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AP Psychology Treatment & Therapy Flashcards

9704622900	Insight Therapies	a type of psychotherapy in which the therapist helps their patient understand how their feelings, beliefs, actions, and events from the past are influencing their current mindset.	0
9704622901	Behavioral Therapies	A type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing or reducing the occurrence of some maladaptive behavior	1
9704622902	Bio-medical Therapies	Use a prescribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on the patient's nervous system	2
9704622903	Eclectic Approach	The type of treatment used will depend on the client's problems	3
9704622904	Psychoanalytic Therapy	Assumption: Problems stem from unconscious conflicts that usually date back to childhood experiences Aim: help patients gain insight into unconscious conflicts Evaluation: old, outdated, and lacks empirical evidence People: Freud	4
9704622905	Free Association	Patient lays on couch freely exposes thoughts, feelings, and mental images going on in their mind Therapist must encourage the flow of associations to provide clues to what the unconscious is hiding	5
9704622906	Dream Analysis	Patient describes the "manifest content" of the dream Therapist uncovers the "latent content" of the dream	6
9704622907	Transference	The patient projects or transfers unresolved conflicts and feelings onto the therapist (Could be love or hatred of a parent) Therapist helps patients gain insight by reliving painful past relationships	7
9704622908	Psychodynamic Therapy	Similarity to Psychoanalysis because they try to enhance self-insight by focusing on "unconscious forces" that and childhood experiences Differs from Psychoanalysis because they talk face to face and don't meet as much	8
9704622909	Humanistic Therapies	Assumption: Problems stem from obstacles that block personal growth and potential Aim: Focus on the present time (here and now) Evaluation: Unstructured, vague and subjective leaving it with little empirical proof People: Rogers	9
9704622910	Client Centered Therapy	Refer to people as "clients" and not patients Non-directive Approach where therapist listens without judgment and refrains from directing the client	10
9704622911	Unconditional Positive Regard	Important element of client centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers Blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what ether person says or does.	11
9704622912	Active Listening	involves echoing, restating and seeking clarification of what the client says and does, and acknowledging feelings	12
9704622913	Empathy	recognizing the clients feelings and reflecting it back to the client	13
9704622914	Behavioral Therapies (aka Behavior Modification)	Assumption: Problems stem from destructive behaviors Aim: Use learning principles to replace problem behaviors with constructive behaviors Evaluation: Effective but minimizes emotions People: Wolpe, Cover-Jones	14
9704622915	Counterconditioning	Using classical conditioning principles to create a new conditioned stimulus Includes exposure and aversive therapies	15
9704622916	Systematic Desensitization	Three Step Process: (1) learn progressive relaxation, (2) build an "anxiety hierarchy", (3) combine steps 1 and 2	16
9704622917	Flooding	A behavioral technique used to treat phobias in which the client is presented with the feared stimulus until the associated anxiety disappears.	17
9704622918	Bell and Pad Treatment	A behavior therapy technique used to treat nighttime bedwetting by conditioning arousal from sleep in response to bodily signals of a full bladder	18
9704622919	Aversive Conditioning	use of something unpleasant, or a punishment, to stop an unwanted behavior	19
9704622920	Token Economy	A system whereby participants earn generalized conditioned reinforcers (e.g., tokens, chips, points) as an immediate consequence for specific behaviors; participants accumulate tokens and exchange them for items and activities from a menu of backup reinforcers.	20
9704622921	Cognitive Therapies	Assumption:Faulty thoughts, such as negative self-talk and irrational beliefs, cause psychological problems Aims: change the faulty thoughts and replace with better ones Evaluation: Effective but minimizes emotions People: Ellis & Beck	21
9704622922	Rational Emotive therapy (RET) or Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)	Albert Ellis's cognitive therapy to eliminate emotional problems through the rational examination of irrational beliefs.	22
9704622923	Negative Cognitive Bias	Aaron Beck found depressed people consistently distort their experiences in a negative cognitive way	23
9704622924	Cognitive Behavioral Therpay	a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy	24
9704622925	Group Therapy	A group of 3-10 people meet to discuss similar problems, role play new behaviors, and receive instant feedback Evaluation: Effective (financially & psychologically) and people realize they are not alone in their problems	25
9704622926	Family Therapy	Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members hopes to identify unhealthy patterns and create new healthy rules & interactions Couples counseling is very similar	26
9704622927	Placebo Effect	Defined: you believe it works due to the power of the mind Clients' and therapists' believe the treatment will work and therefore it does	27
9704622928	Regression towards the mean	Defined: the tendency for unusual events (including emotions) to return to their average state Example: When things hit bottom, going to a therapist is more likely to be followed by improvement than by further descent.	28
9704622929	Meta Analysis	a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies	29
9704622930	Effective Therapies	No one therapy has been shown to be best in all cases but some therapies are better suited for particular disorders Most _________ __________ are when the problem is clear cut	30
9704622931	Evidence Based Practice	involves clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences. In short, available therapies are rigorously evaluated and then applied by clinicians who are mindful of their skills and of each patient's unique situation.	31
9704622932	Shared Elements of Therapy	Hope, New perspective, and an empathetic, caring relationship	32
9704622933	EMDR	therapist waves a finger inferno of the eyes of the client to unlock and reprocess previously frozen traumatic memories	33
9704622934	Light Exposure Therapy	a client is exposed to daily doses of light that mimics outdoor light used to fight against seasonal affective disorder (SAD)	34
9704622935	Psychopharmacology	Assumption: biological causes exists for the disorders or behaviors Aims: provide the right medication Evaluation: helpful but medicine cannot solve all problems	35
9704622936	Neuroleptics	prescription drugs used to reduce symptoms	36
9704622937	Tardive Dyskinesia	involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors	37
9704622938	Anti-Anxiety Drugs	How it works: treats anxiety by increasing the level of GABA and therefore depress the activity in the central nervous system Popular Drugs: Xanax, and Valium Negative Side Effects: addictive and only reduces symptoms in the short term	38
9704622939	Typical Anti-Psychotic Drugs	How it works: treat schizophrenic hallucinations and paranoia by reducing dopamine activity Popular Drugs: Thorazine Negative Side Effects: tardive dyskinesia	39
9704622940	Atypical Anti-Psychotic Drugs	How it works: treat all schizophrenic symptoms by blocking dopamine & serotonin Popular Drugs: Abilify Negative Side Effects: less harmful than typical ones	40
9704622941	Mood Stabilizing Drugs	How it works: used to treat bipolar disorder by stabilizing Glutamate levels in order to stabilize current and future moods Popular Drugs: Lithium & Depakote Negative Side Effects: small difference between appropriate and toxic dosage level	41
9704622942	SSRI	How it works: Treats depression by preventing the reuptake of serotonin Popular Drugs: Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil Advantages: milder side effects making it the most popular anti-depressant	42
9704622943	Lobotomy	A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.	43
9704622944	Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)	a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient	44
9704622945	repetitive Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)	performed on wide-awake patients where magnetic energy penetrates only to the brain's surface does not have the side effects of ECT	45
9704622946	BioPsychoSocial Approach to Treating Disorders	Using aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, anti-rumination, and nutritional supplements to fight and prevent psychological problems	46
9704622947	Preventing Mental Health Issues	1. Build Resilience: an ability to cope with stress and recover from adversity. 2. Build a loving, nuturing environment	47

