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AP Language and Composition Review Flashcards

Terms to review for the AP exam

8489366942	allusion	an implicit reference within a literary work to a historical or literary person, place or event ("Don't act like a Romeo in front of her." - "Romeo" is a reference to Shakespeare's Romeo, a passionate lover of Juliet in "Romeo and Juliet")	0
8489366943	paralipsis	drawing attention to something by claiming not to mention it (We will not speak of Ms. McArdle's indiscretion here; how she got five of her test questions from SparkNotes)	1
8489366944	metaphor	a figure of speech comparing to unlike things without using like or as (life is but a walking shadow)	2
8489366945	aphorism	a concise statement of a truth or principle (The early bird gets the worm)	3
8489366946	parallelism	phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other (I came, I saw, I conquered)	4
8489366947	euphemism	an inoffensive expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive (saying "passed" instead of "died")	5
8489366948	epithet	any word or phrase applied to a person or thing to describe an actual or attributed quality ("Shoeless Joe Jackson," "Richard the Lionheart," "The Brooklyn Bomber")	6
8489366949	antithesis	the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance ("Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more")	7
8489366950	paradox	a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth ("And all men kill the thing they love...")	8
8489366951	ellipsis	the omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced for the context ("Some people prefer cats; others, dogs")	9
8489366952	hyperbole	a figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor (Ms. McArdle is a total psychopath with her tests)	10
8489366953	consonance	the repetition of consonants (or consonant patterns) especially at the ends of words ("We rush into rain that rattles double glass")	11
8489366954	periphrasis	substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a name, "fickle mistress" for luck, "big man upstairs" for God	12
8489366955	synaesthesia	describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("loud color" or "sweet sound")	13
8489366956	meiosis	understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary) (Mercutio, after being mortally wouned, says his wound is only "a scratch")	14
8489366957	apostrophe	figure of speech in which someone (usually absent), some abstract quality, or some nonexistent personage is directly addressed as though present	15
8489366958	asyndeton	a construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions (I shot, scored, ran. It was ridiculous)	16
8489366960	cliche	an overused saying or idea	17
8489366961	metonymy	substituting the name of an attribute or feature for the name of the thing itself (as in "they counted heads")	18
8489366963	in medias res	in or into the middle of a plot; into the middle of things	19
8489366964	delayed / periodic sentence	A sentence that withholds its main idea until the end.	20
8489366965	chiasmus	a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("When the going gets tough, the tough get going")	21
8489366966	analogy	drawing a comparison in order to show a similarity in some respect	22
8489366968	bathos	insincere or overly sentimental quality of writing/speech intended to evoke pity	23
8489366969	cacophony	loud confusing disagreeable sounds (puke, snot, barf)	24
8489366970	euphony	any agreeable (pleasing and harmonious) sounds (butterfly, lovely, bright)	25
8489366971	juxtaposition	placing two elements side by side to present a comparison or contrast	26
8489366972	simile	a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with 'like' or 'as')	27
8489366973	repetition	the repeated use of the same word or word pattern as a rhetorical device	28
8489366974	polysyndeton	using several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted (as in 'he ran and jumped and laughed for joy')	29
8489366975	colloquialism	a word or phrase (including slang) used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing (y'all, ain't)	30
8489366976	anachronism	something located at a time when it could not have existed or occurred (In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, characters refer to clocks which did not exist in ancient Rome)	31
8489366977	personification	giving human characteristics to something that is not human	32
8489366978	pathetic fallacy	The attribution of human emotions or characteristics to inanimate objects or to nature (angry clouds; a cruel wind)	33
8489366979	oxymoron	conjoining contradictory terms (as in 'deafening silence')	34
8489366980	aposiopesis	when the speaker or writer deliberately stops short and leaves something unexpressed, but yet obvious, to be supplied by the imagination	35
8489366981	synecdoche	Uses a part to explain a whole or a whole to explain a part ("lend me an ear," "want to take a ride in my new wheels?")	36
8489366982	alliteration	use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse (run rascal rapidly)	37
8489366983	pun	play on words (I see said the blind man as he pick up his hammer saw)	38
8489366984	symbol	something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible (an eagle representing freedom)	39
8489366985	mixed metaphor	a combination of two or more metaphors that together produce a ridiculous effect	40
8489366986	epistrophe	The figure of repetition that occurs when the last word or set of words in a sentence, clause, or phrase is repeated one or more times at the end of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases (of the people, by the people, for the people)	41
8489366987	anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase as the beginning of successive clauses	42
8489366988	archetype	A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response (the hero-quest journey, the trickster, etc.)	43
8489366989	canon	an established set of principles; a basis or standard for judgment; a group of literary works (the works of Homer, The American literary _____, Shakespeare)	44
8489366990	conceit	a fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects	45
8489366991	rhetoric	the art of using language effectively and persuasively	46
8489366992	rhetorical context	the circumstances in which a text is written, including the intended audience, the author's aim or purpose in writing, and the audience's preexisting ideas and opinions	47
8489366993	rhetorical device	a specific method used in writing or speaking in which language is used to influence or persuade an audience	48
8489366994	situational irony	occurs when the outcome of a work is unexpected, or events turn out to be the opposite from what one had expected	49
8489366995	hubris	the character flaw or error of a tragic hero that leads to his downfall	50
8489366996	dramatic irony	(theater) irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play	51
8489366998	sarcasm	sneering and often ironic language intended to hurt a person's feelings	52
8489366999	irony	a trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs	53
8489367000	satire	the use of humor to emphasize human weaknesses or imperfections in social institutions	54
8489367001	zeugma	the use of a word to modify two or more words, but used for different meanings (He closed the door and his heart on his lost love.)	55
8489367002	rhetorical question	a question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer	56
8489367003	onomatopoeia	a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum.	57
8489367004	ad hominem	In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."	58
8489367005	allegory	an expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances	59
8489367006	anecdote	a brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event	60
8489367007	antecedent	the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers	61
8489367008	comic relief	A humorous scene or speech intended to lighten the mood	62
8489367009	connotation	refers to the implied or suggested meanings associated with a word beyond its dictionary definition	63
8489367010	deductive reasoning	reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)	64
8489367011	inductive reasoning	deriving general principles from particular facts or instances ("Every cat I have ever seen has four legs; cats are four-legged animals").	65
8489367012	denotation	The dictionary definition of a word	66
8489367013	dialect	a variety of speech characterized by its own particular grammar or pronunciation, often associated with a particular geographical region	67
8489367014	diction	the manner in which something is expressed in words	68
8489367015	didactic	having the primary purpose of teaching or instructing	69
8489367016	nostalgic	wishing for a return to the way things used to be; longing for the past; homesick	70
8489367017	epigraph	The use of a quotation at the beginning of a work that hints at its theme.	71
8489367018	imagery	The use of language to evoke a picture or a concrete sensation of a person, thing, place, or experience	72
8489367019	inference	the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on the basis of circumstantial evidence and prior conclusions rather than on the basis of direct observation	73
8489367020	invective	abusive or venomous language used to express blame or censure or bitter deep-seated ill will	74
8489367021	logical fallacy	An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid	75
8489367022	motif	a principal idea, feature, theme, or element; a repeated or dominant figure in a design	76
8489367023	parody	a composition that imitates somebody's style in a humorous way	77
8489367024	pathos	a style that has the power to evoke feelings	78
8489367025	pedantic	excessively concerned with book learning and formal rules	79
8489367026	style	the unique way an author presents his ideas--diction, syntax, imagery, structure, and content all contribute to this	80
8489367027	syllogism	a three-part deductive argument in which a conclusion is based on a major premise and a minor premise ("All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal.")	81
8489367028	syntax	the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language	82
8489367029	theme	a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work	83
8489367030	tone	the quality of something (an act or a piece of writing) that reveals the attitudes and presuppositions of the author	84
8489367031	transition	a word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph.	85
8489367032	voice	a means or agency by which something is expressed or communicated (an author's way of using language to reflect his or her attitude)	86
8489367033	inversion (anastrophe)	the reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase	87
8489367034	parallelism	phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other	88
8489367035	atmosphere	a distinctive but intangible quality surrounding a person or thing	89
8489367036	logos	an appeal based on logic or reason	90
8489367037	ethos	The appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator	91
8489367038	ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	92
8489367039	annotation	the act of adding notes	93
8489367040	prose	the ordinary form of written language	94
8489367041	semantic	referring to the relationships between words and meanings	95
8489367042	non sequitur	a reply that has no relevance to what preceded it	96
8489367043	red herring	any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue	97
8489367045	analysis	a form of literary criticism in which the structure of a piece of writing is analyzed	98
8489367046	categorization	the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type	99
8489367047	hasty generalization	drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence	100
8489367048	figurative language	Writing or speech that is used to create vivid impressions by setting up comparisons between dissimilar things, [examples are metaphor, simile, and personification.]	101
8489367049	generalization	When a writer bases a claim upon an isolated example or asserts that a claim is certain rather than probable. Sweeping _________ occur when a writer asserts that a claim applies to all instances instead of some.	102
8489367050	metacognition	thinking about how you think	103
8489367051	egoism	excessive interest in one's self; belief that one should be interested in one's self rather than in others; selfishness	104
8489367052	utilitarianism	idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people	105
8489367054	premise	a statement that is assumed to be true and from which a conclusion can be drawn	106
8489367055	straw man	a logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position	107
8489367056	genre	a kind of literary or artistic work	108
8489367065	tonal shift	An author's change from one emotional style to another during a work.	109
8489367066	primary source	text that tells a first-hand account of an event; original works used when researching (letters, journals)	110
8489367067	secondary source	Text and/or artifacts that are not original, but written from something original (biographies, magazine articles, research papers).	111
8489367068	thesis	The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or proposition.	112
8489367069	claim	an assertion that something is true or factual	113
8489367070	spatial	where a place is located and its physical relationship to other places, people, or environments (a physical description)	114
8489367071	Double Entendre	a statement that has two meanings, one of which is dirty or vulgar	115
8489367073	propaganda	ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against a cause	116
8489367074	eulogy	a formal statement of commendation; high praise (does not always need to be given when a person dies)	117
8489367075	persona	the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing	118

