speaker talks to someone or something that is obviously not present	12
9965259650	appositive	a renaming of a noun or noun phrase immediately after first stating the noun	13
9965259651	archetype	A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response	14
9965259652	argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence	15
9965259653	asyndeton	author purposely leaves out conjunctions in the sentence, while maintaining the grammatical accuracy of the phrase; shortening the statement for greater impact; "Reduce, reuse, recycle."	16
9965259654	audience	those to whom a piece of literary work is being presented	17
9965259655	cacophony	Tremendous noise, disharmonious sound	18
9965259656	characterization	Actions, dialogue, and narrative description that reveal a sense of a character's personality to the reader.	19
9965259657	circumlocution	an indirect or wordy way of expressing an idea which leaves the reader perplexed; exaggeratedly long and complex sentences in order to convey a meaning that could have otherwise been conveyed through a shorter, much simpler sentence	20
9965259658	climax	that point in a plot that creates the greatest intensity, suspense, or interest. Also called "turning point"	21
9965259659	colloquial	Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing	22
9965259660	concession	An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point.	23
9965259661	conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; unusual and unlikely comparisons between two things	24
9965259662	connotation	associations people make with words that go beyond the literal or dictionary definition	25
9965259663	context	The parts before or after a word or statement that influence its meaning	26
9965259664	counter argument	an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.	27
9965259665	cumulative sentence	a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases	28
9965259666	denotation	Dictionary definition of a word; literal meaning	29
9965259667	denouement	an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot	30
9965259668	detail	The facts revealed by the author or speaker that support the attitude or tone in a piece of poetry or prose.	31
9965259669	diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	32
9965259670	elegy	a mournful, melancholy, or plaintive poem, especially a funeral song or a lament for the dead.	33
9965259671	ellipsis	in a sentence, the omission of a word or words replaced by three periods ...	34
9965259672	epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society	35
9965259673	ethos	One of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Ethos is basically an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.	36
9965259674	euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	37
9965259675	exposition	Background information presented in a literary work.	38
9965259676	hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	39
9965259677	imagery	use of words and phrases to create "mental images" for the reader; helps the reader visualize more realistically the author's writings through the usage of metaphors, allusions, descriptive words and similes	40
9965259678	imperative sentences	gives a command or request; often subject is understood and sentence ends with !	41
9965259679	inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	42
9965259680	verbal irony	Sarcasm; what is said is the opposite of what is meant	43
9965259681	juxtaposition	placing an idea next to its opposite to emphasize contrast and comparison	44
9965259682	logos	An appeal to reason. Logos is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument. writers may use inductive argumentation or deductive argumentation, but they clearly have examples and generally rational tome to their language. The problem with logos is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies.	45
9965259683	metaphor	A figurative comparison of two unlike things without using the word like or as	46
9965259684	metonymy	(mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	47
9965259685	mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader; using specific diction, description, setting, and characterization to create the atmosphere	48
9965259686	motif	A recurring theme, subject or idea	49
9965259687	narrative	a fiction, nonfiction, poetic, or dramatic story, actual or fictional, expressed orally or in text.	50
9965259688	non sequitur	A statement that does not follow logically from evidence	51
9965259689	occasion	the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written	52
9965259690	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Ex: buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur.	53
9965259691	organization	In a composition, the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a perceptible order in a paragraph or essay.	54
9965259692	oxymoron	A figure of speech consisting of two apparently contradictory terms; The richest literary oxymora(paradoxes) seem to reveal a deeper truth through their contradictions. Ex: "without laws, we can have no freedom." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar also makes use of a famous oxymoron: "Cowards die many times before their deaths"	55
9965259693	pace	Speed with which the author delivers the story controlled by language, mood, emotion played out in speech, dialogue, descriptions.	56
9965259694	parable	A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	57
9965259695	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	58
9965259696	parallel structure	repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.	59
9965259697	parody	A humorous or satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing	60
9965259698	pathos	An appeal to emotion. This is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused.	61
9965259699	persona	An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	62
9965259700	personification	author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	63
9965259701	point of view	Perspective from which a story is told; omniscient point of view= the person telling the story or narrator knows everything that's going on in the story; first- person point of view the narrator is a character in the story; limited third-person point of view the narrator is outside the story- like an omniscient narrator- but tells the story from the vantage point of one character."	64
9965259702	polemic	a controversial argument, esp. attacking a particular opinion	65
9965259703	propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	66
9965259704	prose	written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.	67
9965259705	purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	68
9965259706	refutation	The part of an argument wherein a speaker or writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view.	69
9965259707	repetition	Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis	70
9965259708	rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	71
9965259709	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	72
9965259710	rhetorical question	A question whose answer is assumed; a rhetorical question is designed to force the reader to respond in a predetermined manner and to propel an argument emotionally.	73
