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AP French - l'Environnement Flashcards

7732123076	le réchauffement climatique	global warming	0
7732123077	le changement climatique	climate change	1
7732123078	l'effet de serre	greenhouse effect	2
7732123079	l'émission de gaz (à effet de serre)	(greenhouse) gas emissions	3
7732123080	la couche d'ozone	ozone layer	4
7732123081	la fonte/la disparition des calottes glaciaires	the melting of the ice caps	5
7732123082	l'érosion côtière	coastal erosion	6
7732123083	la déforestation	deforestation	7
7732123084	un ouragan	a hurricane	8
7732123085	une indondation	flood	9
7732123086	une sécheresse	drought	10
7732123087	un tsunami	a tsunami	11
7732123088	un tremblement de terre	earthquake	12
7732123089	un feu de forêt	forest fire	13
7732123090	les catastrophes naturelles	natural disasters	14
7732123091	les combustibles fossiles	fossil fuels	15
7732123092	les pesticides	pesticides	16
7732123093	les émissions CO2	carbon emission	17
7732123094	l'empreinte carbone	carbon footprint	18
7732123095	la pollution	pollution	19
7732123096	les sources d'énergie alternatives	alternative sources of energy	20
7732123097	les sources d'énergie renouvelable	renewable energy	21
7732123098	l'énergie solaire	sun energy	22
7732123099	l'énergie éolienne	wind power	23
7732123100	l'énergie géothermique	geothermal energy	24
7732123101	l'énergie hydroelectrique	hydroelectric energy	25
7732123102	un panneau solaire	solar panel	26
7732123103	une éolienne	wind turbine	27
7732123104	le recyclage	recyling	28
7732123105	recyler	to recycle	29
7732123106	les recyclables	recyclable	30
7732123107	la durabilité	sustainability	31
7732123108	le compostage	composting	32
7732123109	l'engrais	fertilizer	33
7732123110	bio	organic	34
7732123111	un geste écolo	green aproach	35

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Ap Environmental Science Population Flashcards

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9670432998	Three types of population distribution	Random, Uniform, Clumped	0
9670432999	Density Dependent Factor	A factor that influences an individuals probability of survival and reproduction in a manner that depends on the size of the population (i.e. predation, disease, food supply)	1
9670433000	Density Independent Factor	A factor that has the same effect on a individual's probability of survival and reproduction at any populations size	2
9670433001	exponential growth models	occurs when populations are not limited by resources. (J-curve)	3
9670433002	logistical growth model	occurs when populations reach a carrying capacity established by a limiting resource and initially experience large growth but then level off. However, they do not exist exactly at carrying capacity. They fluctuate above and below.	4
9670433003	Type I, II, III Curves	reproductive strategies of different species. Type I fosters their young, Type II does sorta kinda, and type III straight up ditches their kids	5
9670433004	K selective strategies	A species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity (TYPE I)	6
9670433005	R selective strategies	A species with a high intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to overshoot and quickly die off (TYPE III)	7
9670433006	Population size	The total number of individuals within a defined area at a given time	8
9670433007	Population density	The number of individuals per unit area at a given time	9
9670433008	Population distribution	How individuals are distributed with respect to one another	10
9670433009	Population age structure	how many individuals fit into age categories. Shown by age structure diagrams	11
9670433010	Growth Rate	The number of offspring an individual can produce in a given period of time, minus the deaths of the individual or offspring during the same period	12
9670433011	Metapopulations	A group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between the populations	13
9670433012	Competition	The struggle of individuals to obtain a limiting resource	14
9670433013	Resource partitioning	Where species work together and divide up a resource like birds in a tree-this can reduce competition	15
9670433014	Predation	The use of one species as a resource by another species	16
9670433015	Parasites	Type of predation when species live on or in the organism they consume	17
9670433016	Parasitoids	Type of predation when species lay eggs inside other organisms	18
9670433017	Mutualism	A type of interspecific interaction where both species benefit	19
9670433018	Commensalism	A type of relationship in which one species benefits but the other is neither helped nor hurt	20
9670433019	Keystone Species	Keystone or Busch? Jk nah this is a species that plays a role in its community that is far more important that ints relative abundance might suggest	21
9670433020	Primary Succession	Occurs on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil. Starts with moss and lichens on the exposed rock and it it progresses to shrubs and plants and eventually restores ecosystem.	22
9670433021	Secondary Succession	Occurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil	23
9670433022	Community Ecology	The study of the interactions between species in a habitat	24
9670433023	Competitive exclusion principle	two species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexist. This explains why resource partitioning takes place so that both can survive	25
9670433024	Interspecific Competition	When two species compete over one limited resource	26
9670433025	Intraspecific Competition	When two individuals within the same species compete over one limited resource	27
9670433026	Factors that determine species richness	Latitude (distance from equator), Time (older the habitat, the higher SR), Habitat size (larger=greater)	28
9670433027	Theory of Island Biogeography	Explains that both habitat size and distance determine species richness	29
9670433028	How does the human population not have a food deficit?	Innovation and Technology	30
9670433029	growth rate equation	CBR-CDR/10	31
9670433030	doubling time for a population equation	70/growth rate	32
9670433031	Demography	The study of human populations and population trends	33
9670433032	Total Fertility Rate (TFR)	estimate of the average number of children each woman will bear in her lifetime	34
9670433033	Replacement level fertility (RLF)	2.1	35
9670433034	Developed Countries	Countries with high levels of industrialization and income	36
9670433035	Developing Countries	Countries with relatively low levels of industrialization and income	37
9670433036	Life Expectancy	The average number of years that an infant born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live, given the current average life span and death rate of that country	38
9670433037	Infant Mortality Rate	Number of deaths of children under the age of one per 1000 births	39
9670433038	Child Mortality Rate	Number of deaths of children under the age of five per 1000 births	40
9670433039	Demographic Transition	The theory that as a country moves from a subsistence economy to and industrialized one, it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth	41
9670433040	Family Planning	Regulating the number or spacing of children through the use of birth control	42
9670433041	IPAT equation	environmental Impact=Population, Affluence, Technology	43