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AP Stats-Chapter 7 Flashcards

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5794204569	parameter	Numerical description of a population characteristic	0
5794205760	statistic	Numerical description of a sample characteristic	1
5794207478	sampling variability	the value of a statistic varies in repeated random sampling	2
5794208034	sampling distribution	the distribution of values taken by the statistic in all possible samples of the same size from the same population	3
5794208781	unbiased estimator	The mean of its sampling distribution is equal to the true value of the parameter being estimated	4
5794218020	variability of a statistic	Described by the spread of its sampling distribution . This spread is determined by the sampling design and the size of the sample. Larger samples give smaller spread	5
5794223929	accurate	unbiased	6
5794223930	precise	low variability	7
5794225456	high bias, low variability	consistently miss the center in the same direction and data points are clustered tightly together off centered	8
5794227931	high bias, high variability	consistently miss the center in the same direction, data points are widely scattered off center	9
5794230690	low bias, low variability	consistently at or around the center and data points are clustered tightly together	10
5794233403	low bias, high variability	consistently at or around the center and data points are widely scattered around the center	11
5794239801	p-hat	sample proportion	12
5794251333	p	population proportion	13
5794252437	mean of sampling distribution of p-hat	equal to the population proportion p	14
5794254060	standard deviation of sampling distribution of p-hat	square root of (p(1-p)) divided by n	15
5794256672	10% condition	n ≤ (1/10)N, sample is smaller than 10% of population	16
5794260661	Large Counts Condition	np>=10 and n (1-p)>=10	17
5831340485	x-bar	sample mean	18
5831342336	mu	population mean	19
5831345265	mean of sampling distribution of x-bar	equal to the population mean, mu	20
5831346284	standard deviation of sampling distribution of x-bar	sigma divided by the square root of n	21
5831347370	Central Limit Theorem	if the population distribution is not Normal then THIS states x-bar will be an approximately Normal distribution if the sample size n is greater than or equal to 30.	22

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AP Euro Chapter 27 Flashcards

