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AP Psychology Unit 4 Flashcards

7581092458	Nervous System Chart		0
7581101091	Peripheral Nervous System	PNS Consists of the rest of the body other than the brain and spinal cord (muscles, bones, glands) Communicates with the CNS	1
7581110974	Central Nervous System	CNS Consists of the brain and spinal cord Controls the PNS	2
7581129185	Reflex Arc	Controlled by the spinal cord "It's a no-brainer"	3
7581133410	Autonomic	Automatic body functions	4
7581138437	Somatic	Sensory and motor functions Afferent and efferent SAME	5
7581142985	Sympathetic	Stress response	6
7581146133	Parasympathetic	Peaceful response	7
7581148966	Neuron Model		8
7581161361	Axon Terminal Branches and Buttons	Sends signal to the next neuron	9
7581164955	Dendrites	Receives signal from another neuron	10
7581168342	Soma	Cell body Fuels the cell	11
7581170903	Nucleus	Control center	12
7581174199	Myelin Sheath	Protects the axon and boosts signal	13
7581177338	Axon	Carries signal throughout the neuron	14
7581185099	Schwann Cell	Produces the myelin sheath	15
7581187867	Node of Ranvier	Boosts signal	16
7581191654	Synapse	Space between neurons	17
7581195804	Synaptic Vesicle	Stores neurotransmitters in terminal branches	18
7581200147	Sensory Neurons	Takes in neurotransmitters Afferent Sensory, Afferent - SAme	19
7581206072	Motor Neurons	Sends out neurotransmitters Efferent Motor, Efferent - saME	20
7581208693	Interneurons	Middlemen between sensory and motor neurons Mostly in brain and spinal cord	21
7581213139	Mirror Neurons	Sophisticated neurons that facilitate empathy and learning by watching someone or something "Monkey see, monkey do"	22
7581224573	Neural Impulse Process	Resting potential Action potential Refractory period Threshold All-or-none response Re-uptake	23
7581240783	Resting Potential	Not firing Polarized NA+ outside and K+ inside Before flushing	24
7581247737	Action Potential	Firing Depolarized NA+ goes in and K+ goes out Flushing	25
7581252250	Refractory Period	Reset time Cannot fire neuron again during this time Can't flush again while its flushing (running water)	26
7581264317	Threshold	Minimum stimulation to trigger impulse Pressure pushing handle	27
7581269651	All-or-none Response	Either the neuron fires completely or not at all Can't unflush after flushing	28
7581277440	Reuptake	Reabsorb neurotransmitters from synapse Shit doesn't flush properly and comes back up	29
7581284378	Neurotransmitters	Chemical messengers	30
7581290054	Acetylcholine	Muscle movement and memory Ach(e) - Ach is the abbreviation for acetylcholine and muscles ache when there's an excess of acetylcholine	31
7581295974	Excess of Acetylcholine	Muscle convulsions	32
7581298911	Deficiency of Acetylcholine	Alzheimer's Paralysis	33
7581306935	Dopamine	Reward/Pleasure Voluntary movement Dope - dope sounds like DOPamine and means good and rewards/pleasure is good	34
7581313067	Excess of Dopamine	Schizophrenia	35
7581316778	Deficiency of Dopamine	Parkinson's Tremors	36
7581321692	Serotonin	Mood and appetite Sir Rotten - Sir Rotten looks kind of like serotonin and represents a man with mood swings and serotonin affects mood	37
7581326736	Excess of Serotonin	Headaches and tremors	38
7581330272	Deficiency of Serotonin	Depression	39
7581332801	Norepinephrine	Alertness and mood Adrenaline - adrenaline is the same thing as epinephrine	40
7581341568	Excess of Norepinephrine	Anxiety	41
7581344367	Deficiency of Norepinephrine	Depression	42
7581344368	GABA	Inhibitory Alcohol - alcohol inhibits brain function and slows you down	43
7581349831	Excess of GABA	lethargic	44
7581352798	Deficiency of GABA	Huntington's Anxiety	45
7581355279	Glutamate	Excitatory Coffee - coffee excites your brain and makes you hyper	46
7581358044	Excess of Glutamate	Overstimulation Headaches Seizure	47
7581363089	Deficiency of Glutamate	Fatigue Chronic pain	48
7581366523	Endorphin	Body's natural painkiller Influences mood and pain level	49
7581372547	Neuropeptide	Similar to a neurotransmitter	50
7603116029	Agonist	Mimics neurotransmitter or boosts it	51
7603129062	Antagonist	Blocks neurotransmitter	52
7603133986	Brainstem	Medulla Pons Retucular Activating System (THALAMUS IS NOT A PART OF THE BRAINSTEM)	53
7603143577	Medulla	Automatic critical functions Breathing, heart rate, swallowing MEDulla - MEDic helps you maintain vital functions	54
7603319714	Pons	Regulates sleep and dreams Yawns - yawns rhymes with pons and you yawn when you're sleepy	55
7603335677	Reticular Activating System	Arousal and alertness R.A.S. - Rise and Shine in the morning after you wake up and become alert	56
7603350763	Thalamus	Sensory relay system	57
7603393813	Limbic System	Hippocampus Amygdala Hypothalamus	58
7603400408	Hippocampus	Explicit memory Learning	59
7603404372	Amygdala	Negative emotions Fear, anger, aggression	60
7603408260	Hypothalamus	Food, feelings, fight/flight, fever, f*cking (sex drive)	61
7603452869	Cerebral Cortex	Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe	62
7603471847	Frontal Lobe	Thinking, decision making, planning Motor cortex Broca's area	63
7603479170	Motor Cortex	Movement	64
7603479171	Broca's Area	Speech production Left side of frontal lobe	65
7603487601	Parietal Lobe	Processes sensory info Sensory cortex	66
7603492050	Sensory Cortex	Pain, twitch, temperature In the parietal lobe	67
7603498495	Occipital Lobe	Processes vision	68
7603503316	Temporal Lobe	Processes sound	69
7603503319	Wernicke's Area	Where temporal, parietal, and frontal lobe meet Responsible for speech and language comprehension	70
7603516162	Association Areas	Highly developed areas of the brain responsible for specific mental functions	71
7603522678	Aphasia	Speech disorder	72
7603528085	Corpus Callosum	Thick band of fibers that separates right and left hemisphere	73
7603531703	Cerebellum	Balance and coordination	74
7603536519	Brain Plasticity	Brains ability to create new connections throughout a lifetime Can be in response to damage or learning	75
7603559172	Corpus Callosotomy	Split-brain procedure Used to treat seizures and epilepsy	76
7603572365	Dual Processing	Information is simultaneously processed in conscious or subconscious	77
7603579612	Left Hemisphere	Controls right side of the body Processes right visual field Controls speaking	78
7603588008	Right Hemisphere	Controls left side of the body Processes left visual field Recognized faces (visual)	79
7603596016	Hormones	Chemical messengers that travel through the blood stream	80
7603612911	Endocrine System	Pituitary gland Pineal gland Adrenal gland Pancreas Sex glands	81
7603618252	Pituitary Gland	Produces oxytocin and human growth hormone	82
7603633236	Oxytocin	Causes contractions during childbirth	83
7603644798	Human Growth Hormone	Causes people to grow	84
7603649701	Pineal Gland	Produces melatonin	85
7603655092	Melatonin	Controls sleep	86
7603662844	Adrenal Gland	Produces adrenaline and cortisol	87
7603667580	Adrenaline	Fight or flight response Increases blood circulation	88
7603672090	Cortisol	Stress	89
7603676335	Pancreas	Produces insulin	90
7603680204	Insulin	Regulates blood sugar and metabolism	91
7603696642	Sex Glands	Testes and Ovaries Produces testosterone and estrogen	92
7603710060	PET	Positron Emission Tomography Invasive scan Radioactive injection Reads brain consuming material which show function/brain activity	93
7603727381	EEG	Electroencephalogram Noninvasive scan Looks at function of electrical activity in brain Sleep studies	94
7603736456	MRI	Magnetic Resonance Imaging Magnets to look at structure of brain	95
7603742584	fMRI	Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Provides us with structure and function Measures blood flow	96
7603752996	CT/CAT	High powered x-ray Shows major brain tumors Structure only	97
7603758762	Behavior Genetics	The study of the relative power and limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior	98
7603765573	Monozygotic	Identical twins One egg splits into two	99
7603771889	Dizygotic	Fraternal twins Separate eggs No closer than regular siblings but they share the same fetal environment	100
7603780300	Heritability	The extent to which individuals can be attributed to their differing genes	101
7603785699	Epigenetics	The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change	102
7603792446	Mutation	A random error in gene replication that leads to a change	103
7603900922	Paul Broca	Broca's Area and speech production	104
7603904479	Carl Wernicke	Wernicke's Area and speech and language comprehension	105
7603912458	Roger Sperry	Discovered brain is actually made up of two parts Found that left and right brain operate independently	106
7603925808	Michael Gazzaniga	Continued split-brain research after Sperry Came up with "cognitive neuroscience"	107