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AP Familie und Gemeinschaft Flashcards

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9681623380	alleinerziehend	single parent	0
9681623381	die Ausbildung	education	1
9681623382	ausziehen	to move out	2
9681623383	die Bequemlichkeit	comfort, laziness	3
9681623384	bestehen (aus)	to consist of	4
9681623385	die Betreuung	care	5
9681623386	bewohnen	inhabit	6
9681623387	die Beziehung	relationship	7
9681623388	der Einpersonenhaushalt	single person household	8
9681623389	die Elternrolle	role of the parents	9
9681623390	die Elternzeit	maternity leave (up to two years)	10
9681623391	der Erwachsene	adult	11
9681623392	erziehen	to raise (children)	12
9681623393	der Erziehungsurlaub	childcare leave	13
9681623394	der Familienstand	family status	14
9681623395	feige	sneaky; cowardly	15
9681623396	der Geldmangel	lack of money	16
9681623397	Geld sparen	to save money	17
9681623398	der Generationenkonflikt	generational conflict	18
9681623399	geschieden	divorced	19
9681623400	das Geschlecht	gender	20
9681623401	die Großfamilie	extended family	21
9681623402	der Grund	reason	22
9681623403	die Hausfrau	house wife	23
9681623404	der Hausmann	house husband	24
9681623405	der Jungendliche	teenager	25
9681623406	die Kinderbetreuung	childcare	26
9681623407	kinderlos	childless	27
9681623408	die Kindertagesstätte	daycare center	28
9681623409	die Lebensgemeinschaft	partnership (non-traditional)	29
9681623410	ledig	single	30
9681623411	die liberale Erziehung	liberal upbringing	31
9681623412	der Luxus	luxury	32
9681623413	der Mangel	lack	33
9681623414	die Mutterrolle	role of the mother	34
9681623415	die Pflegeeltern	foster parents	35
9681623416	schaffen	to manage, accomplish	36
9681623417	selbstsicher	confident; self-reliant	37
9681623418	sich entscheiden	to decide	38
9681623419	die traditionelle Familie	traditional family	39
9681623420	umziehen	to move (to a new home)	40
9681623421	die Unabhängigkeit	independence	41
9681623422	die Vaterrolle	role of the father	42
9681623423	verändern	to change	43
9681623424	verbringen	to spend/pass (time)	44
9681623425	vereinen	to join together	45
9681623426	verheiratet	married	46
9681623427	verpassen	to miss (out on)	47
9681623428	das Vorbild	role model	48
9681623429	die Wohngemeinschaft	apartment sharing community	49
9681623430	zusammenleben	to live together	50
9681623431	Verwandte	relatives	51
9681623432	Bekannte	acquaintances	52
9681623433	die Kita	daycare center	53

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AP Human Geography Agriculture Flashcards

