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AP LANG VOCAB Flashcards

7277347180	apostrophe	interrupts the discussion, addresses directly to a person or thing EX: it's	0
7277350875	assonance	similar vowel sounds repeated in successive words containing different consonants EX:" That cat sat back"	1
7277354185	asyndeton	consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses EX:" I came, I played, I won"	2
7277357023	blank verse (poetry)	a poem with no rhyme, but does have iambic pentameter	3
7277359777	cacophony	a harsh, discordant mixture of sounds EX:" the jaws that bite, the claws that catch"	4
7277361801	caesura	a break, a pause, usually in the middle of the verse, marked by double vertical lines EX:"to be or not to be- that is the question"	5
7277369802	caricature	a picture, description exaggerating the peculiarities or defects a person or thing has	6
7277375398	colloquialism	a word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically used in ordinary conversation EX:"sick dude"	7
7277379517	canon	a general law, rule by which something is judged EX: shakesphere	8
7277381645	conceit	a fanciful expression in writing or speech; an elaborate metaphor EX:"sleeping like a log"	9
7277385222	concrete language	identifies things perceived through senses EX: soft, red, loud, bitter	10
7277386769	connotation	implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly EX: "you're a dog"	11
7277389539	consonance	refers to repetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase EX: "pitter-patter"	12
7277392283	deduction	a method of reasoning from the general to the specific EX: "if all humans are mortal, and i am human, than i am mortal"	13
7277394955	denoation	literal meaning of a word in contrast to its associated meaning EX: Ben is adventurous	14
7277400658	diction	style of speaking or writing determine do by the choice of words by the speaker or writer EX: slang	15
7277403905	dissonance	use of harsh sounding, unusual, or impolite words in poetry to create a disturbing effect EX: "my 5 year old brother is smarter than you"	16
7277407626	dramatic irony	expressed through a works structure: An audiences awareness of the situation EX: in a scary movie, audience knows killers in the house	17
7277412993	emotional appeal	a method of persuasion that's designed to create an emotional response EX: dog shelter commercials	18
7277463429	aphorism	an observation that contains a general truth EX: "if it aint broke dont fix it"	19
7474395844	epigraph	A brief quotation found at the beginning of a literary work, reflective of theme.	20
7474411938	enjambed	the running on of the thought from one line, couplet, or stanza to the next without a syntactical break.	21
7474420290	epistrophe	Repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses	22
7474429070	epithet	A descriptive word or phrase occurring with or in place of the name of a person or thing. An insulting or demeaning word or phrase	23
7474432111	ethical appeal	Argument that seeks common ground of shared morals or values in the audience (ethos)	24
7474435978	euphony	pleasant, harmonious sound	25
7474439409	exposition	Background information presented in a literary work. Ex: Opening credits in star wars	26
7474443601	extended metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work. Ex: Shakespeare compares juliet to the sun	27
7474451387	false analogy	An argument using an inappropriate metaphor. To help understand one thing in an argument we compare it to something else that is not at all relevant. the earth is like a watch and, just as a fine watch was made, so also the earth was made.	28
7474454614	figurative	A word or words that are inaccurate literally but describe by calling to mind sensations or responses that the thing described evokes. Figurative language may be in the form of metaphors or similes, both of which are non-literal comparisons. Shakespeare's "All the world's a stage" is an example of non-literal, figurative language (metaphor, specifically).	29
7474458514	foreshadowing	A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader. Ex: a gun is showed in a scene	30
7474464829	free verse	A poem "free" of regular meter and rhyme. The poem may have irregular line lengths or fragments, and non-conventional uses of grammar, punctuation, and capitalization. It is "free" of conventions, yet very deliberate in its use of words and form ex: thunder rolls from booming clouds	31
7474466542	genre	A category or type of literature (or of art, music, etc.) characterized by a particular form, style, or content.	32
7474469360	hubris	Arrogance	33
7474472841	humanism	A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements ie: DaVinci	34
7474477302	hyperbole	purposeful exaggeration for effect Ex: im so hungry i can eat a horse	35
7474480589	euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant Ex: Passed away instead of died	36
7474489026	induction	A method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances.	37