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AP History Flashcards

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7193460828	Renaissance	The Renaissance describes the period of cultural rebirth in Europe throughout the fourteenth to the middle of the seventeenth century. The renaissance period impacted not only art, music, and literature from that time period, but also politics, religion, and society. It affected society by bringing forth inventions such as gunpowder and printing. It led to the decline of the feudal system and the development of Western civilization.	0
7193461559	Gilded Age	The Gilded Age was a period in American history towards the end of the 19th century in which the population and economy grew dramatically due to rapid immigration and Americans moving from farms to the cities. The outcome of this was the rise of political corruption and the birth of an American Middle Class. Some of the issues that rose from the diverse political views were disagreements on currency and tariff issues. This led to different standpoints from political leaders.	1
7193461847	Great Awakening	The Great Awakening was a series of religious battles between the colonies in North America during the 17th and 18th centuries. This affected the way that people saw the different religions. Many religions such as Quakers, Baptists, and Methodists gained many followers. This provided a spiritual message that God works directly through the people rather than churches and other public institutions.	2
7193461848	Columbian Exchange	The Columbian Exchange refers to period of cultural exchanges between new and old worlds. This began after Columbus's discovery in 1942 and lasted throughout the later periods of expansion and discovery. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases, and technology changed the lives of Europeans and Native Americans in both good and terrible ways. Though advancements in agricultural production and increased education were good for both sides, the diseases that passed for deadly for both sides.	3
7193463000	Encomienda System	The encomienda system was a system created by the Spanish during the formation of the American colonies. This was made to regulate and control Native American labor and behavior in the colonies. Under this system, conquistadors and other leaders received grants of a number of Indians from whom they could exact tribute in the form of gold and labor. These leaders were supposed to protect and Christianize the Indians, but instead used them as slaves or for their land. This led to a greater use of slaves rather than the colonists doing the work.	4
7193465751	Protestant Reformation	The protestant reformation was a political, religious, and movement throughout the 16th century in which reformers questioned the Catholic church's ability to define how to worship God. This led to wars and persecutions, but more importantly it ended up allowing people to worship as they felt fit. Leaders of the reformation included Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII.	5
7193466290	Louisiana Purchase	The Louisiana Purchase was a land deal made between America and France in 1803. America acquired approximately 827,000 miles of land West of the Mississippi river. This purchase doubled the size of America which led to further Westward expansion. This also took away the imminent threats of the French army attacking the colonies.	6
7244114638	McCulloch V. Maryland (1819)	The McCulloch V. Maryland case dealt with James W. McCulloch and The Second Bank of America. In 1816, Congress established a bank and then in 1818, Maryland passed legislation to impose taxes on the bank. McCulloch refused to pay these taxes since the bank was not chartered within the state. Maryland ended up losing this case, as the taxes were ruled unconstitutional. This case is important because it showed that power comes from the citizens of the United States, not from the states that make it up.	7
7244118916	Marbury V. Madison (1803)	In the final hours of the Adams Administration, William Marbury had been appointed to justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. Marbury and three others who were also appointed petitioned for a writ of mandamus after James Madison refused to deliver their commissions. Chief Justice, John Marshall refused to issue the writs as he felt that the Constitution did not give the Supreme Court the power to issue writs of mandamus. This is important because it was the first time the Supreme Court announced that a court may declare an act of Congress void if it is inconsistent with the Constitution.	8
7244122636	Missouri Compromise	When Missouri had decided it wanted to become a state, an issue arose because there were currently 11 slave states and 11 free states. Missouri also happened to be right in the middle of the imaginary line between slave states and free states and was not declared either. By allowing Missouri to become a state, the balance of power would have been uneven, as there would've been one more slave state than free state or one more free state than slave state. The issue was resolved when Maine also decided it wanted to become a state. Maine became a free state since it was on that side of the imaginary line, which allowed Missouri to become a slave state. This was important because it kept the balance of power equal between the slave states and the free states.	9
7244123351	Republican Motherhood	The Republican Motherhood was the idea of educated women. This idea came about during the American Revolution. Since the men of the houses were often away, women were the primary caretakers of the children. In order for the republic to succeed, women needed to be schooled so they could teach their children. This is important because it led to women getting education and jobs and more rights than they had in the past.	10
7244124462	Panic of 1819	The Panic of 1819 was a major financial crisis that happened from 1819 to 1824. During this crisis, banks had failed, mortgages foreclosed which forced thousands out of their homes and farms, and unemployment rose. This is important because it was the first time American citizens had to live through a tough financial crisis in the United states. Many of the citizens were left jobless and homeless.	11
7244126333	Panic of 1837	The Panic of 1837 came from President Andrew Jackson's decision to transfer federal assets to chosen "pet" banks. This destroyed the United States' central banking system. Andrew Jackson's actions led to at least 800 banks suspending gold payments and 618 banks in just the first year alone. Through all of this, gold mainly disappeared as a currency and private bank currency began to be used. The Panic of 1837 was important because it helped us strengthen our banks. The actions of President Jackson impacted America greatly because the United States lost an estimated $741 million.	12
7244128814	Transcendentalism	Transcendentalism is men and women having knowledge about themselves and the world around them that goes beyond their five senses. . This is important because it described a way of life that many people already knew, but did not know how to describe. It encouraged people to stop looking to Europe for answers and inspired themselves to obtain ideas and potential that was previously unobtainable.	13
7260790571	Seneca Falls Convention	The Seneca Falls Convention was the first women's rights convention. This took place in Seneca Falls, New York and nearly 200 women attended. This was important because it gave women hope that they someday would have equal rights as men. This was just the beginning of that process.	14
7260790893	Abolitionism	Abolitionism is the movement to end slavery and racial discrimination and segregation. This was led by activists who hoped to destroy slavery where it already existed and stop it from moving further west. This was important because it raised issues that led to the Civil War.	15