9965259711	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience ex:Aristotelian triangle	74
9965259712	satire	A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.	75
9965259713	simile	A comparison of two things using like or as	76
9965259714	symbolism	An ordinary object with an extraordinary significance	77
9965259715	synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).	78
9965259716	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	79
9965259717	syntax	Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences	80
9965259718	thesis	Focus statement of an essay; premise statement upon which the point of view or discussion in the essay is based.	81
9965259719	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	82
9965259720	transition	A word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph	83
9965259721	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	84

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9967365101	English	English	0
9967365102	adage	a proverb or wise saying commonly used (ex: Things are not always as they seem.)	1
9967365103	allegory	a story in which people, things and happenings have a hidden or symbolic meaning.(fables, parables, apologue have meanings on two or more levels.)	2
9967365104	alliteration	words used in quick succession and begin with letters belonging to the same sound group; a repetition of similar sounds/letters in the sentence. (Wicked witch of the west went her own way.)	3
9967365105	allusion	a passing reference to a commonly-known historical, cultural, religious, literary, or mythical person, place, event, or work of art, whereby the reader must make the connection within the current text.	4
9967365106	ambiguity	multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, passage or sentence; can lead reader toward uncertainty of meaning	5
9967365107	analogy	establishing a relationship based on similarities between two concepts or ideas; helps convey meaning of a new idea	6
9967365108	anaphora	the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect; most commonly found in the Bible (O Lord,.for I am weak.O Lord, heal me. O Lord, have mercy on me.)	7
9967365109	anecdote	short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point and make readers and listeners laugh; Anecdotes can include an extensive range of tales and stories	8
9967365110	antecedent	word, phrase, or clause that is replaced by a pronoun	9
9967365111	antimetabole	repetition of words in reverse grammatical order; Ex: "Fair is foul and foul is fair."	10
9967365112	antithesis	parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses, i.e. the structures of phrases and clauses are similar in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers; Ex: "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."	11
9967365113	apostrophe	speaker talks to someone or something that is obviously not present	12
9967365114	appositive	a renaming of a noun or noun phrase immediately after first stating the noun	13
9967365115	archetype	A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response	14
9967365116	argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence	15
9967365117	asyndeton	author purposely leaves out conjunctions in the sentence, while maintaining the grammatical accuracy of the phrase; shortening the statement for greater impact; "Reduce, reuse, recycle."	16
9967365118	audience	those to whom a piece of literary work is being presented	17
9967365119	cacophony	Tremendous noise, disharmonious sound	18
9967365120	characterization	Actions, dialogue, and narrative description that reveal a sense of a character's personality to the reader.	19
9967365121	circumlocution	an indirect or wordy way of expressing an idea which leaves the reader perplexed; exaggeratedly long and complex sentences in order to convey a meaning that could have otherwise been conveyed through a shorter, much simpler sentence	20
9967365122	climax	that point in a plot that creates the greatest intensity, suspense, or interest. Also called "turning point"	21
9967365123	colloquial	Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing	22
9967365124	concession	An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point.	23
9967365125	conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; unusual and unlikely comparisons between two things	24
9967365126	connotation	associations people make with words that go beyond the literal or dictionary definition	25
9967365127	context	The parts before or after a word or statement that influence its meaning	26
9967365128	counter argument	an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.	27
9967365129	cumulative sentence	a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases	28
9967365130	denotation	Dictionary definition of a word; literal meaning	29
9967365131	denouement	an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot	30
9967365132	detail	The facts revealed by the author or speaker that support the attitude or tone in a piece of poetry or prose.	31
9967365133	diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	32
9967365134	elegy	a mournful, melancholy, or plaintive poem, especially a funeral song or a lament for the dead.	33
9967365135	ellipsis	in a sentence, the omission of a word or words replaced by three periods ...	34
9967365136	epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society	35
9967365137	ethos	One of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Ethos is basically an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.	36
9967365138	euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	37
9967365139	exposition	Background information presented in a literary work.	38
9967365140	hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	39
9967365141	imagery	use of words and phrases to create "mental images" for the reader; helps the reader visualize more realistically the author's writings through the usage of metaphors, allusions, descriptive words and similes	40
9967365142	imperative sentences	gives a command or request; often subject is understood and sentence ends with !	41
9967365143	inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	42
9967365144	verbal irony	Sarcasm; what is said is the opposite of what is meant	43
9967365145	juxtaposition	placing an idea next to its opposite to emphasize contrast and comparison	44
9967365146	logos	An appeal to reason. Logos is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument. writers may use inductive argumentation or deductive argumentation, but they clearly have examples and generally rational tome to their language. The problem with logos is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies.	45
9967365147	metaphor	A figurative comparison of two unlike things without using the word like or as	46
9967365148	metonymy	(mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	47
9967365149	mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader; using specific diction, description, setting, and characterization to create the atmosphere	48
9967365150	motif	A recurring theme, subject or idea	49
9967365151	narrative	a fiction, nonfiction, poetic, or dramatic story, actual or fictional, expressed orally or in text.	50