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Calahan AP Language Exam Flashcards

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8428232643	The Scarlet Letter is set in...	17th century	0
8428238156	The Scarlet Letter takes place in what location?	Massachusetts	1
8428241850	Who is Hester's husband?	Roger Chillingworth	2
8428245051	Hester supports herself as a...	Seamstress	3
8428248167	Hester is buried next to who?	Dimmesdale	4
8428257961	What becomes the symbol for Dimmesdale's guilt?	A meteor	5
8428266561	Some say a scarlet A could be found on whose chest?	Dimmesdale	6
8428273108	Who planned to escape on a ship bound for Europe?	Hester and Dimmesdale	7
8428277816	Hester's daughter is named...	Pearl	8
8428284608	Who becomes wealthy from Chillingworth's inheritance?	Pearl	9
8428294935	Who lives in an abandoned cottage?	Hester and Pearl	10
8428299258	Who pretends to be a doctor?	Chillingworth	11
8428303400	The letter A goes on to represent what?	Able	12
8428329001	Dimmesdale's gesture throughout the novel is...	Placing his hand over his heart	13
8428332923	Who is a witch?	Mistress Hibbins	14
8428336182	Who is the author of the Scarlet Letter?	Nathaniel Hawthorne	15
8428343396	Who calls Chillingworth a leech?	Hawthorne	16
8428347365	The novel is based on what religion?	Puritan	17
8428350257	Dimmesdale dies where?	On the scaffold	18
8428362465	Chillingworth had been living with...	The Native Americans	19
8428385583	Parts of the rhetorical triangle...	Audience, speaker, and purpose	20
8428390873	The three appeals are...	Ethos, logos, and pathos	21
8428396028	Logos refers to...	Data	22
8428400907	Ethos refers to...	Credentials	23
8428405528	Pathos refers to...	Emotions	24
8428419859	Anaphora containing "Let both sides"	JFK Speech	25
8428433593	Rhetorical question "Will you join this historic effort?"	JFK Speech	26
8428439865	Alludes to the 16th street bombing and Governor Wallace	A Talk to Teachers	27
8428455064	States what passes for identity in America is myths about one's ancestors	A Talk to Teachers	28
8428456659	The purpose of education is the ability to make your own decision	A Talk to Teachers	29
8428465361	Argues the person and not the issue	Ad hominem	30
8428473092	Story you have observed or been told	Anecdote	31
8428489715	"You can't give me a C, I'm an A student"	Circular reasoning	32
8428496328	What is currently happening	Current events	33
8428501046	Professional view	Expert opinion	34
8428508264	Offers two extreme options as the only choice	False dilemma	35
8428518800	Something you know (has 3 types)	First hand evidence	36
8428526998	"Smoking can't be bad, my grandmother smoked a pack a day and she lived to be 90"	Hasty generalization	37
8428535521	Verifiable facts found in research	Historical evidence	38
8428539292	Weaknesses in an argument	Logical fallacy	39
8428549479	"As a member of that group, I know the qualifications"	Personal experience	40
8428552976	Statistics, surveys, and polls	Quantitative evidence	41
8428558229	Irrelevant topic to avoid a topic	Red herring	42
8428562559	Evidence that can't be disputed	Relevant, accurate, and sufficient information	43
8428570002	Access through research and investigation	Second hand evidence	44
8428573563	A poor example meant to ridicule the opponent	Straw man fallacy	45
8428577287	Claim of fact...	Is something true or not	46
8428577288	Claim of policy...	Proposes a change	47
8428579205	Claim of value...	Argues whether something is good or bad	48
8428586694	Closed thesis...	Main idea and major points	49
8428589144	Counterargument thesis...	Mentions another argument before stating	50
8428592963	Open thesis...	States opinion without any points	51
8428602210	AB- Who tells Peyton where to find fish in warm water?	The preacher	52
8428609457	AB- Who shot the German Shepard?	Ben Franklin	53
8428612671	AB- Who becomes the family barber?	Helen	54
8428615494	AB- Who raises bees?	Jim Hickey	55
8428618858	AB- The story follows what war?	Cold War	56
8428627720	Good men are gruff and grumpy	Alliteration	57
8428627721	The superman statue in Seinfeld episodes	Allusion	58
8428629649	Repetition of "I need"	Anaphora	59
8428632756	Easy on the eyes, hard on the heart	Antithesis	60
8428642340	Twinkle twinkle little star	Apostrophe	61
8428644767	I've told you a million times	Hyperbole	62
8428644768	A police officer losing his license because of parking tickets	Irony	63
8428646802	Struggle for life and the acceptance of death	Juxtaposition	64
8428661999	Einstein is not a bad mathematician	Litote	65
8428662000	Her eyes were fireflies	Metaphor	66
8428664189	The White House declared	Metonomy	67
8428667003	Great Depression	Oxymoron	68
8428667004	War is peace, freedom is slavery	Paradox	69
8428667005	When you're right you can't be too radical, when you're wrong you can't be too conservative	Parallelism	70
8428670095	Fear knocked on the door	Personification	71
8428670096	That went over like a lead balloon	Simile	72
8428672397	All hands on deck	Synecdoche	73
8428677270	Harry Potter saying Moaning Myrtle is "a little sensitive"	Understatement	74
8428705696	Parts of SOAPStone?	Subject, occasion, audience, purpose, speaker, tone	75
8428715565	First level of Reading...	Reading on the line (looking for facts)	76
8428718685	Second level of Reading...	Reading between the lines (looking for inferences)	77
8428723591	Third level or Reading...	Reading beyond the lines (looking for connections)	78
8428732537	AGOM- Which character was murdered?	Beau Baton	79
8428732538	AGOM- Who does the sheriff think murdered Beau?	Mathu	80
8428732539	AGOM- Who actually murdered Beau?	Charlie	81
8428734612	AGOM- Who owns the Marshall Plantation?	Candy	82
8428734613	AGOM- Why does Fix decide not to get revenge for Beau's death?	The other sons would not go with him	83
8428762729	HL- David Lacks	Henrietta's husband	84
8428765913	HL- Dr. Howard Jones	The doctor who discovered Henrietta's tumor	85
8428772508	HL- George Gey	Director of the lab that grew HeLa cells	86
8428779006	HL- Rebecca Skloot	author	87
8428781941	HL- Sonny	Henrietta's middle son	88
8428791083	YGB- Faith and Brown have been married for...	3 months	89
8428791084	YGB- Goodman means...	Mr.	90
8428791085	YGB- Brown lives in...	Salem, MA	91
8428793881	YGB- Brown is going...	On a journey	92
8428793882	YGB- What time is Brown leaving?	Evening	93
8428793883	YGB- Who asks Brown something before he leaves?	Faith	94
8428793884	YGB- Faith asks Brown what?	"Do you have to go?"	95
8428797104	YGB- Faith watches him from...	The window	96
8428800322	YGB- Who wrote the story?	Hawthorne	97