7260791390	Chattel Slavery	Chattel Slavery is the view that slaves were property, not people. Since many people believed this, slaves were able to be sold or traded. This belief led to them getting poorly treated. This is important because chattel slavery was one of the many issues that led to the Civil War.	16
7260791768	Jim Crow Laws	The Jim Crow Laws were the laws used for segregation in America. These laws forced African-Americans to use different schools, parks, drinking fountains, restrooms, libraries, trains, restaurants, and bus seats than the whites. These were important because these laws made life hard for African-Americans (even harder than it already was for most.) These laws are also another issue that led to the Civil War.	17
7260791946	Kansas-Nebraska Act	The Kansas- Nebraska Act was an act passed by congress was passed that allowed people in Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether or not to have slavery or not in their borders. This act led to many elections, mostly within Kansas, to decide whether or not to have slavery within the territories. This was important because gave people the opinion and power to decide to have slaves.	18
7260792605	Progressivism	Progressivism is the movement that led to a political party composed mainly of urban, Northeast, middle-class, and educated men and women. This was important because this movement swept the nation This gave some people a different outlook and brought movement to a way people felt.	19
7260793326	W.E.B. Dubois	William Edward Burghardt Dubois was a civil rights leader and one of the most well known spokespeople of African American Rights.He was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He was the very first African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard. He was very important because he was influential in helping end slavery and segregation. He gave African Americans hope that slavery and segregation would come to an end.	20
7260832623	Theodore Roosevelt	Theodore was the 26th president of the United States and served two terms. He was a republican and believed in progressivism. He won a Noble Peace Prize and also helped the United States conserve natural forests. He was important because he was very kind and was a very good president.	21
7260834622	New Nationalism	New Nationalism is a political philosophy created by Theodore Roosevelt which promoted social justice and economic welfare of underprivileged citizens. This philosophy put human rights above property rights. This was important because it gave power to every member of society and not just the wealthy white men. It also regulated the government powers.	22
7260834940	American Exceptionalism	American Exceptionalism refers to the fact that the United States is a uniquely free nation that is based off of democratic ideas and personal freedom. It states that America followed a different path in history than other countries. This gave citizens a sense of pride and patriotism in their country and made them proud to be an American citizen.	23
7260835346	Manifest Destiny	The Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States would continue to further expand across the entirety of North America. This was important because it gave citizens a sense of adventure which led them to actually further extend and eventually led us to the United States we know today. The idea that the United States would also enhance its political, social, and economic influences went along with this.	24
7260835904	League of Nations	The League of Nations was a group designed to enforce peace treaties and settle international disputes. The basic idea that the League of Nations followed was "War is not a crime only to the victim, but to the human community as a whole." This group was formed at the end of World War I. This group was important because it gave people hope that there wouldn't be any wars in the future.	25
7260836068	Treaty of Versailles	The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty written by the allied forces and was composed of 15 parts and 440 articles. It brought peace to the world towards the end of World War I. It stated that Germany had lost the first World War. This treaty was important because it ended World War I.	26
7260836431	Red Scare	The Red Scare was the fear and superstition that there were communists (also called "reds" during this time) in America. This happened during one of the most intense parts of the Cold War between the Soviet Union and America. The Red Scare was important because it lead to many precautions due to the superstition of there being Communists spies. It made the United States more aware of their surroundings and more superstitious of everyone they met.	27
7261620805	Prohibition	Prohibition was a period in America in which the 18th amendment was ratified. The 18th amendment banned the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol. This was important because it impacted society greatly and changed the way many Americans lived, since many of them deeply relied on alcohol. This made many people unhappy, which led to an increase in gang violence. The prohibition era was brought to an end in 1933 by the ratification of the 21st amendment which repealed the 18th amendment.	28
7261621272	The New Deal	The New Deal was President Franklin D. Roosevelt's plan to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief those who were suffering from the Great Depression. This brought economic relief, more federal government activities, and stronger industries, housing, and agriculture. This was important because it brought the American citizens hope for a better life that many had lost during the Great Depression.	29
7261621656	Manhattan Project	The Manhattan Project was a secret U.S. military project to create the first nuclear weapons in the United States. This project began in 1942, during World War II. The fear that Germany would build and use a nuclear weapon during the war is what triggered this project. The project was completed in 1946, at the end of World War II. The Manhattan Project was important because it put an end to World War II by forcing Japan to surrender due to the use of weapons of mass destruction from the project.	30
7261622327	Marshall Plan	The Marshall plan was an American initiative to help rebuild Western Europe's economy after World War II. The plan was proposed by the Secretary of State at the time, George C. Marshall. In between the years 1948 and 1951, the plan had raised over $13 billion to help Western Europe recovery from the major financial crisis. The Marshall Plan was important because it helped rebuild the economy in Western Europe after the war and strengthened America's relationship with Europe.	31
7261622834	Domino Theory	The Domino Theory was the idea that if one country had a communist government, then it spread to the neighboring countries and to the neighboring countries of those countries, so on and so on. They believed the spreading on a communist government was similar to dominoes falling. This theory was important because it played a key role in America joining the Vietnam War.	32
7261623882	Cuban Missile Crisis	The Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13-day political and military standoff in October of 1962. The standoff was over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, which was only 90 miles from the United States. The states created a naval blockade around Cuba and threatened to use military forces. Eventually, America and the Soviet Union came to an agreement. Russia would remove the missiles in Cuba, as long as America wouldn't invade Cuba and would remove the missiles they had installed in Turkey. This was important because it saved the United States from a potential nuclear attack.	33
7261624667	Potsdam Conference	The Potsdam Conference was a meeting between Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and President Harry Truman held in Potsdam, Germany. The meeting last from July 17th to August 2nd of 1945. These leaders discussed the punishments of Germany, war criminals, land boundaries, and a surrender from Japan. This meeting was important because it was when the negation terms for the end of World War II was discussed.	34