9967365152	non sequitur	A statement that does not follow logically from evidence	51
9967365153	occasion	the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written	52
9967365154	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Ex: buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur.	53
9967365155	organization	In a composition, the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a perceptible order in a paragraph or essay.	54
9967365156	oxymoron	A figure of speech consisting of two apparently contradictory terms; The richest literary oxymora(paradoxes) seem to reveal a deeper truth through their contradictions. Ex: "without laws, we can have no freedom." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar also makes use of a famous oxymoron: "Cowards die many times before their deaths"	55
9967365157	pace	Speed with which the author delivers the story controlled by language, mood, emotion played out in speech, dialogue, descriptions.	56
9967365158	parable	A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	57
9967365159	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	58
9967365160	parallel structure	repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.	59
9967365161	parody	A humorous or satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing	60
9967365162	pathos	An appeal to emotion. This is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused.	61
9967365163	persona	An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	62
9967365164	personification	author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	63
9967365165	point of view	Perspective from which a story is told; omniscient point of view= the person telling the story or narrator knows everything that's going on in the story; first- person point of view the narrator is a character in the story; limited third-person point of view the narrator is outside the story- like an omniscient narrator- but tells the story from the vantage point of one character."	64
9967365166	polemic	a controversial argument, esp. attacking a particular opinion	65
9967365167	propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	66
9967365168	prose	written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.	67
9967365169	purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	68
9967365170	refutation	The part of an argument wherein a speaker or writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view.	69
9967365171	repetition	Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis	70
9967365172	rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	71
9967365173	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	72
9967365174	rhetorical question	A question whose answer is assumed; a rhetorical question is designed to force the reader to respond in a predetermined manner and to propel an argument emotionally.	73
9967365175	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience ex:Aristotelian triangle	74
9967365176	satire	A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.	75
9967365177	simile	A comparison of two things using like or as	76
9967365178	symbolism	An ordinary object with an extraordinary significance	77
9967365179	synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).	78
9967365180	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	79
9967365181	syntax	Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences	80
9967365182	thesis	Focus statement of an essay; premise statement upon which the point of view or discussion in the essay is based.	81
9967365183	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	82
9967365184	transition	A word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph	83
9967365185	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	84

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9985689373	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	0
9985689374	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells). Although the term is not used frequently in the multiple-choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	1
9985689375	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	2
9985689376	Ambiguity (am-bi-gyoo-i-tee)	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
9985689377	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. Ex. He that voluntarily continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as to him	4
9985689378	Anaphora (uh-naf-er-uh)	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	5
9985689379	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person	6
9985689380	Antecedent (an-tuh-seed-nt)	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP Language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.	7
9985689381	Antithesis (an-tih-theh-sis)	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.	8
9985689382	Aphorism	A terse statement of know authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.	9
9985689383	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back:	10
9985689384	Asyndeton (uh-sin-di-tuhn)	consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.	11
9985689385	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere forshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	12
9985689386	Chiasmus (kahy-az-muhs)	(From the Greek word for "criss-cross," a designation baed on the Greek letter "chi," written X). Chiasmus is a figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of the analogous words.	13
9985689387	Clause	a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can sand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element to the other. You should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	14
9985689388	Colloquial/colloquialism (kuj-loh-kwee-uhl)	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.	15
9985689389	Coherence	A principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible. Words, phrases, clauses within the sentence; and sentences, paragraphs, and chpters in larger pieces of writing are the unit that by their progressive and logical arrangement, make for coherence.	16
9985689390	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.	17
9985689391	Connotation	- The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.	18
9985689392	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.	19
9985689393	Diacope	repetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase: word/phrase X, . . ., word/phrase X.	20
9985689394	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	21
9985689395	Didactic (dahy-dak-tik)	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	22
9985689396	Enumeratio	Figure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details, and may include a listing of causes, effects, problems, solutions, conditions, and consequences; the listing or detailing of the parts of something.	23
9985689397	Expletive (ek-spli-tiv)	Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive.	24
9985689398	Euphemism (yoo-fuh-miz-uhm)	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be sued to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement.	25
