| CourseNotes

AP CSP Flashcards

4737359933	Algorithm	A precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be implemented in a programming language and executed by a computer.	0
4737365443	Control Structure	one or more programming language statements that control the flow of a computer program. Examples: If/Else structure or a loop structure.	1
4843835032	Computer	a machine that processes information under the control of a program.	2
4843836886	Program	sequence of instructions that control the computer. To run, it must be loaded into the computer's memory where the CPU executes it one instruction at a time.	3
4843842788	Hardware	the computer's electronic and mechanical components.	4
4843849444	Software	the programs that control computers	5
4843852204	General purpose computer	a computer that can run many different programs (e.g. a smartphone).	6
4843855881	Special purpose computer	a computer that has a fixed program ( e.g. a calculator, a watch, a car's brakes)	7
4843858725	Memory	physical device used to store information for use in a computer or other digital electronic device( e.g. disk drive, flash drive)	8
4843861859	RAM	Random Access Memory- also called main memory stores the computer's programs and data temporarily while power is on.	9
4843864480	CPU	Central Processing Unit is the hardware that carries out the instructions of a computer program. It is made up of 3 main parts: the control unit (CU), the arithmetic and register. The CU processes the program's instructions, the ALU (arithmetic logic unit) performs the arithmetic and logic operations and the register stores intermediate data during program execution.	10
4843875080	Input devices	bring data and programs into the computer (e.g. mouse, keyboard)	11
4843877376	Output devices	transmit data to other computers to users (e.g. printer, monitor, speaker)	12
4843879871	Motherboard	houses the computer's main electronic components	13
4843881357	Chips	the computer's electrical components are composed of these very tiny integrated circuits.	14
4843883428	Integrated circuit	packed with millions of electronic components	15
4843885067	Bit	a binary digit, the smallest unit of data, a 1 or a 0.	16
4843887805	Byte	is equal to 8 bits.	17
4843889029	High-level language	a programming language that is human readable (app inventor) and provides the programmer with easy to understand abstractions.	18
4843893575	Machine language (or low-level language)	a programming language that is machine readable (binary code), closer to the machine hardware and provides abstractions that are difficult for the programmer to understand.	19
4843898496	Compiler	a software that translates source code (human readable) into binary code.	20
4843901051	Applications	program or group of programs designed for end users such as Firefox, Excel, Word, etc.	21
4843903894	Operating System	is a collection of computer software that manages hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. MacOS, Windows, Android, Linux, iOS are examples.	22
4927913428	Abstraction	a general representation that stands for some collection of individual instances.	23
4927917021	Constant	an abstraction that represents a single thing, e.g., the value 5 - something that doesn't change.	24
4927917022	Variable	A symbol that can be used to represent any number and is therefore more general and more abstract than a constant.	25
4927918996	Data Abstraction	the practice of organizing and encapsulating certain data into a more general representation. An example would be storing the text 'hello' in a single variable rather than having numerous occurrences of 'hello' in a program.	26
4927919975	Procedural Abstraction	the practice of organizing and encapsulating algorithms in named procedures that can then be invoked by name. An example would be the 'sqrt(x)', square root of x, which encapsulates the algorithm for calculating the square root of x.	27
5011729929	Iteration/Repetition	A repetition structure, iteration or loop, is used when a program needs to repeatedly process one or more instructions until some condition is met, at which time the loop ends.	28
5011743316	Selection	In a selection structure, a question is asked, and depending on the answer, the program takes one of two courses of action, after which the program moves on to the next event.	29
5011758283	Sequence	The sequence control structure is simple a sequence of one or more statements in a computer program	30
5011780613	Event-Driven Programming	a programming approach whereby the program's behavior is controlled by writing code that responds to various events that occur, such as Button clicks.	31
5011789471	Binary Number	a number written in the binary system, a system that uses only two digits, 0s and 1s.	32
5011804375	blacklist	in internet terminology, a generic term for a list of email addresses or IP addresses that are origination with known spammers	33
5011804422	character	any symbol that requires one byte of storage	34
5011807911	cyberspace	a metaphor for describing the non-physical terrain created by computer systems	35
5011807966	data	distinct information that is formatted in a special way. Data exists in a variety of forms, like text on paper or bytes stored in electronic memory.	36
5011820747	data center	physical or virtual infrastructures used by enterprises to house computer, server and networking systems and components for the company's IT (information technology) needs	37
5011824377	data network	a telecommunications network which allows computers to exchange data	38
5011868227	disk drive	a randomly addressable and rewritable storage device	39
5011870921	intellectual property	refers to any property that is created using original thought. Traditional intellectual property include patents, copyrights, and trademarks.	40
5011870922	Moore's Law	The number of transistors per square inch on integrated circuits has doubled every year since the integrated circuit was invented.	41
5011874388	network	a group of two or more computer systems linked together	42
5011874432	social networking	a social structure made of nodes that are generally individuals or organizations. A social network represents relationships and flows between people, groups, organizations, animals, computers, or other information/knowledge processing entities	43
5011877787	whitelist	a generic name for a list of email address or IP addresses that are considered to be spam free	44
