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AP World History Chapter 7 Flashcards

6052156477	Arabic numerals	A written number system created during the Gupta golden age in India, then adopted by the Islamic Empire before spreading further. Used throughout western civilization today.	0
6052156478	Bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva	1
6052156479	Buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads	2
6052156480	Chinggis Khan	Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all Mongol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227, prior to conquest of most of Islamic world.	3
6052156481	Crusades	Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.	4
6052156482	Harun al-Rashid	(786-809) He was the caliph of the Abbasid dynasty during its high point. He provided liberal support for artists and writers, bestowed lavish and luxurious gifts on his favorites, and distributed money to the poor and the common classes by tossing coins into the streets of Baghdad.	5
6052156483	Hulagu	lead troops to outside baghdad and executed the last caliph by wrapping him up in a carpet and had trampled by horses	6
6052156484	Ibn Khaldun	Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city.	7
6052156485	Kabir	Muslim mystic during 15th century; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	8
6052156486	Mahmud of Ghazni	Islamic leader who ruled parts of Iran and India between the years 997-1030. Islamic presence in India was quite new at the time. Unaccustomed to ruling a non-Muslim population, he destroyed various Hindu and Buddhist temples. His raids into India are often portrayed as being motivated by money.	9
6052156487	Mamluks	Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)	10
6052156488	Mir Bai	Low-caste, woman poet and song-writer in bhaktic cults.	11
6052156489	Mongols	A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.	12
6052156490	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Conquered a section of India called Sind and respected Hindu and Buddhist temples even though Muslims usually did not tolerate polytheism.	13
6052156491	Muhammad of Ghur	Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control.	14
6052156492	Qutb-ud-din Aibak	Lieutenant of Muhammad of Ghur; established a kingdom in India with the capital at Delhi; proclaimed himself sultan	15
6052157918	Rubaiyat	Epic poem of Omar Khayyam; seeks to find meaning in life and a path to union with the divine where he expresses his opinions	16
6052156493	Salah-ud-Din	(1137-1193); Muslim ruler of Egypt and Syria; reconquered most of the crusader kingdoms, 3rd crusade, along with Richard.	17
6052156494	Sati	a former practice in India whereby a widow threw herself onto her husband's funeral pyre.	18
6052157919	Sa'di	Persian poet, short poems on advice, humor, morals	19
6052156495	Seljuk Turks	nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly	20
6052156496	Shah-Nama	Written by Firdawsi in late 10th and early 11th centuries; relates history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests	21
6052156497	Shrivijaya	Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion.	22
6052156498	Sufis	a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life	23
6052156499	al-Biruni	Major figure in Islamic mathematics, perisan scholar	24
6052156500	al-Ghazali	Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama	25
6052156501	al-Mahdi	Third of the Abbasid caliphs attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problems of succession	26
6052156502	al-Razi	A Persian Philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry (alchemy) and philosophy. (865-925)	27
6052156503	ulama	Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)	28

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AP Vocab Quiz 1 Flashcards

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8525984517	congelar(se)	to freeze	0
8525986834	derretir(se)	to melt	1
8525991202	duro/a	hard	2
8526015702	parece que...	It seems like...	3
8536718355	tropezar	to trip	4
8536724157	disimular	to hide, to conceal	5
8536926643	atravesar	to cross	6
8536933285	desarrollo	development	7
8536934754	recurso	resource	8
8536938057	restringir	to restrict	9
8536940211	inculcar	to instill	10
8536945130	arrancar	to start (car); to pull out	11
8536952193	cumplir	to fulfill	12
8536954791	bastante	enough	13
8536977629	alimento	food, nourishment	14
8536983148	disfrutar	to enjoy	15
8536985449	prender	to turn on (lights, electronics)	16
8536987061	apagar	to turn off (lights, electronics)	17
8537001113	elogiar	to praise	18
8537107021	resquemor	resentment	19

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AP Bio Evolution Review Flashcards