9985689399	Exposition	In essays, one of the four chief types of composition, the others being argumentation, description, and narration. The purpose of exposition is to explain something. In drama, the exposition is the introductory material, which creates the tone, gives the setting, and introduces the characters and conflict.	26
9985689400	Extended metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.	27
9985689401	Figurative language	- Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	28
9985689402	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurate language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.	29
9985689403	Generic conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	30
9985689404	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. ON the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing.	31
9985689405	Homily (hom-uh-lee)	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	32
9985689406	Hyperbole (hahy-pur-buh-lee)	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	33
9985689407	Hypophora	Figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to one's own question(s). A common usage is to ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use the paragraph to answer it. You can use hypophora to raise questions which you think the reader obviously has on his/her mind and would like to see formulated and answered.	34
9985689408	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imager y uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection (It is the highest flower on the Great Chain of Being). An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figure s of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. ON the AP exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.	35
9985689409	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple-choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices.	36
9985689410	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language.	37
9985689411	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language; (1) In a verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. (2) In situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and the readers think ought to happen. (3) In dramatic irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction, but know to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.	38
9985689412	Juxtaposition (juhk-stuh-puh-zish-uhn)	When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.	39
9985689413	Litotes (lahy-toh-teez)	From the Greek word "simple" or "plain." Litotes is a figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. It is a special form of understatement, where the surface denial serves, through ironic contrast, to reinforce the underlying assertion.	40
9985689414	Loose sentence	a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by wdependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational. Generally loose sentences create loose style.	41
9985689415	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.	42
9985689416	Metonymy (mi-ton-uh-mee)	A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name." Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared" is using metonymy. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional response.	43
9985689417	Mood	This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and eals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The indicative mood is used only for factual sentences. For example, "Joe eats too quickly." The subjective mod is used to express conditions contrary to fact. For example, "If I were you, I'd get another job." The imperative mood is used for commands. For example, "Shut the door!" The second meaning of mood is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.	44
9985689418	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	45
9985689419	Onomatopoeia (on-uh-mat-uh-pee-uh)	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you not eexamples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	46
9985689420	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect which the author achieves with this term.	47
9985689421	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	48
9985689422	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. A famous example of parallelism begins Charles Dickens's novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity . . ." The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.	49
9985689423	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. As comedy, parody distorts or exaggerated distinctive features of the original. As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original. Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original	50
9985689424	Pedantic (puh-dan-tik)	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	51
9985689425	Periodic sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. For example: "Ecstatic with my AP score, I let out a loud, joyful shout!" The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence.	52
9985689426	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animal, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	53
9985689427	Polysyndeton (paulee-sin-dih-tawn)	Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses. The effect is a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up - a persistence or intensity.	54
9985689428	Predicate adjective	One type of subject complement is an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is an the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject.	55
9985689429	Predicate nominative	A second type of subject complement - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that names the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence.	56
9985689430	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line	57
9985689431	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	58
9985689432	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	59
9985689433	Rhetorical modes	This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes and their purposes are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional and subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. These four modes are sometimes referred to as mode of discourse.	60
9985689434	Rhetorical Question [erotesis]	- differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer would suffice. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the fact at hand.	61
9985689435	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony is a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intended to ridicule. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when done poorly, it's simply cruel	62
9985689436	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.	63
9985689437	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another	64
9985689438	Style	The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author (or a writer emulating that author's style)/ Compare, for example, Jonathan's Swift to George Orwell or William Faulkner to Ernest Hemingway. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, or laconic, to name only a few examples. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance of the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental or realist movement.	65