5011891218	User Interface	everything designed into a device with which a human being may interact -- including display screen, keyboard, mouse, light pen, the appearance of a desktop, illuminated characters, etc.	45
5011908390	Internet	global public network of independent and autonomous networks that are governed by the Internet Protocol Suite.	46
5011913233	World Wide Web	An Internet application that is based on the HTTP protocol.	47
5011917741	protocol	a system of rules that govern the behavior of some system.	48
5011923718	TCP/IP ((Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)	the suite a protocols that determine the behavior of the Internet.	49
5011927731	HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)	the protocol that controls the behavior of the Web.	50
5011934314	Open standard	a standard (such as TCP, HTTP) that is not owned or controlled by a private entity. It stands in contrast to 'proprietary' materials', which are owned or controlled by a private entity.	51
5011942383	Computational Artifact	anything created by a human using a computer.	52
5011950958	flowchart	a visual (i.e. graphical) notation for expressing algorithms.	53
5011957715	Boolean	a true/false condition	54
5011962416	Pseudocode	a notation for expressing algorithms, which is more precise that ordinary English but less formal than a programming language.	55
5012011395	transistor	a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. the fundamental building blocks of electronic devices.	56
5012014308	logic gate	an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Examples would be AND, OR, and NOT gates that perform basic digital operations.	57
5012016992	integrated circuit (IC)	informally, a chip. It is an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting material, that integrates billions of tiny transistors and logic gates.	58
5012019548	OR gate	a circuit with two inputs and one output defined such that its output is TRUE (or ON) when either or both of its inputs are TRUE (or ON).	59
5012022493	AND gate	a circuit with two inputs and one output defined such that its output is TRUE (or ON) only when both of its inputs are TRUE (or ON).	60
5012025031	NOT gate	a circuit with one input and one output defined such that its output is TRUE (or ON) when its input is FALSE (or OFF) and vice versa.	61
5012027244	flip flop (or latch)	a digital circuit that has two states, ON or OFF, that can be used to store a 1 or a 0. It is the fundamental unit of computer memory.	62
5278029760	ASCII	a code for representing English characters as numbers, with each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127	63
5278032741	cloud computing	comparable to grid computing, cloud computing relies on sharing resources rather than having local servers handle applications.	64
5278035400	cryptography	the art of protecting information by transforming it into an unreadable format, called cipher text	65
5278039430	digital	any system based on discontinuous data or events. Computers are digital machines because at the basic level they can distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1.	66
5278042574	analog	a device or system that represents changing values as continuously variable physical quantities	67
5278045696	digital signal processing: (DSP)	refers to manipulating analog information	68
5278047954	download	to copy data (usually an entire file) from a main source to a peripheral device	69
5278050232	lossless compression	data compression techniques in which no data is lost.	70
5278052569	lossy compression	data compression techniques in which some amount of data is lost. This technique attempts to eliminate redundant information.	71
5278055974	megabyte	used to describe data storage, 1,048,576 bytes (abbreviated MB)	72
5278058310	megapixel	one million pixels, used in reference to the resolution of a graphics device	73
5278061266	modeling	process of representing a real-world object of phenomenon as a set of mathematical equations.	74
5278064290	OCR: optical character recognition	the branch of computer science that involves reading text from paper and translating the images into a form that the computer can manipulate	75
5278066446	pixel	short for a picture element, a single point in a graphic image	76
5278068950	raster	the rectangular area of a display screen actually being used to display images	77
5278071204	render	refers to the process of adding realism to a computer graphics by adding 3-D qualities, such as shadows and variations in color and shade.	78
5278073515	spam	spam is electronic junk mail or junk newsgroup postings	79
5278075793	steganography	the art and science of hiding information by embedding messages within other, seemingly harmless messages	80
5278078200	upload	to transmit data from a computer to a bulletin board service, mainframe, or network.	81
5326860567	Ad Hoc	when used to describe programming, it means a quick fix for a problem, not usually the best example that will sustain an issue	82
5326860568	Database	a collection of information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select the desired pieces of data. Often abbreviated DB	83
5326860569	Data Aggregation	process in which information is gathered and expressed in a summary form for purpose such as statistical analysis	84
5326860570	Data Mining	a class of database applications that look for hidden patterns in a group that could be used to predict future behavior	85
5326860571	Data Repository	generically refers to a general place where data is stored and maintained	86
5326860572	Data Sources	name given to the connection setup from a database to a server. The name is commonly used when creating a query to the database	87
5326860573	Digital Detritus	term used to describe unsightly debris that accrues as the result of the experience of digital living	88
5326860574	Dossier	a collection of documents about a person, event, or subject	89
5326860575	EDR	event data recorder	90
5326860576	Encode	the phrase used to describe the method of preparing data for storage or transmission	91
5326860577	encryption	the translation of the data into secret code	92
5326860578	IP	an identifier for devices on a TCP/IP network	93
5326860579	Metadata	data about data; describes how and when and by whom a particular set of data was collected, and how data is formatted	94
5326860580	Query	a request for information from a database	95
5326860581	RFID	radio frequency identification, similar to barcodes	96