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5318099334	homologous structures	Structures that come from the same ancestor...have a common origin and reflect a common ancestry.	0
5318099335	vestigial structures	remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors	1
5318099336	convergent evolution	the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages	2
5318099337	gene pool	the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population	3
5318099338	natural selection	a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics	4
5318099339	founder effect	when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population	5
5318099340	bottleneck effect	when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether	6
5318099341	gene flow	the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes. (Ex. pollen from one valley can be carried by the wind across a mountain to another valley.)	7
5318099342	directional selection	when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other	8
5318099343	disruptive selection	Increases the extreme types in a population at the expense of intermediate forms. What may result is called balanced polymorphism, one population divided into two distinct types. Over great lengths of time, disruptive selection may result in the formation of two new species.	9
5318099344	stabilizing selection	Sometimes called purifying selection, eliminates the extremes and favors the more common intermediate forms. Many mutant forms are weeded out in this way.	10
5318099345	sexual selection	Selection based on variation in secondary sexual characteristics related to competing for and attracting mates. In the males, antlers, strength are the result of sexual selection. Difference in APPEARANCE between males and females are known and sexual dimorphism.	11
5318099346	sexual dimorphism	marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction or survival (differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior)	12
5318099347	diploidy	the state of being diploid, that is having two sets of chromosomes	13
5318099348	heterozygote advantage	when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous	14
5318099349	frequency-dependent selection	fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population	15
5318099350	speciation	the process by which one species splits into two or more species	16
5318099351	macroevolution	The development of an entirely new species, which is the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans	17
5318099352	species	a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups	18
5318099353	reproductive isolation	the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring	19
5318099354	hybrids	offspring that result from interspecific mating	20
5318099355	prezygotic barriers	impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)	21
5318099356	post zygotic barriers	prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown	22
5318099357	allopatric speciation	gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations	23
5318099358	sympatric speciation	speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)	24
5318099359	polyploidy	extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division	25
5318099360	autopolyploid	an individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from a single species	26
5318099361	allopolyploid	an individual that has more than two chromosome sets due to two different species interbreeding and after several generations can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid. Allopolyploids are fertile when mating with each other but cannot interbreed with either parent species	27
5318099362	punctuated equilibrium	the theory that in the evolution there are long periods of little morphological change punctuated by relatively short periods of significant change	28
5318099363	ribozyme	RNA that can also carry out a number of enzyme-like catalytic functions	29
5318099364	endosymbiosis	mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells	30
5318099365	adaptive radiation	Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities	31
5318099366	phylogeny	the evolutionary history of a species or group of species	32
5318099367	phylogenetic tree	evolutionary history of a group of organisms represented in a branching diagram	33
5318099368	analogous	similarity due to convergent evolution	34
5318099369	homologous	similarity due to shared ancestry	35
5318099370	clade	a group of species which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants	36
5318099371	outgroup	a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying	37
5318099372	maximum parsimony	a principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts	38
5318099373	molecular clock	a yardstick for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some genes and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates	39
5318099374	horizontal gene transfer	a process in which genes are transferred from one genome to another through mechanisms such as exchange of transposable elements and plasmids, viral infection and perhaps fusion of organisms	40
5318099375	Darwin's Theory (five parts)	1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Emergence of new species (new alleles)	41
5318099376	Microevolution	Refers to the changes in one gene pool of a population	42
5318099377	Hardy-Weinberg Equation(s)	the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work	43
5318099378	Mutations	Changes in genetic material and are the raw material for evolutionary change. A single point mutation can introduce a new allele into a population. INCREASE diversity.	44
5318099379	Nonrandom mating	Individuals choose their mates for a specific reason. The selection of a mate serves to eliminate the less- fit individuals.	45
5318099380	Genetic Drift	The change in the gene pool due to chance. It is a fluctuation in frequency of alleles from one generation to another and is unpredictable. It tends to LIMIT diversity. (Ex. Bottleneck and Founder effects)	46
5318099381	Heterozygous	A diploid organism is heterozygous at a gene locus when its cells contain two different alleles of a gene. (Ex. Pp)	47
5318099382	Homozygous	Homozygous is a genetic condition where an individual inherits the same alleles for a particular gene from both parents. (Ex. PP and pp) Dominant and Recessive	48
5318099383	Allelic Frequencies	the proportion of a particular allele (variant of a gene) among all allele copies being considered. It can be formally defined as the percentage of all alleles at a given locus on a chromosome in a population gene pool represented by a particular allele. (Ex. p+q=1 where p represents the frequency of the dominant allele while q represents the frequency of the recessive allele)	49
5318099384	Population	a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring	50
5318099385	Genotype	An individual's collection of genes.	51