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9598957882	Totalitarianism	Radical dictatorship that takes control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of society and takes away the beliefs and behavior of its citizens	0
9598957883	Fascism	Movement characterized by expansionist nationalism, antisoicalism, a violent leader, and a glorificaton of war and the military.	1
9598957884	Eugenics	Selective Breeding of humans to "improve the general characteristics of society"	2
9598957885	Joseph Stalin	Dictator of the Soviet Union who installed a five year plan to turn the country into a communist society	3
9598957886	Five Year Plan	Stalin's plan to rapidly increase the production of agriculture and industrialization. The principle of collective farming was integrated and many people died of famine.	4
9598957887	Leon Trotsky	A contender in the struggle for power in the USSR after Lenin's death. He was beat out by Stalin.	5
9598957888	Socialism in one country	Stalin's argument that the Russian dominated USSR had the ability to build itself internally.	6
9598957889	Collectivization	The consolidation of individual peasant farms into large state controlled enterprises.	7
9598957890	Kulaks	The better-off peasants who weren't allowed to join collective farms. Many of them starved or were sent to labor camps for "re-education"	8
9598957891	Man-made famine in Ukraine	Mass starvation in Ukraine due to collective farming. 3.5 million people died.	9
9598957892	Stalinist Terror	Stalin started killing off some of his top executives. 16 "Old Bolsheviks" were caught conspiring against him and were executed. Many faithful union officials, managers, intellectuals, army officers, and ordinary citizens were accused of counter-revolutionary activities and 1-2 million people died.	10
9598957893	Mussolini	A socialist party leader and radical newspaper editor who urged Italy to join the Allies and was expelled. He started a gang of "Black Shirts" and slowly took over Italy by causing havoc and rose to power.	11
9598957894	Black Shirts	Mussolini's private militia that helped drive socialism out of Italy.	12
9598957895	Lateran Agreement	a 1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as a state with Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support in return for public support from the Pope.	13
9598957896	Nazism	A movement/political party that was driven by intense nationalism and racism, led by Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler used fascism to create this type of government based on totalitarian ideas and was used to unite Germany during the 1930s.	14
9598957897	Enabling Act	enabled Hitler to get rid of the Reichstag parliament and pass laws without reference to parliament.	15
9598957898	SA purge	The SS arrested and executed about 100 SA leaders and other political enemies.	16
9598957899	Heinrich Himmler	German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945)	17
9598957900	The SS	Hitler's elite security force that along with thousands of collaborators captured and executed millions during the war.	18
9598957901	Gestapo	German secret police	19
9598957902	Nuremberg Laws	1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.	20
9598957903	Kristallnacht	(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.	21
9598957904	Appeasement	A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler. Even though Hitler was not seen as a large threat, the allies appeased him because no one was anxious to have another world war, they believed Hitler could reach peace after he gained some land, and did not think uniting all German speaking people was unreasonable.	22
9598957905	Rome-Berlin Axis	the alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler)	23
9598957906	Spanish Civil War	In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.	24
9598957907	Francisco Franco	Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini	25
9598957908	Anshluss	Union of Austria and Germany	26
9598957909	Lebensraum	Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people	27
9598957910	Sudetenland	an area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler	28
9598957911	Nazi-Soviet non-aggression Pact	Hitler and Joseph Stalin agreed not to attack each other but divided Poland for an easy win, but Germany didn't keep true to their word and attacked Stalin later	29
9598957912	Poland Invasion	September 1, 1939; invasion made a week after the creation of the Nazi-Soviet Pact; 2 days later WWII started	30
9598957916	Hitler's New Order	included having the Nazis rule and use resources, enslave conquered people, and exterminate "undesirable elements" (Jews, gypsies, Slavs, homosexuals, disabled)	31
9598957931	New Economic Policy	Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private business and farming using markets instead of communist state ownership. His idea was that the Soviet state would just control "the commanding heights" of the economy like major industry, while allowing ordinary citizens to operate business and property ownership as normal. Joseph Stalin ended this in 1928 and replaced it with greater state ownership, collectivization, and a series of Five-Year Plans.	32
9598957932	Communism	A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.	33
9598957933	Ghettos	Sections of towns and cities in which Jews were forced to live.	34

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Mitosis (Pre-AP) Flashcards

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5490962168	Phrase to remember stages of mitosis	Purple Monsters Attacking Texas	0
5491033878	Stages of mitosis in order	prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase	1
5490952362	Image shows Anaphase	Which stage of mitosis does this image represent?	2
5490952363	Image shows Metaphase	Which stage of mitosis does this image represent?	3
5490952364	Image shows Prophase	Which stage of mitosis does this image represent?	4
5490952365	Image shows Telophase	Which stage of mitosis does this image represent?	5
5490952366	Prophase	Which stage of mitosis occurs before the stage that this image represents?	6
5490952367	Telophase	Which stage of mitosis occurs after the stage that this image represents?	7
5490952368	Anaphase	Which stage of mitosis occurs before the stage that this image represents?	8
5490952369	Metaphase	Which stage of mitosis occurs after the stage that this image represents?	9
5490952370	Interphase	Time period between cell divisions when the cell grows, DNA duplicates and preparation for mitosis occurs.	10
5490952371	Mitosis	Division of the nucleus	11
5490952372	Cytokinesis	Division of the cytoplasm and organelles	12
5490952373	Cell Cycle	What does this diagram represent?	13
5490952381	Parts of Interphase	G1 / S / G2	14
5490952376	G1 phase	Part of interphase. Cell does it's normal "job" while not dividing. Happens before DNA synthesis.	15
5491096380	S phase	Part of interphase. Synthesis phase. DNA is copied.	16
5490952377	G2 phase	Part of interphase. The gap, or growth phase consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.	17
5491111392	cell cycle checkpoint	A time where the cell checks to make sure it can go on to the next phase.	18
5491123792	G1 checkpoint	Cell makes sure conditions are right and that it's ready to begin copying DNA.	19
5491137329	G2 checkpoint	The cell checks to make sure the DNA has been copied correctly.	20
5490952378	metaphase checkpoint	Cell makes sure the chromosomes are properly attached to the spindle fibers	21
5490952379	Plant Cell Cytokinesis	Which type of cytokinesis? Plant or Animal	22
5490952380	Animal Cell Cytokinesis	Which type of cytokinesis? Plant or Animal	23
5490952387	What happens in Interphase?	Longest part of the cell cycle Chromosomes copied, appear as threadlike coils at the start, then each chromosome and its copy change to sister chromatids at the end of phase	24
5490952382	What happens in Prophase?	Nuclear membrane disappears / Chromatin condenses and thickens into chromosomes / Spindle fibers appear	25
5490952386	What happens in Metaphase	Chromosomes line up along the equator in the middle of the cell	26
5490952383	What happens in Anaphase?	The spindle fibers pull the chromatids apart and pull them to opposite poles. This gives rise to daughter chromosomes	27
5490952384	What happens in Telophase?	Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes / Spindle fibers disappear / Chromosomes return to there original, uncondensed chromatin form	28
5490952385	What does mitosis produce?	Two identical daughter cells	29
5490952393	centromere	Most condensed region of a chromosome; where spindle fiber attached during mitosis	30
5490952395	spindle fibers	Special microtubules made of proteins, act like strings, connecting to centromeres and pulling apart chromosomes	31
5490952396	sister chromatids	two identical strands of the same chromosomes	32
5490952397	chromosome	A tightly wound bundle of DNA. This is how DNA is stored in the cell's nucleus.	33
5490952398	centriole	Where the microtubules of the spindle originate during mitosis in both plant and animal cells.	34
5490952399	chromatin	DNA coiled around histone proteins (loose in the nucleus)	35
5490952400	cell plate	Line that forms in plant cells during cytokinesis	36
5490952401	cleavage furrow	A line formed in animal cells during cytokinesis as cells split apart.	37
5490952402	somatic cells	Body cells. Everything but sperm and egg. The type of cells mitosis occurs in.	38