7474640298	anaphora	repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive clauses ex: every week, every day, every class, Ana has homework.	38
7474664565	ad hominem	making an argument personal	39
7474676381	allegory	A literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions	40
7474685965	alliteration	reassurance of initial constant sounds	41
7474690572	allusion	a short or informal reference to a famous person or event.	42
7474700137	anadiplosis	the last word, first word repetition ex: you teach me anger, anger teaches hate	43
7474717285	analogy	compares two things which are not alike ex: finding a good guy is like trying to find a needle in a haystack	44
7474751251	anaphora	A sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences ex: it rained, it poured	45
7474776571	anecdote	a short account of an incident in someone's life ex: mother telling child a childhood story	46
7474799535	annotation	a critical or explanatory note made on a piece of writing ex: annotated bibliography	47
7474811188	anithesis	Balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure ex: patience is bitter, but it has sweet fruit	48
7626101427	inference	a conclusion one can draw from the presented details	49
7626110636	interior monologue	a passage of writing presenting a characters inner thoughts and emotions in a direct manner	50
7626140408	invective	abusive language	51
7626238169	inversion	a sentence in which the verb precedes the subject	52
7626243365	irony	a device that depends on the existence of at least two separate and contrasting levels of meaning embedded in one message. Verbal irony is sarcasm. Dramatic irony is when the audience is more aware of the characters. Situational occurs when the opposite of what is expected happens.	53
7626261579	jargon	specialized technical technology; a characteristic language of a particular group	54
7626267363	lampoon	to ridicule with satire	55
7626276867	logical fallacy	a mistake in reasoning. Occur in arguments that fail to make concrete, logical claims for support. Ex: Ad Hominem	56
7626311958	lyrical	expressing deep personal emotions or observations	57
7626322961	metaphor	a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity	58
7626330944	meter	a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	59
7626335454	metonymy	a figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated Ex: Crown for royalty	60
7626346834	mode	the major types of written discourse:Persuasive, expository, narrative; descriptive	61
7626354289	mood	feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader	62
7626358381	moral	a lesson a work of literature is teaching	63
7626361737	motif	a recurring element, such as an image, theme, or type of incident	64
7626366906	narration	a method of informing that explains something by recounting events	65
7626373219	non sequitur	(logic) a conclusion that does not follow the premises	66

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AP Stats-Chapter 1 Flashcards

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5794272945	Individuals	the objects described by a set of data, may be people, animals or things	0
5794274294	variable	any characteristic of an individual	1
5794274650	categorical variable	places an individual into one of several groups or categories	2
5794275077	quantitative variable	take numerical values for which it makes sense to find an average	3
5794275470	distribution of a variable	tells us what values the variable takes and how often it takes these values	4
5794279365	pie charts	displays categorical data, best used when you want to emphasize each category's relation to the whole	5
5794280536	bar graphs	displays categorical data, easiest to create and read	6
5794284669	two-way table	organizes data about two categorical variables measured for the same set of individuals, aka contingency table	7
5794292378	marginal distribution	in a two-way table, the distribution of either variable alone; the counts or percentages are the totals found in the margins (last row or column) of the table	8
5794296268	conditional distribution	Describes the values of one variable among individuals who have a specific value of another variable.	9
5794298848	side-by-side bar graph	displays conditional distributions, sometimes a segmented bar graph is used	10
5794304956	association	Relationship between or among variables.	11
5794308795	dot plot	simplest display of quantitative data plotting dots along a horizontal axis, best used for small data sets	12
5794318886	SOCS	describe a distribution using shape, outlier, center, spread	13
5794320823	Symmetric	the shape of a distribution if the right and left sides are approximately mirror images of each other	14
5794323368	Skewed	the shape of a distribution if the right (or left) side of the graph is much longer than the other side	15
5794330175	Unimodal	describes the center of a distribution with a single peak	16
5794331571	Bimodal	describes the center of a distribution with two clear peaks	17
5794337794	stemplot	display of quantitative data giving a quick picture of the shape of distribution while including the actual numerical values in the graph, best used for small data sets	18