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AP Language Flashcards

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7175931328	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	0
7175931329	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells). Although the term is not used frequently in the multiple-choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	1
7175931330	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	2
7175931331	Ambiguity (am-bi-gyoo-i-tee)	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
7175931332	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. Ex. He that voluntarily continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as to him	4
7175931333	Anaphora (uh-naf-er-uh)	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	5
7175931334	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person	6
7175931335	Antecedent (an-tuh-seed-nt)	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP Language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.	7
7175931336	Antithesis (an-tih-theh-sis)	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.	8
7175931337	Aphorism	A terse statement of know authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.	9
7175931338	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back:	10
7175931339	Asyndeton (uh-sin-di-tuhn)	consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.	11
7175931340	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere forshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	12
7175931341	Chiasmus (kahy-az-muhs)	(From the Greek word for "criss-cross," a designation baed on the Greek letter "chi," written X). Chiasmus is a figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of the analogous words.	13
7175931342	Clause	a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can sand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element to the other. You should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	14
7175931343	Colloquial/colloquialism (kuj-loh-kwee-uhl)	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.	15
7175931344	Coherence	A principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible. Words, phrases, clauses within the sentence; and sentences, paragraphs, and chpters in larger pieces of writing are the unit that by their progressive and logical arrangement, make for coherence.	16
7175931345	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.	17
7175931346	Connotation	- The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.	18
7175931347	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.	19
7175931348	Diacope	repetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase: word/phrase X, . . ., word/phrase X.	20
7175931349	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	21
7175931350	Didactic (dahy-dak-tik)	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	22
7175931351	Enumeratio	Figure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details, and may include a listing of causes, effects, problems, solutions, conditions, and consequences; the listing or detailing of the parts of something.	23
7175931352	Expletive (ek-spli-tiv)	Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive.	24
7175931353	Euphemism (yoo-fuh-miz-uhm)	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be sued to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement.	25
7175931354	Exposition	In essays, one of the four chief types of composition, the others being argumentation, description, and narration. The purpose of exposition is to explain something. In drama, the exposition is the introductory material, which creates the tone, gives the setting, and introduces the characters and conflict.	26
7175931355	Extended metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.	27
7175931356	Figurative language	- Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	28
7175931357	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurate language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.	29
7175931358	Generic conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	30
7175931359	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. ON the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing.	31
7175931360	Homily (hom-uh-lee)	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	32
7175931361	Hyperbole (hahy-pur-buh-lee)	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	33
7175931362	Hypophora	Figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to one's own question(s). A common usage is to ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use the paragraph to answer it. You can use hypophora to raise questions which you think the reader obviously has on his/her mind and would like to see formulated and answered.	34
7175931363	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imager y uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection (It is the highest flower on the Great Chain of Being). An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figure s of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. ON the AP exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.	35
7175931364	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple-choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices.	36
7175931365	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language.	37
7175931366	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language; (1) In a verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. (2) In situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and the readers think ought to happen. (3) In dramatic irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction, but know to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.	38
7175931367	Juxtaposition (juhk-stuh-puh-zish-uhn)	When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.	39
7175931368	Litotes (lahy-toh-teez)	From the Greek word "simple" or "plain." Litotes is a figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. It is a special form of understatement, where the surface denial serves, through ironic contrast, to reinforce the underlying assertion.	40
7175931369	Loose sentence	a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by wdependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational. Generally loose sentences create loose style.	41
7175931370	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.	42
7175931371	Metonymy (mi-ton-uh-mee)	A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name." Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared" is using metonymy. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional response.	43
7175931372	Mood	This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and eals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The indicative mood is used only for factual sentences. For example, "Joe eats too quickly." The subjective mod is used to express conditions contrary to fact. For example, "If I were you, I'd get another job." The imperative mood is used for commands. For example, "Shut the door!" The second meaning of mood is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.	44
7175931373	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	45
7175931374	Onomatopoeia (on-uh-mat-uh-pee-uh)	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you not eexamples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	46
7175931375	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect which the author achieves with this term.	47
7175931376	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	48
7175931377	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. A famous example of parallelism begins Charles Dickens's novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity . . ." The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.	49
7175931378	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. As comedy, parody distorts or exaggerated distinctive features of the original. As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original. Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original	50
7175931379	Pedantic (puh-dan-tik)	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	51
7175931380	Periodic sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. For example: "Ecstatic with my AP score, I let out a loud, joyful shout!" The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence.	52
7175931381	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animal, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	53
7175931382	Polysyndeton (paulee-sin-dih-tawn)	Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses. The effect is a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up - a persistence or intensity.	54
7175931383	Predicate adjective	One type of subject complement is an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is an the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject.	55
7175931384	Predicate nominative	A second type of subject complement - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that names the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence.	56
7175931385	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line	57
7175931386	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	58
7175931387	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	59
7175931388	Rhetorical modes	This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes and their purposes are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional and subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. These four modes are sometimes referred to as mode of discourse.	60
7175931389	Rhetorical Question [erotesis]	- differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer would suffice. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the fact at hand.	61
7175931390	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony is a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intended to ridicule. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when done poorly, it's simply cruel	62
7175931391	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.	63
7175931392	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another	64
7175931393	Style	The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author (or a writer emulating that author's style)/ Compare, for example, Jonathan's Swift to George Orwell or William Faulkner to Ernest Hemingway. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, or laconic, to name only a few examples. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance of the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental or realist movement.	65
7175931394	Subject complement	The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clauses that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it. The former is the technically a predicate nominative, the latter a predicate adjective. Multiple-choice questions.	66
7175931395	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause, sometimes called an independent clause, to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses 0 for example: although, because, unless, if even though, since, as soon as, while who, when , where, how and that.	67
7175931396	Syllogism (sil- uh-jiz-uhm)	From the Greek for "reckoning together, " a syllogism (or syllogistic-reasoning or syllogistic logic is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the firs one called "major" and the second, "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows;	68
7175931397	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete - such as object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols, and symbolism can be much more complex. One system classifies symbols in three categories: (1) Natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) Conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull an crossbones for pirates or the scales of justice for lawyers). (3) Literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated as is the whale in Moby Dick and the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.	69
7175931398	Synecdoche (si-nek-duh-kee)	is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion , section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa).	70
7175931399	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple-choice section, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.	71
7175931400	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly stated, especially in exposityr or argumentative writing.	72
7175931401	Thesis	In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proved the thesis.	73
7175931402	Tone	Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if ti were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, and somber	74
7175931403	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly and on the contrary. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition. We will discuss these methods later.	75
7175931404	Understatement	The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.	76
7175931405	Undertone	An attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under a cheery surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones. William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" from the Songs of Innocence has a grim undertone.	77
7175931406	Wit	In modern usage, intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally (in the early seventeenth century), it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.	78