5318099386	Phenotype	The organism's physical appearance.	52
5318099387	Genetic Variation	refers to diversity in gene frequencies. Genetic variation can refer to differences between individuals or to differences between populations.	53
5318099388	Aristotle	Aristotle spoke for the ancient world with his theory of Scala Natura. According to this theory, all life-forms can be arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity, each with its own issued support. The species are permanent and do not evolve. Humans are at the pinnacle of this ladder of increasing complexity.	54
5318099389	Linnaeus	Linnaeus specialized in taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life. He believed that scientists should study life and that a classification system would reveal a divine plan. He is also known for inventing binomial nomenclature, where an animal has a special scientific name consisting of two parts; a genus and a species. (Ex. the scientific name for lions is Panthera Leo)	55
5318099390	Cuvier	He studied FOSSILS and realized that each layer of earth is characterized by different fossils. He believed that a series of catastrophes was responsible for the changes in the organisms on earth and was a strong opponent of evolution. His study of fossils was VERY important to Darwin's theory.	56
5318099391	James Hutton	One of the MOST influential geologists of his day, published his theory of GRADUALISM in 1795. He stated that the Earth had been molded, not by sudden violent events, but by slow, gradual change. He observed the effects of wind, water, and weather and that these were the same forces that formed the various geologic features on earth, such as mountain ranges and canyons. His theories were IMPORTANT because they were based on the idea that the Earth had a verryyyyy long history and that change is the normal course of events.	57
5318099392	Lyell	Was a leading geologist of Darwin's ERA. He stated that geological change results from slow, continuous actions. He believed that the Earth was much older than the 6,000 years thought by early theologians. His text, "Principles of Geology" was a great influence on Darwin.	58
5318099393	Lamarck	Was a contemporary of Darwin who also developed a theory of evolution. He published his theory in 1809, the year Darwin was born. His theory relies on the ideas of Inheritance of acquired characteristics and use of disguise. He stated that individual organisms change in response to the environment.	59
5318099394	Wallace	A naturalist and author, published an essay discussing the process of natural selection identical to Darwin's, which...had not yet been published.	60
5318099395	Darwin	a naturalist and author, who went to the Galapagos islands to study organisms. By the early 1840's, he had worked out his theory of natural selection but did NOT publish them. He later published "On the origin of the species" in 1859 when he was convinced. Darwin's theory challenged the traditional view of a young earth (6000 yrs old) inhabited by unchanging species.	61
5318099396	Artificial Selection	Humans breed plants and animals by seeking individual with desired traits as breeding stock. (Ex. racehorses are bred for speed, and laying hens are bred to produce more and larger eggs)	62
5318099397	Descent with modification	Descent with modification refers to the passing on of traits from parent organisms to their offspring. This passing on of traits is known as heredity, and the basic unit of heredity is the gene. Genes hold information about every conceivable aspect of an organism: its growth, development, behavior, appearance, physiology, reproduction. Genes are the blueprints for an organism and these blueprints are passed from parents to their offspring each generation.	63
5318099398	Differential Reproductive Success	One individual or group having better success than another.	64
5318099399	Fitness	is a central idea in evolutionary and sexual selection theories. It can be defined either with respect to a genotype or to a phenotype in a given environment. In either case, it describes individual reproductive success and is equal to the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation that is made by an average individual of the specified genotype or phenotype.	65
5318099400	Populations tend to..	grow exponentially, overpopulate, and exceed their resources.	66
5318099401	Overpopulation results in...	competition and a struggle for existence	67
5318099402	In ANY population there is....	variation and an unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce.	68
5318099403	Only the best-fit individuals....	survive and get to pass on their traits to offspring.	69
5318099404	Antibiotic resistance	Directional selection can produce rapid shifts in allelic frequencies. For example, soon after the discovery of antibiotics, bacteria appeared that were resistant to these drugs. Scientists now know that the genes for anti-biotic resistance carried on plasmids, small DNA molecules, which can be transferred from one bacterial cell to another and which can spread the mutation for antibiotic resistance very rapidly within the bacterial population.	70
5318099405	Geographic variation	when 2 different phenotypes can be found in different regions.	71
5318099406	Fossils	The fossil record reveals the existence of species that have become extinct or have evolved into other species. Radiometric dating and half life accurately measure the age of fossils. Prokaryotes were the first organisms to develop on earth, and they are the oldest fossils.	72
5318099407	Biogeography	According to the theory of plate tectonics, continents and oceans rest on giant plates of the Earth's crust that float on top of the hot mantle. Convection currents in the mantle are responsible for the slow, continuous movement of the plates know as continental drift.	73
5318099408	Comparative anatomy	The study of different structures contributes to scientists' understanding of the evolution of anatomical structures and of evolutionary relationships. ex. the wing of a bat, human arm, and a whale fin, all have the same internal bone structure, although the function of each varies. these structures are known as homologous structures.	74
5318099409	Analogous Structures	NOT from a recent common ancestor. like a bat wing and a fly's wing have the same function, but the similarity is superficial and reflects adaptation to a similar environment.	75
5318099410	Divergent Evolution	Occurs when a population becomes isolated (for ANY reason) from the rest of da species, becomes exposed to new selective pressures, and evolves into a new species.	76
5318099411	Molecular Evidence	Cellular/Molecular Evidence. All living things are fundamentally alike. At the cellular and molecular level living things are remarkably similar to each other. These fundamental similarities are most easily explained by evolutionary theory: life shares a common ancestor.	77

