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Ap Flashcards

7345553468	konsyumer	sila ang lumilinang sa mga produkto sa merkado	0
7345553469	produksyon	ito ay ang paggawa ng mga produkto na binubuo ng input at output	1
7345553470	land	ito ay ang mga hilaw na materyales na ginagamit upang gumawa ng produkto	2
7345553471	labor	ito ay ang abilidad ng isang tao upang gumawa ng produkto	3
7345553472	Capital		4

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Ecology (Pre-AP) Flashcards

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4916678789	In a stable environment, population sizes tend to	stay the same.	0
4916678790	mutualism	An interaction in which both species benefit.	1
4916678791	predation	An interaction in which one species benefits and the other is killed.	2
4916678792	parasitism	An interaction in which one species benefits and the other is harmed (but usually not killed).	3
4916678793	commensalism	An interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefits.	4
4916718649	competition	An interaction where both species are harmed when they want the same resource.	5
4916678794	omnivore	A species that eats meat and plants.	6
4916678795	carnivore	A species that eats meat.	7
4916678796	herbivore	A species that eats plants.	8
4916682207	detritivore	organism that eats dead organic matter. Another term for decomposer.	9
4916684397	detritus	Nonliving organic matter, like the remains of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves, dead wood, etc.	10
4916678797	decomposers	Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms. Example: mushrooms, earthworms.	11
4916713722	scavenger	A carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms	12
4916678798	niche	An organism's job and range of conditions it needs is a	13
4916678799	carrying capacity	The number of individuals that the environment can support.	14
4916678800	trophic level	Each step in a food chain or food web	15
4916678801	What happens to energy as it moves to each trophic level?	90% is lost and only 10% remains.	16
4916678802	food chain	A simplified path in which energy is transferred when one organism eats another.	17
4916678803	food web	Diagram that represents the many energy pathways in a real ecosystem	18
4916678804	autotroph	An organism that makes its own food. Also called a 'producer'.	19
4916678805	heterotroph	An organism that eats others for its food. Also called a 'consumer'.	20
4916678806	nitrogen cycle	The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere	21
4916678807	carbon cycle	The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again.	22
4916678808	carbon source	Releases more carbon into the atmosphere than it takes in.	23
4916678809	examples of carbon sources	decomposing organisms, burning fossil fuels, volcanos, forest fires	24
4916678810	carbon sink	Stores more carbon from the atmosphere than it releases.	25
4916678811	examples of carbon sinks	oceans, soils, plants performing photosynthesis	26
4916678812	biotic factors	All the living organisms that inhabit an environment	27
4916678813	abiotic factors	Nonliving components of environment.	28
4916678814	limiting factors	Conditions in the environment that put limits on where an organism can live or how much the population can grow.	29
4916678815	biomass	Total amount of living tissue within a trophic level	30
4916678816	primary succession	The sequence of events that replace the organisms in a disrupted habitat where NO soil remains.	31
4916678817	secondary succession	The sequence of events that replace the organisms in a disrupted habitat where the soil remains.	32
4916678818	population	A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area	33
4916678819	community	A group of organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other.	34
4916678820	ecosystem	A community of organisms and their non-living environment. The biotic and abiotic factors.	35

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APES - Introduction - CISH Flashcards

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4787429722	Environment	The sum of all conditions surround us and that influence life. Also includes things such as large-scale demographics and disease, human migration, and patterns of settlement.	0
4787451644	Enviromentalism	A social movement that seeks to protect the environment through lobbying, activism, and education.	1
4787470145	Environmental Science	An interdisciplinary systematic study that uses information and empirical evidence from the physical sciences and social sciences to learn how the Earth works, how we interact with the Earth, and how to deal with Environmental problems.	2
4787476389	empirical	evidence based on observation or experiment	3
4787488930	anecdotal	evidence consisting of or based on informal observations and secondhand accounts rather than firsthand knowledge or scientific investigation	4
4787446833	Ecosystem	A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms (biotic factors) with their physical environment (abiotic factors).	5
4787355322	Abiotic	Describes the nonliving part of the environment, including water, rocks, light, and temperature	6
4787358462	Biotic	A term that describes a living or once‐living organism in an ecosystem.	7
4787548198	Biodiversity	The number and variety of organisms in a given area during a specific period of time	8
4787552296	Genetic Diversity	The range of genetic material present in a gene pool or population of a species considering genotype and phenotype	9
4787552297	Species	A group of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring	10
4787554470	Species Diversity	The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community.	11
4787362157	indicator	An inviromental ___________ are Organisms or physical factors that serve as a gauge for environmental changes. More specifically, organisms with these characteristics are called bioindicators such as frogs and dragonflies	12
4787372025	Greenhouse gases	Gases in the Earth's Atmosphere that trap heat near the surface of the Earth	13
4787384447	Anthropogenic	human- induced changes on the natural environment	14
4787395491	Sustainability	Living on Earth in a way that allows humans to use resources with depriving future generations of those resources.	15
4787407663	Biophilia	Love of Life. E. O. Wilson coined the term ______ for our innate appreciation of wild environments and living organisms.	16
4787413175	Ecological Footprint	A measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems. It compares human demand with planet Earth's ecological capacity to regenerate.	17
4787421180	Fracking	A method of oil and gas extraction that uses high-pressure fluids to force open cracks in rocks deep underground	18
4787534717	Ground water	underground water that is held in the soil and in pervious rocks and often used in cities as source of drinking water	19

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AP - Los sentidos Flashcards