5794342472	histogram	display of quantitative data using equal width bars to represent "classes" of data and the frequency (count) or relative frequency (percent) of individuals in each class, not be confused with a bar graph	19
5794363501	mean	arithmetic average, not resistant to outliers	20
5794365513	x-bar	sample mean	21
5794366043	mu	population mean	22
5794367049	median	midpoint of the distribution when data values are in order of size, from smallest to largest, resistant to outliers	23
5794373158	range	describes the spread, largest value in data set minus the smallest value in data set, not resistant to outliers	24
5794374368	IQR	describes the spread, quartile 3 minus quartile 1, resistant to outliers	25
5794377470	Outlier rule	if an observation is more than 1.5xIQR above Q3 or less than 1.5xIQR below Q1	26
5794379574	Five number summary	smallest observation, Q1, median,Q3, largest observation	27
5794380966	boxplot	distribution of a five number summary	28
5794383023	standard deviation	describes the spread, measures the typical distance of the values in a distribution from the mean, not resistant to outliers	29
5794388817	variance	describes the spread, standard deviation squared, not resistant to outliers	30
5794399491	mean and standard deviations	best used when describing roughly symmetric distributions without outliers, most useful for Normal distributions	31
5794401117	median and IQR	best used when describing skewed distributions	32

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AP Biology Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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9605713472	Transcription	Process that converts DNA Nucleic Acid language into RNA Nucleic Acid language.	0
9605713473	RNA Structure	• Ribose sugar. • Nitrogen bases: Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine. • Single stranded.	1
9605713474	Types of RNA	• mRNA • tRNA • rRNA • siRNA	2
9605713475	Template Strand	Transcribed DNA strand; the strand of DNA that is temporarily paired with the RNA.	3
9605713476	Coding Strand	Untranscribed DNA strand; same sequence as RNA.	4
9605713477	Transcription Bubble	Where DNA unzips for transcription to begin.	5
9605713478	RNA Polymerase I	Only transcribes rRNA genes; makes ribosomes.	6
9605713479	RNA Polymerase II	Transcribes genes into mRNA. Enzyme which reads genes responsible for most of mRNA	7
9605713481	Promoter Region	Binding site before beginning of gene; for RNA Polymerase and transcription factors.	8
9605713482	TATA Box Binding Site	A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.	9
9605713483	Enhancer Region	Binding site far upstream of gene. Turns transcription on HIGH.	10
9605713484	Initiation Complex	Transcription factors bind to promoter region. Trigger the binding of RNA Polymerase to DNA.	11
9605713485	Exons	The real gene; expressed/coding DNA.	12
9605713486	Introns	The junk genetic material; INbetween sequence.	13
9605713487	mRNA Splicing	Post-transcriptional processing; edits out introns.	14
9605713488	Pre-mRNA	Primary transcript of the process.	15
9605713489	Mature mRNA	The final product of mRNA splicing.	16
9605713490	snRNPs	Small nuclear RNA; proteins. Responsible for splicing RNA.	17
9605713491	Spliceosome	Several snRNPs. Recognize splice site sequence. "Cut and paste" gene.	18
9605713492	Alternative Splicing	Alternative mRNAs produced from same gene; different segments treated as exons.	19
9605713493	Post-Transcriptional Processing	Need to protect mRNA on its trip from nucleus to cytoplasm; enzymes in cytoplasm attack mRNA.	20
9605713494	mRNA Caps	5' GTP Cap and Poly-A Tail; longer tail, mRNA lasts longer: produces more protein.	21
9605713495	Reading Frame	Reading mRNA nucleotides in the correct groupings. If a single base is added or lost, it throws off the entire reading frame.	22
9605713496	Translation	From nucleic acid language to amino acid language.	23
9605713497	Codon	A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.	24
9605713498	Start Codons	AUG and Methionine.	25
9605713499	Stop Codons	UGA, UAA, and UAG.	26
9605713500	Anti-Codon	Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon.	27
9605713501	tRNA	Transfer RNA: follows its complementary codon, carries a specific attached amino acid.	28
9605713502	Ribosomes	Facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon. Organelle/enzyme hybrid.	29
9605713503	Structure of Ribosomes	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. Large and small subunits.	30
9605713504	A Site	Holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain.	31
9605713505	P Site	Holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain.	32
9605713506	E Site	Exit site. Empty tRNA leaves ribosome from exit side.	33
9605713507	Initiation	Brings together mRNA, ribosome subunits, initiator tRNA.	34
9605713508	Elongation	Adding amino acids based on codon sequence.	35
9605713509	Termination	End codon.	36
