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AP World History Chapter 8 Vocabulary Flashcards

5396700390	stateless societies	African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states	0
5396706621	Ifriqiya	Arab term for eastern North Africa	1
5396713982	Maghrib	The Arabic word for western north Africa	2
5396716533	Almoravids	A puritanical reformist movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of northern Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara; conquered Ghana in 1076; moved southward against African kingdoms of the savanna and westward into Spain.	3
5396721262	Almohadis	A reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa; later than the Almoravids; penetrated into sub-Sahara Africa.	4
5396735729	Ethiopia	A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa	5
5396735730	the Sahel	A semi-dry region that is mostly sparse grasses and thorny bushes.	6
5396737957	Sudanic states	States trading to north Africa and mixing Islamic and indigenous ways.	7
5396740332	Mali Empire	From 1235-1400, this was a strong empire of Western African. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. Thy upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well.	8
5396741690	Juula	Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa	9
5396744129	Sundiata	the founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes	10
5396744130	griots	Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire	11
5396746316	Timbuktu	City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.	12
5396746317	Songhay	Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali	13
5396748747	Askia	one of the last rulers of Songhai, before it broke apart, recognized as the Muslim ruler of the Niger River Valley	14
5396748748	Ali bin Muhammad	led the Zanj revolt	15
5396750751	Hausa states	States, such as Kano, among the Hausa of northern Nigeria; combined Islamic and indigenous beliefs.	16
5396758321	Sharia	Islamic Law	17
5396758322	Zanj	What is the Arabic term for the Swahili coast of Africa?	18
5396760825	Ibn Batuta	Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records	19
5396763105	demography	Scientific study of human populations.	20
5396764611	demographic transition	change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates	21
5396764612	Nok	West Africa's earliest known culture; lived in what is now Nigeria; between 500 B.C. and A.D. 200; first people known to smelt iron; fashioned iron into tools for farming and weapons for hunting	22
5396764613	Yoruba	A West African people who formed several kingdoms in what is now Benin and Southern Nigeria.	23
5396773253	Benin	a kingdom that arose near the Niger River delta in the 1300s and became a major West African state in the 1400s	24
5396773254	Kingdom of Congo	1. Only Bantu kingdom	25
5396775481	Great Zimbabwe	City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state.	26

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AP World History Vocabulary Flashcards