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5058096772	los sentidos	senses (perception)	0
5058095718	la vista	eyesight	1
5058097860	el aspecto	looks; appearance	2
5058102907	la belleza	beauty	3
5058103355	el colorido	color; coloring	4
5058104510	el horizonte	horizon	5
5058105441	la luminosidad	brightness; luminosity	6
5058106569	la palidez	paleness	7
5058109066	el panorama	panorama; outlook	8
5058110420	la perspectiva	perspective	9
5058111112	la sombra	shadow; shade	10
5058112164	alargado/a	elongated; long; extended, lengthened	11
5058112165	arrugado/a	wrinkled	12
5058113137	atractivo/a	attractive	13
5058118240	brillante	shiny; bright; sparkling; brilliant	14
5058120641	deslumbrante	blinding, dazzling	15
5058122052	inmenso/a	immense, great, enormous	16
5058123572	luminoso/a	illuminated, lit up; gleaming	17
5058125908	nublado/a	cloudy	18
5058126660	opaco/a	opaque; dull; lacklustre	19
5058129262	pálido	pale	20
5058129873	acechar	to lurk; to stalk	21
5058133290	avistar	to spot, to sight	22
5058134749	contemplar	to contemplate; to gaze at	23
5058135740	descubrir	to discover	24
5058136546	divisar	to sight; to make out; to distinguish	25
5058138060	examinar	to examine	26
5058138455	mirar	to look at	27
5058138456	observar	to observe	28
5058139069	presenciar	to witness; to see	29
5058139621	ver	to see	30
5058140323	el oído	inner ear; hearing (sense)	31
5058141232	el canto	singing	32
5058143050	la carcajada	loud laugh	33
5058144107	el estruendo	loud noise; bang	34
5058145818	la explosión	explosion; blast	35
5058147862	el grito	shout, yell; scream	36
5058149942	el murmullo el susurro	murmur, whispering; (water) babbling; (leaves) rustling	37
5058153005	la risa	laughter	38
5058153688	el ronquido	snore	39
5058155032	el ruido	noise	40
5058155033	el silbido	whistling	41
5058156028	la voz	voice	42
5058160255	apacible	calm, placid	43
5058161405	arrullador(a)	lulling; soothing	44
5058166543	ensordecedor(a)	deafning	45
5058167003	estridente	strident; raucous	46
5058169105	estruendoso/a	thunderous	47
5058169964	resonante	resonant; resounding	48
5058172300	ruidoso/a	noisy	49
5058172962	rumoroso/a	murmuring; (water) babbling	50
5058176011	sibilante	sibilant (whisteling)	51
5058179107	sigiloso/a	stealthy	52
5058180971	silencioso/a	quiet, noiseless; silent	53
5058182603	susurrante	whispering, murmuring	54
5058183470	aullar	to howl	55
5058184591	balbucear	to babble	56
5058185435	cantar	to sing	57
5058185503	explotar	to explode; to detonate; to exploit (to use unfairly)	58
5058190660	hablar	to talk	59
5058191109	ladrar	to bark	60
5058191110	murmurar susurrar	to whisper	61
5058191929	oír	to hear	62
5058192124	sentir (e:ie)	(a sound) to hear	63
5058195040	sonar (o:ue)	to sound; to ring (a bell)	64
5058197402	tartamudear	stutter, stammer	65
5058198609	el tacto	touch (sense)	66
5058200358	la aspereza	roughness	67
5058203664	la caricia	caress	68
5058204546	el codazo	elbow, nudge (blow with the elbow)	69
5058207512	la fricción	friction	70
5058208175	el golpe	hit; blow	71
5058208176	el masaje	massage	72
5058208576	el porrazo	blow; thump; thwack	73
5058211690	el roce	brush, touch, graze	74
5058214037	la rugosidad	roughness; rugosity (presence of wrinkles)	75
5058217637	la suavidad	softness	76
5058218262	la textura	texture	77
5058218263	el toque	touch; tap	78
5058219615	aceitoso/a	oily	79
5058220392	aterciopelado/a	velvety	80
5058221488	esponjoso/a	fluffy; spongy	81
5058223918	frío/a	cold	82
5058224872	húmedo/a	humid	83
5058224873	liso/a	flat; smooth	84
5058226710	mojado/a	wet	85
5058227529	pegajoso/a	sticky	86
5058228047	peludo/a	hairy	87
5058228048	seco/a	dry	88
5058228667	sedoso/a	silky	89
5058228668	suave	smooth; soft; gentle	90
5058231450	acariciar	to caress	91
5058232059	golpear	to hit	92
5058232060	manejar	to handle; to manipulate; (car) to drive	93
5058235253	manipular	to handle; to manipulate	94
5058236137	palpar	to feel (with your hand)	95
5058237786	pegar	to glue; to hit	96
5058239840	pulsar	to press; to push	97
5058240911	rozar	to graze; to rub	98
5058242052	sentir (e:ie)	to feel (with your senses)	99
5058245926	tantear	to feel your way (with your hands)	100
5058248262	teclear	to type	101
5058249142	tocar	to touch	102
5058249713	el olfato	sense of smell	103
5058250398	el aroma	aroma	104
5058250439	la esencia	essence; perfume	105
5058252617	las especias	spices	106
5058253321	las flores	flowers	107
5058253322	la fragancia	fragrance	108
5058253839	el hedor	bad odor, stench, stink	109
5058255262	la humedad	humidity	110
5058255793	el moho	mildew; mold	111
5058257102	el olor	smell; odor	112
5058258593	el perfume	perfume	113
5058259879	la pestilencia	pestilence; stench, stink, reek	114
5058261446	la pimienta	pepper (spice)	115
5058262674	aromático/a	aromatic	116
5058263615	desagradable	unpleasant	117
5058263616	dulce	sweet	118
5058264927	fragante	fragrant; aromatic	119
5058266451	fresco/a	fresh	120
5058267632	hediondo/a	stinking, foul-smelling, reeking	121
5058268756	oloroso/a	fragrant	122
5058270884	penetrante	penetrating; intense	123
5058272080	perfumado/a	scented	124
5058273410	podrido/a	rotten; decomposed	125
5058274749	quemado/a	burnt	126
5058275421	rancio/a	rancid; stale	127
5097632735	advertir	to notice; to warn	128
5097638534	advierto que algo se quema	I notice that something is burning	129
5097640796	apestar	to stink, to reek	130
5097644307	aromatizar	to scent; to freshen to spice (cuisine)	131
5097666166	despedir (e:i)	to emit, to release	132
5097670355	exhalar	to exhale; to breathe out	133
5097674371	exudar	to exude, ooze	134
5097680783	oler (o:ue)	to smell	135
5097683044	yo huelo bien	I smell good	136
5097688856	yo huelo que alguien lleva perfume	I smell that someone is wearing perfume	137
5097693619	olfatear	to smell, to sniff	138
5097697179	olisquear	to sniff at	139
5097702917	percibir	to percieve	140
5097705220	perfumar	to perfume	141
5097706904	sentir (e:ie) (con la nariz)	to sense (with the nose)	142
5058278840	el gusto	(sense) taste	143
5058280083	amargar	to sour	144
5058283175	la degustación	sample; tasting	145
5058284576	la insipidez	(food) insipidness, tastelessness	146
5058286567	el paladar	palad	147
5058287496	el sabor	flavour	148
5058287497	la sensación	feeling	149
5058288460	ácido/a	sour; tart	150
5058289850	agridulce	sweet and sour	151
5058290618	amargo/a	bitter	152
5058291484	avinagrado/a	sour, acid (too much taste of vinegar)	153
5058294589	azucarado/a	sugary; sweet	154
5058299375	insípido/a	insipid; bland	155
5058300454	pasado/a	overcooked	156
5058301783	picante	spicy	157
5058302609	salado/a	salty	158
5058303183	sazonado/a	seasoned	159
5058304438	aderezar	to dress (a salad)	160
5058308207	catar	to sample; to taste	161
5058310018	cenar	to have supper	162
5058310019	condimentar	to season	163
5058311336	consumir	to consume	164
5058311986	degustar	to savor; to taste	165
5058313033	endulzar	to sweeten	166
5058314667	escabechar	to pickle	167
5058316486	probar (o:ue)	to taste; to try	168
5058318768	saber (a)	to taste (like, to); to have the flavour of	169
5058330553	esto sabe a naranjas	this taste to/like oranges	170
5058331715	esto sabe muy bien/delicioso	this tastes very good/delicious	171
5058325936	saborear	to savour	172
5058326811	sazonar	to season	173