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AP English Language Biblical Allusions Flashcards

Allusions to learn

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4812871074	Alpha and Omega	MEANING: The beginning and the end ORIGIN: from Revelations in the New Testament SENTENCE: He was forced to learn the ___________ of corporate law	0
4812871075	Armageddon	MEANING: used to refer to any final conflict on a great scale ORIGIN: from the Book of Revelations, the place of the last decisive battle at the Day of Judgement SENTENCE: Last year felt a bit like the ______ all over again.	1
4812871076	blind leading the blind	MEANING: one of little experience teaching or showing someone how to do something ORIGIN: In Luke 6 (and Matthew 15:14) Christ tells this parable to His disciples: "Can a blind man lead a blind man? Will they not both fall into a pit? A student is not above his teacher, but everyone who is fully trained will be like his teacher." (Lk. 6:39-40) SENTENCE: I tried to explain how the software works, but it was a case of the__________ .	2
4812871077	Cain and Abel/brother's keeper	MEANING: to indicate someone avoiding responsibility for the welfare of others ORIGIN: from the story of Adam and Eve's son Cain, who killed his brother Abel out of jealousy. When God asked Cain, "Where is Abel your brother?" Cain replied, "I do not know. Am I my brother's keeper?" SENTENCE: Fred: Where's Robert? Jane: Am I my______? Jill: How could you let Jane run off like that? Alan: I'm not ______________.	3
4812871079	cast the first stone	MEANING: be the first to attack a sinner ORIGIN: From the King James Bible, John 8:7: "So when they continued asking Him, [Jesus] lifted up Himself, and said unto them, He that is without sin among you, let him first cast a stone at her." SENTENCE: Well, I don't want to be the one to _____________, but he draws terribly	4
4812871080	den of thieves	MEANING: a place where corrupt and fraudulent events occur; a desecration of religious (and other) institutions to use for worldly gain ORIGIN: "And [Jesus] said unto them, It is written, My house shall be called the house of prayer; but ye have made it a den of thieves." (Matthew 21:13) A house of prayer: place of sacred worship. SENTENCE: We're living in a________ .	5
4812871081	eye for an eye	MEANING: getting revenge using the same wrong done ORIGIN: a quotation from Exodus (21:23-27) in which a person who has taken the eye of another in a fight is instructed to give his own eye in compensation. SENTENCE: Most cultures have at least a very simple punishment code based on_________ .	6
4812871082	eye of the needle	MEANING: a very difficult task ORIGIN: from famous narrow gateway called "the needle." In the NT, Jesus said it was easier for a camel to go through the eye of the needle than for a rich man to enter heaven.	7
4812871085	David and Goliath	MEANING: a large person being overcome by a smaller person, an underdog ORIGIN: from the giant from the Philistine city of Gath, slain by David, when he was a shepherd boy. SENTENCES: This was a ______style battle and with the numbers we are seeing it looks like we will be successful.	8
4812871087	good Samaritan	MEANING: someone who helps another person, perhaps someone of a different race or background ORIGIN: from a NT parable about a Samaritan, a traditional enemy of the Hebrews, who stopped to help a Jewish man who had been beaten and left for dead at the side of the road. SENTENCE: Hence, the need for more " _______ " laws that protect people who call for help when someone is doing drugs.	9
4812871088	handwriting on the wall	MEANING: what the future holds ORIGIN: from the OT story of Daniel, who was able to accurately predict some mysterious writing that appeared on a wall (translated, it predicted the imminent death of the king) SENTENCE: The company was losing money, and seeing the __________, she started to look for another job.	10
4812871089	patience of Job	MEANING: one who suffers a great deal but remains faithful ORIGIN: Job whose faith in God was tested by Satan; though he lost his family and belongings, he remained patient and faithful. James 5.11: "You have heard of the patience of Job, and have seen the Lord in the outcome, and how the Lord is full of compassion and mercy." SENTENCE: My math teacher has the ___________. She is always willing to answer my questions and explain things again.	11
4812871092	lamb to the slaughter	MEANING: unaware or oblivious of being led into any impending catastrophe ORIGIN: From Jeremiah 11:19: "But I was like a gentle lamb led to the slaughter; And I did not know that they had devised plots against me, [saying,] 'Let us destroy the tree with its fruit, And let us cut him off from the land of the living, That his name be remembered no more' and Isaiah 53:7: "He was oppressed, and he was afflicted, yet he opened not his mouth: he is brought as a lamb to the slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so he openeth not his mouth." - both King James Version SENTENCE: She agreed to appeal to the board, little knowing she would go like ________.	12
4812871096	Prodigal Son	MEANING: a wasteful son who disappoints his father ORIGIN: from the NT parable of a man with two sons. When he split his estate between the two, the younger son gathered his fortune and left home to live the wild life, while the older son stayed home to work in the fields. When the younger son spent all of the money, he came crawling back to his father, who accepted him, pardoning his error by saying he was "lost but was found." SENTENCE: When LeBron James returned to Cleveland, he was the _______ playing in his homeland.	13
4812871097	Sodom and Gomorrah	MEANING: any place associated with wickedness or sin ORIGIN: from the evil cities of the OT that were destroyed by fire SENTENCE: Some say that America is just as wicked as ______.	14
4812871098	Solomon	MEANING: an extremely wise person ORIGIN: from the son of King David, the Israelite king who wrote Proverbs, and was known for wisdom. SENTENCE: When I need advice, I go to my father. He is as wise as ______.	15
4812871099	wolf in sheep's clothing	MEANING: cannot always trust someone who appears as kind and friendly ORIGIN: The King James Version of the Bible gives this warning, in Matthew 7:15: "Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves." In other words, be on the lookout for someone who hides malicious intent under the guise of kindliness. Both Aesop's Fables and the Bible contain explicit references to wolves in sheep's clothing. Aesop must have originated the phrase, as his tales are much older than any biblical text. SENTENCE: Some salespeople are __________.	16
4812871102	doubting Thomas	MEANING: a skeptic who refuses to believe without direct personal experience ORIGIN: a reference to the Apostle Thomas who refused to believe that the resurrected Jesus appeared to the eleven other apostles until he could see and feel the wounds received by Jesus on the cross SENTENCE: I was always in this matter graded in the "________" class.	17
4812871106	pearls before swine	MEANING: to offer something precious to someone, or a group of people, unable to appreciate the value of what they've been given ORIGIN: from Jesus' Sermon on the Mount where he admonished his followers, that is, to deliver their message to those who would appreciate it. SENTENCE: She read them Shakespeare but it was casting ______.	18
4812871107	my cup runneth over	MEANING: to have more than enough for one's needs ORIGIN: from the Hebrew bible, Psalm 23:5, in which David describes God as his shepherd. SENTENCE: This week, I finished my essay, my soccer skills improved, and got my first "A". ______________.	19