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7260002310	Mandate of Heaven	The Chinese belief that there could only be one legitimate ruler of China at a time and that they had a blessing from the gods. A person in China couldn't be a ruler unless they were given the blessing of the gods.	0
7260002899	Agricultural Revolution	The transition from hunting and gathering to farming crops. This was a major turning point in history, because it lead to the formation of civilizations.	1
7260002900	Code of Hammurabi	A code where punishments were based on class. This showed inequality among people of different classes.	2
7260003322	Patriarchy	A system of society or government in which the father is head of the family and men are superior to women. Women were no longer equal to men, and they had less rights than the men did.	3
7260004231	Polytheism	The belief in and worship of many gods. Early religions worshiped many gods, including spirits of things in nature.	4
7260004611	Cuneiform	Wedge-shaped symbols on clay tablets representing objects, abstract ideas, sounds, and syllables. This was an early form of writing in Mesopotamia.	5
7312357815	Indo-European	The people of the Persian empire located on the Iranian plateau.	6
7312357816	Satraps	Persian governors that were placed in each of Persia's twenty-three provinces	7
7312358898	Persepolis	A Persian imperial center that reflected the wealth and power of the Persian empire. The city had palaces and monuments that made it a symbol of authority.	8
7312362216	Hellenes	What the ancient Greeks called themselves when they first formed their civilization.	9
7312362217	Citizenship	The people in Greece with citizenship were initially only elite men, but later, lower class men and farmers were allowed to have citizenship. Women, slaves, and foreigners were not granted citizenship.	10
7312363390	Alexander and his conquests	The son of Philip II. Conquered many lands for Greece.	11
7312365492	Alexandria	The largest Greek city in Egypt conquered by Alexander.	12
7333809018	Pater Familias	Head of the household	13
7333809019	Augustus	First ruler of Rome, originally named Octavian	14
7333809020	Pax Romana	Roman peace	15
7333809021	Qin Shihuangdi	First emperor of China	16
7333809022	Han Wudi	Emperor of Han	17
7333809023	Xiongnu	People living beyond the northwest fronteir of China.	18
7333809024	Julius Caesar	A military leader in Rome	19
7359042135	Filial Piety	the responsibility children have to respect, obey, and care for their parents	20
7359042794	Dao	The way	21
7359047643	Vedas and Upanishads	collections of poems, hymns, prayers, and rituals	22
7359047644	Brahman	the World Soul and the final and ultimate reality	23
7359048193	Atman	the human soul and part of Brahman	24
7359048194	Samsara	reincarnation	25
7359048195	Karma	a principle where the human soul migrated from body to body based on one's actions	26
7359049240	Moksha	liberation from the illusion of human existence	27
7359049241	Nirvana	enlightenment	28
7359050457	Theravada vs. Mahayana	Theravada, Teaching of the Elders, portrayed Buddha as a wise teacher, and Mahayana, Great Vehicle, provided help for believers on their voyage to enlightenment. Theravada was on your own and Mahayana was with help from others.	29
7359051235	4 Noble Truths	the four main ideas of Buddhism	30
7359052347	Noble Eight Fold Path	Buddhist guide to life	31
7442079502	Ashoka	a ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India who converted to Buddhism	32
7442079503	Saint Paul	Responsible for much of the spread of Christianity	33
7442082409	Coptic Christianity	Orthodox form of Christianity from Egypt practiced in Ethiopia	34
7442085887	Stoics	One outwardly unaffected by pain or pleasure	35
7496828766	Wang Mang	Took over the Chinese emperor's throne in 8 CE. Tried to divide landowners' land among peasants with no land, but was opposed and assassinated in 23 CE.	36
7496828767	Scholar-gentry	Well educated Chinese officials that were a part of China's bureaucracy	37
7496831999	Yellow Turban Rebellion	Peasants that were affected by the flooding of the Yellow River started a rebellion and wore yellow scarves on their heads to show support. In 184 CE, they had around 360,000 followers, but were suppressed by the Han military. However, they did weaken the economy and state, which assisted the fall of the Han dynasty a few years later.	38
7496832000	Varnas	The four ranked classes in India in 500 BCE	39
7496833713	Jatis	Occupationally based groups in India	40
7496836080	Latifundia	Huge estates in Rome	41
7496838827	Spartacus	In 73 BCE, he led seventy other slaves to freedom from a gladiator school, which attracted other slaves to revolt.	42
7496840534	Patricians	The wealthy, hereditary aristocrats during the Roman era.	43
7496840535	Plebians	Common people of Rome	44
7534052700	Coptic Christianity	A form of Christianity practiced in Ethiopia	45
7534054875	King Ezana of Axum	Adopted the religion of Christianity at about the same time as Constantine in Rome	46
7534054876	Jenne-Jeno	An urbanized city which at its peak housed about 40,000 people, and did not have a centralized political system	47
7534054877	Tikal	A city in the Mayan empire that had about 50,000 people	48
7534058870	Teotihuacan	A Mesoamerican city that was formed before Columbus's exploration	49
7534067555	Gender Parallelism	Men and women in the Aztec and Inca were separate but equal	50
7557699438	Silk Roads	Trading networks that stretched through Eurasia by land.	51
7557699439	Xiongnu	Nomadic people in China that were taken over by the Han.	52
7557701367	Roman Empire	Diseases affected this empire because they were spread through trade on the Silk Roads.	53
7557701368	Buddhism	This religion changed and added new concepts through the Silk Road, such as the Greek's Herakles who was viewed as Buddah's protector.	54
7557705238	Dunhuang	An oasis city in Central Asia the Buddhism spread to.	55
7557705239	Monsoons	They are alternating wind currents that blew predictably eastward during the summer months and westward during the winter. Understanding them and a gradually accumulating technology of shipbuilding and oceanic navigation drew on the ingenuity of many peoples - Chinese, Malays, Indians, Arabs, Swahilis, and others.	56