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6161262352	Animal Husbandry	An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.	0
6161262353	Cash Cropping	Planting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell.	1
6161262354	Corporate Agriculture (Agribusiness)	System of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.	2
6161262355	Commercial Crops	A crop grown for direct sale rather than for livestock feed.	3
6161262356	Domestication of Plants	Domesticating plants for human use, one of the first steps to a full fledged agricultural economy.	4
6161262357	Double Cropping	Planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year.	5
6161262358	Fallow	When farmers grow crops in a clear field for only a few years until the soil nutrients are depleted. The farmers then have the soul empty for a few years so the nutrients in the soil can be restored; uncropped land.	6
6161262359	GMOs	Foods that are mostly products or organisms that have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value; Genetically Modified Organisms.	7
6161262360	Intensive Farming	Subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relative large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a pared of land.	8
6161262361	Labor-intensive Crops	Includes fruits, garden vegetables, herbs, and anything requiring constant tending or wielding.	9
6161262362	Labor-intensive Animals	Animals that require constant tending, includes dairy cow and poultry for eggs.	10
6161262363	Monoculture	Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.	11
6161262364	Mechanization	In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.	12
6161262365	Market Gardens	Small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers, Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.	13
6161262366	Primary Economy	Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials.	14
6161262367	Plantation Agriculture	Raising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export.	15
6161262368	Salinization	The salt content in the soil.	16
6161262370	Spring Wheat	Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.	17
6161262371	Sustainable Yield	Rate of crop production that can be maintained over time.	18
6161262372	Transhumance	Movement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter.	19
6161262373	Winter Wheat	Wheat plated in the fall and harvested in the early summer.	20
6161262374	Von Thunen Model	Theory that a commercial farmer wull decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.	21
6161262375	Green Revolution	An outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm.	22
6161262376	Communes	A group of people living together and sharing processions.	23
6161262377	Examples of Primary Economic Sectlors	Raising livestock Mining Quarrying Crude oil extraction Lumbering Wheat growing Cotton	24
6161262378	Examples of Secondary Economic Sectors	Milk, Cheese Diamonds Petroleum Furniture Bread, Beer Textiles	25
6161262379	Examples of Tertiary Economic Sectors	Corporation Doctors Attorneys Tourism Scientist	26
6161262385	Central America and NW South America domesticated what?	Manioc(root crop), sweet potato, arrowroot, turkeys, llamas, alpacas	27
6161262386	SE Asia domesticated what?	Yams, Taro Root, Bananas, palm oil, cattle, sheep, goats	28
6161262387	Western Africa domesticated what?	Millet(China), Sorghum	29
6161262388	S. Mexico domesticated what?	squash, beans, cotton, Maize(Corn),	30
6161262389	SW Asia domesticated what?	Wheat, Barley, Rice(India)	31
6161262390	Location of First Agricultural Revolution	Nile River Valley/Fertile Crescent	32
6161262391	What did First Agricultural Revolution Change	Nomadic herders to sedentary lifestyle and intentional farming	33
6161262392	Impact of First Agricultural Revolution	Birth of civilization Birth of urban areas Birth of government Birth of class structures(social stratified) Before this egalitarian Created irrigation Created farmers,slaves, government officials, merchants Surplus of food Led to writing Began trading which led to system of defense Towns located on high ground(acropolis) and water	34
6161262393	Location of 2nd Agricultural Revolution	England, Denmark, Netherlands	35
6161262394	2nd Agric Revo Sustained by...	Mechanical reaper Combustible engine Seed drill Railroad Refrigeration Artificial feed New banking practices	36
6161262395	2nd Agric Revo Before I.R	Improved methods Improved plows and draft-animals (Leesdale and ox) New crops Potato and Corn since both can be grown in marginalized land(Not-so fertile land) Government policies British Enclosure Act Crop rotation and consolidated/fenced off land In same year and plot, rotate crops to maintain soil fertility Improved soil fertility Canals	37
6161262396	3rd Agric Revo Defintion	new strains with higher yields through genetic manipulation to increase yield through the use of herbicides and fertilizers	38
6161262397	How to increase GMOs	1. Purchase artificial fertilizer Chemicals 2. Irrigation system 3. Purchase herbicides/pesticides 4. Purchase machines to keep up with production 5. Need a receptive environment 6. Need receptive commodity markets 7. Barriers to implementation Poor, unreceptive environment river water	39
6161262398	Shifting Cultivation Location	Subtropics and Tropics	40
6161262399	Shifting Cultivation Steps and Characteristics	Steps: Clear land Plant land Fallow(not planting anything so soil can replenish itself) Come back to land when it is full of nutrients Characteristics: Low quality land Low population density	41
6161262400	Slash-and-Burn Akas	Patch agriculture Milpa(Yucatan peninsula) Swidden(Indonesia) Chitemene (Nambia) Ladang(Old english meaning to farm)	42
6161262401	SAB Past	Sustainable Not many high population densities No commercial farming	43
6161262403	Nomadism	Dry Areas Same climate as livestock ranching(commercial farms in MDCs) Marginalized land	44
6161262404	Commercial Farming Positives	Increase yield Keeps food costs low	45
6161262405	Commercial Farming Negatives	Use of chemicals Human health Younger age of puberty Cancer increase Environment Rainforest destruction Desertification Rise in sustainably sourced farming Local and organic Blue zone where business collaborate to show thi	46
6161262406	Livestock Ranching	Raising of domesticated animals for food or items like leather Climate: Dry Growing industry As countries develop, meat eating increases Standard of living increases Not near market Bulk-reducing industry	47
6161262407	Dairying	Climate: Cold Perishable Area surrounding dairying is milk shed Closer to market North Latitude Bulk-gaining Bottling fluid	48
6161262408	Mixed livestock and grain	Raise domesticated animals and growing feed	49
6161262409	Commercial Grain Farming	Wheat belt Bread-basket US Corn belt	50
6161262410	Market Gardening	Items people garden Near market since items are perishable Suitcase farms Rely on migrant labor	51
6161262411	Mediterranean	Dry summers High rainfall needed France, Spain, Greece, North Africa, Australia, Chile, California Produce grapes, citrus, etc. Wine production	52
6161262412	Plantation farming	Tropics In LDCs Owned by MDCs Cash crops	53
6161262413	Cash Crop Examples	Worldwide Cotton Rubber Amazon Rice India Sugar from Caribbean	54
6161262414	Coffee	Ethiopian Origin US #1 consumer Central America and Africa produce it	55
6161262415	Tea	Most production in Asia China British own most tea plantations	56
6161262416	Illegal Drugs	Marijuana, Poppy seeds Core are demanders Periphery grows them Takes processing	57
6161262417	What two factors influenced Von Thunen model?	Perishability and Transport Costs	58
6161262418	Von Thunen ring outside city(1)	Market gardening/dairying/feedlot Feedlots fatten livestock before slaughter Skinny before sent near market	59
6161262419	Von Thunen ring (2)	Forestry and growing feed grains Wood: Fuel and building materials Feed: Food for livestock	60
6161262420	Von Thunen ring (3)	Food grains and cash crops	61
6161262421	Von Thunen ring (4)	Livestock ranching Low land cost and marginalized land	62
6161262422	Von Thunen assumptions	Flat terrain---Similar climate/soil---no barriers to transportation	63
6161262423	Von Thunen factors that decrease the model	Refrigeration Food preservation Global markets/corporate decision making New alternatives for fuel New ways grains are used	64
6161262424	Horizontal integration	Companies buy out companies Allows for them to set prices No quality for consumers Aka Monopoly Laws created in 1900s that makes monopoly illegal Multiple like industries	65
6161262425	Vertical integration	One industry that eliminates the middleman Control supply chain Food is homogenous Farm production becomes aggregated Create more commercial agricultural No more small farms Harmful effects on people and environment	66
6161262426	Double cropping	Harvesting twice in one year Employ crop rotation	67
6161262427	Triple cropping	Harvesting 3 times in one year Employ crop rotation	68
6161262428	Tillage	Getting ground ready Turn soil--Create rows	69
6161262429	Intertillage	Mimics rainforest Small plant--Tall plant--Small-Tall Tall protect small from elements	70
6161262430	Ridgetillage	Planting on ridge More access to sun Valley get the water Water areas	71
6161262431	Vertical farming	Urban, crowded, squatter areas Takes up less space	72
6161262432	Agrarian-based society	Based on agriculture Mesopotamian, River valley, Primary sectors	73
6161262433	Animal husbandry	Care of domesticated animals	74
6161262434	Open-lot farming	Type of subsistence farming Village farms the land Ejiado	75
6161262435	Subsistence crop	Food crops	76
6161262436	Traditional agric exports	Corn, wheat, rice Stable grains	77
6161262437	Non-traditional	Perishable items	78
6161262438	Biomass	Grains made into fuel Ethanol	79
6161262439	New England houses	2 stories since heat rises Slanted roof so snow does not cluster Saltbox houses	80
6161262440	Mid-Atlantic houses	North Carolina area One story with porches Hot summers, Cold winters	81
6161262441	Southern houses	One story Raised of the ground some	82
6161262442	Modern houses	Totally different from traditions What we live in today	83
6161262443	Organic Farming	o extracts farmers from big corporations o environmental=reduce synthetic chemicals in soil/water farming and ranching without the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other synthetic inputs. o sold in 54% of US grocery store	84
6161262444	Truck Farms	Farm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies	85
6161262445	Staple Grains	wheat, barley, rye, maize, or rice; potatoes, yams, taro, arrowroot, or cassava	86