9605713510	Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes	Translation and transcription coupled, translation begins before transcription is completed.	37

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APUSH: Colonial America Flashcards

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7635668005	Jamestown	First permanent English settlement in the New World.	0
7846690057	Act for the Encouragement of Trade	Part of the Navigation Acts, passed by the British Parliament to control colonial trade and enforce mercantilism.	1
7846909818	Proclamation of 1763	British attempt to prevent colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains after Pontiac's Rebellion. Intended to prevent future conflicts with American Indians. However, the colonial perception was the Crown chose the interests of American Indians over loyal British subjects who owned land west of the Appalachians.	2
7846926033	Stamp Act	Parliament's first direct tax on the colonies, aimed at raising revenue. Resulted in widespread resentment and boycotts.	3
7847606081	Coercive Acts	Passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party. Consisted of four parts: 1. The Boston Port Act - closed Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for. 2. The Massachusetts Government Act - limited town hall meetings, and positions in the Massachusetts Assembly were appointed by the Crown instead of public elections. 3. The Administration of Justice Act - tried British officials accused of crimes in the colonies in England instead of America. 4. The Quartering Act - required the housing of British troops in colonial homes instead of boarding houses.	4
7848474304	Declaration of Independence	Written by Thomas Jefferson and heavily influenced by John Locke's theories on life, liberty , and property. This document listed grievances against the Crown, and accused King George III of abusing his authority and proclaimed the independence of the 13 colonies .	5
7975555926	British Identity	British North America Colonists identified as British; establishing English laws and customs.	6
7975561499	American Identity	By 1776, patriots embraced a political identity distinct from the British Empire. The Declaration of Independence was a break from what the Americans thought were the shackles of British tyranny.	7

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All AP Terms List Flashcards

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7343484472	Abstract	Not related to the concrete properties of an object; pertaining to ideas, concepts, or qualities, as opposed to physical attributes	0
7343484473	Appeals to Emotion	Rhetorical arguments in which the speaker attempts to affect the listener's personal feelings	1
7343484474	Audience	The person(s) reached by a piece of writing	2
7343484475	Chiasmus	Figure of speech by which the order of the terms in the first of parallel clauses is reversed in the second (e.g., "Fair is foul, and foul is fair")	3
7343484476	Contradiction	A direct opposition between things compared; inconsistency	4
7343484477	Devices	A particular word pattern or combination of words used in a literary work to evoke a desired effect or arouse a desired reaction in the reader	5
7343484478	Epitaph	A piece of writing in praise of a deceased person	6
7343484479	Inference	The process of arriving at a conclusion from a hint, implication, or suggestion	7
7343484480	Zeugma	Grammatically correct linkage of one subject with two or more verbs or a verb with two or more direct objects. The linking shows a relationship between ideas more clearly. For example: Bob exceeded at sports; Jim at academics; Mark at eating. OR "You held your breath and the door for me."	8
7343484481	Anadiplosis	Repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the next clause	9
7343484482	Appeals to Logic	Rhetorical arguments in which the speaker attempts to persuade the listener through the use of deductive reasoning	10
7343484483	Begging the Question	To sidestep or evade the real problem	11
7343484484	Claim	An assertion of something as fact; to demand as a right or as a due; a statement that you want your audience to believe	12
7343484485	Convention	An accepted manner, model, or tradition; a common way of looking at or examining something	13
7343484486	Diction	An author's choice of words to convey a tone or effect	14
7343484487	Eulogy	A speech or writing in praise of a person or thing; an oration in honor of a deceased person, typically given at a funeral or memorial	15
7343484488	Litote	Form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve (e.g., Saying "You're not terrible" to express that you did a wonderful job)	16
7343484489	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole, such as "head of cattle" or "hands on deck"	17
7343484490	Epistrophe	The repetition of a word or words as the end of two or more successive verses, clauses, or sentences (e.g., "When I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child.")	18
7343484491	Expletive	A single word or short phrase intended to emphasize surrounding words; commonly separated by commas (e.g., in fact, of course, after all, certainly)	19