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Summer Geography Vocab - Ap World History Flashcards

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10250180562	Archipelago	A body of water with many scattered islands.	0
10250185563	Canal	A waterway passage for ships and boats to conduct irrigation and drain excess water.	1
10250221373	Cape	A high point of land that leads into a body of water.	2
10250262418	Eastern Hemisphere	The side of the Earth that lies east from the Atlantic Ocean. Includes Europe, Australia, Asia, and Africa.	3
10250927943	Western Hemisphere	The side of the Earth that lies in the west and includes North and South America.	4
10250953960	Peninsula	A small section of land that is surrounded by a body of water and connected to the main island only on one side.	5
10251085337	Terrace Farming	A type of farming where crops and plants are planted in terraces on the sides of hills and mountains.	6
10251126250	River Valley	A V shaped valley with a channel of water running between it.	7
10252100992	Latitude	The distance between the north and the south equator.	8
10252126672	Longitude	The distance between the east and west of a specific location.	9
10252371061	Desertification	Land degradation where dry areas of land lose their bodies of water, wildlife, and vegetation.	10
10252402752	Ethnocentric	Viewing and judging cultures based on stereotypes and none to minimal research.	11
10252436906	Arable	An area that is capable of producing crops, like soil.	12
10252447605	Isthmus	A long, narrow strip of land that is surrounded by a body of water.	13
10252453222	Gulf	A curved section of water that borders around a piece of land.	14
10252457823	Plateau	An elevated piece of land that lays flat but rises at one point in either the middle or sides.	15
10252470981	Deforestation	The clearance of a forest and or a heavily dense tree-filled area.	16

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AP World History: Islam Flashcards

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5903500906	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam	0
5903500908	Mecca	City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quaraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of cheif religious pilgrimage point in Islam	1
5903500909	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established a dynasty under this title as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750	2
5903500912	Medina	Also known as Yahtrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra)	3
5903500913	Allah	The Arab term for the high god in pre-Islamic Arabia that was adopted by the followers of Muhammad and the Islamic faith	4
5903500916	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born c.570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by fathers family; received revelations from Allah in 610 C.E. and thereafter; died in 632	5
5903500917	Khadijah(555-619)	First wife of prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader	6
5903500918	Qur'an	Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam	7
5903500919	Ali(c.599-661)	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	8
5903500922	Five pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, giving to the prayer, and hajj.	9
5903500923	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset	10
5903500924	Hajj	A Muslim's pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba	11
5903500926	Caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammad	12
5903500927	Abu Bakr	The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad's death in 632. Renown for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community	13
5903500929	Jihads	Struggles; often used for wars in defense of the faith, but also a term to indicate personal quests for religious understanding	14
5903500934	Mu'awiya(602-680)	Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	15
5903500935	Sunnis	Political and theological division with Islam; supported the Umayyads	16
5903500936	Shi'a	Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali	17
5903500938	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate	18
5903500943	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.	19
5903500946	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	20
5903500949	In what ways was the Islamic religion a faith that elevated the status and opportunities of women, and what were the constrains on this process? Was this true in all places to which Islam spread?	Women gained more power such as property ownership. But this was not the case in places such as Africa and Southeast Asia	21
5903500955	Crusades	Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy	22
5903500957	Ibn Khaldun(1332-1406)	A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations- strong, weak, dissolute	23
5903500960	Ulama	Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking	24
5903500989	Ibn Sina	Wrote the medical encyclopedia that was the basic medical textbook for the middle ages.	25
5903500994	Shariah	Islamic law; defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance	26
5915263256	Ibn Rushd	Wrote the commentary of virtually all of Aristotle's works.	27
5915267949	Omar Khayyam	Wrote the Rubayat, which is one of the most familiar books of Middle	28
5915297637	Cordoba	major Islamic city in the middle ages and known for the mosque.	29
5915305964	Gabriel	considered an archangel whom God is believed to have sent with revelation to various prophets, including Muhammad	30
5915411563	Eastern Literature	Transcript of Ancient Middle Eastern Literature. Ancient Middle Eastern Literature What you need to know about. the Middle East... Best known for where civilization started.	31
5915416646	Genghis Khan	was the founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire	32
5915432196	Hussein	son of Ali	33
5915442885	Abbadis Dynasty	third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad	34
5915452153	Fatimids	a member of a dynasty that ruled in parts of northern Africa, Egypt, and Syria	35
5915456179	Alhambra	the complete Arabic form of which was Qalat Al-Hamra, is a palace and fortress complex	36
5915469004	Astrolabe	very ancient astronomical computer for solving problems relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky	37
5915473423	Sultan	a Muslim sovereign	38
5915477910	Rubaiyat	A traditional Persian verse form consisting of a collection of quatrains	39
5915492713	Hijrah	migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina	40
5915496994	Vizier	a high official in some Muslim countries	41
5915500121	Minaret	a tall slender tower, typically part of a mosque, with a balcony	42
5915502670	Muezzin	a man who calls Muslims to prayer from the minaret of a mosque.	43
5915518052	Islam's contribution to Algebra	They perfected it after it was created by the Babylonians	44