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AP Psych. Unit 3 Flashcards

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6079545265	Sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.	0
6079545266	Perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.	1
6079545267	Bottom-up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.	2
6079545268	Top-down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations	3
6079545269	Selective attention	the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus	4
6079545270	Inattentional blindness	failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere	5
6079545271	Change blindness	failing to notice changes in the environment	6
6079545272	Psychophysics	the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them	7
6079545273	Absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time	8
6079545274	Signal detection theory	a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue	9
6079545275	Subliminal	below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness	10
6079545276	Priming	the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory	11
6079545277	Difference threshold	the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time	12
6079545278	Weber's Law	the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage	13
6079545279	Sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation	14
6079545280	Transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret	15
6079545281	Wavelength	the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission	16
6079545282	Hue	the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth	17
6079545283	Intensity	the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude	18
6079545284	Pupil	the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters	19
6079545285	Iris	a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening	20
6079545286	Lens	the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina	21
6079545287	Feature detectors	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement	22
6079545288	Parallel processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving	23
6079545289	Retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information	24
6079545290	Accommodation	the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina	25
6079545291	Rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond	26
6079545292	Cones	retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations	27
6079545293	Optic nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain	28
6079545294	Blind spot	the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there	29
6079545295	Fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster	30
6079545296	Opponent process theory	the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green	31
6079545297	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory (three color)	the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color	32
6079545298	Audition	the sense or act of hearing	33
6079545299	Frequency	in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch	34
6079545300	Pitch	a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency	35
6079545301	Middle ear	the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window	36
6079545302	Cochlea	a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	37
6079545303	Inner ear	the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs	38
6079545304	Place theory	in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated	39
6079545305	Frequency theory	in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch	40
6079545306	Conduction hearing loss	hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea	41
6079545307	Cochlear implant	a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea	42
6079545308	Kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts	43
6079545309	Vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance	44
6079545310	Gate-control theory	the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain	45
6079545311	Sensory interaction	the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste	46
6079545312	Consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment	47
6079545313	Circadian rhythm	the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle	48
6079545314	REM sleep	rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active	49
6079545315	Alpha waves	the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state	50
6079545316	Delta waves	the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep	51
6079545317	NREM sleep	non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep	52
6079545318	Insomnia	recurring problems in falling or staying asleep	53
6079545319	Narcolepsy	a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times	54
6079545320	Sleep apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings	55
6079545321	Night terrors	a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered	56
6079545322	Dream	a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it	57
6079545323	Manifest content	according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content)	58
6079545324	Latent content	according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream	59
6079545325	REM rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)	60
6079545326	Psychoactive drugs	a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods	61
6079545327	Barbiturates	drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment	62
6079545328	Opiates	opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety	63
6079545329	Stimulants	drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions	64
6079545330	Amphetamines	drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes	65
6079545331	Methamphetamine	a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels	66
6079545332	Ecstasy (MDMA)	a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition	67
6079545333	LSD	a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid	68
6079545334	THC	the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations	69
6079545335	Hallucinogens	psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input	70

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AP Psych. Unit 11 Flashcards

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6079597325	attribution theory	the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition	0
6079597326	fundamental attribution error	the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition	1
6079597327	attitude	feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events	2
6079597328	central route persuasion	occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts	3
6079597329	peripheral route persuasion	occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness	4
6079597330	foot-in-the-door phenomenon	the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request	5
6079597331	cognitive dissonance theory	the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes	6
6079597332	conformity	adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard	7
6079597333	normative social influence	influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval	8
6079597334	informational social influence	influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality	9
6079597335	social facilitation	stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others	10
6079597336	social loafing	the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable	11
6079597337	deindividuation	the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity	12
6079597338	group polarization	the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group	13
6079597339	groupthink	the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives	14
6079597340	culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next	15
6079597341	norm	an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior	16
6079597342	personal space	the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies	17
6079597343	prejudice	an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action	18
6079597344	stereotype	a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people	19
6079597345	discrimination	unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members	20
6079597346	ingroup	"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity	21
6079597347	outgroup	"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup	22
6079597348	ingroup bias	the tendency to favor our own group	23
6079597349	scapegoat theory	the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame	24
6079597350	other-race-effect	the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias	25
6079597351	just-world phenomenon	the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get	26
6079597352	aggression	physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone	27
6079597353	frustration-aggression principle	the principle that frustration— the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression	28
6079597354	mere-exposure effect	the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them	29
6079597355	passionate love	an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship	30
6079597356	companionate love	the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined	31
6079597357	equity	a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it	32
6079597358	self-disclosure	revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others	33
6079597359	altruism	unselfish regard for the welfare of others	34
6079597360	bystander effect	the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present	35
6079597361	social exchange theory	the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs	36
6079597362	reciprocity norm	an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them	37
6079597363	social-responsibility norm	an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them	38

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AP Environmental Science: Basics Flashcards

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9421711221	Inorganic	Not formed from living things or the remains of living things	0
9421711222	Organic	of, relating to, or derived from living matter and Carbon-containing	1
9421711223	Natural	Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the constitution of a thing	2
9421711224	Synthetic	Artificial	3
9421711225	Kinetic	Energy of motion	4
9421711226	Potential Energy	Stored Energy	5
9421711227	Radioactive decay	A spontaneous process in which unstable nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation	6
9421711228	Half life	the time required for something to fall to half its initial value (in particular, the time for half the atoms in a radioactive substance to disintegrate)	7
9421711229	Law of Conservation of Matter	The principle that the total amount of matter is constant during any physical or chemical change (matter is neither created nor destroyed during these types of changes).	8
9421711230	1st Law of Thermodynamics	The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.	9
9421711231	2nd Law of Thermodynamics	Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.	10
9421711232	Entropy	A measure of disorder or randomness and a function of thermodynamic variables, as temperature, pressure, or composition, that is a measure of the energy that is not available for work during a thermodynamic process	11
9421711233	Organism	A living thing	12
9421711234	Species	Comprising related organisms that share common characteristics and are capable of interbreeding.	13
9421711235	Population	A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area	14
9421711236	Community	an interacting group of various species in a common location. For example, a forest of trees and undergrowth plants, inhabited by animals and rooted in soil containing bacteria and fungi	15
9421711237	Ecosystem	A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.	16
9421711238	Producers	Make their own food	17
9421711239	Autotrophs	any organism capable of self-nourishment by using inorganic materials as a source of nutrients and using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as a source of energy, as most plants and certain bacteria and protists.	18
9421711240	Consumers	An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains.	19
9421711241	Heterotrophs	An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.	20
9421711242	Decomposers	Break down organic matter	21
9421711243	Photosynthesis	carbon dioxide and water --> Glucose and oxygen Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.	22
9421711244	Cellular Respiration (reactants and products)	C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6O2--> 6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) + 6H20 (Water) + ATP (Energy)	23
9421711245	Aerobic	Process that requires oxygen	24
9421711246	Anaerobic	Describes a process that does not require oxygen.	25
9421711247	Adaptation	A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce	26
9421711248	Mutation	A rare change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity.	27
9421711249	Gene Trait	Represented in pairs with an upper case letter for the dominant (A) and a lower case letter for the recessive (a). Since half the genetic material is from each parent, the offspring's traits are represented as a combination of these.	28
9421711250	Chromosome	A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each _____ consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.	29
9421711251	Gene pool	Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population	30
9421711252	Natural Selection	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	31
9421711253	Extinction	A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals.	32
9421711254	Plate Tectonics	A theory stating that the earth's surface is broken into plates that move. Geological processes, such as continental drift, volcanoes, and earthquakes, resulting from plate movement	33
9421711255	Weathering	The breaking down of rocks and other materials on the Earth's surface.	34
9421711256	Climate Change	Change in the statistical properties of the climate system when considered over periods of decades	35
9421711257	Rocks	A naturally formed aggregate, or mixture, of minerals; have varied chemical compositions	36
9421711258	Minerals	A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence.	37
9421711259	Climate	Overall weather in an area over a long period of time	38
9421711260	Weather	The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.	39
9421711261	CO2	carbon dioxide	40
9421711262	CO	Carbon Monoxide	41
9421711263	C6H12O6	glucose	42
9421711264	CH4	methane	43
9421711265	H2	hydrogen	44
9421711266	H2O	oxidane/water	45
9421711267	N2	nitrogen gas	46
9421711268	NOx	nitrogen oxide	47
9421711269	NO3-	nitrate	48
9421711270	NH3	ammonia	49
9421711271	O2	dioxide	50
9421711272	O3	trioxygen	51
9421711273	P	phosphorous	52
9421711274	PO4	phosphate	53
9421711275	S	sulfur	54
9421711276	SO2	sulfur dioxide	55
9421711277	CL	chloride	56
9421711278	K	potassium	57
9421711279	NaCl	sodium chloride	58
9421711280	Pb	lead	59
9421711281	Hg	mercury	60
9421711282	Rn	radon	61
9421711283	U	uranium	62
9421711284	Richter scale	A scale that rates an earthquake's magnitude based on the size of its seismic waves.	63
9421711285	Biodiversity	The amount of biological or living diversity per unit area. It includes the concepts of species diversity, habitat diversity and genetic diversity.	64
9421711286	Gene	A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait	65
9421711287	Trait	A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes.	66
9421711288	Transpiration	Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant	67
9421711289	Fermentation	A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen	68
9421711290	Chemosynthesis	Process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates	69