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Ap Government Unit 1 Flashcards

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5893969911	Articles of Confederation	1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)	0
5893969912	Monarchy	A government ruled by a king or queen	1
5893969913	Natural Law	A doctrine that society should be governed by certain ethical principals that are part of nature and as such can be understood by reason	2
5893969914	Separation of powers	A way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, executive, and judicial branch	3
5893969915	Shay's rebellion	Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.	4
5893969917	Anti-Federalist	Those who favored strong state governments and a weaker national government	5
5893969918	Bicameral	A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses	6
5893969919	Connecticut Compromise	Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators.	7
5893969920	Constitutional Convention	A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution	8
5893969921	Direct Democracy	A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives	9
5893969922	Federalism	A system of government in which power is distributed among certain geographical territories rather than concentrated within a central government.	10
5893969923	Federalists	Those who favored a stronger national government and weaker state governments	11
5893969924	Federalist Papers	A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.	12
5893969925	Representative Democracy	a system of government that gives citizens the opportunity to vote for representatives who work on their behalf	13
5893969926	New Jersey Plan	Proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by William Paterson of New Jersey for a central government with a single-house legislature in which each state would be represented equally.	14
5893969927	Virginia Plan	Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states.	15
5893969928	Republic	A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting; indirect/Representative democracy	16
5893969929	Three fifths Clause	slave counted as 3/5 of a person for population in congress.	17
5893969932	Checks and Balances	A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power	18
5893969933	Elastic Clause	Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.	19
5893969934	Cooperative Federalism	A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government.	20
5893969935	Majority Rule	Governance according to the expressed preferences of the majority.	21
5893969936	Plurality	Candidate or party with the most votes cast in an election, not necessarily more than half.	22
5893969937	Popular Sovereignty	A government in which the people rule by their own consent.	23
5893969938	Supremacy Clause	Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. (ex. McCulloch v. Maryland)	24
5893969939	Amendment	A change in, or addition to, a constitution or law	25
5893969940	Bill of Rights	A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions.	26
5893969944	Commerce Clause	The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations.	27
5893969945	Concurrent Powers	Powers held jointly by the national and state governments.	28
5893969946	Confederation	(also known as confederacy or league) is a union of political units for common action in relation to other units.	29
5893969947	Dual Federalism	A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.	30
5893969951	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	The court ruled that the states did not have the power to tax the national bank with the backing of the supremacy clause	31
5893969952	Reserved Powers	belong to the states and the people; Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states	32
5893969954	Block Grants	Federal money given to the states with limited spending guidelines	33
5893969955	Categorical Grants	Federal money given to the states with specific spending guidelines	34
5893969956	Devolution	The transfer of power from a high level political office to a lower level; central government to regional, state, or local governments	35