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AP Language Flashcards

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8633860044	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	0
8633860045	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells). Although the term is not used frequently in the multiple-choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	1
8633860046	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	2
8633860047	Ambiguity (am-bi-gyoo-i-tee)	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
8633860048	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. Ex. He that voluntarily continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as to him	4
8633860049	Anaphora (uh-naf-er-uh)	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	5
8633860050	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person	6
8633860051	Antecedent (an-tuh-seed-nt)	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP Language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.	7
8633860052	Antithesis (an-tih-theh-sis)	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.	8
8633860053	Aphorism	A terse statement of know authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.	9
8633860054	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back:	10
8633860055	Asyndeton (uh-sin-di-tuhn)	consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.	11
8633860056	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere forshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	12
8633860057	Chiasmus (kahy-az-muhs)	(From the Greek word for "criss-cross," a designation baed on the Greek letter "chi," written X). Chiasmus is a figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of the analogous words.	13
8633860058	Clause	a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can sand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element to the other. You should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	14
8633860059	Colloquial/colloquialism (kuj-loh-kwee-uhl)	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.	15
8633860060	Coherence	A principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible. Words, phrases, clauses within the sentence; and sentences, paragraphs, and chpters in larger pieces of writing are the unit that by their progressive and logical arrangement, make for coherence.	16
8633860061	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.	17
8633860062	Connotation	- The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.	18
8633860063	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.	19
8633860064	Diacope	repetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase: word/phrase X, . . ., word/phrase X.	20
8633860065	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	21
8633860066	Didactic (dahy-dak-tik)	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	22
8633860067	Enumeratio	Figure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details, and may include a listing of causes, effects, problems, solutions, conditions, and consequences; the listing or detailing of the parts of something.	23
8633860068	Expletive (ek-spli-tiv)	Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive.	24
8633860069	Euphemism (yoo-fuh-miz-uhm)	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be sued to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement.	25
8633860070	Exposition	In essays, one of the four chief types of composition, the others being argumentation, description, and narration. The purpose of exposition is to explain something. In drama, the exposition is the introductory material, which creates the tone, gives the setting, and introduces the characters and conflict.	26
8633860071	Extended metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.	27
8633860072	Figurative language	- Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	28
8633860073	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurate language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.	29
8633860074	Generic conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	30
8633860075	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. ON the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing.	31
8633860076	Homily (hom-uh-lee)	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	32
8633860077	Hyperbole (hahy-pur-buh-lee)	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	33
8633860078	Hypophora	Figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to one's own question(s). A common usage is to ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use the paragraph to answer it. You can use hypophora to raise questions which you think the reader obviously has on his/her mind and would like to see formulated and answered.	34
8633860079	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imager y uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection (It is the highest flower on the Great Chain of Being). An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figure s of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. ON the AP exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.	35
8633860080	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple-choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices.	36
8633860081	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language.	37
8633860082	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language; (1) In a verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. (2) In situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and the readers think ought to happen. (3) In dramatic irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction, but know to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.	38
8633860083	Juxtaposition (juhk-stuh-puh-zish-uhn)	When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.	39
8633860084	Litotes (lahy-toh-teez)	From the Greek word "simple" or "plain." Litotes is a figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. It is a special form of understatement, where the surface denial serves, through ironic contrast, to reinforce the underlying assertion.	40
8633860085	Loose sentence	a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by wdependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational. Generally loose sentences create loose style.	41
8633860086	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.	42
8633860087	Metonymy (mi-ton-uh-mee)	A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name." Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared" is using metonymy. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional response.	43
8633860088	Mood	This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and eals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The indicative mood is used only for factual sentences. For example, "Joe eats too quickly." The subjective mod is used to express conditions contrary to fact. For example, "If I were you, I'd get another job." The imperative mood is used for commands. For example, "Shut the door!" The second meaning of mood is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.	44
8633860089	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	45
8633860090	Onomatopoeia (on-uh-mat-uh-pee-uh)	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you not eexamples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	46
8633860091	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect which the author achieves with this term.	47
8633860092	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	48
8633860093	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. A famous example of parallelism begins Charles Dickens's novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity . . ." The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.	49
8633860094	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. As comedy, parody distorts or exaggerated distinctive features of the original. As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original. Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original	50
8633860095	Pedantic (puh-dan-tik)	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	51
8633860096	Periodic sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. For example: "Ecstatic with my AP score, I let out a loud, joyful shout!" The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence.	52
8633860097	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animal, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	53
8633860098	Polysyndeton (paulee-sin-dih-tawn)	Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses. The effect is a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up - a persistence or intensity.	54
8633860099	Predicate adjective	One type of subject complement is an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is an the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject.	55
8633860100	Predicate nominative	A second type of subject complement - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that names the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence.	56
8633860101	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line	57
8633860102	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	58
8633860103	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	59
8633860104	Rhetorical modes	This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes and their purposes are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional and subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. These four modes are sometimes referred to as mode of discourse.	60
8633860105	Rhetorical Question [erotesis]	- differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer would suffice. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the fact at hand.	61
8633860106	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony is a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intended to ridicule. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when done poorly, it's simply cruel	62
8633860107	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.	63
8633860108	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another	64
8633860109	Style	The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author (or a writer emulating that author's style)/ Compare, for example, Jonathan's Swift to George Orwell or William Faulkner to Ernest Hemingway. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, or laconic, to name only a few examples. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance of the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental or realist movement.	65
8633860110	Subject complement	The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clauses that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it. The former is the technically a predicate nominative, the latter a predicate adjective. Multiple-choice questions.	66
8633860111	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause, sometimes called an independent clause, to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses 0 for example: although, because, unless, if even though, since, as soon as, while who, when , where, how and that.	67
8633860112	Syllogism (sil- uh-jiz-uhm)	From the Greek for "reckoning together, " a syllogism (or syllogistic-reasoning or syllogistic logic is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the firs one called "major" and the second, "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows;	68
8633860113	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete - such as object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols, and symbolism can be much more complex. One system classifies symbols in three categories: (1) Natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) Conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull an crossbones for pirates or the scales of justice for lawyers). (3) Literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated as is the whale in Moby Dick and the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.	69
8633860114	Synecdoche (si-nek-duh-kee)	is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion , section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa).	70
8633860115	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple-choice section, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.	71
8633860116	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly stated, especially in exposityr or argumentative writing.	72
8633860117	Thesis	In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proved the thesis.	73
8633860118	Tone	Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if ti were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, and somber	74
8633860119	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly and on the contrary. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition. We will discuss these methods later.	75
8633860120	Understatement	The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.	76
8633860121	Undertone	An attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under a cheery surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones. William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" from the Songs of Innocence has a grim undertone.	77
8633860122	Wit	In modern usage, intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally (in the early seventeenth century), it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.	78