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AP Chemistry Flashcards

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6425138704	atomic number	number of electrons/protons in the atom	0
6687092297	molar mass	average mass of a single atom measured in amus; also the average mass for one mole of the atom in grams	1
6687105898	periods	horizontal rows	2
6687107638	groups	vertical rows	3
6687109631	alkali metals	G1 elements	4
6687114642	alkaline earth metals	G2 elements	5
6687120454	transition metals	G3 through G12	6
6687123179	halogens	G17	7
6687126732	noble gases	G18	8
6687130903	lanthanides and actinides	rare earth elements; inner transition metals	9
6687135582	proton	positively charged particle in the nucleus; # of which determines the properties of an element	10
6687139879	neutron	neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom	11
6687142840	electron	small, negatively charged particle surrounding an atom in orbitals	12
6687147363	mass number	sum of protons and neutrons	13
6687159729	isotope	element with a different number of neutrons	14
6687164782	mass spectrometry	mass of various isotopic elements to create a mass spectrum graph	15
6687174018	mole	unit used to represent large numbers of small particles such as atoms, molecules, electrons, or ions	16
6687194379	avogadros number	6.022 E23	17
6687200089	ideal gas law	pv=nrt	18
6687202101	? L/mol	22.4 L	19
6687207600	percent composition	percent by mass of each element that makes up a compound; mass part/mass whole	20
6687216241	empirical formula	simplest ratio of the molecules making up a compound	21
6687221278	molecular formula	actual formula for a substance	22
6687228177	aufbau principle	e- are placed in orbitals, subshells, and shells in order of increasing energy	23
6687234958	quantized	e- can only exist at specific energy levels separated by specific intervals	24
6687242384	pauli exclusion principle	two electrons who share an orbital cannot have the same spin (must be clockwise and counterclockwise); magnetic moment	25
6687249566	hunds rule	when an electron is added to a subshell it will always occupy an empty orbital if one is available	26
6687261208	coulombs law	the amount of energy that an electron has depends on its distance from the nucleus of an atom; e=k(q1*q20)/r	27
6687292261	quantum theory	electromagnetic energy is quantized; for a given frequency of light or radiation, all possible energies are multiples of a certain unit (a quantum)	28
6687308152	quantum energy equation	e=hv	29
6687308154	bohr model	each energy level is represented by a row in the periodic table	30
6687329376	electromagnetic radiation	the form in which atoms absorb energy	31
6687335755	when electron drops to a lower energy level	then electromagnetic radiation is released (energy)	32
6687350734	frequency and wavelength are	inversely proportional; c=hv	33
6687363326	ionization energy	amount of energy necessary to remove electrons from an atom (electromagnetic energy exceeds binding energy)	34
6687374753	unit for binding energy	kj/mol or Mj/mol	35
6687381049	kinetic energy	energy of motion	36
6687387301	photoelectron spectra (pes)	charted amounts of ionizations energies for electrons ejected from a nucleus; can be used to identify elements	37
6687441108	ion	an atom which has either gained or lost electrons	38
6687444966	anion	particle with more electrons than protons; negatively charged	39
6687471447	cation	particle with less electrons than protons; positively charged	40
6687541961	dalton	modern atomic theory; elements combined in different ratios; are never created nor destroyed in chemical reactions	41
6687549848	mendeleev & meyer	independent proposals of early periodic tables	42
6687554073	thomsons experiment	cathode ray tube; deflection of charges that concluded atoms are composed of positive and negative particles	43
6687564274	plum pudding model		44
6687569435	millikans experiment	calculated charge on an electron by examining the behavior of charged oil drops in an electric field	45
6687577895	rutherfords experiment	fired alpha particles at gold foil and observed how they scattered; concluded that all of the positive charge was concentrated in the center and that an atom is mostly empty space	46
6687597654	heisenberg uncertainty principle	it is impossible to know both the position and momentum of an electron at a particular instant; means electron orbitals do NOT represent specific orbits	47
6687622284	shielding electrons	electrons between a valence electron and the nucleus that decreases the attraction between the nucleus and the valence electron	48
6687631600	stable atoms have	... completed shells	49
6687638660	metalloids		50
6687641847	atomic radius	approximate distance from the nucleus of an atom to its valence electrons	51
6687659269	periodic trend: left to right	periodic trend: atomic radius decreases; protons are added to the nucleus so valence electrons are more strongly attracted ionization energy increases (protons are added to the nucleus)	52
6687665466	periodic trend: down a group	periodic trend: atomic radius increases; shells of electrons are added which shield the more distant shells and valence e- get farther away ionization energy decreases (shells of e- added, each inner shell shields more and reduces the pull on valence e- so they are easier to remove)	53
6687686702	periodic trend: cations	periodic trend: ... are smaller than atoms; e- is removed and a shell is lost and electron-electron repulsions are reduced	54
6687696303	periodic trend: anions	periodic trend: ... are larger than atoms; e- is added, electron-electron repulsions increase and valence electrons move farther apart	55
6687709217	ionization energy magnitudes	subsequent energies are larger because the e-e repulsion decreases and the remaining valence e- are closer to the nucleus; once a shell is empty the energy required to remove an e- from a full shell is significantly greater than previous energies	56
6687786502	electronegativity	how strongly the nucleus of an atom attracts the electrons of other atoms in a bond	57
6687796093	factors that affect electronegativity	smaller atom; greater EN closer the element is to having a full energy level; higher EN	58
6687809422	EN trends	left to right; EN increases down a group; EN decreases	59
6697532184	bonding	transfer or sharing of electrons	60
6697536326	ionic solid	compound held together by electrostatic attractions that are in a lattice structure; weak conductors (e- are localized around a single atom); no IMFs	61
6697570168	ionic bond	bond between metal and nonmetal; electrons are NOT shared: the cation gives an e- up to the anion	62
6697590305	properties of ionic solids	are solid at room temperature; high melting and boiling points	63
6697612329	2 factors that affect melting points in ionic substances	primary factor: charge on the ions (greater charges, greater Coulombic attraction) secondary factor: smaller atoms (greater Coulombic attraction)	64
6697660372	salts have __________ bonding	ionic bonding	65
6697678814	metallic bonding	bond between two metals; sea of electrons that make metals such good conductors; delocalized structure allows for malleability and ductility	66
6697716309	interstitial alloy	metal atoms with vastly different radii combine; ex. steel	67
6697721518	substitutional alloy	metal atoms with similar radii combine; ex. brass	68
6697733525	covalent bonds	bond in which two atoms share electrons; each atom counts the e- as a part of its valence shell	69
6698264816	single bonds	one sigma bond, one e- pair; longest bond, least energy	70
6698268554	double bonds	one sigma bond, one pi bond; two e- pairs	71
6698276063	triple bonds	one sigma bond, two pi bonds; 3 e- pairs; shortest bond, most energy	72
6698290107	network covalent bonds	lattice of covalent bonds; network solid (acts similar to one molecule); very hard, high melting/boiling points; poor conductors	73
6698306703	the common network solids	SiO2,	74
6698343430	doping	the addition of an impurity to an existing lattice	75
6698378805	p-doping	create a hole (positively charged) that draws electrons through the substance (add a substance with one LESS valence e-) i.e. si + al	76
6698388583	n-doping	add a substance with one MORE valence e- which leaves a free e- to travel freely i.e. si + p	77
6698413602	polarity	exists when a molecule has a clustering of negative charge on one side due to unequal sharing of electrons (e- are pulled to the more electronegative side); creates dipoles in molecules	78