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AP Biology: Functional Groups Flashcards

Functional Groups for Quiz on 9/10/2014
AP Bio

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5142717320	Hydroxyl: Structure		0
5142717321	Hydroxyl: Name of Compound	Alcohols (their specific names usually end in -ol)	1
5142717322	Hydroxyl: Example	Ethanol	2
5142717323	Hydroxyl:Functional Properties	-Is Polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom -Can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars	3
5142717324	Carbonyl: Structure		4
5142717325	Carbonyl: Name of Compound	Ketones: if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton Aldehydes: if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton	5
5142717326	Carbonyl: Example	Acetone (a ketone) Propanal (a aldehyde)	6
5142717327	Carbonyl: Functional Properties	-A ketone and an aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties (like acetone & propanal) -These two groups are also found in sugars, giving rise to two major groups of sugars: aldoses (containing aldehyde) & ketoses (containing a ketone)	7
5142717328	Carboxyl: Structure		8
5142717329	Carboxyl: Name of Compound	Carboxylic Acids (or organic acids)	9
5142717330	Carboxyl: Example	Acetic Acid	10
5142717331	Carboxyl: Funcational Properties	-Has acidic properties (source of hydrogen ions) because the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar (H leaves the OH) -Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1- and called a carboxylate ion (here, specifically, the acetate ion)	11
5142717332	Amino: Structure		12
5142717333	Amino: Name of Compound	Amines	13
5142717334	Amino: Example	Glycine	14
5142717335	Amino: Functional Properties	-Acts as a base; can pick up an H+ from the surrounding solution (water, in living organisms) -Ionized, with a charge of 1+, under cellular conditions	15
5142717336	Sulfhydryl: Structure		16
5142717337	Sulfhydryl: Name of Compounds	Thiols	17
5142717338	Sulfhydryl: Example	Cysteine	18
5142717339	Sulfhydryl: Functional Properties	-Two sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a covalent bond. This "cross-linking" helps stabilize protein structure -Cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins maintains the curliness or straightness of hair. Straight hair can be "permanently" curled by shaping it around curlers, then breaking and re-forming the cross-linking bonds	19
5142717340	Phosphate: Structure		20
5142717341	Phosphate: Name of Structure	Organic phosphates	21
5142717342	Phosphate: Example	Glycerol phosphate	22
5142717343	Phosphate: Functional Properties	-Contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part (2-- when at the end of a molecule; 1-- when located internally in a chain of phosphates) -Has the potential to react with water, releasing energy	23
5142717344	Methyl: Structure		24
5142717345	Methyl: Name of Compound	Methylated compounds	25
5142717346	Methyl: Example	2-methylhexane	26
5142717347	Methyl: Functional Properties	-Addition of a methyl group to DNA, or to molecules bound to DNA, affects expression of genes -Arrangement of methyl groups in male and female sex hormones affects their shape and function	27

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AP World History Barron's Unit 3 Flashcards

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6682024656	Charlemagne	the Frankish king that successfully state-built in the late 700s when Europe was in chaos	0
6682024657	Magna Carta	a government document that was imposed on the king by his barons that guaranteed the nobility certain rights and privileges	1
6682024658	Hundred Years' War	a war that lasted from 1337-1453 that coincided with social unrest on both sides and black death	2
6682024659	Reconquista	a conflict in Spain that had Spain and Portugal go against the Moorish armies and lasted from the early 1000s-1492	3
6682024660	caliph	a successor that governed the Muslim world and combined political and religious power	4
6682024661	Sunni-Shiite split	a religious split that was caused through civil war that led to power passed to the Umayyad caliphate	5
6682024662	Abbasid caliphate	the caliphate that followed the Umayyad regime and presided over the golden age of classical Islamic culture	6
6682024663	madrasas	centers of learning in the classical Islamic culture	7
6682024664	Arab traders	traders who traded around in sub-Saharan Africa that played a crucial role in the expansion of Arab slave trade	8
6682024665	Ghana	an African state that emerged as an Islamic power in the 800s and 1000s thanks to large deposits of gold and its prominent role in sub-Saharan trade	9
6682024666	Mali	another Islamic African empire that was influenced with less violence than Ghana and was very important in the trans-Saharan trade network	10
6682024667	Mansa Musa	a devout Muslim who gained fame throughout Africa and Europe as one of the world's wealthiest monarchs as ruler of Mali	11
6682024668	Swahili city-states	city-states that flourished between 1000 and 1500 on the shores of East Africa and were heavily involved in the Indian Ocean trade network	12
6682024669	Great Zimbabwe	a mighty city-state that emerged in the non-Islamic parts of sub-Saharan Africa	13
6682024670	Tang Dynasty	an empire that emerged after the fall of the Sui Dynasty in which China became larger than it had ever been before	14
6682024671	An Shi Rebellion	a peasant rebellion that emerged in the 700s and stemmed from hatred of the Tang elite's love of luxury	15
6682024672	Song Empire	an empire that ruled east-central China that had political troubles but steady population growth, increased urbanization, and thriving trade	16
6682024673	Yuan Empire	a Mongol-ruled China led by Kublai Khan that reunifed China as a single state and made China rich and powerful	17
6682024674	Marco Polo	a European trader that traveled along the Silk Road and visited Yuan China and the court of Kublai Khan himself	18
6682024675	black death	a bubonic plague epidemic that swept through China and into the Middle East and Europe, killing a huge portion of the world population	19
6682024676	Ming dynasty	a dynasty that was established by the rebel who brought down the Yuan Empire named Hongwu and repaired the damage done by the wars of 1300s and resurrected the political and administrative regime	20
6682024677	Zheng He	a Chinese admiral who made seven long voyages to Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East, and East Africa	21
6682024678	Heian period	a period considered to be Japan's classical era that had a chancellorship be in control of political power and had the emperor be a symbolic figurehead	22
6682024679	Fujiwara clan	a clan that established permanent control over the chancellorship and was Japan's ruling family from the mid-800s to the mid-1100s	23
6682024680	Taira-Minamoto War	a civil conflict that led to the Minamoto driving the Fujiwara from power and created a new form of government called the shogunate	24
6682024681	shogun	where the real political power rested during feudal Japan	25
6682024682	daimyo	noble warlords that the shogun shared power with and received control over parcels of land called shoen	26
6682024683	samurai	a warrior elite that were privileged but bound to a strict code of loyalty, honor, and bravery called Bushido	27
6682024684	Delhi Sultanate	a rule that was established by Muslim generals in northern India that lasted from 1206-1526, effectively introducing Islam to India	28
6682024685	Timur	a Central Asian warlord that attacked Delhi from the north and put massive pressure on the sultanate	29
6682024686	crusades	holy wars that were declared by the pope in Catholic Europe that were in an effort to recapture the holy land in Jerusalem	30
6682024687	Genghis Khan	the Mongol ruler who pillaged Eurasia and conquered many territories, creating one of the largest empires in world history	31
6682024688	pax Mongolica	the brief semi-unification of Eurasia during the 1200s	32
6682024689	Anasazi	the most famous early culture in Southwest North America that lived in complex dwellings known as pueblos	33
6682024690	Cahokia	a city established by the earth mound-building cultures of the Mississippian civilization	34
6682024691	Toltecs	an aggressive warrior society that ruled much of Mesoamerica between the 800s and the 1100s	35
6682024692	Aztecs	a major group in Mesoamerica that were known as the Mexica and adopted cultural and religious practices of pyramid building and human sacrifice	36
6682024693	Incas	an Andes people that built a massive empire in less than a century and had a road network, an elaborate bureaucracy, and extreme social stratification	37
6682024694	movable-type printing	one of the most revolutionary technology to come out of China that originated in the 200s C.E.	38
6682024695	Ibn Battuta	a Moroccan trader that made a pilgrimage to Mecca and embarked on a journey lasting almost 30 years venturing around Africa, Central Asia, and even as far as Indonesia	39
6682024696	medieval period	an era that was viewed as completely lacking in culture and was considered to be the "Dark Ages"	40
6682024697	scholasticism	the dominant philosophy of the Middle Ages that had thinkers reconcile Greco-Roman learning from the past with Christian teachings	41
6682024698	chivalry	the knightly duty to protect and idealize women	42
6682024699	movable-type printing press	an invention by Johannes Gutenberg that stimulated a growth in literacy and made it more available	43
6682024700	Renaissance	a cultural rebirth prominent in Italy that caused significant advancements in art, literature, architecture, and science	44
6682024701	humanism	the conviction that to be a human is something to rejoice in	45
6682024702	"people of the book"	people who believe in a single God, specifically Christians and Jews that were acknowledged by Muslims	46
6682024703	Five Pillars of Faith	five pillars that Muslims must stay dedicated to no matter what	47
6682024704	umma	a political and social community linked by religious belief	48
6682024705	Neo-Confucianism	a revival of Confucius's teachings that reinforced China's cultural tendency towards hierarchy and obedience	49
6682024706	specialization of labor	a structured labor that created a need for artisans, manual laborers, and a growing number of others	50
6682024707	caste systems	a class system prominent in India that had specific people with specific roles assigned into a class	51
6682024708	guilds	associations that had artisans and skilled workers band together and maintain a monopoly on certain trades	52
6682024709	slavery	a form of coerced labor that was especially prominent in Africa with the Arab slave trade	53
6682024710	devshirme system	a system established by the Ottoman Turks that took young men from non-Muslim families and groomed them to serve as privileged slaves in civil service	54
6682024711	mit'a system	a form of coerced labor in the Americas that had commoner clans known as ayllu cooperate to fulfill the labor obligations they owed	55