7343484492	Isocolon	Parallel structure in which the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure, but also in length (e.g., "An envious heart makes a treacherous ear" or "Many will enter. Few will win.")	20
7343484493	Rhetoric	The language of a work and its style; the art of using language effectively	21
7343484494	Ambiguity	Use of language in which multiple meanings are possible	22
7343484495	Appeals to Authority	Rhetorical arguments in which the speaker claims to be an expert or relies on information provided by experts	23
7343484496	Antithesis	The juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words or phrases	24
7343484497	Explication	The interpretation or analysis of a text	25
7343484498	Inductive	Conclusion or type of reasoning whereby observation or information about a part of a class is applied to the class as a whole	26
7343484499	Juxtaposition	Placing of two items side by side to create a certain effect, reveal an attitude, or accomplish some other purpose	27
7343484500	Rhetorical Device	Particular use of word patterns and styles used to clarify, make associations, and focus the writing	28
7343484501	Syllogism	A form of deduction; an extremely subtle, sophisticated, or deceptive argument	29
7343484502	Tone	The attitude a literary work takes towards its subject and theme; it reflects the author's attitude	30
7343484503	Speaker	The person (not necessarily the author) who is the voice of the work	31
7343484504	Thesis Statement	Focus statement of an essay; premise statement upon which the point of view or discussion in the essay is based	32
7343484505	Cumulative Sentences	Begins with a standard pattern and adds multiple details AFTER it; the details can take the form of subordinate clauses or different kinds of phrases	33
7343484506	Periodic Sentences	A sentence that BEGINS with multiple details and holds off a standard sentence pattern, or at least its predicate, until the end	34
7343484507	Inverted Syntax	The typical English sentence pattern has the subject before the verb. In this type of sentence, the verb is placed before the subject.	35
7343484508	Trope	The use of a word in a figurative sense with a decided change or extension in its literal meaning; a shift in the typical meaning of a word (e.g., "I put down my weapon of choice at the end of my test--a dull #2 lead pencil")	36
7343484509	Deductive	The reasoning process by which a conclusion is drawn from a set of premises and contains no more facts than these premises	37
7343484510	Euphemism	Substitution of a milder or less direct expression for one that is harsh or blunt (e.g., using "passed away" for "dead")	38
7343484511	Paradox	A statement that seems contradictory, but is actually true	39
7343484512	Syntax	The way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. It is sentence structure and how it influences the way a reader perceives a piece of writing	40
7343484513	Analytical Writing	A style of writing in which the subject is broken into its components and the components are subjected to detailed scrutiny	41
7343484514	Apology	A formal written defense of something you believe in strongly	42
7343484515	Colloquial	Ordinary language; the vernacular. For example, depending on where in the United States you live, a sandwich is called a sub, a grinder, or a hero.	43
7343484516	Delayed Sentence	A sentence that withholds its main idea until the end. For example, Just as he bent to tie his shoe, a car hit him.	44
7343484517	Evidence	An indication or a sign	45
7343484518	Hyperbole	An overstatement characterized by exaggerated language	46
7343484519	Metonymy	A figure of speech that uses the name of one thing to name or designate something, as in, "The White House announced today..."	47
7343484520	Propaganda	Information or rumor deliberately spread to help or harm a person, group, or institution	48
7343484521	Parallelism	Recurrent syntactical similarity where several parts of a sentence or several sentences equal in importance (e.g., "I have always searched for, but never found, the perfect painting for that wall.")	49
7343484522	Allusion	A figure of speech which makes brief, even casual, reference to a historical or literary figure, event, or object to create a resonance in the reader or to apply a symbolic meaning to the character or object	50
7343484523	Anaphora	The regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses ("We shall fight in the trenches. We shall fight in sky. We shall fight...")	51
7343484524	Asyndeton	The practice of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. In a list, it gives a more extemporaneous effect and suggests the list may be incomplete ("He was brave, fearless, afraid of nothing." OR "...and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.")	52
7343484525	Discourse	A formal discussion of a subject	53

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AP Stats Review Flashcards

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6335406914	A statistic that is the defined as the 75th percentile	Q3	0