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AP Government Tinoco Flashcards

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6973869509	Conservative	Status Quo, the way things are, less Government involvement	0
6973869510	Moderate	Middle of Conservative and Liberal	1
6973869511	Liberal	Promote Social change with more Government involvement	2
6973869512	Radical	Resorts to extreme methods to bring about change.	3
6973869513	Political Spectrum	Tool used to visually compare different political positions by placing them on one or more axis.	4
6973869516	Parliamentary Government	Executive are members of the legislative branch	5
6973869517	Presidential Governemt	Separates Power between executive/legislative	6
6973869519	Representative Democracy	People represented through elected officials.	7
6973869520	Sovereign State	Body of people living in a defined territory, having power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority.	8
6973913380	Sovereignty	Absolute power to rule	9
6973869521	Monarchy	Power in the hands of royalty	10
6973869522	Dictatorship	Ruled by a single leader not elected.	11
6973869523	Military Dictatorship	Army is in control	12
6973869524	Theocracy	Religious based Government	13
6973869525	Public Policies	All laws and mandates government decides to do in the interest of protecting its people and proper function of government	14
6973869529	Divine Right Theory	State created by God and those of royal birth have a divine right to rule.	15
6973869531	Social Contract Theory	People give up some rights in order to be ruled and protected by government	16
6973869532	Confederate	An alliance of independent states	17
6973869533	Federal	Power is divided between a central gov't and several local gov't.	18
6973869534	State of Nature	Thomas Hobbes- Humans in constant state of war and strife	19
6973869535	Unitary System of Government	All power belongs to one level of government	20
6973869537	Politics	Activities related to governance and its parties of a country	21
6973869538	Democracy	Government elected by the people. Determine either directly or through elected Reps.	22
6973869539	Direct Democracy	People vote Directly on every issue	23
6973869540	Democrats	Generally liberal	24
6973869541	Republicans	Generally Conservatives	25
6973869558	Two- Party System	A system where two major political parties dominate politics within a government	26
6973869559	Third party	Any political party that is not one of the two major parties in a two-party system	27
6973869570	Second Continental Congress	In 1775, each of the 13 colonies sent representatives to this gathering in Philadelphia. The Second Continental Congress served as the first government of the United States from 1776 to 1781.	28
6973869571	Declaration of Independence	July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. Between 1776 and 1777, most of the States adopted constitutions instead of charters.	29
6973869573	Popular Sovereignty	The people hold power and the people are sovereign.	30
6973997021	Consent of the Governed	Government only has power if its people agree to be governed	31
6973869574	Limited Government	Little to no interference of government in daily life, business	32
6973869576	Separation of Powers	Government divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.	33
6974022439	Checks and Balances	Each branch's power checks (restrain the actions of) the other branches of the government.	34
6973869577	Articles of Confederation	Approved November 15, 1777 Est. "a firm league of friendship" between the states Needed the ratification of the 13 states March 1, 1781 Second Continental Congress declared the Articles effective	35
6973869578	Structure of Constitution	3 parts; the preamble, the articles(7), and the amendments (27)	36
6973869579	The Preamble	Intro, explains purpose of Constitution and purpose of government	37
6973869580	Article I	establishes legislative branch	38
6973869581	Article II	creates an executive branch	39
6973869582	Article III	creates judicial branch	40
6973869583	Article IV	explains the relationship of the states to one another and to the national government	41
6973869584	Article V	how the Constitution can be amended	42
6973869585	Article VI	Supremacy clause	43
6973869586	Article VII	Says that 9 states are needed to ratify the Constitution	44
6974039266	Supremacy clause	Federal law shall be the "supreme law of the land" over state and local law	45
6973869672	Bill of Rights	First ten amendments to the US Constitution	46
6973869591	Popular Vote	the popular vote winner may not win the electoral college; for example: small-state bias caused by each state getting at least three electoral votes regardless of its size	47
6973869594	Three-Fifths Compromise	All "free persons" will be counted; 3/5 of all other persons Southerners could count slaves but had to pay taxes on them	48
6973869595	Judicial Review	power of courts to say that laws and actions of govt are invalid bc they conflict w the constitution's principles	49
6973869599	Constitutional Convention	Mid-February of 1787 meeting of all thirteen States, which eventually became the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.	50
6973869668	Federalist	a person who advocates or supports a system of government in which several states unite under a central authority	51
6973869669	Anti-federalist	somebody who opposed the U.S. Constitution when it was being drawn up	52
10096926978	Free Rider Problem	Nonparticipants receive benefits from other's efforts	53
10097191305	(Special) Interest Groups	Group of people with shared concern over political issue that raise money for campaign donations to favored candidates and lobby to influence public policy	54
10097231304	Political Action Committee (PAC, SuperPAC)	an organization that raises money privately to influence elections or legislation, especially at the federal level	55
10097277680	Lobbying	seek to influence (a politician or public official) on an issue	56

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AP Psychology Personality Flashcards