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AP World History Flashcards

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5472578032	Song	Following The Tang A Time Of Social And Economic Change And A Technological Advance	0
5472585605	Grand Canal	Designed To Link The Original Centers Of Chinese Civilizations In North China Plain With The Yangtze River	1
5472589240	Junks	The Best Ships At The Time Equipped With Watertight Bulkheads, Sternpost Rudders, Oars, Sails, Compasses, Bamboo Ferders, And Gunpowder Propelled Rockets	2
5472600579	Neo-Confucianism	Revivers Of Ancient Confucian Teachings	3
5472608871	Flying Money	Credit Vouchers For Reimbursement At The Appropriate Office In The City Of Destination	4
5472611616	Champa Rice	Quick-maturing Rice That Can Allow Two Harvests In One Growing Season	5
5472615953	Hangzhou	Late Song Capital Known For It's Size, Beauty, And Sophistication	6
5472619953	Foot-Binding	A Painful Process Of Binding A Women's Foot To Prevent Growth Of A Big Foot	7
5472625129	Taika Reforms	A Set Of Doctrines Established By Emperor Kotoku	8
5472627784	Bushi	Warrior Leaders Who Administered Law, Supervised Public Work Projects, And Collected Revenue	9
5472632215	Samurai	Mounted Troops Loyal To The Local Lords Not The Court Or High Aristocratic Officials. Very Skilled In Combat	10
5472637804	Daimyo	Name Of The Warlord Rulers When Japan Divided Into Nearly 300 Little Kingdoms	11
5472643708	Shoguns	Military Leaders Of The Bakufu	12
5472645503	Sinification	Process Where Non-Han Chinese Societies Came Under The Influence Of Han Chinese State And Society	13
5472650147	Trung Sisters	Children Of A Deposed Local Leader Led Uprisings	14
5472653777	Zen Buddhism	A Form Of Buddhism That Stresses Simplicity And Discipline	15
5472659459	Swahili Coast	Coastal Area In Southeast Africa Inhabited By The Swahili People	16
5472665215	Slavery In The Sudanic States	Slaves Used For Trade And Work In The Sudanic States	17
5472669152	Ibn Battuta	Muslim Scholar And Traveler Known For His Journeys	18
5472671326	Mansa Musa in Mali	Emperor Of Mali Empire During The 14th Century	19
5472674251	Tang	An Imperial Dynasty That Unified China. Began 618 Ended In 907	20
5472678389	The Bubonic Plague	Deadly Disease That Spread Through Europe And Killed Millions	21
5472683400	Crusades	Medieval Expedition By Europeans To Recover The Holy Land From Muslims	22
5472690599	Nica Revolts	Devastating Riot In Early Medieval Constantinople That Threatened Justinian	23
5472695826	Corvee'	A Day's Unpaid Labor Owed By A Vassal To His Feudal Land	24
5472701160	Hanseatic League	Powerful Economic And Defense Alliance That Left A Great Cultural And Architectural Heritage	25
5472706348	Guilds	Medieval Association Of Craftsman Or Merchants	26
5472711207	Silkworms	Imported From China To Help Trade On Silk Roads	27
5472713169	Justinian And Theodora	Justinian Was One Of The First Emperors Of The Byzantine Emperors Of The Byzantine Empire And Theodora Was His Wife And Queen Of The Byzantine Empire	28
5472720311	Constantinople	Capital For Roman And Byzantine Empire	29
5472722853	Hagia Sophia	A Huge Church Known As A Wonder Of The Christian World	30
5472725189	Venice	City In Northeastern Italy	31
5472728057	Charlemagne	Carolingian Ruler Who Established A Substantial Empire In France And Germany	32
5472732557	Gunpowder	A Powder Used For Explosives	33
5472735835	Byzantine Empire	An Empire That Formed From The Remains Of The Byzantine Empire	34
5472737656	Viking Long Ships	Medieval Ship Used By Vikings Able To Use On And Off Land	35
5472741438	Novgorod	City In The Russian Federation In Europe	36
5472743838	Feudalism	A System Where People Worked And Fought For Nobles Who Gave Them Protection And Land	37
5472747042	Three Field System	A Third Of Land Was Left Not Planted Each Year To Regain Fertality	38
5472752722	Serfdom	Peasants Under Feudalism, A Bondage Which Developed In Middle Ages	39
5472758058	Bantu	Grouping Of Many Languages	40
5472760167	Malacca	City That Caused Lots Of Trade	41
5472762843	Harem And Veil	Wearing A Veil And Being Hidden For Islamic Women	42
5472766493	Islamic Achievements In Science	Anatomy And Medicine Were Key Parts Of Islamic Of Science In Islam	43
5472769072	Seljuk Turks	Major Branch Of The Turks Who Ruled Parts Of Central Asia And Middle East	44
5472774349	Saladin	Muslim Military And Political Leader That Led Islamic Forces During The Crusades	45