9985689439	Subject complement	The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clauses that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it. The former is the technically a predicate nominative, the latter a predicate adjective. Multiple-choice questions.	66
9985689440	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause, sometimes called an independent clause, to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses 0 for example: although, because, unless, if even though, since, as soon as, while who, when , where, how and that.	67
9985689441	Syllogism (sil- uh-jiz-uhm)	From the Greek for "reckoning together, " a syllogism (or syllogistic-reasoning or syllogistic logic is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the firs one called "major" and the second, "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows;	68
9985689442	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete - such as object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols, and symbolism can be much more complex. One system classifies symbols in three categories: (1) Natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) Conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull an crossbones for pirates or the scales of justice for lawyers). (3) Literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated as is the whale in Moby Dick and the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.	69
9985689443	Synecdoche (si-nek-duh-kee)	is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion , section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa).	70
9985689444	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple-choice section, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.	71
9985689445	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly stated, especially in exposityr or argumentative writing.	72
9985689446	Thesis	In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proved the thesis.	73
9985689447	Tone	Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if ti were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, and somber	74
9985689448	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly and on the contrary. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition. We will discuss these methods later.	75
9985689449	Understatement	The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.	76
9985689450	Undertone	An attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under a cheery surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones. William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" from the Songs of Innocence has a grim undertone.	77
9985689451	Wit	In modern usage, intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally (in the early seventeenth century), it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.	78

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AP Language 2 Flashcards

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10149065131	English	English	0
10149065132	adage	a proverb or wise saying commonly used (ex: Things are not always as they seem.)	1
10149065133	allegory	a story in which people, things and happenings have a hidden or symbolic meaning.(fables, parables, apologue have meanings on two or more levels.)	2
10149065134	alliteration	words used in quick succession and begin with letters belonging to the same sound group; a repetition of similar sounds/letters in the sentence. (Wicked witch of the west went her own way.)	3
10149065135	allusion	a passing reference to a commonly-known historical, cultural, religious, literary, or mythical person, place, event, or work of art, whereby the reader must make the connection within the current text.	4
10149065136	ambiguity	multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, passage or sentence; can lead reader toward uncertainty of meaning	5
10149065137	analogy	establishing a relationship based on similarities between two concepts or ideas; helps convey meaning of a new idea	6
10149065138	anaphora	the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect; most commonly found in the Bible (O Lord,.for I am weak.O Lord, heal me. O Lord, have mercy on me.)	7
10149065139	anecdote	short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point and make readers and listeners laugh; Anecdotes can include an extensive range of tales and stories	8
10149065140	antecedent	word, phrase, or clause that is replaced by a pronoun	9
10149065141	antimetabole	repetition of words in reverse grammatical order; Ex: "Fair is foul and foul is fair."	10
10149065142	antithesis	parallel structures of the contrasted phrases or clauses, i.e. the structures of phrases and clauses are similar in order to draw the attention of the listeners or readers; Ex: "One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."	11
10149065143	apostrophe	speaker talks to someone or something that is obviously not present	12
10149065144	appositive	a renaming of a noun or noun phrase immediately after first stating the noun	13
10149065145	archetype	A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response	14
10149065146	argument	a statement put forth and supported by evidence	15
10149065147	asyndeton	author purposely leaves out conjunctions in the sentence, while maintaining the grammatical accuracy of the phrase; shortening the statement for greater impact; "Reduce, reuse, recycle."	16
10149065148	audience	those to whom a piece of literary work is being presented	17
10149065149	cacophony	Tremendous noise, disharmonious sound	18
10149065150	characterization	Actions, dialogue, and narrative description that reveal a sense of a character's personality to the reader.	19
10149065151	circumlocution	an indirect or wordy way of expressing an idea which leaves the reader perplexed; exaggeratedly long and complex sentences in order to convey a meaning that could have otherwise been conveyed through a shorter, much simpler sentence	20
10149065152	climax	that point in a plot that creates the greatest intensity, suspense, or interest. Also called "turning point"	21
10149065153	colloquial	Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing	22
10149065154	concession	An argumentative strategy by which a speaker or writer acknowledges the validity of an opponent's point.	23
10149065155	conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; unusual and unlikely comparisons between two things	24
10149065156	connotation	associations people make with words that go beyond the literal or dictionary definition	25
10149065157	context	The parts before or after a word or statement that influence its meaning	26
10149065158	counter argument	an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.	27
10149065159	cumulative sentence	a sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases	28
10149065160	denotation	Dictionary definition of a word; literal meaning	29
10149065161	denouement	an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot	30
10149065162	detail	The facts revealed by the author or speaker that support the attitude or tone in a piece of poetry or prose.	31
10149065163	diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	32