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AP Biology: Chapter 6 Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

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5008208484	organelles	membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell	0
5008208485	cytosol	a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found	1
5008208486	eukaryotic cell	Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	2
5008208487	prokaryotic cell	Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles	3
5008208488	nucleoid region	a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found	4
5008208489	cytoplasm	the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles	5
5008208490	plasma membrane	The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell	6
5008208491	nucleus	chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell	7
5008208492	nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm	8
5008208493	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope	9
5008208494	chromosomes	tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)	10
5008208495	chromatin	loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA	11
5008208496	nucleolus	located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes	12
5008208497	ribosomes	made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins	13
5008208498	endomembrane system	membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.	14
5008208499	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope	15
5008208500	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels	16
5008208501	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins	17
5008208502	glycoproteins	proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction	18
5008208503	transport vesicles	vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another	19
5008208504	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	20
5008208505	lysosome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials	21
5008208506	phagocytosis	the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle	22
5008208507	autophagy	lysosomes break down damaged organelles	23
5008208508	food vacuoles	formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle	24
5008208509	contractile vacuoles	pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell	25
5008208510	central vacuole	the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells	26
5008208511	mitochondria	chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration	27
5008208512	chloroplasts	contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis	28
5008208513	cristae	infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria	29
5008208514	mitochondrial matrix	compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle	30
5008208515	plastids	manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches	31
5008208516	thylakoids	flattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs	32
5008208517	granum	stacks of thylakoids	33
5008208518	stroma	fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area	34
5008208519	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm	35
5008208520	microtubules	hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell	36
5008208521	centrosome	a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division	37
5008208522	centrioles	cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division	38
5008208523	flagella	a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement	39
5008208524	cilia	a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion	40
5008208525	microfilaments	the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts	41
5008208526	actin	a globular protein that makes up microfilaments	42
5008208527	pseudopodia	cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface	43
5008208528	cytoplasmic streaming	the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells	44
5008208529	intermediate filaments	diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments	45
5008208530	cell wall	extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake	46
5008208531	primary cell wall	a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell	47
5008208532	middle lamella	a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin	48
5008208533	secondary cell wall	a strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support	49
5008208534	extracellular matrix	where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides	50
5008208535	collagen	most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells	51
5008208536	plasmodesmata	channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants	52
5008208537	tight junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins	53
5008208538	desmosomes	intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	54
5008208539	gap junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants	55

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AP Environmental Science Review Flashcards