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APES Chapter 3 Flashcards

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7494939343	Biosphere	The region of our planet where life resides, the combination of all ecosystems on Earth.	0
7494939344	Producer	An organism that uses the energy of the Sun to produce usable forms of energy. Also known as an autotroph.	1
7494939345	Photosynthesis	The process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.	2
7494939346	Cellular respiration	The process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds.	3
7494939347	Aerobic respiration	The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.	4
7494939348	Anaerobic respiration	The process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the absence of oxygen.	5
7494939349	Consumer	An organism that is incapable of photosynthesis and must obtain its energy by consuming other organisms. Also known as a heterotroph.	6
7494939350	Herbivore	A consumer that eats producers. Also known as a primary consumer.	7
7494939351	Carnivore	A consumer that eats other consumers.	8
7494939352	Secondary consumer	A carnivore that eats primary consumers.	9
7494939353	Tertiary consumer	A carnivore that eats secondary consumers.	10
7494939354	Trophic levels	The successive levels of organisms consuming one another.	11
7494939355	Food chain	The sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers.	12
7494939356	Food web	A complex model of how energy and matter move between trophic levels.	13
7494939357	Scavenger	An organism that consumes dead animals.	14
7494939358	Detritivore	An organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues and waste products into smaller particles.	15
7494939359	Decomposers	Fungi and bacteria that convert organic matter into small elements and molecules that can be recycled back into the ecosystems.	16
7494939360	Gross primary productivity (GPP)	The total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time.	17
7494939361	Net primary productivity (NPP)	The energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire.	18
7494939362	Biomass	The total mass of all living matter in a specific area.	19
7494939363	Standing crop	The amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time.	20
7494939364	Ecological efficiency	The proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another.	21
7494939365	Trophic pyramid	A representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among trophic levels.	22
7494939366	Biogeochemical cycle	The movement of matter within and between ecosystems.	23
7494939367	Hydrologic cycle	The movement of water through the biosphere.	24
7494939368	Transpiration	The release of water from leaves during photosynthesis.	25
7494939369	Evapotranspiration	The combined amount of evaporation and transpiration.	26
7494939370	Runoff	Water that moves across the land surface and into streams and rivers.	27
7494939371	Carbon cycle	The movement of carbon around the biosphere.	28
7494939372	Macronutrient	One of six key elements that organisms need in relatively large amounts: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.	29
7494939373	Limiting nutrient	A nutrient required for the growth of an organism but available in a lower quantity than other nutrients.	30
7494939374	Nitrogen cycle	The movement of nitrogen around the biosphere.	31
7494939375	Nitrogen fixation	A process by which some organisms can convert nitrogen gas molecules directly into ammonia.	32
7494939376	Nitrification	The conversion of ammonia into nitrite and then into nitrate.	33
7494939377	Assimilation	The process by which producers incorporate elements into their tissues.	34
7494939378	Mineralization	The process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic matter found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic compounds.	35
7494939379	Ammonification	The process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic nitrogen found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic ammonium.	36
7494939380	Denitrification	The conversion of nitrate in a series of steps into the gases nitrous oxide and, eventually, nitrogen gas, which is emitted into the atmosphere	37
7494939381	Leaching	The transformation of dissolved molecules through the soil via groundwater.	38
7494939382	Phosphorus cycle	The movement of phosphorus around the biosphere.	39
7494939383	Algal boom	A rapid increase in the algal production of a waterway.	40
7494939384	Hypoxic	Low in oxygen.	41
7494939385	Sulfur cycle	The movement of sulfur around the biosphere.	42
7494939386	Ecological Disturbance	An event, caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents, resulting in changes in population size or community composition.	43
7494939387	Watershed	All land in a given landscape that drains into a particular stream, river, lake, or wetland.	44
7494939388	Resistance	A measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem.	45
7494939389	Resilience	The rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance.	46
7494939390	Restoration ecology	The study and implementation of restoring damaged ecosystems	47
7494939391	Intermediate disturbance hypothesis	The hypothesis that ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels.	48
7494939392	omnivore	a person who eats both plants and animals	49
7494939393	percolation	the slow movement of water through the pores in soil or permeable rock.	50
7494939394	infiltration	the seepage of water into soil or rock.	51
7494939395	this cycle has no atmospheric component.	phosphorous	52
7494939396	primary consumer	A consumer that eats producers. Also know as a herbivore.	53
7494939397	Eutrophication	A process in which nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus lead to algal blooms and hypoxic conditions.	54