10149065164	elegy	a mournful, melancholy, or plaintive poem, especially a funeral song or a lament for the dead.	33
10149065165	ellipsis	in a sentence, the omission of a word or words replaced by three periods ...	34
10149065166	epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society	35
10149065167	ethos	One of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Ethos is basically an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.	36
10149065168	euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	37
10149065169	exposition	Background information presented in a literary work.	38
10149065170	hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	39
10149065171	imagery	use of words and phrases to create "mental images" for the reader; helps the reader visualize more realistically the author's writings through the usage of metaphors, allusions, descriptive words and similes	40
10149065172	imperative sentences	gives a command or request; often subject is understood and sentence ends with !	41
10149065173	inversion	A sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.	42
10149065174	verbal irony	Sarcasm; what is said is the opposite of what is meant	43
10149065175	juxtaposition	placing an idea next to its opposite to emphasize contrast and comparison	44
10149065176	logos	An appeal to reason. Logos is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument. writers may use inductive argumentation or deductive argumentation, but they clearly have examples and generally rational tome to their language. The problem with logos is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies.	45
10149065177	metaphor	A figurative comparison of two unlike things without using the word like or as	46
10149065178	metonymy	(mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.	47
10149065179	mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader; using specific diction, description, setting, and characterization to create the atmosphere	48
10149065180	motif	A recurring theme, subject or idea	49
10149065181	narrative	a fiction, nonfiction, poetic, or dramatic story, actual or fictional, expressed orally or in text.	50
10149065182	non sequitur	A statement that does not follow logically from evidence	51
10149065183	occasion	the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written	52
10149065184	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Ex: buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur.	53
10149065185	organization	In a composition, the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a perceptible order in a paragraph or essay.	54
10149065186	oxymoron	A figure of speech consisting of two apparently contradictory terms; The richest literary oxymora(paradoxes) seem to reveal a deeper truth through their contradictions. Ex: "without laws, we can have no freedom." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar also makes use of a famous oxymoron: "Cowards die many times before their deaths"	55
10149065187	pace	Speed with which the author delivers the story controlled by language, mood, emotion played out in speech, dialogue, descriptions.	56
10149065188	parable	A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	57
10149065189	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	58
10149065190	parallel structure	repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.	59
10149065191	parody	A humorous or satirical imitation of a serious piece of literature or writing	60
10149065192	pathos	An appeal to emotion. This is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused.	61
10149065193	persona	An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	62
10149065194	personification	author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	63
10149065195	point of view	Perspective from which a story is told; omniscient point of view= the person telling the story or narrator knows everything that's going on in the story; first- person point of view the narrator is a character in the story; limited third-person point of view the narrator is outside the story- like an omniscient narrator- but tells the story from the vantage point of one character."	64
10149065196	polemic	a controversial argument, esp. attacking a particular opinion	65
10149065197	propaganda	A negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.	66
10149065198	prose	written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.	67
10149065199	purpose	One's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.	68
10149065200	refutation	The part of an argument wherein a speaker or writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view.	69
10149065201	repetition	Repeated use of sounds, words, or ideas for effect and emphasis	70
10149065202	rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	71
10149065203	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major appeals are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	72
10149065204	rhetorical question	A question whose answer is assumed; a rhetorical question is designed to force the reader to respond in a predetermined manner and to propel an argument emotionally.	73
10149065205	rhetorical triangle	A diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience ex:Aristotelian triangle	74
10149065206	satire	A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as in invective) or get personal (as in sarcasm). It targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals.	75
10149065207	simile	A comparison of two things using like or as	76
10149065208	symbolism	An ordinary object with an extraordinary significance	77
10149065209	synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).	78
10149065210	syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	79
10149065211	syntax	Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences	80
10149065212	thesis	Focus statement of an essay; premise statement upon which the point of view or discussion in the essay is based.	81
10149065213	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	82
10149065214	transition	A word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph	83
10149065215	voice	In grammar, a term for the relationship between a verb and a noun (active or passive voice). In rhetoric, a distinctive quality in the style and tone of writing.	84

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AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

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9508628623	Ad Hominem Argument	Latin for "to or against the person," this fallacy involves switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker	0
9508628624	Ad Populum (bandwagon appeal)	This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do."	1
9508628625	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning	2
9508628626	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something that is commonly known. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, or mythical.	3
9508628627	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	4
9508628628	Analogy	A similarity or relationship between two things. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with something more familiar.	5
9508628629	antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun	6