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AP Environmental Science Food Flashcards

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8531534033	Undernutrition	Not consuming enough calories to be healthy.	0
8531534034	Malnourished	(3 billion, 1/2 of population). Having a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals; Regardless of calories,	1
8531534036	Food Insecurity	Refers to the condition in which people do not have adequate access to food.	2
8531534037	Famine	Condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large #'s of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period.	3
8531534038	Anemia	- Iron deficiency; is the most widespread nutritional deficiency in the world. (Est. 3 billion); caused by lack of iron in food, also AIDS, malaria and parasite infestations	4
8531534039	Overnutrition	The ingestion of too many calories and improper foods, which causes a person to become overweight (Est. 1 billion).	5
8531534041	Industrial Agriculture	Same as Agribusiness; is a form of modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish, and crops. Applies the techniques of the Industrial Revolution - Mechanization and standardization - to the production of food.	6
8531534044	Green Revolution	A shift in agricultural practices in the 20th century that included new management techniques and mechanization as well as the triad of fertilization, irrigation and improved crop varieties. These changes increased food production drastically.	7
8531534046	Waterlogging	When soil remains under water for prolonged periods and impairs root growth because roots can't get oxygen.	8
8531534047	Salinization	Occurs when the small amounts of salts in irrigation water become highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation. Can reach toxic levels and impede plant growth.	9
8531534048	Organic Fertilizers	Composed of organic matter from plants and animals, naturally occurring. Manure, etc. Agriculture removes organic matter and nutrients so fertilizer replaces the nutrient levels to help with crop growth.	10
8531534049	Synthetic Fertilizers	Same as inorganic fertilizer; Produced commercially. Nitrogen fertilizers are often made by combusting natural gas.	11
8531534050	Inorganic Fertilizers	Same as synthetic fertilizer; Composed of simple chemicals and minerals; good but can take a lot of energy to produce (like Nitrogen fertilizers)	12
8531534051	Monocropping	Dominant agricultural practice in the U.S. Where large patches of land grow only one kind of crop. (like wheat and cotton); it has improved agricultural productivity but leads to soil degredation	13
8531534052	Pesticides	Substances, either natural or synthetic, that kill or control pests.	14
8531534053	Insecticides	Pesticides that target species of insects and other invertebrates that eat crops.	15
8531534054	Herbicides	Pesticides that target plant species that compete with crops.	16
8531534055	Broad-Spectrum pesticides	Pesticides that kill many different pests.	17
8531534056	Selective Pesticides	Pesticides that target a narrow range of organisms.	18
8531534057	Persistent pesticide	Pesticides that remain in the environment for a long time; ex. DDT	19
8531534058	Non-perisistent pesticide	Breakdown rapidly; ex. Roundup	20
8531534059	Pesticide resistance	Those individuals who survive the pesticide	21
8531534060	Pesticide Treadmill	A positive feedback pesticide cycle; Pesticide Development -> Survivors/Immune -> more pesticides developed.	22
8531534061	Conventional Agriculture	Industrial agriculture that has been so successful in reducing labor inputs and has become very widespread.	23
8531534062	Shifting Agriculture	Clearing land and using it for only a few years until the soil is depleted of nutrients.	24
8531534063	Desertification	Transformation of arable, productive land to desert or non productive land due to climate change or destructive land use; unsustainable farming practices; happening most rapidly in Sahara, Africa, northern China	25
8531534065	Sustainable Agriculture	Fulfills the need for food and fiber while enhancing the quality of soil, minimizing the use of nonrenewable resources and allowing economic viability for the farmer.	26
8531534066	Intercropping	2 or more crop species are planted in the same field at the same time to promote a synergistic interaction between them. Ex. corn needing lots of nitrogen is planed with peas that produce nitrogen.	27
8531534067	Crop Rotation	Moving crops around to help keep nutrient levels high throughout the years; produces same effect as intercropping. Ex. peas planted leaving nitrogen, then corn planted which needs lots of nitrogen	28
8531534068	Agroforestry	Intercropping trees with vegetables allows vegetation of different heights to act a windbreaks and catch soil.	29
8531534069	Contour Plowing	Plowing and harvesting parallel to the topographic contours of the land helps prevent erosion by water.	30
8531534070	No-Till Agriculture	Agricultural method in which farmers do not turn said between seasons; avoid soil degradation / erosion that comes with conventional agricultural techniques.	31
8531534071	Integrated Pest Management (IPM)	An agricultural practice that uses a variety of techniques designed to minimize pesticide outputs; Ex. crop rotation + intercropping + pest resistant crops...	32
8531534072	Organic Agriculture	Production of crops without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers.	33
8531534073	Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFO)	A large indoor or outdoor structures designed for maximum output.	34
8531534074	Fishery	Commercially harvestable population of fish within an ecological region.	35
8531534075	Fishery Collapse	Decline of a fish population by at least 90%	36
8531534076	Bycatch	Unintentional Catches. Significantly reduced population of fish species such as sharks, sea turtles and endangered other organisms.	37
8531534078	Aquaculture	Farmings of aquatic organisms like shellfish, fish or seaweed; ex. US catfish, trout, shrimp and salmon raised this way.	38
8531534079	Annual plant	These plants typically are planted in the spring and summer months, bloom for the season, and then die.	39
8531534080	Perennial plant	Plant that continues to grow year after year after remaining dormant throughout the winter.	40