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AP Language Flashcards

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8488667574	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	0
8488667575	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells). Although the term is not used frequently in the multiple-choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.	1
8488667576	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.	2
8488667577	Ambiguity (am-bi-gyoo-i-tee)	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
8488667578	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. Ex. He that voluntarily continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as to him	4
8488667579	Anaphora (uh-naf-er-uh)	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	5
8488667580	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person	6
8488667581	Antecedent (an-tuh-seed-nt)	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP Language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.	7
8488667582	Antithesis (an-tih-theh-sis)	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.	8
8488667583	Aphorism	A terse statement of know authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.	9
8488667584	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back:	10
8488667585	Asyndeton (uh-sin-di-tuhn)	consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.	11
8488667586	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere forshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	12
8488667587	Chiasmus (kahy-az-muhs)	(From the Greek word for "criss-cross," a designation baed on the Greek letter "chi," written X). Chiasmus is a figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of the analogous words.	13
8488667588	Clause	a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can sand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element to the other. You should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.	14
8488667589	Colloquial/colloquialism (kuj-loh-kwee-uhl)	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.	15
8488667590	Coherence	A principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible. Words, phrases, clauses within the sentence; and sentences, paragraphs, and chpters in larger pieces of writing are the unit that by their progressive and logical arrangement, make for coherence.	16
8488667591	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.	17
8488667592	Connotation	- The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.	18
8488667593	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.	19
8488667594	Diacope	repetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase: word/phrase X, . . ., word/phrase X.	20
8488667595	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.	21
8488667596	Didactic (dahy-dak-tik)	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	22
8488667597	Enumeratio	Figure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details, and may include a listing of causes, effects, problems, solutions, conditions, and consequences; the listing or detailing of the parts of something.	23
8488667598	Expletive (ek-spli-tiv)	Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive.	24
8488667599	Euphemism (yoo-fuh-miz-uhm)	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be sued to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement.	25
8488667600	Exposition	In essays, one of the four chief types of composition, the others being argumentation, description, and narration. The purpose of exposition is to explain something. In drama, the exposition is the introductory material, which creates the tone, gives the setting, and introduces the characters and conflict.	26
8488667601	Extended metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.	27
8488667602	Figurative language	- Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	28
8488667603	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurate language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.	29
8488667604	Generic conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.	30
8488667605	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. ON the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing.	31
8488667606	Homily (hom-uh-lee)	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	32
8488667607	Hyperbole (hahy-pur-buh-lee)	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.	33
8488667608	Hypophora	Figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to one's own question(s). A common usage is to ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use the paragraph to answer it. You can use hypophora to raise questions which you think the reader obviously has on his/her mind and would like to see formulated and answered.	34
8488667609	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imager y uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection (It is the highest flower on the Great Chain of Being). An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figure s of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. ON the AP exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.	35
8488667610	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple-choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices.	36
8488667611	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language.	37
8488667612	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language; (1) In a verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. (2) In situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and the readers think ought to happen. (3) In dramatic irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction, but know to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.	38
8488667613	Juxtaposition (juhk-stuh-puh-zish-uhn)	When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.	39
8488667614	Litotes (lahy-toh-teez)	From the Greek word "simple" or "plain." Litotes is a figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. It is a special form of understatement, where the surface denial serves, through ironic contrast, to reinforce the underlying assertion.	40
8488667615	Loose sentence	a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by wdependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational. Generally loose sentences create loose style.	41
8488667616	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.	42
8488667617	Metonymy (mi-ton-uh-mee)	A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name." Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared" is using metonymy. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional response.	43
8488667618	Mood	This term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and eals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The indicative mood is used only for factual sentences. For example, "Joe eats too quickly." The subjective mod is used to express conditions contrary to fact. For example, "If I were you, I'd get another job." The imperative mood is used for commands. For example, "Shut the door!" The second meaning of mood is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.	44
8488667619	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	45
8488667620	Onomatopoeia (on-uh-mat-uh-pee-uh)	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you not eexamples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.	46
8488667621	Oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect which the author achieves with this term.	47
8488667622	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	48
8488667623	Parallelism	Also referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. A famous example of parallelism begins Charles Dickens's novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity . . ." The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.	49
8488667624	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. As comedy, parody distorts or exaggerated distinctive features of the original. As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original. Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original	50
8488667625	Pedantic (puh-dan-tik)	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	51
8488667626	Periodic sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. For example: "Ecstatic with my AP score, I let out a loud, joyful shout!" The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence.	52
8488667627	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animal, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.	53
8488667628	Polysyndeton (paulee-sin-dih-tawn)	Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses. The effect is a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up - a persistence or intensity.	54
8488667629	Predicate adjective	One type of subject complement is an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is an the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject.	55
8488667630	Predicate nominative	A second type of subject complement - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that names the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence.	56
8488667631	Prose	One of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line	57
8488667632	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	58
8488667633	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	59
8488667634	Rhetorical modes	This flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes and their purposes are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional and subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. These four modes are sometimes referred to as mode of discourse.	60
8488667635	Rhetorical Question [erotesis]	- differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer would suffice. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the fact at hand.	61
8488667636	Sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony is a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intended to ridicule. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when done poorly, it's simply cruel	62
8488667637	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.	63
8488667638	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another	64
8488667639	Style	The consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author (or a writer emulating that author's style)/ Compare, for example, Jonathan's Swift to George Orwell or William Faulkner to Ernest Hemingway. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, or laconic, to name only a few examples. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance of the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental or realist movement.	65
8488667640	Subject complement	The word (with any accompanying phrases) or clauses that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it. The former is the technically a predicate nominative, the latter a predicate adjective. Multiple-choice questions.	66
8488667641	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause, sometimes called an independent clause, to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses 0 for example: although, because, unless, if even though, since, as soon as, while who, when , where, how and that.	67
8488667642	Syllogism (sil- uh-jiz-uhm)	From the Greek for "reckoning together, " a syllogism (or syllogistic-reasoning or syllogistic logic is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the firs one called "major" and the second, "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows;	68
8488667643	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete - such as object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols, and symbolism can be much more complex. One system classifies symbols in three categories: (1) Natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) Conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull an crossbones for pirates or the scales of justice for lawyers). (3) Literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated as is the whale in Moby Dick and the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.	69
8488667644	Synecdoche (si-nek-duh-kee)	is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion , section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa).	70
8488667645	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple-choice section, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.	71
8488667646	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly stated, especially in exposityr or argumentative writing.	72
8488667647	Thesis	In expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proved the thesis.	73
8488667648	Tone	Similar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if ti were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, and somber	74
8488667649	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly and on the contrary. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition. We will discuss these methods later.	75
8488667650	Understatement	The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.	76
8488667651	Undertone	An attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under a cheery surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones. William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" from the Songs of Innocence has a grim undertone.	77
8488667652	Wit	In modern usage, intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally (in the early seventeenth century), it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.	78