6698427371	dipole moment	the measurement of the polarity of a molecule; the unit of measurement is a debye (D)	79
6698442299	more polar molecule....	.... larger dipole moment	80
6698446648	intermolecular forces (IMFs)	forces that exist between molecules in a covalently bonded substance; not bonds	81
6698467947	dipole-dipole forces	the positive end of one polar molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule; relatively weak attraction force	82
6698511285	hydrogen bonding	strong IMF between two moelcules; F, O, N; have higher melting and boiling points than molecules with other IMFs	83
6698641591	london dispersion forces	IMFs that occur between all molecules; occur because of the random motions of electrons on atoms within molecules to create instantaneous polarities; molecules with more e- will have greater _________________ forces	84
6698720979	substances with only london dispersion forces usually...	... are gases at room temp, and boil/melt at extremely low temps	85
6698765789	melting & boiling points of a covalent substance is almost always _____________ than that of ionic substances	lower	86
6698793967	vapor pressure	the pressure exerted by a vapor over a liquid	87
6698798400	vaporization	the process by which molecules with enough KE inside a liquid break the surface of the liquid and transition into the gaseous phase; no outside energy is needed i.e. no heating	88
6720383227	vapor pressure is primarily dependent on	dependent on IMFs	89
6720415144	resonance structures	structures that occur when it is possible to draw two or more valid lewis electron dot diagrams that have the same number of electron pairs for a molecule or ion	90
6720472885	formal charge	used to find which structure is most likely to occur; valence - assigned	91
6720480961	assigned e-	lone pairs of e- count as two and bonds count as one	92
6720505569	valence shell electron-pair repulsion model (VSEPR)	model used to predict molecular geometry based on the principle that electrons repel each other and therefore are as far apart as possible in a structure	93
6720516817	hybrid orbitals	orbitals that have the properties to explain the geometry of bonds between atoms	94
6720523942	linear geometry	sp hybridization 0 lone pairs ex. BeCl2 & CO2	95
6720529754	trigonal planar geometry	sp2 hybridization bond angles 120 0 lone pairs: trigonal planar (three bonds) 1 lone pair: bent (two bonds)	96
6720551331	tetrahedral geometry	4 e- pairs, sp3 hybridization angles 109.5 0 lone pairs: tetrahedral (four bonds) [CH4, NH4+, ClO4-, SO4 2-, PO4 3-] 1 lone pair: trigonal pyramidal (3 bonds) [NH3, PCl3, SO3 2-] 2 lone pairs: bent (2 bonds) [H2O, OF2, NH2-]	97
6720591941	trigonal bipyramidal geometry	5 e- pairs, sp4 hybridization 0 lone pairs: trigonal bipyramidal (5 bonds) [PCl5, PF5] 1 lone pair: seesaw (4 bonds) [SF4, IF4+] 2 lone pairs: t-shaped (3 bonds) [ClF3, ICl3] 3 lone pairs: linear (2 bonds) [XeF2, I3-]	98
6720613045	octahedral geometry	6 e- pairs, sp5 hybridization 0 lone pairs: octahedral (6 bonds) [SF6] 1 lone pair: square pyramidal (5 bonds) [BrF5, IF5] 2 lone pairs: square planar (4 bonds) [XeF4]	99
6720654607	kinetic molecular theory	the theory that all matter is composed of particles (atoms and molecules) moving constantly in random directions	100
6720659400	KE=0.5mv^2	average kinetic energy of a single gas molecule (ideal gas)	101
6720687681	ideal gas	(gas) high temperature, low pressure, no attractive forces, in constant motion without losing energy	102
6720698407	maxwell-boltzmann diagrams	shows the range of velocities for molecules of a gas	103
6720824928	effusion	the rate at which a gas will escape from a container through microscopic holes in the surface of the container	104
6720833455	factors that affect rate of effusion	speed of gas molecules (so ________ increases with higher temperature and lower mass)	105
6720851378	combined gas law	(P1V1)/T1=(P2V2)/T2	106
6720856257	boyles law	if temperature is constant: as pressure increases, volume decreases as volume increases, pressure decreases	107
6720861638	charles law	if pressure is constant: as temp increases, volume increases	108
6720868251	if volume is constant:	as pressure increases, temperature increases	109
6720872535	daltons law	the total pressure of a mixture of gases is just the sum of all the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture	110
6720886715	partial pressure	the pressure of each gas in a mixture; is directly proportional to the number of moles of gas in the mixture Pa = (Ptotal) (moles of A/total moles)	111
6721208460	molarity	the concentration of a solution in terms of moles of solution/volume (L)	112
6721211424	mole fraction	moles of substance/total moles in solution	113
6721213809	solute	substance being dissolved	114
6721222231	solvent	a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances	115
6721223330	dissociation	when ionic substances break up into ions into solution	116
6721237971	electrolytes	free ions in solution that conduct electricity	117
6721250236	paper chromatography	the separation of a mixture by passing it through a medium in which the components of the solution move at different rates	118
6721355007	retention factor	stronger the attraction between the solute and the solvent front is, the larger the Rf value will be	119
6721359957	column chromatography	a column is packed with stationary substance, then the solution to be separated (analyte) is injected into the column where it adheres to the stationary phase, then the eluent solution is injected into the column. as the eluent solution passes through the stationary phase the analyte molecules will be attracted to it with varying degrees of strength based on polarity	120
6721384305	distillation	the process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points	121
6721398313	salt	an ionic compound made from the neutralization of an acid with a base	122
6721677687	synthesis reaction	when elements or simple compounds are combined to form a single, more complex compound	123
6721685941	decomposition reaction	a reaction where a single compound os split into two or more elements or simple compounds, usually in the presence of heat; opposite of a synthesis	124
6721696682	acid-base reaction	a reaction when an acid reacts with a base to form water and a salt	125
6721706705	oxidation-reduction reaction	a reaction that results in the change of the oxidation states of some participating species	126
6721711385	hydrocarbon combustion	hydrocarbon + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water a substance is ignited (usually a hydrocarbon) and it reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere; products are always CO2 and H2O	127
6721728193	precipitation reaction	a reaction in which an insoluble substance (salt) forms and separates from the solution	128
6721735246	net ionic equation	an equation for a reaction in solution showing only those particles that are directly involved in the chemical change	129
6721751105	limiting reactant	the substance that controls the quantity of product that can form in a chemical reaction; moles of each reactant divided by moles used in reaction	130
6721779112	hydrocarbon	an organic compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen	131
6721788160	law of conservation of mass	matter can be neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction	132
6721796312	gravimetric analysis	a type of quantitative analysis in which the amount of a species in a material is determined by converting the species to a precipitate that can be isolated completely and weighed	133
6721806043	when bonds are formed	...energy is released	134
6721807637	when bonds are broken	...energy is absorbed	135
6721812326	exothermic	products have stronger bonds than the reactants; heat is released, - ΔH	136
6721819404	endothermic	reactants have stronger bonds than the products; heat is absorbed, + ΔH	137
6721838296	activation energy	the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction	138
6721845284	catalyst	substance that speeds up a reaction by reducing the activation energy required by the reaction; provides an alternate reaction pathway; no effect on equilibrium conditions	139
6724541449	oxidation number: H	+1	140
6724554941	oxidation number: alkali metals	+1	141
6724555876	oxidation number: alkaline earth metals	+2	142
6724556993	oxidation number: oxygen	-2	143
6724558543	oxidation number: halogens	-1	144