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9837123692	Factors that affect the amount of solar energy at the surface of the Earth:	-Earth's rotation (once every 24 hours) -tilt of Earth's axis (23.5 degrees) -revolution around the sun (once per year)	0
9837123693	What is most harmful human activity?	Habitat destruction has a greater harmful environmental impact than any other human activity	1
9837123694	Nitrogen (N2)	Fundamental nutrient for living organisms. Used for protein. Reactions involving lightning. Uses Bacteria during cycling.	2
9837123695	Oxygen (O2)	Molecules are produced through photosynthesis and are utilized (used) in cellular respiration.	3
9837123696	Water vapor (H2O)	Largest amounts occur near equator, over oceans, and in tropical regions. -most common natural greenhouse gas.	4
9837123697	Carbon dioxide (CO2)	Produced during cellular respiration. It is a major greenhouse gas that has increased due to the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.	5
9837123698	Methane (CH4)	Contributes to the greenhouse effect. Increase due to landfills, fossil fuels, grazing animals, etc..	6
9837123699	troposphere	-layer of atmosphere closest to the ground. - temperature decreases with altitude -weather occurs in this zone	7
9837123700	stratosphere	-temperature increases with altitude due to absorption of heat by ozone -contains the ozone layer	8
9837123701	climate	is an area's GENERAL pattern of atmospheric of weather conditions measured over long periods of time ranging from decades to thousands of years	9
9837123702	radiation	Method by which Earth receives solar energy.	10
9837123703	albedo	Is the reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface	11
9837123704	Rain shadow effect	the loss of moisture from the landscape and the resulting semiarid or arid conditions on the leeward side of high mountains -Windward= lush, green, clouds, precipitation, ocean...leedward= deserts, sinking air, dry	12
9837123705	Coriolis Effect	the effect of the Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents	13
9837123706	El Niño and La Niña (Southern Oscillation (ENSO))	large-scale weather phenomenon occurs every few years when prevailing winds in the tropical Pacific Ocean weaken and change direction o Above-average warming of Pacific waters affects populations of marine species by changing the distribution of plant nutrients, hurting fishing industry o Low nutrients, low dissolved oxygen o Severe flooding, storms, drought, mudslides, $ damage, human health hazards	14
9837123707	extinction	occurs whenever a species of animal or plant life is permanently lost	15
9837123708	biodiversity	is the variety of the earth's species, the genes they contain, the ecosystems in which they live, and the ecosystem processes that sustain all life	16
9837123709	ecology	the study of how organisms interact with their living (biotic) environment	17
9837123710	evolution	the process whereby earth's life changes over time	18
9837123711	natural selection	occurs when some individuals of a population have genetically based traits that enhance their ability to survive and reproduce	19
9837123712	speciation	the evolution of a new species	20
9837123713	species diversity	the number of different species a community contains (species richness) combined with the relative abundance of individuals within each of those species (species evenness)	21
9837123714	indicator species	species that provide early warnings of damage to a community or an ecosystem (e.g. amphibians [because their breath through skin])	22
9837123715	keystone species	have a large effect on the types and abundance of other species in an ecosystem (e.g. shark, bumblebee, sea otters in kelp forests)	23
9837123716	biomass	the amount of living material, or the amount of organic material contained in living organisms, both as live and dead material, as in the leaves (live) and stem wood (dead) of trees	24
9837123717	ecological succession	the process of the development of an ecological community or ecosystem, usually viewed as a series of stages: early, middle, late, mature (or climax), and sometimes post-climax	25
9837123718	primary succession	the gradual establishment of communities in an area that has NO soil or sediment	26
9837123719	secondary succession	a series of communities or ecosystems with different species that evolve where there's soil	27
9837123720	island biogeography	• proposes that the number of species found on an undisturbed island is determined by immigration and extinction • Distance from mainland: closer island, higher immigration • Size: smaller ones have fewer species than large ones and smaller target for immigration...higher extinction because less resources and diversity	28
9837123721	predation	occurs when a member of one species feeds directly on all or part of a member of another species	29
9837123722	Techniques to avoid predation:	camouflage, chemical warfare, warning coloration, mimicry	30
9837123723	population dynamics	the study of how characteristics (distribution, numbers, age, structure, density) of populations change in response to change in environmental conditions (temperature, resource availability, presence of diseases)	31
9837123724	biotic potential	• is the maximum reproductive capacity of a population if resources are unlimited • Large animals (e.g. elephants), low potential • small animals (e.g. bacteria), high potential	32
9837123725	environmental resistance	the combination of all factors that act to limit the growth of a population (e.g. of limiting factors: light, water, space, nutrients, amount of water)	33
9837123726	carrying capacity (K)	maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely	34
9837123727	exponential growth (J curve)	• growth that increases at a constant rate per unit of time • starts slowly, but accelerates as population increases	35
9837123728	logistic growth (S curve)	rapid population growth, followed by a steady decrease in population growth until the population size levels off	36
9837123729	inbreeding	occurs when individuals in a small population mate with one another	37
9837123730	density-dependent factors:	infectious disease, parasitism, predation, competition	38
9837123731	density-independent factors:	habitat destruction, pollution, temperature change	39
9837123732	r selected species:	Produces many offspring, life expectancy is short	40
9837123733	commensalism	+, / relationship in which one benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed	41
9837123734	mutualism	+, + symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved	42
9837123735	parasitism	+, - relationship between organisms where one organism benefits at the expense of the host	43
9837123736	habitat fragmentation	is when large areas are divided typically by roads, crop fields or projects; blocks animals migration routes; animals are more vulnerable to die because of the small, enclosed space	44
9837123737	extinction	occurs whenever a species of animal or plant life is permanently lost	45
9837123738	intrinsic value	value of an organism, species, ecosystem, or the earth's biodiversity based on its existence, regardless of whether it has any usefulness to humans	46
9837123739	instrumental value (or extrinsic value)	is the value of objects, not as ends-in-themselves, but as means of achieving something else	47
9837123740	CITES	(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) an international treaty banning the hunting and trade of endangered species; Created a list of animals in which countries who sign are forced to protect them	48
9837123741	HIPPCO	Habitat destruction, Invasive Species, Population growth, Pollution, Climate Change, Overexploitations *habitat destruction is #1 threat to animals	49
9837123742	deforestation	is the temporary or permanent removal of large expanses of forest for agriculture, settlements, or other uses	50
9837123743	overgrazing	occurs when too many animals graze for too long and exceed the carrying capacity of range-land area; it reduces grass cover, exposes the soil to erosion by water and wind, and compacts the soil	51
9837123744	habitat corridors	establishing protected habitat corridors between isolated reserves helps to support more species and allows migration	52
9837123745	ecological restoration	the process of repairing damage caused by humans to the biodiversity and dynamics of natural ecosystems	53
9837123746	biomes	are a major regional or global biotic community characterized by the dominant forms of plants life and the climate	54
9837123747	Antarctic	-area surrounding south pole -rainfall <2 inches per year	55
9837123748	Coral Reefs	-warm, clear, shallow ocean habitats near land and in the tropics -very sensitive to environmental changes	56
9837123749	Environment	Essentially the sum of our surroundings	57
9837123750	Renewable resources	Always present, can be replenished	58
9837123751	non renewable resources	take a very long time to renew or can not be replenished	59
9837123752	tragedy of the commons	unregulated use of resources leads to resource depletion	60
9837123753	ecological footprint	impact a person or population makes on the environment	61
9837123754	Rule of 70	Way to estimate the number of years it takes for a population to double.	62
9837123755	demography	the study of the human population	63
9837123756	population density	# of people in a given area	64
9837123757	immigration	population moving into an area	65
9837123758	negative feedback loop	a feedback loop in which a system responds to change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring	66
9837123759	Positive feedback loop	a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified	67
9837123760	second law of thermodynamics	law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work is diminished.	68
9837123761	first law of thermodynamics	a law of nature stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed	69
9837123762	photosynthesis	the process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose	70
9837123763	cellular respiration	the process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds	71
9837123764	trophic pyramid	representation of the distribution of biomass, or energy among trophic levels	72
9837123765	Net Primary Productivity (NPP)	The energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire.	73
9837123766	thermohaline circulation	movement of ocean water caused by density difference brought about by variations in temperature and salinity. As ocean water freezes at the poles it concentrates salt, and the colder, denser water sinks.	74
9837123767	k selected species	few offspring, long life	75