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AP Psychology Famous People Flashcards

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6696658939	Charles Darwin	Theory of evolution, survival of the fittest, evolutionary psychology	0
6696658940	Wilhelm Wundt	Structuralism, established first psychology laboratory.	1
6696658941	John Watson	Founder of behaviorism, classical conditioning, Little Albert experiment	2
6696658942	Alfred Adler	Neo-Freudian, emphasized birth order, inferiority complex	3
6696658943	Carl Jung	Neo-Freudian, collective unconscious and personal unconscious, archetypes	4
6696658944	Gordon Allport	Trait theorist, cardinal, central & secondary traits	5
6696658945	Albert Ellis	Cognitive psychologist, Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, emphasized irrational thinking	6
6696658946	Abraham Maslow	Humanist, Hierarchy of Needs, Self-Actualization	7
6696658947	Carl Rogers	Humanistic psychologist, unconditional positive regard, identifies incongruencies, person-centered therapy	8
6696658948	B.F. Skinner	Operant conditioning, operant chamber, pigeons, reinforcement, shaping	9
6696658949	Ivan Pavlov	Father of classical conditioning, salivating dogs experiment	10
6696658950	Noam Chomsky	innate linguistic knowledge	11
6696658951	Jean Piaget	cognitive development, sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational	12
6696658952	Erik Erikson	. Neo-Freudian, 8 stages of psychosocial development	13
6696658953	Lawrence Kohlberg	Moral development, pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional	14
6696658955	Hans Eysenck	Trait theorist, two dimensional theory (extroversion-introversion, stable-unstable) and psychoticism, dispositional traits	15
6696658956	Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer	physiological arousal and cognitive label produce emotions	16
6696658958	Benjamin Whorf	linguistic determinism, linguistic relativity.	17
6696658959	Robert Sternberg	Triarchic theory of intelligence, [1] problem-solving intelligence [2] practical intelligence [3] creative intelligence.	18
6696658960	Howard Gardner	Theory of multiple intelligences [8]. visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, linguistic, and logical-mathematical, naturalistic	19
6696658961	Albert Bandura	Observational learning, social learning theory, Bobo doll experiment	20
6696658962	Edward Thorndike	Law of effect, puzzle box	21
6696658963	Alfred Binet	General IQ tests, Created concept of mental age and chronological age	22
6696658964	Lewis Terman	Revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for American children. Invented Stanford-Binet IQ Test.	23
6696658965	David Wechsler	Intelligence test for adults, WAIS	24
6696658966	Charles Spearman	"g"-general intelligence, "s"-specific intelligence	25
6696658967	Hermann Rorschach	Developed projective test known as inkblot test	26
6696658968	Philip Zimbardo	Social psychologist, Stanford Prison Study, Lucifer effect	27
6696658969	David Rosenhan	Hospital experiment to test the diagnosis that hospitals make on patients, tested validity of psychiatric diagnosis of insanity.	28
6696658970	Solomon Asch	Social psychologist, study of conformity estimating lengths of lines	29
6696658971	Stanley Milgram	Social psychologist, study on obedience, "shocking" the learning	30
6696658972	Harry Harlow	Contact-comfort, monkey experiments	31
6696658973	Sigmund Freud	Psychoanalysis, Psychosexual stages of development, id-ego-superego, unconscious motivations	32
6696658974	Karen Horney	Neo-freudian, 10 Neurotic Needs, womb envy	33
6696658975	Martin Seligman	Learned helplessness	34
6696658976	Hermann Ebbinghaus	Conducted scientific studies on memory, learning curves, forgetting curves	35
6696658977	Ernst Weber	JND (just noticeable difference), helped create Weber's Law	36
6696658978	Elizabeth Kubler-Ross	5 stages of death- denial, anger/resentment, bargaining, depression, acceptance.	37
6696658980	Paul Ekman	Universal facial expressions- anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.	38
6696658981	Mary Ainsworth	The Strange Situation, attachment types- secure, insecure (avoidant, anxious/resistant)	39
6696658982	Aaron Beck	The father of cognitive therapy, specializes in clinical depression. Developed the cognitive triad of depression-focused on dsyfunctional thinking	40
6696658983	Paul Broca	identified region in left frontal lobe (Broca's Area) responsible for formation of speech	41
6696658984	Raymond Cattell	Trait theorist, 16 PF questionnaire, factor analysis. dispositional traits	42
6696658987	Phineas Gage	tamping rod shot through his prefrontal cortex-and survived, most studied brain of all time	43
6696658989	Ernest Hilgard	Studied hypnosis, "hidden observer"	44
6696658990	William James	Functionalism, contributed to a theory of emotion (stimulus=>physiological change=>emotion)	45
6696658991	William James and Carl Lange	Theory of emotion-physiological change produces emotion	46
6696658992	Garcia	Classical conditioning, taste aversion	47
6696658993	Elizabeth Loftus	Misinformation effect	48
6696658994	Konrad Lorenz	Imprinting	49
6696658995	Hans Selye	General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), alarm-resistance-exhaustion	50
6696658997	Edward Tolman	latent learning, rats in mazes	51
9655527740	Dorthea Dix	Prison reform, mental asylums	52
9655541203	Margaret Floy Washburn	First woman to receive PhD in Psychology	53
9655549128	Mary Whiton Calkins	First woman president of APA, student of William James	54
9655553520	John Locke	tabula rasa, knowledge is innate	55
9655802166	Hippocrates	Four Humors, believed in the concept behind the Medical Model	56
9655817483	Socrates	Ancient Greek philosopher, dualism, taught Plato	57
9655823480	Plato	Ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, dualism	58
9655829134	Aristotle	Ancient Greek philosopher, knowledge is learned-believed in concept of tabula rasa	59
9656267033	Paul Costa & Robert McCrae	Trait theorists, Big 5 Personality Test, OCEAN-Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism	60
9656298874	Walter Cannon and Philip Bard	Theory of emotion, physiological change & cognitive awareness of emotional state occur simultaneously	61
9656359036	Sir Francis Galton	Coined term "nature vs. nurture", hereditary genius	62
9656387965	Edward Titchener	Introspection, studied under Wundt	63
9656424680	G. Stanley Hall	Created 1st Psychology lab in the U.S.	64
9656445059	Jane Elliot	Studied the effects of racism in the classroom, "Brown-eyed Blue-eyed Study"	65
9656453286	Leon Festinger	Cognitive dissonance	66
9656466662	Carl Wernicke	discovered that damage to the left temporal lobe=deficits in language comprehension	67
9656472103	Thomas Bouchard	Minnesota Twin Studies, nature vs. nurture	68
9656481640	Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzaniga	Split brain studies, hemispheric specialization	69
9656503160	Gustav Fechner	Described relationship between strength of sensation and strength of stimulus	70
9656518825	Eleanor Gibson	Visual cliff experiment, depth perception	71
9656527416	David Hubel & Tortsen Wiesel	feature detectors	72
9656584442	Franz Mesmer	First to use hypnosis	73
9656642404	George Miller	Magic number 7 (plus or minus two), memory	74
9656832082	Lev Vygotsky	Zone of proximal development, social-cultural psychology	75
9656843133	Diana Baumrind	Parenting styles (permissive, authoritarian, authoritative)	76
9656880617	Walter Mischel	person-situation controversy, "marshmallow study" and delayed gratification	77