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6359355579	Sigmund Freud	Founder of psychoanalysis Originally a medical doctor and found that his patients were suffering from an illness with psycho-logical causes This led him to develop theories of the unconscious mind, psycho-sexual development and Psychoanalysis	0
6359355580	Psychoanalytic Theory	Psychologist: Sigmund Freud Behavior is due to unconscious motives and conflicts Early childhood experiences determine personality	1
6359355581	Unconscious Mind	-foundation for the psychoanalytic theory -controls the phenomena of repressed feelings, automatic skills, subliminal perceptions, thoughts, habits and automatic reactions as well as possibly holding emotional complexes, phobias and desires.	2
6359355582	Id	located in the unconscious present at birth Ruled by the "Pleasure Principle" and has no values, morality, or logic (animal instincts)	3
6359355583	Ego	located in both conscious, & unconscious Developed after birth, the self Ruled by the "Reality Principle" and balances the id and superego by being organized, rational, and postponing gratification	4
6359355584	SuperEgo	located in both conscious, & unconscious developed by age 5 Ruled by the "Morality Principle" and is the opposite of the Id because it is the internal, parental voice with rules and values	5
6359355585	Free Association	A technique used to access the unconscious patient freely exposes his/her ideas, impressions, etc.	6
6359355586	Freudian Slips	Slips of the tongue that expose the unconscious	7
6359355587	Psychosexual Development	- sequential and discontinuous stages with changing erogenous zone and conflict in each stage if conflict is not successful resolved, the result is fixation O.A.P.L.G (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital)	8
6359355588	Oral stage	Age: 0-1 Erogenous Zone: Mouth Task: Oral Activities (sucking, chewing, biting, etc) Fixation: Smoking, Over-eating	9
6359355589	Anal stage	Age: 1-3 Erogenous Zone: Anus Task: Potty Training Fixation: Anal retentive or Anal Expulsive	10
6359355590	Latency stage	Age: 6 to puberty Erogenous Zone: None Task: develop relationships with same sex peers to strengthen gender identity Fixation: doesn't occur at this stage	11
6359355591	Phallic stage	Age: 3-5 Erogenous Zone: Genitals Task: Gender Identity Fixation: Narcissism, Homosexuality	12
6359355592	Genital stage	Age: Puberty to death Erogenous Zone: Genitals Task: Find a hetero-sexual relationship Fixation: doesn't occur at this stage but old conflicts will arise	13
6359355593	Penis Envy	Freudian theory that girls become upset and scarred because because they don't have a penis and a penis is a key to being successful. Phallic Stage	14
6359355594	Electra Complex	girls sexually desire dad and hate mom but need to resolve this in order to develop a gender identity Phallic Stage of Psycho-sexual Development	15
6359355595	Oedipus Complex	boys sexually desire mom and hate dad but need to resolve this in order to develop a gender identity Phallic Stage of Psycho-sexual Development	16
6359355596	Defense mechanisms	- extreme measures protect the ego from threats; operate unconsciously and deny, falsify, or distinct reality - not successful coping strategies because they do not remove stressors	17
6359355597	Neo-Freudians	Jung, Horney, Adler Believed that Freud put too much emphasis on sex and there needed to be more emphasis on social factors	18
6359355598	Collective unconscious	Psychologist: Carl Jung Defined: A warehouse of "instinctive memories" passed down to each generation and all humans share and is made up of archetypes	19
6359355599	Archetypes	Defined: Inherited universal concepts that create the Collective Unconscious Examples: Anima v. Animus, Mother v. Father, Persona v. Shadow, Hero v. Villain	20
6359355600	Basic Anxiety	Psychologist: Karen Horney anxiety that is created by being born helpless. Most overcome this, those who don't develop neurotic personalities- aggressive, compliant, or withdrawn	21
6359355601	Womb envy	Psychologist: Karen Horney Defined: women do not suffer from "penis envy" but are envious of male's superior status. Men are envious of a women's ability to have children and therefore, they compensate with other forms of achievement.	22
6359355602	Inferiority Complex	Psychologist: Alfred Adler Defined: people who compensate for feelings of inferiority (feeling like they're less than other people, not as good as others, worthless, etc.) by acting ways that make them appear superior.	23
6359355603	Projective Tests	Description: Provide ambiguous stimuli in order to trigger the projection of one's inner dynamics Strengths: Provide lots of information Weaknesses: highly subjective and has low reliability Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Test, & Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Draw a Person test	24
6359355604	Rorschach Inkblot Test	seeks to identify people's inner feelings and conflicts by analyzing their interpretations of 10 inkblots. Critics question the validity and reliability of the tests.	25
6359355605	Thematic Apperception Test	people view ambiguous pictures and then make up stories about them. Presumably, their accounts reflect their interests and inner feelings.	26
6359355606	Humanistic Psychologists	Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow Description: People develop their personality by trying to reach their full potential Strengths: model was built in a therapy setting Weaknesses: concepts are vague and subjective, individualistic and western based and naive because it fails to appreciate the reality of our capacity for evil	27
6359355607	Self-Concept	Psychologist: Carl Rogers Goal: Actualizing Tendency (full potential) Theory: A person has who they are, Real Self, and who they want to be, Ideal Self and a successful persoanlity has congruence People need genuineness (honesty), unconditional positive regard (love), and empathy (understanding) to develop a good persoanlity	28
6359355608	Congruence	A person's Real Self and Ideal Self can merge together Part of Roger's Self-Concept Theory	29
6359355609	Incongruence	When a person's Real Self and Ideal self do not match, causing anxiety. Part of Roger's Self-Concept Theory	30
6359355610	Unconditional positive regard	Defined: receiving acceptance, value, and love from others without requirements Part of Roger's Self-Concept theory in which he says it is necessary to receive from others in order to develop a healthy personality	31
6359355611	Empathy	People will try to understand one's feelings and mirror it back to them Part of Roger's Self-Concept theory in which he says it is necessary to receive from others in order to develop a healthy personality	32
6359355612	Hierarchy of Needs	Psychologist: Abraham Maslow Description: Pyramid	33
6359355613	Trait Theories	Description: focuses on identifying how people typically behave but does NOT explain how personality developed Strengths: based on empirical evidence with factor analysis Weaknesses: people might behave differently based on the situation they are experiencing Tests: 16 Personality Factors (16 PF), 3 Dimensions, and Myers Briggs	34
6359355614	Factor analysis	- a statistical procedure that identifies common factors among groups of items, to simplify a long list of items into a small number of dimensions -used with trait theories	35
6359355615	Self-Report Inventories	Description: a questionnaire which is used to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors Strengths: empirically derived Weaknesses: social desirability-people can lie and manipulate the information Tests: MMPI, CPI, 16 PF	36
6359355616	MMPI	Most extensively researched personality inventory. Used to assess mental health professions (police, nurses, doctors, pilots)	37
6359355617	Big Five Trait Theory	Psychologists: McCrae and Costa Description: OCEAN or CANOE Significance: traits are stable in adulthood, heritability accounts for 50% of personality and can be used to predict other personal attributes	38
6359355618	Openess	characteristics such as imagination and insight, and those high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests	39
6359355619	Conscientiousness	include high levels of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviors.	40
6359355620	Extraversion	characterized by excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of emotional expressivenes	41
6359355621	Agreeableness	includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection and other pro-social behaviors.	42
6359355622	Neuroticism	characterized by sadness, moodiness and emotional instability	43
6359355623	Social Cognitive Approach to Personality	Description: Personality is influenced between the interaction of a person's traits (including their thinking) and their social context Strengths: based on empirical evidence Weaknesses: minimizes the importance of one's inner traits, emotions, and unconscious motives Examples: Reciprocal Determinism, Locus of Control Psychologists: Bandura	44
6359355624	Reciprocal determinism	Psychologist: Bandura Defined: Personality is developed by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors. How it works: Everyone has a "self-system" of skills abilities and attitudes Self-Efficacy is what can change the system	45
6359355625	External Locus of Control	The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate Effects: Pessimism and often learned helplesses	46
6359355626	Internal Locus of Control	The perception that you control your own fate Effects: Optimism Optimism leads to longer lives with less illnesses but excessive optimism can also lead us to be blind to risks and overconfidence	47
6359355627	Self- efficacy	Defined: the belief in your own ability to deal with different situations and accomplish specific goals It is NOT self esteem which is your general sense of self worth Consequences: people with high self-efficacy are able to succeed because they have an internal locus of control	48
6359355628	Compensation	Defense Mechanism where people try to overcome feelings of inferiority in one area by striving to be superior in another area Major part of Alfred Adler's theory	49