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AP Flashcards

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7615708611	Architrave	The lintel or lowest division of the entablature	0
7615708612	Caryatid	a female figure that functions as a supporting column	1
7615708613	Cornice	A projected ledge	2
7615708614	Contrapposto	weight centered on 1 leg with the rest of the body relaxed; shift of the hip	3
7615708615	Enablature	Upper story of a Greek temple	4
7615708616	Kiln	An oven used for making pottery	5
7615708617	Metope	A small relief sculpture on a Greek temple	6
7615708618	Triglyph	A projecting grooved element alternating with a metope on a Greek temple	7
7615708619	Peristyle	the colonnade surrounding a Greek temple	8
7615708620	Propylaeum	Gateway leading to a Greek temple	9
7615708621	Tholos	An ancient Greek circular shrine	10
7615708622	Cella	The main room of a Greek temple	11
7615708623	Amphora	a two-handled Greek storage jar	12

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AP Psych. Unit 2 Flashcards

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6079510218	Neuron	A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.	0
6079510219	Sensory neurons	Neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.	1
6079510220	Motor neurons	Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.	2
6079510221	Biological psychology	A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior. (Some biological psychologists call themselves 'behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists'.)	3
6079510222	Interneurons	Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.	4
6079510223	Dendrite	A neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.	5
6079510224	Axon	The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands	6
6079510225	Myelin sheath	A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.	7
6079510226	Action potential	A neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon	8
6079510227	Threshold	The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse	9
6079510228	Synapse	The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft	10
6079510229	Neurotransmitter	Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.	11
6079510230	Reuptake	a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron	12
6079510231	Endorphins	"morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.	13
6079510232	Nervous system	the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.	14
6079510233	Central nervous system	The brain and spinal cord	15
6079510234	Peripheral nervous system	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body	16
6079510235	Somatic nervous system	The division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system.	17
6079510236	Autonomic nervous system	the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.	18
6079510237	Sympathetic nervous system	The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.	19
6079510238	Parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy	20
6079510239	Endocrine system	The body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream.	21
6079510240	Hormones	Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another	22
6079510241	Adrenal glands	a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.	23
6079510242	Pituitary gland	The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.	24
6079510243	Lesion	tissue destruction; a brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.	25
6079510244	Electroencephalogram	an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.	26
6079510245	Computed tomography scan (CT)	is an x-ray technique that produces a film representing a detailed cross section of tissue structure	27
6079510246	Positron emission tomography scan (PET)	Use radioactive glucose to determine location of greatest brain activity	28
6079510247	Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)	Uses a magnetic field and radio waves to produce computer-generated images	29
6079510248	fMRI (functional MRI)	detects magnetic changes in the brain's blood flow patterns	30
6079510249	Brainstem	The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions.	31
6079510250	Medulla	The base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing.	32
6079510251	Reticular formation	A nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal.	33
6079510252	Thalamus	the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla	34
6079510253	Cerebellum	the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance	35
6079510254	Limbic system	doughnut-shaped neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.	36
6079510255	Amygdala	two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion	37
6079510256	Hypothalamus	a neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward	38
6079510257	Cerebral cortex	The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center.	39
6079510258	Glial cells	Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.	40
6079510259	Frontal lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.	41
6079510260	Parietal lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position.	42
6079510261	Occipital lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields.	43
6079510262	Temporal lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear	44
6079510263	Motor cortex	an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements	45
6079510264	Sensory cortex	area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations	46
6079510265	Association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking	47
6079510266	Aphasia	impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)	48
6079510267	Broca's area	controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech	49
6079510268	Wernicke's area	controls language reception—a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe	50
6079510269	Plasticity	the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience	51
6079510270	Neurogenesis	the formation of new neurons	52
6079510271	Corpus callosum	the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them	53
6079510272	Split brain	a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them	54
6079510273	Consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment	55
6079510274	Cognitive neuroscience	the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)	56
6079510275	Dual processing	the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks	57
6079510276	Behavior genetics	the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior	58
6079510277	Environment	every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us	59
6079510278	Chromosomes	every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us	60
6079510279	DNA	a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes	61
6079510280	Genes	the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein	62
6079510281	Genome	the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes	63
6079510282	Identical twins	twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms	64
6079510283	Fraternal twins	twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment	65
6079510284	Heritability	the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied	66
6079510285	Interaction	the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)	67
6079510286	Molecular genetics	the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes	68
6079510287	Evolutionary psychology	the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection	69
6079510288	Natural selection	the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations	70
6079510289	Mutation	a random error in gene replication that leads to a change	71

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AP Lit Term Review Flashcards