9508628630	Antithesis	A figure of speech that involves an opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction.	7
9508628631	Appeal to False Authority	This fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise on a subject is cited as an authority.	8
9508628632	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction.	9
9508628633	Archaic Diction	Old-fashioned or outdated choice of words	10
9508628634	Asyndenton	Omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	11
9508628635	Attitude	A writer's position or emotion regarding the subject of the writing.	12
9508628636	Caricature	A representation in which the subject's features are deliberately exaggerated to produce a comic or grotesque effect.	13
9508628637	Concession	An acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.	14
9508628638	Connotations	Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition. Connotations are positive or negative.	15
9508628639	Context	The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.	16
9508628640	Counterargument	An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward	17
9508628641	Chiasmus	A figure of speech based on inverted parallelism. It is a rhetorical figure in which two clauses are related to each other through a reversal of terms.	18
9508628642	Antimetabole	Repetition of words in reverse order. Antimetabole is a type of chiasmus, but not all chiasmus are a type of antimetabole.	19
9508628643	Colloquialism	Slang or informality in speech or writing	20
9508628644	Claim	Also called an assertion or a proposition, a claim states the argument's main idea or position. A claim differs from a topic or subject in that a claim has to be arguable.	21
9508628645	Claim of Fact	A claim of fact asserts that something is true or not true. Ex. Test scores accurately measure a student's success!	22
9508628646	Claim of Value	A claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong. Ex. Video games are corrupting today's youth.	23
9508628647	Claim of Policy	A claim of policy proposes a change. Ex. Legalize marijuana!	24
9508628648	Closed Thesis	A closed thesis is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews major points the writer intends to make. Ex. The three-dimensional characters, exciting plot, and complex themes of the Harry Potter series makes them legendary children's books.	25
9508628649	conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or a surprising analogy between two dissimilar objects.	26
9508628650	Concrete detail	Specific details, facts, or examples used to support the main idea of a text.	27
9508628651	denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word.	28
9508628652	diction	related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices. Examples of diction include, formal or informal, ornate or plain.	29
9508628653	didactic	didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially teaching moral or ethical principals	30
9508628654	ethos	A speaker's expertise, knowledge, experience, sincerity, and common purpose with the audience are examples of how a speaker demonstrates they are credible and trustworthy.	31
9508628655	euphemism	a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts	32
9508628656	extended metaphor	a metaphor developed at great length	33
9508628657	homily	This term literally means, "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	34
9508628658	hyperbole	a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement	35
9508628659	imagery	the sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions	36
9508628660	infer	to draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. Inferences are not directly stated.	37
9508628661	irony	the contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant; the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.	38
9508628662	juxtaposition	placing dissimilar items, descriptions, or ideas closely together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast.	39
9508628663	logical fallacy	A mistake in verbal reasoning. The reasoning must be potentially deceptive.	40
9508628664	metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of unlike things. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought-provoking, and meaningful.	41
9508628665	mode of discourse: exposition	writing that intends to inform and demonstrate a point	42
9508628666	mode of discourse: narration	writing that tells a story or relates a series of events	43
9508628667	mode of discourse: description	writing that creates sensory images, often evoking a mood or atmosphere	44
9508628668	mode of discourse: argumentation	writing that takes a stand on an issue and supports it with evidence and logical reasoning	45
9508628669	onomatopoeia	a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sound of words	46
9508628670	parallelism/parallel construction/parallel structure	the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences or paragraphs to give structural similarity	47
9508628671	parody	a work that closely imitates the style or content of another work with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule	48
9508628672	pathos	a speaker's intent to inspire an emotional reaction in an audience	49
9508628673	personification	a figure of speech in which the author endows an inanimate object with human qualities or characteristics	50
9508628674	point of view--first person	The perspective from which a story is told. 1st person--tells the story with the pronoun "I" and is a character in the story.	51
9508628675	point of view--third person limited omniscient	Uses "he," "she," and "it." Limited omniscient--the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character	52
9508628676	prose	Prose refers to fiction and nonfiction. Prose is written in ordinary language and most closely resembles everyday speech.	53
9508628677	repetition	The duplication of any element of language, such as sound, word, phrase, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	54
9508628678	rhetoric	Greek for "orator" describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively	55
9508628679	logos	employs logical reasoning, combining a clear idea with well-thought-out and appropriate examples and details	56
9508628680	rhetorical appeals	The persuasive device by which a writer tries to sway the audience's attention and response to a given work.	57
9508628681	oxymoron	a paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory words	58
9508628682	persona	the face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience	59
9508628683	polemic	An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. Ex. No concession to other arguments.	60
9508628684	polysyndeton	The deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	61
9508628685	propaganda	The spread of ideas and information to further a cause	62
9508628686	Qualifier	words used to temper a claim, making it less absolute Ex. usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, most likely	63
9508628687	scheme	artful syntax; a deviation from the normal order of words	64
9508628688	second-hand evidence	evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation	65
9508628689	trope	artful diction; a figure of speech such as metaphor, simile, hyperbole, metonymy, or synecdoche	66