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Review for AP Exam Flashcards

AP Calculus Review For Exam

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9518938873	1		0
9518938874	0		1
9518938875	Squeeze Theorem		2
9518938876	f is continuous at x=c if...		3
9518938936	Intermediate Value Theorem	If f is continuous on [a,b] and k is a number between f(a) and f(b), then there exists at least one number c such that f(c)=k	4
9518938877	Global Definition of a Derivative		5
9518938937	Alternative Definition of a Derivative	f '(x) is the limit of the following difference quotient as x approaches c	6
9518938878	nx^(n-1)		7
9518938879	1		8
9518938880	cf'(x)		9
9518938881	f'(x)+g'(x)		10
9518938882	The position function OR s(t)		11
9518938883	f'(x)-g'(x)		12
9518938884	uvw'+uv'w+u'vw		13
9518938885	cos(x)		14
9518938886	-sin(x)		15
9518938887	sec²(x)		16
9518938888	-csc²(x)		17
9518938889	sec(x)tan(x)		18
9518938890	dy/dx		19
9518938891	f'(g(x))g'(x)		20
9518938938	Extreme Value Theorem	If f is continuous on [a,b] then f has an absolute maximum and an absolute minimum on [a,b]. The global extrema occur at critical points in the interval or at endpoints of the interval.	21
9518938939	Critical Number	If f'(c)=0 or does not exist, and c is in the domain of f, then c is a critical number. (Derivative is 0 or undefined)	22
9518938940	Rolle's Theorem	Let f be continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b) and if f(a)=f(b) then there is at least one number c on (a,b) such that f'(c)=0 (If the slope of the secant is 0, the derivative must = 0 somewhere in the interval).	23
9518938941	Mean Value Theorem	The instantaneous rate of change will equal the mean rate of change somewhere in the interval. Or, the tangent line will be parallel to the secant line.	24
9518938892	First Derivative Test for local extrema		25
9518938893	Point of inflection at x=k		26
9518938942	Combo Test for local extrema	If f'(c) = 0 and f"(c)<0, there is a local max on f at x=c. If f'(c) = 0 and f"(c)>0, there is a local min on f at x=c.	27
9518938894	Horizontal Asymptote		28
9518938895	L'Hopital's Rule		29
9518938896	x+c		30
9518938897	sin(x)+C		31
9518938898	-cos(x)+C		32
9518938899	tan(x)+C		33
9518938900	-cot(x)+C		34
9518938901	sec(x)+C		35
9518938902	-csc(x)+C		36
9518938943	Fundamental Theorem of Calculus #1	The definite integral of a rate of change is the total change in the original function.	37
9518938903	Fundamental Theorem of Calculus #2		38
9518938904	Mean Value Theorem for integrals or the average value of a functions		39
9518938905	ln(x)+C		40
9518938944	-ln(cosx)+C = ln(secx)+C	hint: tanu = sinu/cosu	41
9518938906	ln(sinx)+C = -ln(cscx)+C		42
9518938907	ln(secx+tanx)+C = -ln(secx-tanx)+C		43
9518938908	ln(cscx+cotx)+C = -ln(cscx-cotx)+C		44
9518938909	If f and g are inverses of each other, g'(x)		45
9518938910	Exponential growth (use N= )		46
9518938911	Area under a curve		47
9518938945	Formula for Disk Method	Axis of rotation is a boundary of the region.	48
9518938946	Formula for Washer Method	Axis of rotation is not a boundary of the region.	49
9518938912	Inverse Secant Antiderivative		50
9518938913	Inverse Tangent Antiderivative		51
9518938914	Inverse Sine Antiderivative		52
9518938915	Derivative of eⁿ		53
9518938916	ln(a)*aⁿ+C		54
9518938917	Derivative of ln(u)		55
9518938918	Antiderivative of f(x) from [a,b]		56
9518938919	Opposite Antiderivatives		57
9518938920	Antiderivative of xⁿ		58
9518938921	Adding or subtracting antiderivatives		59
9518938922	Constants in integrals		60
9518938947	Identity function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)	61
9518938948	Squaring function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: (o,+∞)	62
9518938949	Cubic function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)	63
9518938950	Reciprocal function	D: (-∞,+∞) x can't be zero R: (-∞,+∞) y can't be zero	64
9518938951	Square root function	D: (0,+∞) R: (0,+∞)	65
9518938952	Exponential function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: (0,+∞)	66
9518938953	Natural log function	D: (0,+∞) R: (-∞,+∞)	67
9518938954	Sine function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: [-1,1]	68
9518938955	Cosine function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: [-1,1]	69
9518938956	Absolute value function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: [0,+∞)	70
9518938957	Logistic function	D: (-∞,+∞) R: (0, 1)	71