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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

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9770690559	Accent	A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.	0
9770690560	Dialect	A regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.	1
9770690561	Extinct Language	A language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.	2
9770690562	Ideogram	A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese)	3
9770690563	Isogloss	A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.	4
9770690564	Isolated Language	A natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque)	5
9770690565	Language Branch	A Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.	6
9770690566	Language	The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.	7
9770690567	Language Group	A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English)	8
9770690568	Language Family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.	9
9770690569	Indo European language family	Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch.	10
9770690570	Sino-Tibetan Language Family	2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese	11
9770690571	Lingua Franca	A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).	12
9770690572	Literary Tradition	A Language that is written as well as spoken.	13
9770690573	Monolingual State	A country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)	14
9770690574	Bilingual	The ability to speak two languages.	15
9770690575	Multilingual State	A country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)	16
9770690576	Official Language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.	17
9770690577	Orthography	The conventional spelling system of a language.	18
9770690578	Pidgin Language	A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	19
9770690579	Standard Language	The specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	20
9770690580	Toponym	The name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.	21
9770690581	Vernacular	Using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.	22
9770690584	Creole	A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.	23
9770690585	Denglish	The term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.	24
9770690586	Franglais	A form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.	25
9770690587	Ebonics	A dialect of English spoken by some African Americans.	26
9770690588	Spanglish	A hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.	27
9770690589	Francophone	Places and countries where French is spoken around the world. (Quebec in Canada, Vietnam, Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, France).	28
9770690590	Hankul	The system of writing Korean is written in. In this system, each letter represents a sound.	29
9770690591	Romance Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.	30
9770690592	Germanic Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian.	31
9770690593	Indo-Iranian Branch	The branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish.	32
9770690594	Balto-Slavic Branch	This branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union.	33
9770690595	Celtic Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic(Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages.	34
9770690596	Uralic Language Family	Language Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration.	35
9770690597	Austronesian Language Family	Language Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar.	36
9770690598	Afro-Asiatic Language Family	This language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book.	37
9770690599	Niger-Congo Language Family	More than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages.	38
9770690600	Prehistoric Subgroup	A language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European	39
9770690601	Altaic Language Family	A language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia.	40
9770690602	Kurgan Theory	Proposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands.	41
9770690603	Renfrew (Anatolian) Theory	Proposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC.	42
9770690604	British Received Pronunciation (BRP)	The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech.	43
9770690605	Language Divergence	When a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.	44
9770690606	Language Convergence	When peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).	45
9770690607	Backward Reconstruction	When linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language.	46
9770690608	Sound Shift	Slight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin (i.e: lacte in Latin, latta in Italian).	47
9770690609	Treaty of Tordesillas	Pope Alexander VI's 1493 decision that officially split the New World into two empires, with Spain getting the West and Portugal the East.	48
9770690610	Hindi	Approximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	49
9770690611	Swahili	The lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family.	50
9770690612	Urdu	Pakistan's principal language, spoken very much like Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	51
9770690613	Farsi	The principle language of Iran, a remnant of the Persian Empire. It is written with the Arabic alphabet since Iran is a Muslim country. This language is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	52
9770690614	Mandarin	This language is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people, and is used by the Chinese government. There is no single Chinese language. Instead of letters, Chinese languages use ideograms (characters) that mostly represent concepts rather than sounds.	53
9770690615	Arabic	This language serves as a unifying force in the Middle East (Northern Africa and Southwest Asia), typically referred to as the Arab World. This language is the language of Islam (used in the Koran),, which is predominant throughout the region. This language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the official language in two dozen countries of North Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula.	54
9770690616	Hebrew	This language was an extinct language that has been revived. It diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter retained only for Jewish religious services. When Israel was established in 1948, this language became one of the new country's two official languages, along with Arabic. This language was chosen to unify the Jews of Israel and give them a sense of nationalism, since Israel was created by Jewish refugees and migrants who spoke many different languages. Reviving this language required the creation of many new words for the modern world.	55
9770690617	Irish Gaelic	This is one of the two official languages of Ireland, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule. When Ireland got their independence form England in 1922, this language became an important part of their cultural identity and sense of nationalism and became a compulsory course in all public schools and required for public service jobs.	56
9770690618	Basque	Also known as Euskera, this isolated language predates the Indo-European language and is not related to any other language family in Europe. Spoken in the Pyrenees Mountains (between Spain and France), the mountainous homeland created isolation, making the preservation of the language possible.	57
9770690619	Welsh	This is one of the two official languages of Wales, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule, but has been revived in recent years. This language is a compulsory subject in all schools in Wales and knowledge of the language is now required for many jobs in Wales. Bilingual signs and television and radio programs have also been added to help preserve this language.	58
9770690620	Inuktitut	The language spoken by the Inuits (indigenous tribe) of northern Canada. It is recognized as an official language, along with English and French in Nunavut, the Inuit territory of Canada. Similar to the Celtic languages, it has declined with the forces of globalization and is undergoing a revival since it is an important part of the Inuit culture and is taught in schools and represented on bilingual signs and in the government.	59
9770690621	Globalization	The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale. Currently, America dominates the world with multinational corporations and media, which has made English the world's current lingua franca (international language of business).	60
9770690622	Quebec	This province in Canada primarily speaks French, due to its history of colonization. As a result, Canada is officially bilingual, recognizing both English and French as official languages.	61
9770690623	Vulgar Latin	This language was spoken by the Roman army at the time of occupation and is the basis of the Romance languages, which evolved out of this language overtime due to isolation.	62
9770690624	Latin America	This region of the Americas primarily speaks Romance Languages, which derived from Latin. Brazil speaks Portuguese, Haiti and French Guiana speak French, while the majority of the other countries speak Spanish, all due to the patterns of colonization.	63
9770690625	Belgium	This multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, has experienced tensions between its two language groups. The Flemings live in the north province Flanders and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect. The Walloons live in the south province Wallonia and speak French. Brussels, the capital city if officially bilingual to create a since of unity in the country. Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by economic and political differences. Historically, the Walloons dominated Belgium's economy and politics and French was the official state language.	64
9770690626	Switzerland	This multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, remains peaceful with four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romanish). This country has institutionalized cultural diversity by creating a form of government that places considerable power in local, small communities (Decenetralization).	65