5472778034	Ottoman Empire	Turkish Empire Founded About 1300	46
5472780892	Sufis	A Muslim Mystic	47
5472783296	Khadija	The First Wife Of Muhammad	48
5472784901	Muhammad	The Arab Founder Of Islam	49
5472786162	Mecca And Medina	Mecca Is Muhammad's Birthplace And Medina Is His Resting Spot	50
5472789898	Abbasid Empire	Second Of The Two Great Dynasties Of Muslim Empire	51
5472794493	Umayyad Empire	The First Great Muslim Dynasty	52
5472796105	Shi'a	One Of The Two Main Branches Of Islam, In Iran	53
5472850388	Sunni	One Of The Two Main Branches Of Islam	54
5472854815	Caliph: Caliphate	The Chief Muslim Civil And Religious Ruler	55
5472856732	Bedouin	Nomadic Arab Of The Desert	56
5472858225	Quran	Islamic Sacred Book, Muhammad Was Told Through God	57
5472864060	Islam	Religion Of The Muslims, Monotheistic	58
5472868102	Civilization	Advanced State Of Human Society, High Level Has Been Reached	59
5472869810	Patriachalism	Absolute Power To Ruler	60
5472878199	Polytheism	The Belief In Or Worship Of More Than One God	61
5472880230	Monotheism	The Belief In Only One God	62
5472882975	Pastoralism	Branch Of Agriculture Concerned With Raising Livestock	63
5472888407	Hammurabi's Law Code	Established Rules That Regulated Property Rights And The Duties Of The Family Members In Mesopotamia	64
5472894392	Neolithic Revolution	A "Revolution" That Took Place Over 1000 Years Changing Agriculture	65
5472899470	Timur-I Lang (Tamerlane)	Leader Of The Turks Known As A Barbaric And Nomadic Group	66
5472902389	Kublai Khan And Chabi	Kublai Khan Was One Of Genghis Khan's Grandsons And Chabi Was Kublai Khan's Wife	67
5472908490	Golden Horde	The Army Of Mongol Tartars That Overran Eastern Europe In The 13th Century	68
5472911296	Karakorum	New Capital Of The Mongols	69
5472912040	Mamluks	Turkic Military Slaves Who Formed Part Of The Army Of The Abbasid Caliphate	70
5472914399	Tumens	Basic Fighting Units Made Of 10,000 Warriors	71
5472920323	Genghis (Chinggis) Khan	Founder Of The Mongol Empire That Controlled One Of The Biggest Empires In Mankind	72
5502971088	Renaissance	Cultural And Political Movement In Italy	73
5502971704	Prince Henry The Navigator	Prince Of Portugal Who Sponsored About A Third Of Portuguese Voyages	74
5502971705	Ottoman Empire	A Former Turkish Empire Founded About 1300 By Osman	75
5502972401	Humanism	Outlook Or System Of Thought Attaching Importance To Humans Rather Than Divine Or Supernatural Matters	76
5502972402	Secularization	Historical Process In Which Religion Loses Social And Cultural Significance	77
5502973703	Ethnocentrism	Evaluation Of Other Cultures For An Idea For Standards And Customs Of One Own Culture	78
5502982638	Ming Dynasty	Major Dynasty In China That Ruled From The Mid-Fourteenth To Mid-Seventeenth Century	79

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AP Language Vocab 7 Flashcards

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7608973504	austere (adj)	morally stern, strict	0
7608973505	chimerical (adj)	imaginary; fantastic	1
7608973506	cognizant (adj)	aware	2
7608973507	commodious (adj)	roomy, spacious	3
7608973508	deride (v)	to ridicule, insult someone or something	4
7608973509	disburse (v)	to pay out	5
7608973510	discursive (adj)	wandering from one topic to another; rambling; digressive	6
7608973511	doleful (adj)	sad; dreary	7
7608973512	environmental (adj)	caused by exposure to external substances	8
7608973513	ephemeral (adj)	lasting a very short time	9
7608973514	implacable (adj)	relentless; not capable of being pacified or appeased	10
7608973515	levity (n)	lightness of approach	11
7608973516	munificent (adj)	very generous	12
7608973517	paltry (adj)	small amount	13
7608973518	proffer (v)	hold out (something) to someone for acceptance; offer	14
7608973519	prognostic (n)	a forecast, prediction; prophecy	15
7608973520	recondite (adj)	hidden	16
7608973521	retroactive (adj)	relating or applying to things that have happened in the past	17
7608973522	rotund (adj)	(of a person) plump	18
7608973523	syndicate (n)	a gathering of people with a common interest	19
7608973524	temerity (n)	rashness, boldness; overly confident	20
7608973525	tenable (adj)	capable of being held or defended	21
7608973526	timorous (adj)	timid; fearful	22
7608973527	virulent (adj)	(of a disease or poison) extremely severe or harmful in its effects; destructive course	23
7608973528	vivacious (adj)	lively	24

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AP World History: China Flashcards