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AP Macroeconomics Flashcards

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9955327123	1.1 Aggregate Demand (AD)	The total amount that all consumers, business firms, and government agencies are willing to spend on final goods and services at various price levels at a given period of time.	0
9955323720	1.2 Aggregate Supply (AS)	The relationship between the price level and the quantity of goods and services supplied in an economy. AS curve looks different in the long run and short run. In the long run, it is a vertical line, as output is dictated by the factors of production alone. In the short run, it is upward sloping.	1
9955342073	1.3 AD/AS Graph		2
9955335264	1.4 Aggregate Equilibrium	The combination of real GDP and the price level when the economy is at equilibrium, jointly determined by aggregate demand and aggregate supply.	3
9955310065	1.5 Long Run Aggregate Supply (LRAS)	The level of output to which an economy will always return in the long run. The LRAS curve intersects the horizontal axis at the full employment or potential level of output.	4
9955303820	1.6 Shifters of Aggregate Demand	1. GDP (or its components) 2. Monetary Policy 3. Fiscal Policy	5
9955186527	1.7 Shifters of Short-Run Aggregate Supply	1. Factors of Production (LRAS) 2. Input Costs 3. Supply Shock	6
9955161948	1.8 Shifters of Long-Run Aggregate Supply	Factors of Production	7
9955483683	2.1 depreciation vs. appreciation of a currency	depreciation - decrease in VALUE of currency app-The rise in value of one currency relative to another.	8
9955510300	3.1 Loanable Funds Graph		9
9955531905	3.2 Loanable Funds Market	The market in which the demand for private investment and the supply of household savings intersect to determine the equilibrium real interest rate.	10
9955524589	3.3 Shifters of Demand for Loanable Funds	1. Incentive to Invest 2. Contractionary Fiscal Policy (to the right)	11
9955527860	3.4 Shifters of Supply of Loanable Funds	1. Incentive to Save 2. Monetary Policy 3. Expansionary Fiscal Policy (to the left)	12
9955564719	4.1 Open-Market Operations	The central bank's buying and selling of government bonds on the open market from commercial banks and the public. This is aimed at increasing or decreasing the level of reserves in the banking system and thereby affects the interest rate and the level of aggregate demand.	13
9955778997	5.1 Real Interest Rate	the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation; Nominal interest rate - inflation rate	14
9955786332	5.2 nominal interest rate	the interest rate as usually reported without a correction for the effects of inflation	15
9955792581	5.3 interest rate effect	effect that decreases price level has on investment expenditures through the effect that a chance in price level has on interest rates	16
9955804354	5.4 Investment	A component of aggregate demand, it includes all spending on capital equipment, inventories, and technology by firms. This does not include financial investment, which is the purchase of financial assets (stocks and bonds). Also includes household purchasing of newly constructed residences.	17
9955818352	5.5 GDP Growth Rate		18