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6739088917	anagnorisis	discovery; hero suddenly becoming aware of a situation or true character	0
6739094692	ballad	relatively short narrative poem written in song-like stanza form	1
6739100762	bildungsroman	novel tracing the spiritual, moral, psychological, or social development and growth of the main character usually from childhood to maturity	2
6739105247	canon	works of a writer, or groups of writers	3
6739113194	comedy of manners	play that satirizes the manners and affectations of a social class, often using stereotypes	4
6739116337	conceit	extended metaphor that compares two seemingly dissimilar things	5
6739120523	deus ex machina	literally "god out of a machine;" sudden artificial or improbable resolution to a story, often implying a lack of skill on the part of the writer	6
6739138117	diction	conscious word choice	7
6739141249	dramatic monologue	poem in which a character delivers a speech explaining his/her feelings, actions, or motives	8
6739147878	elegy	sad, mournful, melancholic poem	9
6739156118	enjambment	continuation of one line of poetry into the next with no punctuation at the end of a line	10
6739168776	epigraph	short saying at the beginning of a work, often alluding to various themes contained within the work	11
6739175864	foil	character that contrasts with another character, usually the protagonist, to emphasize the other character's traits	12
6739182410	foreshadowing	event or statement that suggests or hints at a future event	13
6739186690	hamartia	fatal flaw of a tragic hero	14
6739189673	hubris	excessive pride that leads to a hero's downfall	15
6739196297	motif	recurring or dominant element of a poem or story	16
6739201093	objectivity	impersonal view of events	17
6739204456	subjectivity	personal view of events	18
6739207457	paradox	seemingly apparent contradiction which is accurate on closer inspection	19
6739211832	pastoral	a work that highlights the simple life of shepherds, farmers, or the country	20
6739219169	peripeteia	reversal of fortune or character	21
6739225117	satire	genre which ridicules its subject by exposing flaws, often to provoke or prevent change	22
6739248493	epithet	an adjective or adjective phrase applied to a person or thing that is frequently used to emphasize a characteristic quality. "Father of our country" and "the great Emancipator" are examples.	23
6739258151	farce	a type of comedy in which ridiculous and often stereotyped characters are involved in silly, far-fetched situations.	24
6739266507	juxtaposition	poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit.	25
6739276983	litotes	a form of understatement in which the positive form is emphasized through the negation of a negative form	26
6739287415	mood	atmosphere created by the author's diction choices and details	27
6739298146	romance	in general, a story in which an idealized hero or heroine undertakes a quest and is successful.	28
6739304008	soliloquy	an act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play	29
6739316785	tone	the attitude a writer takes toward the subject of a work, the characters in it, or the audience, revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization.	30
6739334298	epistolary	a novel that tells its story through letters written from one character to another.	31
6739342975	in medias res	A story that begins in the middle of the action	32

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APES - Agriculture Flashcards

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5966857944	malnourished	Having a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals	0
5966857945	food security	A condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life	1
5966857946	food insecurity	A condition in which people do not have adequate access to food	2
5966857947	famine	The condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a short period of time	3
5966857948	anemia	A deficiency in iron	4
5966857949	overnutrition	Ingestion of too many calories and improper foods	5
5966857950	meat	Livestock or poultry consumed as food	6
5966857951	Industrial agriculture	Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization	7
5966857952	energy subsidy	The energy input per calorie of food produced	8
5966857953	Green Revolution	A shift in agriculture in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop variates, and resulted in increased food output	9
5966857954	economies of scale	The observation that average costs of production fall as output increases.	10
5966857955	waterlogging	A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods	11
5966857956	salinization	A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amount of salts in irrigation water becomes highly concentration on the soil surface through evaportation	12
5966857957	organic fertilizers	Fertilizers composed of organic matter from plants and animals	13
5966857958	inorganic fertilizers	Synthetic fertilizers; fertilizers produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels	14
5966857959	monocropping	An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species	15
5966857960	pesticide	A substances, either natural or synthetic, that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests	16
5966857961	insecticides	A pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertabrates	17
5966857962	herbicides	A pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops	18
5966857963	broad-spectrum pesticides	A pesticide that kills many different types of pests	19
5966857964	persistent	The length of time a chemical remains in the environment	20
5966857965	bioaccumulation	An increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time	21
5966857966	nonpersistent pesticide	A pesticide that breaks does rapidly, usually in weeks or months	22
5966857967	resistant	In terms of pesticides, the ability of the targeted pest to survive	23
5966857968	pesticide treadmill	A cycle of pesticide development, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development	24
5966857969	conventional agriculture	industrial agriculture	25
5966857970	shifting agriculture	An agricultural method in which land is cleared and used for a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients	26
5966857971	desertification	The transformation of arable, productive land to desert or unproductive land due to climate change or destructive land use such as overgrazing	27
5966857972	nomadic grazing	Feeding herds of animals by moving them to seasonally productive feeding grounds, often over long distances	28
5966857973	sustainable agriculture	Agriculture that fulfills the need for food and fiber while enhancing the quality of of the soil, minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources, and allowing economic viability to the farmer	29
5966857974	intercropping	An agricultural technique in which two or more crop species are plated in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction	30
5966857975	crop rotation	An agricultural technique in which crop species in a field are alternated from season to season	31
5966857976	agroforestry	An agricultural technique in which trees and vegetables are intercropped	32
5966857977	contour plowing	An agricultural technique in which plowing and harvesting are done parallel to the topographic contours of the land	33
5966857978	no-till agriculture	An agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons, used as a means of reducing soil erosion	34
5966857979	integrated pest management (IPM)	An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed o minimize pesticide inputs	35
5966857980	organic agriculture	Productions of crops with the goal of improving the soil each year without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers	36
5966857981	concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO)	A large outdoor space used to raise animals at very high densities	37
5966857982	fishery	A commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region	38
5966857983	fishery collapse	The decline of a fish population by 90 percent or more	39
5966857984	bycatch	The unintentional catch of nontarget species while fishing	40
5966857985	individual transferable quotas (ITQs)	A fishery management program in which individual fishers are given a total allowable catch of fish in a season that they can either catch or sell	41
5966857986	aquaculture	Farming aquatic organisms, such as fish, shellfish, and seaweeds	42
5966857987	annual plants	A plant that only lives one season	43
5966857988	perennial plants	A plant that lives for multiple years	44