9518938958	cos(π/6)	√3/2	72
9518938959	cos(π/4)	√2/2	73
9518938960	cos(π/3)	1/2	74
9518938961	cos(π/2)	0	75
9518938962	cos(2π/3)	−1/2	76
9518938963	cos(3π/4)	−√2/2	77
9518938964	cos(5π/6)	−√3/2	78
9518938965	cos(π)	−1	79
9518938966	cos(7π/6)	−√3/2	80
9518938967	cos(5π/4)	−√2/2	81
9518938968	cos(4π/3)	−1/2	82
9518938969	cos(3π/2)	0	83
9518938970	cos(5π/3)	1/2	84
9518938971	cos(7π/4)	√2/2	85
9518938972	cos(11π/6)	√3/2	86
9518938973	cos(2π)	1	87
9518938974	sin(π/6)	1/2	88
9518938975	sin(π/4)	√2/2	89
9518938976	sin(π/3)	√3/2	90
9518938977	sin(π/2)	1	91
9518938978	sin(2π/3)	√3/2	92
9518938979	sin(3π/4)	√2/2	93
9518938980	sin(5π/6)	1/2	94
9518938981	sin(π)	0	95
9518938982	sin(7π/6)	−1/2	96
9518938983	sin(5π/4)	−√2/2	97
9518938984	sin(4π/3)	−√3/2	98
9518938985	sin(3π/2)	−1	99
9518938986	sin(5π/3)	−√3/2	100
9518938987	sin(7π/4)	−√2/2	101
9518938988	sin(11π/6)	−1/2	102
9518938989	sin(2π)	0	103
9518938990	f(x) = e^(x-2)	Asymptote: y=0 Domain: (-∞, ∞)	104
9518938991	f(x)=ln(x-2)	Asymptote: x=2 Domain: (2, ∞)	105
9518938992	f(x)=ln(-x)	Asymptote: x=0 Domain: (-∞, 0)	106
9518938993	f(x)=e^(x+2)	Asymptote: y=0 Domain: (-∞, ∞)	107
9518938994	f(x)= -2+lnx	Asymptote: x=0 Domain: (0, ∞)	108
9518938995	f(x)=-lnx	Asymptote: x=0 Domain: (0, ∞)	109
9518938996	f(x) = e^(x) +2	Asymptote: y=2 Domain: (-∞, ∞)	110
9518938997	f(x)=ln(x+2)	Asymptote: x=-2 Domain: (-2, ∞)	111
9518938923	What does the graph y = sin(x) look like?		112
9518938924	What does the graph y = cos(x) look like?		113
9518938925	What does the graph y = tan(x) look like?		114
9518938926	What does the graph y = csc(x) look like?		115
9518938927	What does the graph y = sec(x) look like?		116
9518938928	What does the graph y = cot(x) look like?		117
9518938998	d/dx[e^x]=	e^x	118
9518938999	d/dx[a^x]=	a^x*lna	119
9518939000	d/dx[e^g(x)]=	g'(x)e^g(x)	120
9518939001	d/dx[a^g(x)]=	g'(x)a^g(x)lna	121
9518939002	d/dx[cos⁻¹x]=	-1/√(1-x^2)	122
9518939003	d/dx[sin⁻¹x]=	1/√(1-x^2)	123
9518939004	d/dx[tan⁻¹x]=	1/(1+x^2)	124
9518939005	d/dx[tanx]=	sec²x	125
9518939006	d/dx[secx]=	secxtanx	126
9518939007	d/dx[cscx]=	-cscxcotx	127
9518939008	d/dx[cotx]=	-csc²x	128
9518939009	∫e^xdx=	e^x+C	129
9518939010	∫a^xdx=	(a^x)/lna+C	130
9518939011	∫1/xdx=	ln\|x\|+C	131
9518939012	∫1/(1+x^2)dx=	tan⁻¹x+C	132
9518939013	∫1/(a^2+x^2)dx=	(1/a)(tan⁻¹(x/a)+C	133
9518939014	∫1/√(1-x^2)dx=	sin⁻¹x+C	134
9518939015	∫tanxdx=	ln\|secx\|+C	135
9518939016	Trig Identity: 1=	cos²x+sin²x	136
9518939017	Trig Identity: sec²x=	tan²x+1	137
9518939018	Trig Identity: cos²x=	½(1+cos(2x))	138
9518939019	Trig Identity: sin²x=	½(1-cos(2x))	139
9518939020	Trig Identity: sin(2x)=	2sinxcosx	140
9518939021	Trig Identity: cos(2x)=	1-2sin²x = 2cos²x-1	141
9518939022	Integration by Parts: Choice of u	I = Inverse Trig Function L = Natural log (lnx) A = Algebraic Expression (x, x², x³...) T = Trig function (sinx, cosx) E = e^x	142
9518939023	∫secxdx=	ln\|secx+tanx\|+C	143
9518938929	What does the graph y = sin(x) look like?		144
9518938930	What does the graph y = cos(x) look like?		145
9518938931	What does the graph y = tan(x) look like?		146
9518938932	What does the graph y = csc(x) look like?		147
9518938933	What does the graph y = sec(x) look like?		148
9518938934	What does the graph y = cot(x) look like?		149
9518939024	d/dx[e^x]=	e^x	150
9518939025	d/dx[a^x]=	a^x*lna	151
9518939026	d/dx[e^g(x)]=	g'(x)e^g(x)	152
9518939027	d/dx[a^g(x)]=	g'(x)a^g(x)lna	153
9518939028	d/dx[cos⁻¹x]=	-1/√(1-x^2)	154
9518939029	d/dx[sin⁻¹x]=	1/√(1-x^2)	155
9518939030	d/dx[tan⁻¹x]=	1/(1+x^2)	156
9518939031	d/dx[tanx]=	sec²x	157
9518939032	d/dx[secx]=	secxtanx	158
9518939033	d/dx[cscx]=	-cscxcotx	159
9518939034	d/dx[cotx]=	-csc²x	160
9518939035	∫e^xdx=	e^x+C	161
9518939036	∫a^xdx=	(a^x)/lna+C	162
9518939037	∫1/xdx=	ln\|x\|+C	163
9518939038	∫1/(1+x^2)dx=	tan⁻¹x+C	164
9518939039	∫1/(a^2+x^2)dx=	(1/a)(tan⁻¹(x/a)+C	165
9518939040	∫1/√(1-x^2)dx=	sin⁻¹x+C	166
9518939041	∫tanxdx=	ln\|secx\|+C	167
9518939042	Trig Identity: 1=	cos²x+sin²x	168
9518939043	Trig Identity: sec²x=	tan²x+1	169
9518939044	Trig Identity: cos²x=	½(1+cos(2x))	170
9518939045	Trig Identity: sin²x=	½(1-cos(2x))	171
9518939046	Trig Identity: sin(2x)=	2sinxcosx	172
9518939047	Trig Identity: cos(2x)=	1-2sin²x = 2cos²x-1	173
9518939048	Integration by Parts: Choice of u	I = Inverse Trig Function L = Natural log (lnx) A = Algebraic Expression (x, x², x³...) T = Trig function (sinx, cosx) E = e^x	174
9518939049	∫secxdx=	ln\|secx+tanx\|+C	175