9508628690	metonymy	a figure of speech in which something is represented by another thing that is related to it or emblematic of it.	67
9508628691	synecdoche	figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole. Ex. "All hands on deck!"	68
9508628692	Zeugma	The use of a word to modify two or more words when it is appropriate to use only one of them or is appropriate to use each but in a different way. Ex. "To wage war and peace" or "On his fishing trip he caught three trout and a cold."	69
9508628693	rhetorical question	a question that is asked merely for effect and does not expect a reply	70
9508628694	satire	a work that targets human vices and follies, or societal institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule	71
9508628695	simile	an explicit comparison, using "like" or "as"	72
9508628696	style	An evaluation of a sum of choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices.	73
9508628697	syllogism	A deductive system of formal logic that presents to premises--the first one called major and the second minor--that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	74
9508628698	symbol	An object, action, character, scene, or idea that represents something more abstract.	75
9508628699	syntax	the way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences	76
9508628700	theme	the central idea or message of a work. Themes should be expressed in complete sentences by combining the topic with a verb. Ex. Forgiveness is earned through sacrifice.	77
9508628701	thesis	The thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly express the author's opinion, purpose, meaning or proposition.	78
9508628702	tone	tone describes the author's attitude toward his or her material, the audience, or both.	79
9508628703	mood	The dominant impression or emotional atmosphere evoked by a text. Ex. Mood is how "you" feel after reading a text.	80
9508628704	transition	a word or phrase that links different ideas or effectively signals a shift from one idea to another.	81
9508628705	rhetorical strategies	A global term that refers to all the strategies an author can use. Ex. structure, purpose, style	82
9508628706	begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt. It "begs" a question whether the support itself is sound.	83
9508628707	Either/Or (false dilemma)	In this fallacy, the speaker presents two extreme options as the only possible choices.	84
9508628708	First-hand evidence	Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience or observations.	85
9508628709	Hasty generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate information. Ex. Smoking isn't bad for you; my aunt smoked a pack a day and lived to be 90.	86
9508628710	Hortative Sentence	Sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action. Ex. "Let both sides explore what problem unite us..."	87
9508628711	occasion	the time and place a speech is given or a piece is written	88
9508628712	open thesis	an open thesis is one that does not list all of the points the writer intends to cover in an essay. Ex. The popularity of the Harry Potter books demonstrates that both young and old readers value the fanciful world of wizardry.	89

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Cognition -- Thinking and Language (AP) Flashcards

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6636230914	cognition	the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	0
6636230915	concept	a mental group of similar objects, events, ideas, or people	1
6636230916	prototype	a mental image or best example of a category	2
6636230917	algorithm	a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the speedier -- but also more error prone -- use of heuristics.	3
6636230918	heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms	4
6636230919	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions	5
6636230920	creativity	the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas	6
6636230921	confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	7
6636230922	fixation	the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set	8
6636230923	mental set	a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	9
6636230924	functional fixedness	the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving	10
6636230925	representativeness heuristic	judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information	11
6636230926	availability heuristic	estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common	12
6636230927	overconfidence	the tendency to be more confident than correct -- to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments	13
6636230928	belief perseverance	clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited	14
6636230929	intuition	an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning	15
6636230930	framing	the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments	16
6636230931	language	our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning	17
6636230932	phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound	18
6636230933	morpheme	in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix)	19
6636230934	grammar	in language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	20
6636230935	semantics	the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; the study of meaning	21
6636230936	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language	22
6636230937	babbling stage	beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language	23
6636230938	one-word stage	the stage in speech development, from about 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words	24
6636230939	two-word stage	the stage in speech development, beginning around age 2, during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements	25
6636230940	telegraphic speech	early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram --"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs	26
6636230941	linguistic determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think	27
6636230942	linguistic relativity hypothesis	the idea that language influences (not necessarily limits) the thought process, modern view of the relationship between thoughts and language	28
6636230943	cognitive map	a mental representation of an area or place	29
6636230944	schema	a mental framework used to organize and interpret information (perspective)	30
6636230945	critical period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	31
6636230946	deductive reasoning	justifying a conclusion based on the truth of the premise; general to specific	32
6636230947	inductive reasoning	form a conclusion based on the accessibility of information; specific to general	33
6636230948	convergent thinking	thinking that is dominated by conforming to a single, correct answer	34
6636230949	divergent thinking	thinking that is linked to creativity and finding multiple solutions to a problem	35
6636230950	overgeneralization	the over-extension of grammar rules	36
6636230951	overextension	when children are too broad with a particular vocabulary word (calling a horse a "doggie")	37
6636230952	underextension	when children are too restrictive with vocabulary words	38

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