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AP Biology: Chapter 6 Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

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6841930458	organelles	membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell	0
6841930459	cytosol	a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found	1
6841930460	eukaryotic cell	Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	2
6841930461	prokaryotic cell	Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles	3
6841930462	nucleoid region	a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found	4
6841930463	cytoplasm	the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles	5
6841930464	plasma membrane	The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell	6
6841930465	nucleus	chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell	7
6841930466	nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm	8
6841930467	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope	9
6841930468	chromosomes	tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)	10
6841930469	chromatin	loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA	11
6841930470	nucleolus	located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes	12
6841930471	ribosomes	made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins	13
6841930472	endomembrane system	membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.	14
6841930473	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope	15
6841930474	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels	16
6841930475	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins	17
6841930476	glycoproteins	proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction	18
6841930477	transport vesicles	vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another	19
6841930478	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	20
6841930479	lysosome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials	21
6841930480	phagocytosis	the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle	22
6841930481	autophagy	lysosomes break down damaged organelles	23
6841930482	food vacuoles	formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle	24
6841930483	contractile vacuoles	pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell	25
6841930484	central vacuole	the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells	26
6841930485	mitochondria	chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration	27
6841930486	chloroplasts	contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis	28
6841930487	cristae	infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria	29
6841930488	mitochondrial matrix	compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle	30
6841930489	plastids	manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches	31
6841930490	thylakoids	flattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs	32
6841930491	granum	stacks of thylakoids	33
6841930492	stroma	fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area	34
6841930493	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm	35
6841930494	microtubules	hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell	36
6841930495	centrosome	a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division	37
6841930496	centrioles	cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division	38
6841930497	flagella	a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement	39
6841930498	cilia	a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion	40
6841930499	microfilaments	the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts	41
6841930500	actin	a globular protein that makes up microfilaments	42
6841930501	pseudopodia	cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface	43
6841930502	cytoplasmic streaming	the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells	44
6841930503	intermediate filaments	diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments	45
6841930504	cell wall	extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake	46
6841930505	primary cell wall	a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell	47
6841930506	middle lamella	a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin	48
6841930507	secondary cell wall	a strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support	49
6841930508	extracellular matrix	where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides	50
6841930509	collagen	most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells	51
6841930510	plasmodesmata	channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants	52
6841930511	tight junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins	53
6841930512	desmosomes	intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	54
6841930513	gap junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants	55

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AP Flashcards

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8696608952	diaspora	the dispersion of the Jews beyond israel.	0
8696629075	indigenous	originating or occuring naturally in particular place.	1
8696631172	cross-cultural	combining, pertaining.	2
8696632857	ethnocentric	evaluating other peoples cultures according to standards of one's own culture.	3
8696634134	ethical	relating to moral principles or branch of knowledge dealing with things.	4
8696636791	doctrine	a belief or a set of beliefs.	5
8696639276	commodity	a raw material.	6

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AP Psychology Learning Flashcards