Ch2 Classical Civilization China World history

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3431357004	1. Describe the stages in Chinese dynastic cycle. (dynasty)	family that passed imperial title from generation to generation. When dynasty grew weaker & tax revenues declined>social divisions>internal rebellions &sometimes invasions. As ruling dynasty declined, another emerged, usually from family of a successful general, invader, or peasant rebel & pattern would repeat. Many Chinese view history in terms of cycles, in contrast to Western view of steady progress from past to present.	0
3431357005	2. Describe the political structure of the Zhou dynasty (1029-258 B.C.E.) that displaced the Shang rulers.	The Zhou didn't establish a powerful government; ruled through alliances with regional princes /noble families. Rulers couldn't control territories directly>gave regional estates to members of their families & other supporters who were to provide central government with troops & tax revenues. = China's feudal period:rulers depending on network of loyalties & obligations to & from their landlord-vassals.	1
3431357006	3. What caused the decline of the Zhou?	regional land-owning aristocrats increased their power base/disre¬garded central govt.	2
3431357007	4. Identify/significance: Middle Kingdom	Zhou extended territory of China- took Yangtze River valley from Huanghe R. to Yangtze R. =China's core— the "Middle Kingdom." >wheat-growing in north, rice-grow¬ing in south>pop. growth. Communication/transport from capital to out-lying regions difficult>>Zhou relied so heavily on loyalty of regional supporters.	3
3431357008	5. Identify/significance: Mandate of Heaven (Sons of Heaven)	Zhou rulers claimed direct links to Shang rulers & asserted heaven had transferred its mandate to rule China to Zhou emperors =key justification for Chinese imperial rule from Zhou onward. These "Sons of Heaven" lived in world of awe-inspiring pomp/ceremony.	4
3431357009	6. How did the Zhou provide greater cultural unity in their empire?	promoted linguistic unity>> standard spoken language (Mandarin Chinese) in Middle Kingdom =largest single group of people speaking same language in world at this time. Regional dialects/languages remained; educated officials began to rely on Mandarin. Oral epics/stories in Chi¬nese> gradually recorded in written form>development of common culture.	5
3431357010	7. Identify/significance: Confucius	During late 6th/early 5th centuries B.C.E., Confucius wrote statement on political ethics= core of China's distinctive philo¬sophical heritage. Other writers/religious leaders participated in this great period of cultural creativity>>which later =set of central beliefs throughout Middle Kingdom.	6
3431357011	8. Identify/significance: Era of the Warring States	Regional rulers formed independent armies reduc¬ing emperors to little more than figureheads. Between 402 -201 B.C.E. (Era of the Warring States) the Zhou system disintegrated.	7
3431357012	9. Identify/significance: Shih Huangdi (Qin)	regional ruler who deposed last Zhou emperor & made himself ruler of China. He took the title Qin Shi Huangdi, or First Emperor. The dynastic name, Qin >conferred on whole country=China.	8
3431357013	10. Describe the policies and achievements of Shih Huangdi in the Qin Dynasty. (Great Wall)	Shi Huangdi =brutal,effective ruler amid internal disorder. China's problem= regional power of aristocrats. He ordered nobles to leave their regions & appear at his court>he took control of their estates. China was organized into large provinces ruled by bureaucrats appointed by emperor Shi Huangdi. He chose officials from nonaristocratic groups so they would owe their power to & not develop independent bases. His power¬ful armies crushed regional resistance. To guard against barbarian invasions, Shi Huangdi built a Great Wall, extending over 3000 miles & wide enough for chariots= largest construction project in human history; built by forced labor from the peasantry.	9
3431357014	11. Describe the innovations in Chinese politics and culture during the Qin dynasty.	Shi Huangdi ordered national census= calculation of tax revenues/labor service. Govt. standardized coinage, weights, mea¬sures: length of cart axles regulated to=road planning. Made Chinese written script uniform=basic language for all educated Chinese. Qin sponsored new irrigation pro¬jects; promoted manufacturing, especially silk. Qin burned many books because thinking=subversive to Shi Huangdi's autocratic rule.	10
3431357015	12. Explain why the Qin dynasty ended.	Shi Huangdi's attacks on intellectuals, high taxes to support military expansion, construction of Great Wall, made him unpopular. On his death in 210 B.C.E. massive revolts organized by peasants broke out. One peasant leader defeated other opponents; in 202 B.C.E. established the Han dynasty.	11
3431357016	13. Describe the characteristics and achievements of Han Dynasty (202 B.C.E.-202 C.E.)	Han rulers kept cen¬tralized administration of Qin but reduced brutal repression. Early Han rulers expanded Chinese territory, pushing into Korea, Indochina, central Asia. Expansion >direct contact with India & contact with Parthian Empire Middle East, through which trade with Roman Empire around Mediterranean was conducted.	12
3431357017	14. Identify/significance: Wu Ti	Han ruler, Wu Ti (140—87 B.C.E.), enforced peace throughout much of Asia, similar the peace Roman Empire would bring to Mediterranean region a hundred years later, but including even more terri¬tory & far larger population. Peace brought great prosperity to China.	13
3431357018	15. Describe the state bureaucracy and government under the Han Dynasty.	state bureaucracy improved & government linked to formal training that emphasized values of Confucian philosophy. Reversing Qin dynasty's policies, Wu Ti urged support for Confucianism= vital supplement to formal measures by government.	14
3431357019	16. Explain why Han rule declined.	Han rule declined after two centuries. Central control weakened, invasions from central Asia, led by a nomadic people called the Huns, who had long threatened China's northern borders, overturned dynasty entirely. Between 220-589 C.E., China=state of chaos. Order/stability finally restored, but classical/formative period of Chinese civilization had ended. Well before But, China had established distinctive political structures & cultural values that would allow it to survive three centuries of confusion.	15
3431357020	II. Political Institutions	...	16
3431357021	17. Describe the distinctive and successful kind of government established by the Qin and Han governments.	Qin stressed central authority; Han expanded bureaucracy. Structure of this govt.= how vast territory could be ruled ( largest polit¬ical system in classical world). This structure would change after classical period in terms of streamlining/expanding bureaucratic systems but it never required fun¬damental overhaul.	17
3431357022	18. Describe the key elements of the political framework that emerged in China's classical period.	One difference between classical civilizations & river-valley civilizations was that in classical civilizations political organizations were more complex, but strong local units never disap¬peared. China relied on tightly knit patriarchal fami¬lies linked to other relatives in extended family networks- brothers, uncles & any living grandparents. In wealthy land-owning groups, family authority enhanced by practice of ancestor worship; it was less common among ordinary peasants. Village authority surpassed family rule; village leaders helped farming families regulate property, coordinate planting/harvesting. During Zhou dynasty(& in later periods when dynasties weakened)regional power of great landlords played an important role at the village level; landed nobles pro¬vided courts of justice & organized military troops	18
3431357023	19. How did Shih Huangdi strengthen central government?	Shi Huangdi attacked local rulers & provided single law code & uni¬form tax system. He appointed governors to each district to exercise military & legal powers in name of emperor. They, in turn, named officials responsible for smaller regions=classic model of centralized government that other societies would copy in later times:establishment of centralized codes & appointment of officials directly by a central authority, rather than reliance on many existing local governments. Also appointed ministers to deal with finance, jus¬tice, military affair etc. .	19