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AP Language Rhetorical Terms Lists 1-4 Flashcards

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8189251245	allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.	0
8189251246	alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	1
8189251247	allegory	Ex. "Animal Farm" George Orwell	2
8189251248	alliteration	As in "she sells sea shells"	3
8189251249	allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.	4
8189251250	allusion	Ex. "Plan ahead: it wasn't raining when Noah built the ark"	5
8189251251	ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	6
8189251252	analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them; may explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar.	7
8189251253	analogy	Ex. "He that voluntarily continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as to him that should extinguish the tapers of a lighthouse might justly be imputed the calamities of shipwrecks."	8
8189251254	anaphora	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	9
8189251255	anaphora	Ex. "They are masters who instruct us without rod or ferule, without angry words, without clothes or money."	10
8189251256	antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	11
8189251257	antithesis	Ex: "He is no fool who gives what he cannot keep to gain that which he cannot lose"	12
8189251258	antithesis	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences.	13
8189251259	aphorism	A statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.	14
8189251260	apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer.	15
8189251261	apostrophe	Ex. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour:/England hath need of thee."	16
8189251262	asyndeton	Consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses.	17
8189251263	asyndeton	Ex. On his return he received medals, honors, treasures, titles, fame. They spent the day wondering, searching, thinking, understanding.	18
8189251264	atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.	19
8189251265	chiasmus	A figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of the analogous words.	20
8189251266	chiasmus	Ex. "The land was ours before we were the land's" - Robert Frost (N, V, Pro: Pro, V, N) "Pleasure's a sin, and sometimes sin's a pleasure" - Lord Byron	21
8189251267	colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing	22
8189251268	coherence	A principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible.	23
8189251269	conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. Displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.	24
8189251270	connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.	25
8189251271	anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person.	26
8189251272	sarcasm	From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh;" involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony.	27
8189251273	satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule and is often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.	28
8189251274	symbol	Anything that represents itself and stands for something else	29
8189251275	synecdoche	A type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole or the whole for a part	30
8189251276	synecdoche	Ex. Farmer Joe has two hundred head of cattle , and three hired hands. If we had some wheels, I'd put on my best threads and ask for Jane's hand in marriage.	31
8189251277	syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.	32
8189251278	theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.	33
8189251279	thesis	A sentence that expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.	34
8189251280	tone	The writer/speaker's attitude toward his the text, the audience, or both.	35
8189251281	transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas.	36
8189251282	understatement	The ironic minimizing of fact	37
8189251283	wit	Intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights	38
8189251284	periodic sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.	39
8189251285	periodic sentence	For example: "Ecstatic with my AP score, I let out a loud, joyful shout!"	40
8189251286	personification	A figure of speech in which the author gives concepts, animals, or inanimate objects human qualities or emotions.	41
8189251287	polysyndeton	The deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses.	42
8189251288	polysyndeton	Ex: "It's [football] a way of life, really, to those particular people who are a part of it. It's more than a game, and regardless of what level it's played upon, it still demands those attributes of courage and stamina and coordinated efficiency and goes even beyond that for [it] is a means - it provides a mental and physical relaxation to everybody that watches it, like yourself."	43
8189251289	prose	One of the major divisions of genre; refers to fiction and non-fiction	44
8189251290	rhetorical question	Differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer would suffice.	45
8189251291	inference	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	46
8189251292	invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language	47
8189251293	irony	The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true.	48
8189251294	verbal irony	the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning	49
8189251295	situational irony	events turn out the opposite of what was expected	50
8189251296	dramatic irony	facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction, but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work	51
8189251297	juxtaposition	When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.	52
8189251298	litotes	From the Greek word "simple" or "plain." It's a figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite, an understatement where the surface denial serves, through ironic contrast, to reinforce the underlying assertion	53
8189251299	litotes	Ex: He's no fool.	54
8189251300	loose sentence	a type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by independent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.	55
8189251301	metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.	56
8189251302	metonymy	A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name."	57
8189251303	metonymy	Ex: A news release that claims, "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared"	58
8189251304	narrative	the telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events	59
8189251305	onomatopoeia	a figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words	60
8189251306	onomatopoeia	Exs: his, buzz, hum, crack	61
8189251307	oxymoron	From the Greek for "pointedly foolish"; a figure of speech where the author groups apparently contradictory terms	62
8189251308	oxymoron	Ex: jumbo shrimp	63
8189251309	paradox	a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but is actually true and valid	64
8189251310	parallelism	comes from the Greek roots meaning "beside one another"; refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity	65
8189251311	parallelism	Ex: "It was the best of times. It was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness..."	66
8189251312	parody	a work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule	67
8189251313	pedantic	an adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish	68
8189251314	denotation	the dictionary definition of a word.	69
8189251315	diacope	repetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase	70
8189251316	diacope	Ex. We will do it, I tell you; we will do it. We give thanks to Thee, O God, we give thanks (Psalm 75:1)	71
8189251317	didactic	Greek for "teaching".	72
8189251318	enumeration	Figure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details, and may include a listing of causes, effects, problems, solutions, conditions, and consequences; the listing or detailing of the parts of something.	73
8189251319	enumeration	Ex. I love her eyes, her hair, her nose, her cheeks, her lips. " "Who's gonna turn down a Junior Mint? It's chocolate; it's peppermint; it's delicious. . . It's very refreshing!" - Kramer (Seinfeld).	74
8189251320	expletive	Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side	75
8189251321	expletive	Ex. In fact, of course, to be sure, indeed, I suppose, I hope, you know, you see, clearly, in any event, in effect, certainly, remarkably.	76
8189251322	euphemism	Greek for "good speech". A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept	77
8189251323	euphemism	Ex: "He passed away" instead of "He's dead"	78
8189251324	exposition	one of the four chief types of composition with the purpose of explaining something	79
8189251325	extended metaphor	a comparison developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work	80
8189251326	figure of speech	Ex: hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, synecdoche, simile	81
8189251327	genre	any major category of literature	82
8189251328	homily	literally means "sermon," but more informally can include an serious sermon, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice	83
8189251329	hyperbole	exaggeration	84
8189251330	hypophora	Figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker	85
8189251331	hypophora	Ex. "When the enemy struck on that June day of 1950, what did America do? It did what it always has done in all its times of peril. It appealed to the heroism of its youth." - Dwight D. Eisenhower	86
8189251332	imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.	87