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AP World History- Chapter 15 Flashcards

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10344506311	Zheng He	An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the king emperor Yongle w/ a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from South East Asia to Africa	0
10344506312	Arawak	Amerindian peoples who inhabited the greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus	1
10344506313	Henry the Navigator	Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the west coast of Africa	2
10344506314	Caravel	A small, highly maneuverable three master ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic	3
10344506315	Gold Coast	Region of the Atlantic coast i west Africa occupied by modern Ghana	4
10344506316	Bartolomeu Dias	Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean	5
10344506317	Vasco de Gama	Portuguese explorer who led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India	6
10344506318	Christopher Columbus	Genoese mariner who in the services of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic; reestablished contact between the peoples of the americas and the old world and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization	7
10344506319	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition; was the first to sail around the world	8
10344506320	Conquistadors	Early 16th century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru	9
10344506321	Hernan Cortes	Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico for Spain	10
10344506322	Moctezuma 2	Aztec emperor who died woke in custody of the Spanish conquistador Herman Cortes	11
10344506323	Atahualpa	Last ruling inca emperor of Peru; executed by the Spanish	12
10344506324	Francisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the inca empire of Peru	13

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AP World History study guide 2 Flashcards

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8277014871	What happened in 100 BCE to 900 CE?	Silk Road in use linking China and Rome	0
8277034573	What is ummah?	Arabic word meaning "community".	1
8277110724	What did the invention of dhow ships and lateen sails allow?	The movement of goods over long distances in the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean.	2
8277261079	The city-states traded with inland kingdoms like Great Zimbabwe to obtain what?	Gold, ivory, and iron.	3
8277307894	What is Sharia?	The Migration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina in A.D. 622, marking the founding of Islam.	4
8309791568	600-1450 CE	Era of forging new and strengthening old connections between various regions throughout the Afro-Eurasian World.	5
8309851076	What are the five pillars of Islam?	Shahada: Faith, Salat: prayer, Zakāt: charity, Shawn: fasting, Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca	6
8309886894	What are shi'ites?	An adherent of the Shia branch of Islam	7
8309898059	What is Qu'ran?	Holy book of Islam	8
8309918723	Who is Umayyad?	member of a Muslim Dynasty that ruled the Islamic world from AD 660 (or 661) to 750 and Moorish Spain from 762 to 1031. The Dynasty claimed descent fro. Umayya, a distant relative of Muhammad	9
8309949065	What is the caliphate	The rule of reign of a caliph or chief Muslim ruler	10
8374782803	Who were the two fighting in Hundred Years' War?	France and England	11
8374849605	What were the years of the Hundred Years' War?	1337-1453 (116 years)	12
8374993324	Who was Joan of Arc?	A national heroine of France, at age 18 she led the French army to victory over the English at Orléans. Captured a year later, Joan was burned at the stake as a heretic by the English and their French collaborators	13
8375129203	How did Joan of Arc die?	She burned alive	14
8416058921	Slash and burn (shifting) agriculture terraced farming	Maize, cotton, cacao	15
8416098980	Classical Mesoamerica: Maya: name 2 things about when preists constructed elaborate calendars	1. Solar based on agricultural cycle (365 days) and ritual (260 days) 2. wrote inscriptions on temples/monuments and books on paper or vellum	16
8416252812	Who was the first to unify central Mexico after the people of Teotihuacan?	Toltecs	17
8416261139	Who were the two rulers?	Most famous was Topiltizin, a present acossiated with god Quetzalcoatl (forced into exile)	18