3431357024	20. Explain how the Han Dynasty created a strong bureaucracy.	Rulers of Han also attacked local warrior-landlords; created large, skilled bureaucracy to carry out duties of state. By end of Han period, China = 130,000 bureaucrats=0.2% of pop. Wu Ti established examinations for bureaucrats=first example of civil service tests=covered classics of Chinese liter¬ature & law> model of scholar-bureaucrat that would later become important element of China's political tradition. Wu Ti established school to train men of tal-ent/ability for national examinations; most drawn from landed upper classes,who alone had time to learn complex system of Chinese characters; individu¬als from lower ranks of society were sometimes recruited under this system> slight check on complete upper-class rule; tended to limit arbitrary power by emperor. Trained /experienced bureaucrats could often control whims of single ruler. Chinese bureaucracy lasted from Han period until 20th century. .	20
3431357025	21. List the functions of government that emerged in the classical period in China.	Gov¬t.ran military & judicial systems. Mil¬itary activity fluctuated-China didn't depend on steady expansion. Judi¬cial matters commanded more attention by local government authorities. Govt. organized research in astronomy & mainte¬nance of historical records. Under Han rulers govt. played major role in promoting Confu¬cian philosophy as official statement of Chinese val¬ues & in encouraging worship of Confucius himself. The Han developed a sense of mission as primary keeper of Chinese beliefs. Imperial government also active in economy>directly organized production of iron & salt. Its standardization of currency, weights, measures facilitated trade throughout empire. The government sponsored public works: complex irrigation & canal sys¬tems. Han rulers tried to regulate agricultural supplies by storing grain/rice in good times to control price increases & potential popular unrest when harvests were bad.	21
3431357026	22. Explain how far the power of the Chinese government was able to reach.	Its system of courts was backed by strict law code; torture & execution widely used to supplement preaching of obedience & civic virtue. Cen¬tral government taxed its subjects & required annual labor on part of every male peas¬ant in building canals, roads, palaces. No other government had organization/staff to reach ordinary people so directly until modern times, except in much smaller political units such as city-states.	22
3431357027	23. Why was the structure of Chinese government able to endure?	power & authority it commanded in eyes of ordi¬nary Chinese people help explain why its structure survived decline, invasion & even rebellion for so many centuries. Invaders like Huns might topple a dynasty, but couldn't devise a better system to run the country, so the system & its bureau¬cratic administrators endured.	23
3431357028	III. Religion and Culture	...	24
3431357029	24. Describe the Chinese way of viewing the world that developed during the classical period.	Upper-class cultural values emphasized good life on earth & virtues of obedience to the state, more than speculations about God & mysteries of heaven. Chinese tolerated/ combined various beliefs, so long as they did not contradict basic political loyalties.	25
3431357030	25. What beliefs did the Zhou rulers stress?	maintained belief in a god/ gods, but little attentio given to nature of a deity. Leaders stressed a harmonious earthly life, which would maintain balance between earth & heaven.	26
3431357031	26. In what ways did the Chinese upper class seek and express harmony?	rituals to unify society & prevent individual excess. Upper class people trained in elaborate exercises & military skills;ceremonies venerating ancestors; use of chopsticks began at end of Zhou dynasty=encouraged politeness at meals. Soon, tea introduced, but most elaborate tea-drinking rituals developed later.	27
3431357032	27. Describe the ideas and teachings of Confucius. (Analects)	If people could be taught to emphasize personal virtue (including reverence for tradi¬tion) a solid political life would naturally result. Confucian virtues stressed respect for one's social superiors— fathers/husbands as leaders of family; emphasis on proper hierar¬chy balanced by insistence that society's leaders behave modestly & shun abusive powers & treat people who were in their charge courteousl. Moderation in behavior, veneration of custom/ritual, love of wisdom should characterize leaders of society at all levels."In an age of good government, men in high stations give preference to men of ability and give opportunity to those who are below them..."	28
3431357033	28. According to Confucius, how should rulers and subordinates act?	emphasized virtuous behavior by ruler & ruled. Only a man who demonstrated proper family virtues, including respect for parents & compassion for children should be considered for political service. He emphasized personal restraint & socialization of children. Subordinates show obedience & respect; people should know their place, even under bad rulers. He urged political system to make education accessible to all tal¬ented/intelligent people. Rulers should be humble/sincere; people will grow rebellious under hypocrisy/arrogance. He warned against greed in leadership.	29
3431357034	29. Describe Legalism.	rejected Confu¬cian virtues in favor of authoritarian state that ruled by force. Human nature =evil & required restraint /discipline. The army should control & people should labor. Legalism never won widespread approval, but it entered political tradi¬tions of China, where a Confucian veneer was often combined with strong-arm tactics.	30
3431357035	30. Explain the effects of Confucianism on peasants.	Most peasants needed more than civic virtue to understand/survive their harsh life. During most of the classical period, polytheistic beliefs, focusing on spirits of nature, persisted. Many tried to attract blessing of spirits by creating statues, emblems, household decorations honoring spirits,& holding parades/ family ceremonies. A belief in symbolic power of dragons came from a popular religion= combined fear of these creatures with more playful sense of their activities in its courtship of divine forces of nature. Gradually, ongoing rites among ordinary masses integrated Confucian values urged by upper classes.	31
3431357036	31. Describe Daoism. (Laozi)	It embraced tradi¬tional Chinese beliefs in nature's harmony & added sense of nature's mystery=spiritual alternative to Confucianism. Daoism= vital for Chinese civilization but not exported. 5th century B.C.E. Laozi said nature contains divine impulse that directs all life. Human understanding comes in withdrawing from world & contemplating life force. Dao= "the way of nature" Along with secret rituals, Daoism promoted its own set of ethics. Daoist harmony with nature best resulted through humility/frugal living. Political activity& learning were irrelevant to a good life, & general conditions in world=little importance.	32
3431357037	32. Why was Daoism able to co-exist with Confucianism?	Daoism would join with strong Bud¬dhist influence from India during chaos that fol¬lowed collapse of Han dynasty; guaranteed China's people would not be united by a single religious or philosophical system. Individuals embraced elements from both Daoism &Confucianism; many emperors favored Daoism& accepted its spread because some found solace in Daoist belief & because its otherworldly emphasis posed no real political threat. Confucian scholars disagreed vigorously with Daoist thinking (myster¬ies/magic), but saw little reason to challenge its influence. Daoism provided many Chinese with ceremonies to promote harmony with mysterious life force. Chinese govt from Han dynasty onward was able to persuade Daoist priests to include expressions of loyalty to emperor in temple services>heightened Daoism's political compatibility with Confucianism	33
3431357038	33. Identify/significance: Five Classics	written in early Zhou dynasty; edited in time of Confucius= important tradition; used as basis for civil ser¬vice examinations; included historical treatises, speeches, discussion of etiquette/ceremonies. The Classic of Songs =300 poems dealing with love, joy, politics, fam¬ily life. Chinese literary tradition devel¬oped on basis of mastering these early works, plus Confucian writing; each generation of writers found new meanings in the classical literature= expressed new ideas in a familiar framework.	34