6335413187	Cluster sample	Separating the population into heterogeneous groups and sampling an entire cluster.	1
6335413188	Stratified sample	Separating the population into homogeneous groups and sampling a small portion of each group.	2
6335417304	non response bias	Not being able to reach individuals who were randomly chosen to be in your sample	3
6335420424	bias	A method of sampling that consistently over- or underestimates the value you want to estimate	4
6335422129	voluntary response bias	Obtaining a sample by putting out a general invitation and using whoever chooses to respond	5
6335424689	How to increase power	increase alpha, sample size and effect size	6
6335427350	How to decrease bias	no can do	7
6335430238	How to decrease variability	increase sample size	8
6335439685	Left skewed distribution	insert image of histogram	9
6335441931	Right skewed distribution	insert image of boxplot	10
6335448241	Type I error	incorrectly rejecting the null	11
6335450003	Type II error	incorrectly not finding evidence for Ha	12
6335450004	Power	correctly rejecting the null hypothesis	13
6335471792	The median of the first half of the data	Q1	14
6335494151	mutually exclusive events	Events that have no common outcomes; cannot occur together	15
6335494152	conditional probability	Probability that one event occurs knowing another one already occurred	16
6335494153	Independent events	The occurrence of one event does not change the probability of the other event	17
6335510258	sample proportion		18
6335512442	population proportion		19
6335514265	sample mean		20
6335514266	population mean		21
6335518830	The 10% rule allows us to	calculate the standard deviation of the sampling distribution	22
6335523585	The Large Counts condition allows us to conclude	the shape of the sampling distribution of p hat is approximately normal	23
6335526983	The Central Limit Theorem allows us to conclude	the sampling distribution of x bar is approximately normal when the sample size is at least 30.	24
6335540241	Chi-Square for homogeneity answers this question...	Is the specified distribution of the variable correct?	25
6335540242	Chi Square for independence answers this question....	Is the distribution of the variable the same for all the populations?	26
6335544989	Chi Square goodness of fit answers this question ...	Is there an association between the two variables?	27
6335578842	Degrees of freedom for a t-test	n - 1	28
6335587125	Degrees of Freedom for chi-square goodness of fit test	number of categories - 1	29
6335597956	Degrees of freedom for chi-square test for homogeneity	(number of rows - 1)(number of columns - 1)	30
6335610881	How to describe a graphical display of one variable quantitative data	Shape Outliers Center Spread	31
6335615496	How to display one variable quantitative data	boxplot stemplot histogram dotplot	32
6335620073	How to display two variable quantitative data	scatterplot	33
6335627663	When the p-value < alpha	yey! We found convincing evidence for Ha	34
6335633204	When the p-value is > alpha	we're sad because we didn't find evidence of what we are looking for.	35
6335644349	Experiment	imposes a treatment on subject and measures variables of interest	36
6335644350	Observational Study	measures variables of interest with no influence on subject	37
6335673440	What happens to the standard deviation of a random variable when you add a constant?	Nada	38
6335673441	What happens to the mean of a random variable when you multiply by a constant.	It increases/decreases by a factor of that constant.	39
6386129125	How to describe a graphical display of two variable quantitative data	Direction Outliers Form Strength	40
6386132171	How to display categorical data	Bar graph Pie Chart	41

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AP Biology Evolution Flashcards

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9596036848	Carolus Linnaeus	-physician and botanist who sought to classify life's diversity -binomial nomenclature (Homo sapien) -nested classification system, placing similar species into general characters	0
9596036849	Fossils	-darwin drew from these (the remains or traces of organisms from the past)	1
9596036850	Strata	-new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into layers of rock called strata -strata reveal the pattern of evolution that a species may take	2
9596036851	Paleontology	-study of fossils, developed by Georges Cuvier 0noted that the older the stratum the more dissimilar fossils were to current life-forms -from one layer to the next, new species appeared while others disappeared -each boundary represented a sudden catastrophic event	3
9596036852	Charles Lyell	-incorporated Hutton's thinking into his proposal that the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate	4
9596036853	Jean-Baptiste Lamarck	-found several lines of descent, a chronological series of older to younger fossils leading to a living species -use and disuse (giraffes' neck)	5
9596036854	Wallace	-writes a paper with a similar hypothesis to Darwin based on the Malay archipelago	6