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Ap world history vocab Flashcards

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4883281746	Mudra	A hand gesture with specific meaning or significance in indian classical sculpture and dance.	0
4883281747	Nirvana	In theravada buddhism, the bliddful nothingness into which a soul which had lived properly entered after death, and from which there would be no further rebirths	1
4883281748	Bodhisattva	A "being of wisdom" worthy of entering nirvana, but who chooses to stay on earth, or be reborn, in order to help others	2
4883281749	Mantra	A formula of utterances of words and sounds that are believed to posses spiritual power, a practice of both Hinduism and Buddhism	3
4883281750	Syllabary	A writing system in which each symbol represents the syllable of a word	4
4883281751	Mandala	A symbolic circular diagram of complex geometric design used as an instrument of medication or in the performance of sacred rites in Hinduism and Buddhism	5
4883281752	TaNaKh	The Hebrew term for the book of the bible that are written in Hebrew. The word is composed of the initial letters of the words Torah, (first book) Nevi'im, (second book) Ketuvim (third book)	6
4883281753	Diaspora	A dispersion of people. Most commonly used to refer to the dispersion of Jews among the Gentiles, which began with the Babylonian captivity of the sixth century B.C.E	7
4883281754	Lost Ten Tribes	Ten tribes of Israel were exiled from their homeland in 721 B.C.E. They totally assimilated into their new surroundings, lost their Jewish identity, and were lost to history. Periodically, groups in remote areas today claim that they are the lost ten tribe	8
4883281755	Sacrament	In Christian theology, a rite or ritual that is an outward sign of a spiritual grace conveyed on the believer by Christ through the ministry of the church	9
4883281756	Eucharist	From the Greek Eucharistia, "thanksgiving". The central sacrament and act of worship of Christian church, culminating in holy communion	10
4883281757	Original sin	First understood as the disobedience of Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden as they ate the forbidden fruit off the tree of knowledge. Later understood as the sexual relations between Adam and Eve. In Christian belief Jesus atoned for these sins.	11
4883281758	Speaking in Tongues	A mode of praying and preaching emphasizing ecstasy and even entering into trances. Such that the words of prayer and preaching may not be understood, but are meaningful nonetheless	12
4883281759	Neoplatonic	A philosophical system founded by Plotinus and influenced by Plato's theory of ideas. It emphasizes the transcendent, impersonal, the indefinable "one" as the ground of all existence and the source of an external world of goodness, beauty, and order, of which material existence is but a feeble copy	13
4883281760	Heresy	A belief that is not in agreement with, or even conflicts with, the official orthodoxy of its time and place. Heretics, those espoused heretics, were often persecuted	14
4883281761	Dar al-Islam	The literal meaning of Arabic words is "the abode of Islam". The term refers to the land of Islam, that is, the territories in which Islam and its religious laws may be freely practiced.	15
4883281762	Hijra	The "migration" or flight of Muhammad from Mecca , where his life was In danger, to medina where he was welcomed as a potential leader in 622 C.E. The Islamic era is cultivated from this date.	16
4883281763	Caliph	The spiritual head and temporal ruler of the Muslim community	17
4883281764	Imam	In Islam, a title for a person whose leadership of examples is to be followed	18
4883281765	Tariqa	In Islam a generic term meaning "pata" referring to the doctrines and methods of mysticism and esoterism. The word also refers to schools or brotherhoods of Mystics, which were often situated as a mosque of the Tomb of a Muslim Saint	19
4883281766	Sufi	In Islam, a member of one of the orders practicing mystical forms of worship that first arose in the eighth and ninth centuries C.E.	20
4959504975	Vedas	Most sacred of Hindu scriptures, a collection of prayers and hymns handed down around 1500BCE	21
4959504976	Baghavad Gita	Translates as "song of the lord" and is an epic Hindu poem inserted in the Mahabharata	22
4959504977	Reincarnation	Belief that the human soul returns in another life after death, often in long cycles over time	23
4959504978	Karma	Force generated by a persons actions	24
4959504979	Dharma	Translates as " right living or conduct" viewed as a key tenet of the Hindu caste system	25
4959504980	Siddhartha Guatama	His reaction to poverty and existing Hindu customs led to the founding of Buddhism in 570BCE	26
4959504981	Four Noble Truths	Heart of Buddhist teaching regarding suffering, merely a list giving reasons for the miseries	27
4959504982	Eightfold path	A series of right actions as a guide for living in the Buddhist faith	28
4959504983	Legalism	Strict conformity to a basic human moral code as expressed in Chinese philosophy	29
4959504984	Dao	Known simply as "The Way" it is the directive toward an appropriate natural way of living	30
4959504985	Ten commandments	Laws given to Moses on mount Sinai as a directive to the Hebrews for being gods chosen	31
4959504986	Zoraster	A Persian philosopher who taught a monotheistic approach to ethics and morals	32
4959504987	Jesus christ	His crucifixion, resurrection and teachings have shaped the worlds largest practice faith system	33
4959504988	Trinity	Concepts of Christianity that views God as three elements: father, son and Holy Spirit	34

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