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8373406995	Learning	Relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience	0
8373406996	Associative Learning	Defined: learn by putting together two events Example: Expect to hear thunder after viewing lightening	1
8373406997	Habituation	Defined: An organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it Example: Your parents yell at you a lot and eventually you tune out their yelling	2
8373406998	Pavlov, Ivan	Contribution: developed the theory of "classical conditioning" while working with dogs Significance: Father of Classical Conditioning	3
8373406999	Watson, John B	Contribution: applies Classical Conditioning to Humans through the "Little Albert" Experiment Significance: Creates "Behaviorism" Theory	4
8373407000	Bretlands	Contribution: demonstrated the significance of biological/instinctive processes in operant conditioning by studying a variety of animals Significance: Creates the "Instinctive Drift" theory	5
8373407001	Skinner, B.F.	Contributions: Invented the Operant chamber, aka his ________ box, to use in his research of animal learning. Significance: Father & Developer of Operant Conditioing	6
8373407002	Bandura, Albert	Contribution: Studied how children mimic others behaviors and repeat that same behavior Significance: Creates "Observational Learning" Theory	7
8373407003	Thorndike, Edward	Contribution: studied cats in puzzle boxes and recorded their behaviors Significance: Creates "Law of Effect" theory	8
8373407004	Garcia, John	Contribution: Demonstrated the significance of biological processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Taste Aversions" theory	9
8373407005	Seligman, Martin	Contribution: Used dogs to demonstrates the significance of cognitive processes in classical conditioning Significance: Creates "Learned Helplessness" theory	10
8373407006	Tolman, Edward	Contribution: demonstrated the significance of cognitive processes in operant conditioning by studying rats in mazes Significance: Creates the "Latent Learning" theory	11
8373407007	Pavlov's Dogs	First experiment that created and demonstrate the theory of classical conditioning	12
8373407008	Little Albert	First experiment to demonstrate how emotions can be classically conditioned in humans Provides a foundation for the "Behaviorism Theory"	13
8373407009	Classical Conditioning	Learning that takes place when two or more stimuli are paired together UCS = UCR; NS + UCS = UCR; & CS = CR	14
8373407010	Behaviorism	Psychologist: John B. Watson Defined: a theory that made psychology an objective science by making it based on observable (and only observable) events, not the unconscious or conscious mind.	15
8373407011	Unconditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the stimulus that triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: "Meat" Little Albert: "Loud noise"	16
8373407012	Unconditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning It is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the stimulus Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Meat" Little Albert: "Screaming at the Loud Noise"	17
8373407013	Conditioned Stimulus	Part of Classical Conditioning It initially has no effect but after conditioning, it triggers a natural reflexive response. Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Bell" Little Albert: "White Mouse"	18
8373407014	Conditioned Response	Part of Classical Conditioning Occurs after conditioning when the conditioned stimulus (CS) triggers an innate response Pavlov's Dogs: It was the "Salivating to the Bell" Little Albert: "Screaming/Crying"	19
8373407015	Neutral Stimulus	does not caused an unconditioned response but eventually becomes the CS	20
8373407016	Acquisition of Classical Conditioning	Frequency: the more often the CS and the US are paired together Timing: the CS is presented a half a second before the US	21
8373407017	Extinction	Classical Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because CS no longer paired with the UCS Operant Conditioning: The disappearance of a behavior because it is no longer reinforced or punished	22
8373407018	Spontaneous Recovery	Classical Conditioning: When a previous CR returns after it has been extinguished Operant Conditioning: Occurs when a response begins again after extinction	23
8373407019	Stimulus Generalization	Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are different. (Example: Little Albert being afraid of any thing that is white and furry) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was NOT learned (Example: Not cursing at home or at school)	24
8373407020	Stimulus Discrimination	Classical Conditioning: When the NS and the CS are the same (Example: Little Albert being afraid of a white mouse) Operant Conditioning: When a reinforced/punished behavior occurs in a setting/situation where it was learned (Example: Cursing only at home because it is acceptable but not at school)	25
8373407021	Higher Order Conditioning	When the first CS is paired with a second CS The second CS is presented briefly before the first CS	26
8373407022	Taste Aversions	Psychologist: Garcia Defined: If you ingest an unusual food or drink and then become nauseous, you will probably develop an aversion to the food or drink. Significance: Violates the acquisition principles of classical conditioning	27
8373407023	Learned Helplessness	Defined: Exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive (bad) events produces passive behavior Study: Seligman delivering shocks to dogs Example: If a student consistently fails math, they may start to give up or a sports team that consistently loses may start to belive they can't win	28
8373407024	Biological Preparedness	Defined: humans and animals have predisposed fears that help us survive Examples; Phobia of heights keeps us away from danger	29
8373407025	Operant conditioning	Defined: Learning is based on the association of one's behavior and its consequences. Consequences are reinforced or punished Example: You choose to break curfew based on the consequences	30
8373407026	Law of Effect	Psychologist: Edward Thorndike Defined: if a behavior results in a satisfying consequence, it will likely be repeated whereas; if a behavior results in a unsatisfying consequence, it will NOT likely be repeated Example: If you complement your mother and she lets you stay out past curfew, you will complement her again	31