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AP World History - Chapter 10 Flashcards

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7860347690	Aristotle and classical Greek learning	Some works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.) had always been known in Western Europe, but beginning in the eleventh century, medieval thought was increasingly shaped by a great recovery of Aristotle's works and a fascination with other Greek authors; this infusion of Greek rationalism into Europe's universities shaped intellectual development for several centuries.	0
7860347691	Byzantine Empire (pron. BIZ-an-teen)	Term used by modern historians to refer to the surviving eastern Roman Empire during the medieval centuries; named after the ancient Greek city Byzantium, on the site of which the Roman emperor Constantine founded a new capital, Constantinople, in 330 C.E.	1
7860347692	caesaropapism (pron. SEEZ-ar-oh-PAPE-ism)	A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire.	2
7860347693	Charlemagne (pron. SHAHR-leh-mane)	Ruler of the Carolingian Empire (r. 768-814) who staged an imperial revival in Western Europe.	3
7860347694	Christianity, Eastern Orthodox	Branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and gradually separated, mostly on matters of practice, from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe; noted for the subordination of the Church to political authorities, a married clergy, the use of leavened bread in the Eucharist, and insistence on church councils as the ultimate authority in Christian belief and practice.	4
7860347695	Christianity, Roman Catholic	Western European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break in 1054 C.E.. that has still not been healed; "Roman Catholic" was not commonly used until after the Protestant Reformation, but the term is just since, by the eleventh century, Western Christendom defined itself in centralized terms, with the bishop of Rome (the pope) as the ultimate authority in matters of doctrine.	5
7860347696	Constantinople (pron. con-stan-tih-NO-pul)	New capital for the eastern half of the Roman Empire, established by Emperor Constantine in 330 C.E. on the site of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium; Constantinople's highly defensible and economically important site helped assure the city's cultural and strategic importance for many centuries.	6
7860347697	Crusades	Modern term meaning "ventures of the cross," used to describe the "holy wars" waged by Western Christendom from 1095 until the end of the Middle Ages and beyond; Crusades could only be declared by the pope and were marked by participants swearing a vow and receiving an indulgence in return.	7
7860347698	Cyril and Methodius (pron. SIR-uhl, meth-ODE-ee-us)	Ninth-century Byzantine missionaries to the Slavs whose development of Cyrillic script made it possible to write Slavic languages.	8
7860347699	Cyrillic (pron. sih-RIL-ik)	Alphabet based on Greek letters that was developed by two Byzantine missionaries, Cyril and Methodius, to write Slavic languages.	9
7860347700	European cities	Western Europe saw a major process of urbanization beginning in the eleventh century, with towns that created major trade networks and that were notable for the high degree of independence they often enjoyed.	10
7860347701	Greek fire	Form of liquid fire that could be sprayed at the enemy; invented by the Byzantines and very important in their efforts to halt the Arab advance into Byzantine territory.	11
7860347702	guild	An association formed by people pursuing the same line of work that regulated their professions; it also provided a social and religious network for members.	12
7860347703	Holy Roman Empire	Term invented in the twelfth century to describe the Germany-based empire founded by Otto I in 962 C.E.	13
7860347704	the West as a "hybrid civilization"	The distinctive path of Western Europe in the centuries following the fall of the western Roman Empire, leading to a society that included elements of ancient Rome, the practices of Germanic invaders who formed new states, Christianity, and elements of pre-Roman culture that still survived.	14
7860347705	iconoclasm (pron. eye-KON-oh-klasm)	The destruction of holy images; a term most often used to describe the Byzantine state policy of image destruction from 726 to 843.	15
7860347706	indulgence	A remission of the penalty (penance) for confessed sin that could be granted only by a pope, at first to Crusaders and later for a variety of reasons.	16
7860347707	Justinian	Byzantine emperor (r. 527-565 C.E.), noted for his short-lived reconquest of much of the former western Roman Empire and for his codification of Roman law.	17
7860347708	Kievan Rus (pron. key-YEV-an ROOS)	State that emerged around the city of Kiev in the ninth century C.E.; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. The conversion of Vladimir, the grand prince of Kiev, to Orthodox Christianity in 988 had long-term implications for Russia.	18
7860347709	natural philosophy	The scientific study of nature, which developed, especially in Europe, in the later Middle Ages.	19
7860347710	Otto I	King of Germany (r. 936-973) who built a consolidated German-northern Italian state and was crowned emperor in 962, creating what became known in time as the "Holy Roman Empire."	20
7860347711	system of competing states	The distinctive organization of Western European political life that developed after the fall of the western Roman Empire in the fifth century C.E. in which the existence of many small, independent states encouraged military and economic competition.	21
7860347712	Vikings	Scandinavian raiders who had an impact on much of Western Europe in the late eighth to eleventh centuries; their more peaceful cousins also founded colonies, including Newfoundland, Greenland, and Iceland.	22
7860347713	Vladimir, prince of Kiev (pron. vlad-IH-mir)	Grand prince of Kiev (r. 978-1015 C.E.) whose conversion to Orthodox Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy.	23