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APES: Biomes & Climatograms Flashcards

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5427026702	describe the Tropical Desert climatogram	consistant high temperatures with slight fluctuation, very little rain	0
5427026703	describe the Temperate desert climatogram	temperatures range from freezing to around 70F, mainly dry	1
5427026704	describe the Polar desert climatogram	temperature ranges from below freezing to well above freezing (upto 80F), very little rainfall	2
5427026705	describe the Tropical grassland climatogram	consistently warm (60-70F), wet and dry seasons vary dramatically.	3
5427026706	describe the temperate grassland climatogram	temperature ranges from freezing/slightly below freezing to around 90F. Large fluctuation in temperatures and rain patterns vary greatly and have a large range.	4
5427026707	describe the Polar Grassland climatogram	temperature range from very much below freezing to comfortable temperature. Little rainfall	5
5427026708	describe the Tropical rain forest climatogram	constant high temperatures. Rainfall all year, some parts of the year recieve more rainfall than others	6
5427026709	describe the Temperate deciduous forest climatogram	temperature range is large, but never goes below freezing. fluctuating amounts of rainfall year-round, now distinguishable wet and dry season	7
5427026710	describe the polar evergreen coniferous forest climatogram	large temperature range from much below freezing to much above. some rainfall all year, parts of the year have more rain than others	8
5427026711	Taiga	also known as boreal forest, includes forests or cold climates and high latitudes and high altitudes. dominated by coniders (type of tree). low biological diversity.	9
5427026712	tundra	treeless plains that occur in the harsh climates of low rainfall and low average temperatures. arctic tundra occurs in high altitudes and alpine occurs at high elevations. parts of tundra have permafrost	10
5427026713	temperate deciduous forest	occur in climates somewhat warmer than those of the boreal forest. dominant vegetation is tall deciduous trees. among biomes most changed by human beings. little vegetation growth due to deep shade. natural fires. winter is below freezing	11
5427026714	temperate rain forests	occur where temperatures are moderate and precipitation exceeds 350 cm/yr. dominant trees are evergreen conifers. winters are wet and mild. low diversity of plants and animals due to abundant growth of dominant vegetation which makes deep shade.	12
5427026715	what does temperate mean?	of, relating to, or denoting a region or climate characterized by mild temperatures.	13
5427026716	temperate woodlands	occur where temperature patterns are like those of deciduous forests but climate is dryer. more open spaces allowing for light to reach the ground. fire is common	14
5427026717	what does deciduous mean?	They will lose their leaves at the same time around the fall.	15
5427026718	temperate shrublands	drier climate, dominated by dense stands of shrubs that rarely exceed a few meters in height. low rainfall concentrated in cool season. favored by humans in terms of temperature due to its moderate and sunny climate.	16
5427026719	temperate grasslands	occur in regions too dry for forests and too moist for deserts. dominant plant species are grasses and other flowering plants. good soil. great diversity of large animals. fire is natural	17
5427026720	tropical rain forest	occur where the average temperature is high and relatively constant throughout the year and rainfall is high and relatively frequent throughout the year. high diversity of vegetation.	18
5427026721	intertidal areas	the intertidal biome is made up of areas exposed alternately to air during low tide ocean waters during high tide. Constant movemtn of waters transports nutrients into and out of these areas which are usually rich in life. disturbances are common.	19
5427026722	open ocean	called the pelagic region. includes waters in all of the oceans. low in nitrogen and phosphorus (chemical deserts with low productivity and low diversity of algae) many species of large animals occur but at low density	20
5427026723	benthos	bottom portion of oceans is called the benthos. input of food is dead organic matter that falls from above. waters are too dark for photosynthesis, no plants grow	21
5427026724	upwellings	deep waters are cold and dark, like is scarce. waters are rich in nutrients because numerous creatures that die in surface waters sink. upward flows of deep-ocean waters bring nutrients to surface causing lots of algae to grow.	22
5427026725	hydrothermal vents	occur in deep ocean, where plate tectonic processes create vents of hot water with high concentration of sulfur compounds which provide energy basis for chemosynthetic bacteria. water pressure is high, temperatures range from the boiling point inwaters of vents to the 4 degrees C waters of the deep ocean vents	23