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AP Language Vocab #7 Flashcards

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9626393527	Brute	N. A savagely violent person or animal Adj. Unreasoning and animal-like Example: His dishonest and calculating nature led many to perceive him as a cold-blooded brute.	0
9626393528	Elude	V. to evade or escape from a danger, enemy, or pursuer, typically in a skillful or cunning way Example: The criminal only managed to elude the police for a little while.	1
9626395379	Enigmatic	Adj. Difficult to interpret or understand, mysterious Example: The enigmatic nature of the cosmos inspired the child to study astronomy.	2
9626395380	Erudite	Adj. Having or showing great knowledge or learning, scholarly Example: Having studied abroad in Italy for two years, Allison had become quite erudite in art history.	3
9626398568	Equivocal	Adj. Open to more than one interpretation, ambiguous Example: The equivocal ending of "Desiree's Baby" perplexed the AP Language student.	4
9626398569	Nebulous	Adj. Hazy and cloud-like, (of a concept or idea) unclear, vague, or ill-defined. Example: After waking up from a coma, John felt his nebulous memories slowly coming back to him.	5
9626401831	Portentous	Adj. Ominous, warning Example: Jason's portentous voice made him the perfect narrator for the play about the haunted house.	6
9626404449	Vindictive	Adj. Having or showing a strong or unreasoning desire for revenge Example: The vindictive woman slashed the tires of her ex-husband's car.	7
9626404450	Sobering	V. Make or become more serious, sensible, and solemn Example: The car accident was a sobering experience for Mark, who never drove while intoxicated ever again.	8
9626404451	Supercilious	Adj. Behaving or looking as though one thinks one is superior to others Example: The supercilious aristocrat boasted about her fortune to everyone at the soirée.	9

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AP Language: Tone Words Flashcards