3431357039	34. Describe the characteristics of Chinese literature in the classical period.	Poetry=particular attention because Chinese language featured melodic speech & vari¬ant pronunciations of the same basic soun. From classical period onward, ability to learn/recite poetry= mark of educated Chinese. Literary tradition in classical China reinforced Confucian emphasis on human life, but subjects included romance& sorrow as well as political values.	35
3431357040	35. Describe the characteristics of Chinese art in the classical period.	stressed careful detail/craftsmanship;reflected precision of symbols of Chinese writing. Calligraphy >art form. Artists painted, worked in bronze & pottery, carved jade & ivory & wove silk screens. Classical China=no monumental buildings-except for Great Wall & imperial palaces/tombs- because of absence of a single reli-gion; & entire tone of upper-class Confu¬cianism discouraged notion of temples soaring to heavens.	36
3431357041	36. Describe Chinese achievements in science and math during the classical period.	science stressed the practical not theoretical. Astronomers developed accurate calendar by 444 B.C.E., based on a year of 365.5 days. Later astronomers calculated movement Saturn&Jupiter; observed sunspots—more than 1500 years before Europe. Purpose of Chinese astronomy=make celestial events pre-dictable as part of ensuring har¬mony between heaven /earth. Scientists invented seismograph to register earthquakes in Han dynasty. Medical research> anatomical knowledge &studying principles of hygiene. Mathematics stressed practical. Daoism encouraged exploration of orderly processes of nature but more research focused on how things worked. This focus for science and mathematics contrasted with more abstract definition of science in clas¬sical Greece.	37
3431357042	IV. Economy and Society	...	38
3431357043	37. Describe the social structure in classical China.	By time of Zhou, main social division was between land-owning gentry (2% of pop.) & peasants, who provided dues/service to these lords while also controlling some of their own land. About the only thing the Chinses nobleman and peasant had in common was dependence on land as the basic economic resource. Chinese peas¬antry depended on intensive cooperation, in southern rice region; property usually owned/regulated by village or extended family. Beneath peasantry social structure included "mean" people who performed unskilled jobs & suffered from lowest status. Social sta¬tus passed from one generation to next through inheritance, but talented person from peasant background might be given access to education & rise in bureaucracy. Officially-3 main social groups:1. landowning aristocracy/educated bureau¬crats 2. laboring masses of peasants/urban artisans=much poorer & condemned to life of hard manual labor, sometimes worked directly on large estates but in other cases had some economic independence. 3. The "mean people"-those without meaningful skills. (Performing artists in this group despite upper classes enjoyment of plays/entertainment). Mean people punished for crime more harshly & required to wear green scarves. Household slaves also in class structure, but relatively few&China did not depend on slaves fo production.	39
3431357044	38. Explain why trade became increasingly important during the Zhou and particularly the Han dynasties.	Much trade focused on luxury items for upper class, produced by skilled artisans in cities—silks, jewelry, leather goods, furniture; food exchange between wheat&rice regions. Copper coins facilitated trade; merchants sponsored commercial visits to India. Trade/merchant class didn't =focal points of Chinese society;Confucian emphasis on learning/ political service= scorn for lives devoted to moneymaking. Gap between real importance & wealth of merchants & their officially low prestige= enduring legacy in Confucian China.	40
3431357045	39. Describe Chinese technological advances during the classical period.	Agricultural implements improved. Ox-drawn plows introduced 300 B.C.E.>greatly increased productivity. Under Han, new collar >draft animals pull plows/ wagons without chok¬ing (available to other parts of world many centuries later). Chinese iron mining=pulleys/winding gears. Iron tools & lamps widely used. Production methods in textiles&pottery =highly developed. Under Han 1st water-pow¬ered mills > gains in manufacturing. During Han, paper invented= boon to a system of gov¬ernment that emphasized bureaucracy. Classical China= far higher levels of technical expertise than Europe or western Asia in same period, a lead that it would long maintain.	41
3431357046	40. Explain the role of agriculture in classical China.	Farming technology> increase size of pop¬. in countryside; smaller land>support more families. China's agricultural base also >expansion of cities/manufacturing. Goods produced by arti¬sans in small shops/homes. Only minority of workforce involved manual methods>>output of tools, porcelain, textiles increased considerably, aided by interest in improving techniques.	42
3431357047	41. Describe the structure of family life in Chinese society.	resembled families in other agricultural civi¬lizations = importance of unity/ power of husbands/fathers. Stressed authority to unusual extremes: law courts didn't prosecute parents who injured/killed disobedient son; would severely punish child who scolded/attacked a parent. Emphasis on obedience to parents& wives' obedience to hus¬bands didn't>great friction. Pop¬ular culture stressed control of one's emotions; family seen as center of orderly hierarchy. Family= training ground for principles of author¬ity/restraint applied to larger social/ political world. Women=clearly defined roles&could sometimes gain power through sons & as mothers-in-law of younger women brought into household. Mother of Confucian philosopher, Mencius, said she had exerted considerable influence over him. Hier¬archical order for children: boys superior to girls & oldest son= most enviable position. Inheritance=pri¬mogeniture:oldest male child> inherit property & position.	43
3431357048	V. How Chinese Civilization Fits Together	...	44
3431357049	42. Why did Classical Chinese technology, religion, philosophy, and political structure evolve with very little outside contact?	Trade routes led to India & Middle East; most Chinese saw China as island of civilization sur¬rounded by barbarians with nothing to offer except threat of invasion. Proud of cul¬ture & its durability, Chinese had no need /desire to learn from other societies. Spread of Buddhism from India during/after Han decline= notable instance of cultural diffusion that altered China's religious map & artistic styles; but theme of unusual isolation developed in formative period of Chinese civilization>persistent in later world history.	45
3431357050	43. In what ways were the systems of government, belief, economy, and social structure closely meshed in classical China?	Centralized government/bureaucracy=clearest unity/focus to Chinese society; Confucianism=vital sup¬plement>> bureaucracy =trained corps with common ideals. Appreciation of distinctive artistic styles, poetry & literary tradition added to common culture. Political stability aided eco. growth & govt.= direct role in encouraging agriculture&industry> strong eco.> tax revenues. Eco. interests related to pragmatic Chinese view of science. Social relationships reinforced all; vision of stable hierar¬chy & tight family structure +strong impulse toward orderly politics instilled virtues of obedience/respect important to larger political system.	46
3431357051	VI. Global Connections	...	47
3431357052	44. Describe the Silk Roads and explain how it connected China and other regions.	China's silk >>valued in India, Middle East & Mediterranean. Trade in silk/luxury products> road network through central Asia =Silk Roads. During Han, Chinese govt. encouraged trade. Improved roads in China & Middle East, >>trade. Chinese emissary Zhang Qian traveled to western India. Most trade on Silk Roads carried by nomadic merchants; until well after the classical period no one trav¬eled all way between China & Mediterranean, but trade lively>attention to sea routes in Indian Ocean. Volume of Silk Road trade unknown, but gained attention in upper-class/government circles; it= initial framework on which global trad¬ing patterns would later elaborate.	48

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