6724587929	hydroxide	OH-	145
6724587930	nitrate	NO3-	146
6724589420	acetate	C2H3O2-	147
6724590547	cyanide	CN-	148
6724594279	permanganate	MnO4-	149
6724596205	carbonate	CO3 2-	150
6724599018	sulfate	SO4 2-	151
6724599031	dichromate	Cr2O7 2-	152
6724601002	phosphate	PO4 3-	153
6724602307	ammonium	NH4+	154
6724616580	half-reactions	the two parts of an oxidation-reduction reaction, one representing oxidation, the other reduction	155
6724622552	titration	the slow addition of a solution at a known concentration to another solution in order to determine the concentration of the unknown solution; color change is often used as an end point	156
6724736454	galvanic (voltaic) cell	a favored redox reaction in a cell is used to generate an electric current	157
6724744058	current	unit: amperes (amps); the flow of electrons from one place to another	158
6724749485	anode	where oxidation takes place	159
6724751092	cathode	where reduction takes place	160
6724753236	electrolyctic cell	an outside source id used to force an unfavored redox rxn to take place	161
6724756151	purpose of a salt bridge	maintains electrical neutrality in the cell	162
6724767233	favored redox reaction	+E	163
6724778404	unfavored redox reaction	-E	164
6724875461	elecroplating	a process that uses electric current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a thin metal coating on an electrode	165
6726592234	rate law	an expression relating the rate of a reaction to the concentration of the reactants	166
6726603866	first order rate law	y= ln[a] subscript (t) m= -k x= time b= ln[a] subscript (0)	167
6726606602	half-life	the amount of time it takes for half of a sample to disappear; t1/2=0.693/k	168
6726644830	second order rate law	[a] sub. (t) = concentration of reactant A at time (t) [a] sub. (0) = initial conc. of A k = rate constant t = time elapsed	169
6726683988	zero order rate laws	rate does not depend on the concentration of the reactants at all therefore rate is always the same at a given temperature; rate=k	170
6726698591	collision theory	theory that collisions occur because reactants are constantly moving around and colliding with one another	171
6726710164	effective collisions	collisions in which the conditions of the collision theory are met (and therefore the reaction occurs)	172
6726713907	ineffective collisions	collisions in which the conditions of the collision theory are not met (and therefore reaction does not occur)	173
6726730263	spectrophotometer	an instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution	174
6726742451	beer's law	A=abc A=absorbance a=molar absorptivity b=path length; the distance the light is traveling through the solution c=concentration of the solution	175
6726763680	rate-determining step	the slowest step in a reaction mechanism that determines the overall rate of the reaction	176
6726768529	elementary steps	a series of simple reactions that represent the progress of the overall reaction at the molecular level	177
6726972424	work	force exerted on an object that causes it to move	178
6726974855	first law of thermodynamics	the energy of the universe is constant	179
6726978232	second law of thermodynamics	if a process is favored in one direction, then it cannot be favored in the reverse reaction; and an increase in entropy promotes favored reactions	180
6727000540	entropy	ΔS; a measure of the randomness or disorder of the system	181
6726998681	enthalpy	ΔH; heat of a system at constant pressure	182
6727002285	Gibbs free-energy	ΔG; a measure of whether or not a process will proceed without the input of outside energy ∆G=∆H-T∆S (T in degrees Kelvin) when ΔG=0, the reaction is at equilibrium	183
6727005013	state functions	functions that depend only on the change between the initial and final states of a system and therefore independent of the reaction pathway (catalyst has no effect) ΔS, ΔH, ΔG	184
6727033123	standard state conditions	all gases are 1 atm all liquids are pure all solids are pure all solutions are 1 molar the energy of formation of an element in its normal state is defined as zero the temperature used is 25C or 273K	185
6727051300	ΔH°f (heat of formation)	the change in energy that takes place when one mole of a compound is formed from its pure components under STP	186
6727079222	STP	standard temp. and pressure	187
6727119159	bond energy	the energy required to break a bond; endothermic process (add energy)	188
6727133815	hess's law	if a reaction can be described by a series of steps, then ΔH for the overall reaction is the sum of the ΔH values for all the steps	189
6727143598	rules of hess's law	1. if you flip the equation, flip the sign on ΔH 2. if you multiply or divide an equation by a #, multiply ΔH by the same # 3. if several equations in summation create a new equation, you can also add the ΔH values of those component equations to get the ΔH value for the new equation	190
6727177898	enthalpy of solution	the amount of energy released or absorbed as heat when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent	191
6727197061	solid to liquid	melting	192
6727201051	liquid to solid	freezing	193
6727201052	liquid to gas	vaporization	194
6727203360	gas to liquid	condensation	195
6727204886	solid to gas	sublimation	196
6727209860	gas to solid	deposition	197
6727212124	heat of fusion	the energy that must be absorbed by a solid to melt it	198
6727218183	heat of vaporization	the energy that must be put into a liquid to turn it into a gas	199
6727228262	phase diagram (water)		200
6727251820	calorimetry	the measurement of heat changes during chemical reactions	201
6727255197	specific heat	the amount of heat required to the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree celsius	202
6727277463	heating/cooling curves	curves that display what happens to the temperature of a substance as heat is added	203
6727350908	spontaneous	thermodynamically favored; -ΔG	204
6727364178	nonspontaneous	thermodynamically unfavored; +ΔG	205
6727378921	at low temperature	enthalpy is dominant; ΔH	206
6727380526	at high temperature	entropy is dominant; ΔS	207
6727389328	voltage vs favorability	a redox reaction is favored if voltage is (+)	208
6727462025	hydration energy	the energy required to break hydrogen bonds	209
6727689671	law of mass action	the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants	210
6727700315	a solution is at equilibrium when	the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction	211
6727820751	large k eq value	products are favored at equilibrium	212
6727823626	small k eq value	reactants are favored at equilibrium	213
6727989173	le chateliers principle	states that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system shifts in the direction that relieves that stress	214
6728036598	reaction quotient	Q	215
6728040971	Q > K	precipitate forms; reaction shifts left	216
6728042965	Q < K	precipitate does not form; reaction shifts right	217
6728047617	Q = K	the reaction is at equilibrium; voltage in a voltaic cell reaches zero	218
6728063620	common ion effect	a decrease in the solubility of an ionic compound caused by the addition of a common ion	219
6728077128	Arrhenius acids	a substance that ionizes in water and produces hydrogen ions	220
6728080625	Arrhenius bases	a substance that ionizes in water and produces hydroxide ions	221
6728089120	Brønsted-Lowry acids	a substance that is capable of donating a proton	222
6728091184	Brønsted-Lowry bases	a substance that is capable of accepting a proton	223
6728100614	pH	-log [H+]	224
6728106917	pOH	-log [OH-]	225
6728110029	pKa	-log [Ka]	226
6728112624	pKb	-log [Kb]	227
6728234456	amphoteric	a substance that can act as both an acid and a base; ex. H2O	228
6728239970	strong acids	dissociate completely in water; reaction goes to completion and never reaches equilibrium	229
6728245505	weak acid	most of the acid molecules remain in solution and very few dissociate	230
6728261144	percent dissociation	the ratio of the amount of a substance that is dissociated at equilibrium to the initial concentration of the substance in a solution, multiplied by 100	231
6728273511	oxoacids	acids that contain oxygen; the more oxygens, the stronger the acid	232
6728283730	polyprotic acids	acids that can donate more than one H+	233
6728289102	Kw	1.0x10^-14	234
6728415377	henderson hasselbach	pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])	235
6728445016	buffers	weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH	236