9596036855	Darwin	-HMS beagle, interested in species in the galapagos (turtles, finches)	7
9596036856	Artificial Selection	-modification of other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits	8
9596036857	Darwin's 2 Inferenences	-All species and produce more offspring than their enviorment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce -This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations	9
9596036858	Homology	-similarity resulting from common ancestry	10
9596036859	Homologous Structures	-represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor	11
9596036860	Vestigal Structures	-remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors	12
9596036861	Convergent Evolution	-independent evolution of similar features in different lineages -ex: marsupials and sugar glider (same environment) -can occur when similar environmental pressures and natural selection exists	13
9596036862	Analogous	-species share features b/c of convergent evolution, share similar function but not common ancestry (different structure)	14
9596036863	Biogeography	-scientific study of the geographic distributions of species	15
9596036864	Phylogeny	-evolutionary history of a species or group of species	16
9596036865	Systematics	-discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary realationships	17
9596036866	Taxonomy	-study of how organisms are named and classifed	18
9596036867	Order of Classification	Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genius, Species	19
9596036868	Sister Taxa	-groups of organism that share an immediate common ancestor	20
9596036869	Rooted	-branch point within the tree	21
9596036870	Polytomy	-branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge	22
9596036871	Analogy	-similarity due to convergent evolution	23
9596036872	Homoplasies	-analogous structures that arose independently	24
9596036873	Cladistic	-common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms	25
9596036874	Clades	-each of which includes an ancestral species of all its descendants	26
9596036875	Monophyletic	-signifying that it consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants	27
9596036876	Paraphyletic	-consists of an ancestral species and some of its descendants	28
9596036877	Polyphyletic	-some of its members have different ancestors	29
9596036878	Shared Ancestral Character	-character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon	30
9596036879	Shared Derived Character	-evolutionary novelty unique to a clade	31
9596036880	Outgroup	-species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage including the species	32
9596036881	Maximum Parsimony	-we should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts	33
9596036882	Molecular Clock	-an approach for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some gens and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates	34
9596036883	Microevolution	-a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations	35
9596036884	Genetic Variation	-differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences	36
9596036885	Population	-group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed creating fertile offspring	37
9596036886	Gene Pool	-all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population	38
9596036887	Hardy-Weinberg Conditions	-no mutations -random mating -no natural selection -very large population size -no gene flow	39
9596036888	Genetic Drift	-chance events can alter allele allele frequencies to fluctuate from one generation to another (especially in one generation to another)	40
9596036889	Founder Effect	-when few individuals become isolated from a larger population this smaller group may make a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	41
9596036890	Bottleneck Effect	-a severe drop in population results in the over or under representation of certain alleles.	42
9596036891	Gene Flow	-transfer of allele into or out of a population from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes	43
9596036892	Effects of Genetic Drift	-Genetic Drift is significant in small populations -Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random -Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations -Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed	44
9596036893	Adaptive Evolution	-NS increases the frequency of allele that provide an advantage and reproduce more	45
9596036894	Relative Fitness	-contribution an individual makes to the gene pool relative to the contributions of indivdauls	46
9596036895	Directional Selection	-conditions father shifting traits to one extreme	47
9596036896	Disruptive Selection	-conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range	48
9596036897	Stabilizing Selection	-reduces variation and gets rid of extreme phenotypes in the population	49
9596036898	Sexual Selection	-form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain maits	50
9596036899	Sexual Dismorphism	-difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species	51