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8393179618	accusatory	charging of wrong doing	0
8393179619	acerbic	bitter, sharp in taste or temper	1
8393179620	admiring	regarding with approval or respect	2
8393179621	aggressive	assertive, vigorously active, quick to attack; hostile	3
8393179622	ambivalent	Uncertain; unable to decide, or wanting to do two contradictory things at once	4
8393179623	amused	pleasurably entertained	5
8393179624	animated	lively; spirited	6
8393179625	apathetic	Feeling or showing little emotion; indifferent	7
8393179626	apologetic	sorry; showing regret	8
8393179627	appreciative	expressing or feeling thankfulness	9
8393179628	ardent	Enthusiastic or passionate	10
8393179629	arrogant	haughty, too convinced of one's own importance	11
8393179630	assertive	Acting with confidence and force; sure of one's self	12
8393179631	belligerent	Hostile and aggressive	13
8393179632	benevolent	Kind	14
8393179633	bitter	exhibiting strong animosity as a result of pain or grief	15
8393179634	callous	Emotionally hardened, unfeeling	16
8393179635	candid	Impartial and honest in speech	17
8393179636	celebratory	congratulatory, honoring	18
8393179637	compassionate	Feeling or showing sympathy and concern for others.	19
8393179638	concerned	feeling or showing worry or solicitude	20
8393179639	conciliatory	Appeasing; soothing; showing willingness to reconcile	21
8393179640	condescending	possessing an attitude of superiority, patronizing	22
8393179641	contemptuous	Feeling hatred; scornful	23
8393179642	curious	inquisitive	24
8393179643	cynical	believing that people act only out of selfish motives; bitterly pessimistic	25
8393179644	defensive	Protecting oneself from something.	26
8393179645	defiant	Boldly resistant or challenging	27
8393179646	demeaning	causing someone to lose their dignity and the respect of others; degrading	28
8393179647	derisive	expressing contempt or ridicule; mocking	29
8393179648	detached	Impartial, disinterested; unconcerned, distant, aloof	30
8393179649	dignified	worthy of respect	31
8393179650	disheartening	discouraging	32
8393179651	disparaging	disapproving; belittle	33
8393179652	docile	Easy to teach or manage; obedient	34
8393179653	dogmatic	dictatorial in one's opinions; stubborn	35
8393179654	earnest	Serious and sincere	36
8393179655	egotistical	excessively self-centered; conceited	37
8393179656	empathetic	identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives	38
8393179657	enthusiastic	zealous	39
8393179658	evasive	not frank; trying to hide the truth; eluding; evading; V. evade: avoid (a duty or responsibility) or escape from by deceit	40
8393179659	facetious	humorous, not meant seriously; sarcastic	41
8393179660	flippant	Lacking in seriousness; disrespectful, saucy	42
8393179661	forceful	Vehement; compelling	43
8393179662	formal	following rules or customs, often in an exact and proper way	44
8393179663	frank	honest	45
8393179664	grim	a facial expression of fear, disapproval, or pain	46
8393179665	humble	modest	47
8393179666	humorous	facetious; funny	48
8393179667	impartial	unbiased, fair	49
8393179668	inane	Foolish	50
8393179669	incensed	angered at something unjust or wrong	51
8393179670	incredulous	Disbelieving, skeptical	52
8393179671	indignant	Feeling or showing anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment	53
8393179672	intimate	marked by close acquaintance	54
8393179673	ironic	satiric; unexpected	55
8393179674	irreverent	disrespectful	56
8393179675	jaded	Worn out; wearied	57
8393179676	judgmental	critical; disapproving	58
8393179677	laudatory	expressing praise	59
8393179678	macabre	horrible; grim	60
8393179679	malicious	Intended to hurt or harm	61
8393179680	mocking	in an insincere or pretending manner	62
8393179681	mourning	the act of showing sorrow or grief	63
8393179682	naive	lacking sophistication or experience	64
8393179683	narcissistic	Conceited; having excessive self-love or admiration	65
8393179684	nostalgic	longing for the past	66
8393179685	objective	Factual, related to reality or physical objects; not influenced by emotions, unbiased	67
8393179686	obsequious	Overly submissive and eager to please	68
8393179687	optimistic	Hopeful, cheerful	69
8393179688	outraged	angered at something unjust or wrong	70
8393179689	outspoken	candid	71
8393179690	patronizing	Condescending, having a superior manner, treating as an inferior	72
8393179691	pensive	Thoughtful	73
8393179692	pessimistic	a tendency to stress the negative or unfavorable.	74
8393179693	philosophical	calm and wise; reasonable Interested in the study of basic truths of existence and reality	75
8393179694	pragmatic	Practical	76
8393179695	pretentious	done for show, striving to make a big impression; claiming merit or position unjustifiably; making demands on one's skill or abilities, ambitious	77
8393179696	resentful	angry due to a feeling of being treated unfairly	78
8393179697	resigned	accepting one's fate; unresisting; patiently submissive	79
8393179698	reverent	deeply respectful	80
8393179699	righteous	morally justified	81
8393179700	satirical	criticizing through ridicule	82
8393179701	sarcastic	caustic; ironic	83
8393179702	scathing	bitterly severe, withering; causing great harm	84
8393179703	scornful	contemptuous; disdainful	85
8393179704	sentimental	A term that describes characters' excessive emotional response to experience.	86
8393179705	sincere	earnest	87
8393179706	skeptical	Doubtful	88
8393179707	solemn	serious	89
8393179708	subjective	Existing in the mind or relating to one's own thoughts, opinions, emotions, etc.; personal, individual, based on feelings	90
8393179709	submissive	docile; meek	91
8393179710	sulking	sad, pouting, usually silent	92
8393179711	sympathetic	Compassionate	93
8393179712	thoughtful	pensive; reflective	94
8393179713	tolerent	open-minded, accepting of others	95
8393179714	unassuming	modest	96
8393179715	urgent	compelling immediate action; pressing; persistent; importunate; Ex. urgent in his demands	97
8393179716	vindictive	Revengeful	98
8393179717	witty	Clever or amusing	99