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AP La cocina Flashcards

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6879941587	la cuchara	the spoon	0
6879946984	el cuchillo	the knife	1
6879948776	el tenedor	the fork	2
6879948777	cocinar	to cook	3
6879955166	el tazón; el cuenco	bowl	4
6879958450	el sarten	frying pan	5
6879960072	la olla	the pot	6
6880011327	las rebanadas	the slices	7
6880021229	los cuadritos	the cubes	8
6880021230	finito	fine	9
6880045573	echar	to toss (as in into the pan)	10
6880114109	dorados	golden	11
6880058614	a fuego suave	on low heat...a smooth heat	12
6880073864	batir	to beat	13
6880071388	escurrir	to drain	14
6880116365	retirar	to take out (of the pan/bowl)	15
6880126265	voltear (dar la vuelta)	to turn; to flip	16
6880156503	tapar	to cover	17
6880158109	las sobras	the leftovers	18
7184602587	¡Qué te aproveches!	Bon apetito, i hope that it is to your liking	19
7184602588	disfrutar de	To enjoy	20
7184602589	cuece	cooked	21
7184602590	colocar la tapa	To put on the lid; to cover with the lid	22
7184602591	retirar del fuego	To take off the heat	23
7184602592	La llama	flame	24
8103566420	hornear	To bake	25

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Unit 9: Meiosis Flashcards

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10421290644	Meiosis	Cell division that results in 4 genetically different cells.	0
13377511772	Mitosis	Cell division that results in 2 identical cells.	1
10421290645	Crossing over	The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis	2
10421290648	Sexual reproduction	Reproduction in which 2 parents contribute genes to the offspring.	3
10421290649	Asexual reproduction	Reproduction in which one parent passes all of its genes to the offspring, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent (clone)	4
10421290656	Homologous chromosomes	Pair of chromosomes that have the same size and genes, but not necessarily genetically identical. These are always present in diploid cells.	5
13377525515	Sister chromatids	Identical copies of a chromosome, which exist after a cell undergoes DNA replication.	6
10421290651	Fertilization	The fusion of a male and female gamete, forming a zygote.	7
10421290653	independent assortment	When homologous chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate, they can pair up in any combination. This means there is a 50% chance the daughter cell will get a maternal or paternal chromosome from each homologous pair.	8
13377463307	Haploid	Contains a single set of each chromosome	9
13377465550	Diploid	Contains two sets of each chromosome	10
13377472615	Gamete	A sex cell (ex: egg, sperm)	11
13377477552	Somatic Cells	Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells	12
13387044002	Chiasmata	The region where crossing over occurred on homologous chromosomes.	13

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AP Psych. Unit 6 Flashcards

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6079563963	Intelligence Test	a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores	0
6079563964	Intelligence	mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations	1
6079563965	General Intelligence	a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test	2
6079563966	Factor Analysis	a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score	3
6079563967	Savant Syndrome	a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing	4
6079563968	Emotional Intelligence	the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions	5
6079563969	Mental Age	a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8	6
6079563970	Stanford-Binet	the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test	7
6079563971	Intelligence Quotient (IQ)	defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100	8
6079563972	Achievement Tests	a test designed to assess what a person has learned	9
6079563973	Aptitude Tests	a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn	10
6079563974	Standardization	defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.	11
6079563975	Normal Curve	(normal distribution) a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean, or average (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it), and fewer and fewer near the extremes	12
6079563976	Reliability	the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting	13
6079563977	Validity	the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to	14
6079563978	Content Validity	the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest (such as a driving test that samples driving tasks)	15
6079563979	Predictive Validity	the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity.)	16
6079563980	Intellectual Disability	(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.	17
6079563981	Down Syndrome	a condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21	18
6079563982	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)	the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests	19

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