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AP Microeconomics Module 1 Flashcards

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5409119278	economics	the study of scarcity and choice	0
5409119279	individual choice	decisions by individuals about what to do, which necessarily involve decisions about what not to do	1
5409119280	economy	a system for coordinating a society's productive and consumptive activities	2
5409119281	market economy	decisions of individual producers and consumers largely determine what, how, and for whom to produce, with little government involvement in the decisions	3
5409119282	resource	anything that can be used to produce something else	4
5409119283	land	all resources that come from nature, such as minerals, timber and petroleum	5
5409119284	labor	effort of workers	6
5409119285	capital	manufactured goods used to make other goods and services	7
5409119286	entrepreneurship	the efforts of entrepreneurs in organizing resources for production, taking risks to create new enterprises, and innovating to develop new products and production processes	8
5409119287	scarce	a resource that is not available in sufficient quantities to satisfy all the various ways a society wants to use it	9
5409119288	opportunity cost	real cost of an item; what you must give up in order to get it	10
5409119289	microeconomics	study of how people make decisions and how those decisions interact	11
5409119290	macroeconomics	concerned with the overall ups and downs in the economy	12
5409119291	economic aggregates	economic measures that summarize data across many different markets	13
5409119292	positive economics	the branch of economic analysis that describes the way the economy actually works	14
5409119293	normative economics	makes prescriptions about the way the economy should work	15
5409125920	command economy	decisions are made by a central authority in regards to the production and consumption of goods and industry is a publicly owned entity.	16
5409216058	incentives	rewards or punishments that motivate particular economic choices.	17
5409222908	property rights	establishes ownership and grant individuals the right to trade goods and services with each other.	18
5409266015	marginal analysis	the study of the costs and benefits of doing a little bit more of an activity versus a little bit less.	19

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