9596036900	Intersexual Selection	-individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting mates	52
9596036901	Neutral Variation	-differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage	53
9596036902	Balancing Selection	-occurs when natural selection amintains two or more forms in a population	54
9596036903	Heterozygote Selection	-individuals who are heterozygotes at a particular locus have a greater fitness than both kinds of homozygotes	55
9596036904	Frequency Dependent Selection	-fitness of a phenotype depends on how commen it is	56
9596036905	Natural Selection Constraints	1. Selection can only act on existing variation 2. Evolution is limited by historical constraints 3. Adaptations are often compromises 4. Chance, NS and the environment interact	57
9596036906	Species (according to the biological species concept)	-group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and have the potential to produce viable, fertile offspring but do not	58
9596036907	Macroevolution	-broad pattern of evolution above the species level	59
9596036908	Reproductive Isolation	-existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring	60
9596036909	Hybrid	-offspring from an interspecific mating	61
9596036910	Prezygotic Barriers	-block fertilization from occuring	62
9596036911	Postzygotic Barriers	-contribute to reproductive isolation after the hybrid zygote is formed	63
9596036912	Prezygotic Barrier Examples	1. Habtitat Isolation 2. Temporal Isolation (nocturnal) 3. Behavior Isolation (courtship rituals) 4. Mechanical Isolation (snail shells) 5. Genetic Isolation (sperm can't survive in reproductive tract) HTBMG	64
9596036913	Postzygotic Barrier Examples	1. Reduced Hybrid Viability (hybrid survivabilty is reduced) 2. Reduced Hybrid Fertility (mule) 3. Hybrid Breakdown (one hybrids mate with one another offspring of the next generation are feeble/sterile) VFB	65
9596036914	Morphological Species Concept	-characterization of a species by body shape and other structural features	66
9596036915	Ecological Species Concept	-species in terms of its ecological niche, the sum of how members interact with living and nonliving members of their enviorments	67
9596036916	Phylogenetic Species Concept	-species is the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor	68
9596036917	Allopatric Speciation + Evidence	-gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations -ex: snapping shrimp 30 species off the isthmus of panama	69
9596036918	Sympatric Speciation	-speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area	70
9596036919	Polyploidy	-species may originate from an accident during cell divison resulting in extra chromsomes	71
9596036920	Autopolypoid	-individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from the same species	72
9596036921	Allopolyploid	-various mechanisms can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid. They can only mate with other allopolyploids not parents	73
9596036922	Hybrid Zone	-region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry	74
9596036923	Fusion of Hybrid Zone	-the two species fuse	75
9596036924	Stability of Hybrid Zone	-continued production of a hybrid individual	76
9596036925	Reinforcement of Hybrid Zone	-strengthening or reproductive barriers--hybrids cease to be made	77
9596036926	Punctuated Equilibria	-Eldrege and Gould coined this to descibed these patterns in the fossil record: perioids of apparent stastis (moment of stability) punctuated by suddenc hange	78
9596036927	Radiometric Dating	-based on the decay or radioactive isotopes -radioactive "parent" isotopes decay to "daughter" isotopes at a characteristic rate called a HALF LIFE	79
9596036928	Geologic Record	-a standard time scale that divides the Earth's history into four eons and further subdivisions EON: Phanerozo(Mesozoic & Jurassic), Proterozoic, Archean, Hadean	80
9596036929	Mass Extinction	-large numbers of a species become extinct world wide, caused by disruptive changes to the global enviroment	81
9596036930	Adaptive Radiations	-periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles or niches in their communities	82
9596036931	Heterochromy	-evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events (Fetus-->Adult Skull)	83
9596036932	Homeotic Genes	-master regulatory genes -determine basic features like the location of wings and legs on a bird -Hox genes provide information as to the positional information in an embryo	84
9596036933	Hypothesis for creation of Earth's First Life	1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, monomers 2. Joining of these small molecules into macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids, polymers 3. Packaging of these molecules into protobiont cells- droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemsitry different than their surrondings 4. Origin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possible	85
9596036934	Ribozyme	-RNA can perform many enzyme like, catalytic functions	86
9596036935	Endosymbiosis	A process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells.	87