8373407027	Skinner Box	Also known as: Operant Chamber Description: A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal (rat or pigeon) can manipulate in order to obtain a reward	32
8373407028	Positive Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again Example: Receiving $5 for every "A" in high school	33
8373407029	Negative Reinforcement	Part of Operant Conditioning Increasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring again by removing a negative stimuli Example: Taking aspirin to relieve a headache	34
8373407030	Primary Reinforcers	Reinforcers that are rewarding such as food, water, rest, whose natural properties are reinforcing.	35
8373407031	Secondary Reinforcers	Defined: Reinforcers that are rewarding because we learned that are reinforcing. Example: praise, money, the chance to play video games.	36
8373407032	Immediate Reinforcer	Defined: when you are immediately rewarded for a behavior (it's all about the short run) Example: skipping school and enjoying time with friends	37
8373407033	Delayed Reinforcer	Defined: when you complete a behavior but not awarded immediately (it's all about the long run) Example: getting good grades in school and attending class in order to get a good job in the future	38
8373407034	Positive Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Spanking and yelling	39
8373407035	Negative Punishment	Part of Operant Conditioning Removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again Example: Grounding	40
8373407036	Concerns regarding Punishment	It does not teach the learner appropriate behavior and can also increase violent behavior in the learner Example: If your psychology teacher taught you everything you didn't need to know for the AP Psych Exam	41
8373407037	Shaping	Part of Operant Conditioning Positively reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desird behavior to teach a new behavior	42
8373407038	Discriminative Stimulus	Defined: the stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement Example: Calling your friend one name but not using that same name with your parents	43
8373407039	Superstitious Behavior	Defined: if a random reinforcement follows an event, the event will likely be repeated. Example: a lucky shirt, shoes, etc.	44
8373407040	Continuous Reinforcement Schedule	Defined: When every behavior is reinforced Example: a multiple choice test Significance: best for "establishing" a behavior	45
8373407041	Partial Reinforcement Schedule	Defined: When a random behavior is reinforced Example: Fixed Ratio, Variable Ratio, Fixed Interval, Variable Interval Significance: best for "maintaining" a behavior	46
8373407042	Fixed-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a set number of responses. Example: Being paid for every 10 pizzas made	47
8373407043	Variable-Ratio Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a varying number of responses. Example: playing a slot machine	48
8373407044	Fixed-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after a fixed amount of time has passed Example: cramming for an exam	49
8373407045	Variable-Interval Schedule	Defined: schedule of reinforcement after varying amounts of time Example: pop (surprise) quizzes in class	50
8373407046	Latent Learning	Defined: Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it Example: Tolman's rats would only complete the maze if there was cheese for them at the end of the maze	51
8373407047	Cognitive Maps	Defined: having the ability or know how to accomplish a particular task Example: Tolman's rats knew how to complete the maze	52
8373407048	Instinctive Drift	Defined: when animals revert to instinctive behaviors rather than the operantly conditioned behaviors Examples: Rats will not walk backward, chickens won't hit a ball and run to first base, and pigs won't put wooden dollars into a piggy bank	53
8373407049	Insight Learning	Defined: suddenly knowing the solution to the problem Example: When taking a test and the previous answer comes to you without effort	54
8373407050	Intrinsic Motivation	Defined: the desire to perform a behavior effectively and for its own sake—rewards can carry hidden costs. Example: reading books because you find them rewarding	55
8373407051	Extrinsic Motivation	Defined: the desire to perform a behavior to receive external rewards or avoid threatened punishment. Example: reading a book because you need to get a good grade in your English class	56
8373407052	Observational Learning	Defined: learn by watching others Example: BoBo Doll Study	57
8373407053	BoBo Doll Study	Psychologist: Bandura Description: Children watched (through a one way glass)a confederate play with the BoBo doll and then played with the BoBo doll in the same way as the confederate Significance: used to develop "observational learning"	58
8373407054	Mirror Neurons	Defined: frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so Example: explains why yawning is contagious	59
8373407055	Densensitization	Defined: after viewing a similar act/behavior, you become less emotionally responsive (indifferent or unaware) to the stimulus Example: The first murder on TV is shocking but becomes less shocking as you watch violent television	60
8373407056	Pro-Social Modeling	Defined: People who show nonviolent, helpful behavior prompt similar behavior in others Significance: When parents help their grandparents, the children will likely do the same	61
8373407057	Anti-Social Modeling	Defined: People show violent, selfish behavior prompts similar behaviors in others Significance: Watching violent TV prompts similar behaviors in others (pro-wrestling, etc.)	62

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List One AP Vocab. Flashcards

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7221363770	Allusion	An instance of indirect reference	0
7221366884	Analogy	A resemblance of relations; an agreement or likeness between things in some circumstances or effects, when the things are otherwise entirely different	1
7221368129	Diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	2
7221368863	Imagery	the use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses	3
7221369290	Metaphor	A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.	4
7221370094	Simile	comparison using like or as	5
7221373604	Tone	Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character	6
7221373605	Allegory	A story, fictional or nonfictional, in which characters, things, and events represent qualities or concepts; they reveal an abstract truth	7

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