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AP World Chapter 13 Flashcards

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5819176963	Devshirme	The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans; the Ottomans raised the boys for service in the civil administration or in the elite Janissary infantry corps.	0
5819183014	the great dying	Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European-borne epidemic diseases on the Americas.	1
5819187638	Qing Dynasty	Ruling dynasty of China from 1644 to 1912; they were originally from Manchuria, which had conquered China.	2
5819192103	Siberia	Russia's great frontier region, a vast territory of what is now central and eastern Russia, most of it unsuited to agriculture but rich in mineral resources and fur-bearing animals.	3
5819198501	Mughal Empire	One of the most successful empires of India, a state founded by Muslim Turks who invaded India in 1526; their rule was noted for efforts to create partnerships between Hindus and Muslims.	4
5819201955	Mulattoes	Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.	5
5819206677	Columbian Exchange	The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia that began in the period of European exploration and colonization.	6
5819213355	Cortes	Spanish conquistador (1485-1547) who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec Empire in modern Mexico.	7
5819220433	Settler Colonies	Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.	8
5819229670	Ottoman Empire	Major Islamic state centered on Anatolia that came to include the Balkans, the Near East, and much of North Africa.	9
5819236547	Plantation Complex	Agricultural system based on African slavery that was used in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the southern colonies of North America.	10
5819243181	Little Ice Age and General Crisis	A period of unusually cool temperatures that spanned much of the 17th Century early modern period, most prominently in the Northern Hemisphere. Varied from region to region, helped spark the General Crisis.	11
5819250370	Akbar	The most famous emperor of India's Mughal Empire (r. 1556-1605); his policies are noted for their efforts at religious tolerance and inclusion.	12
5819260071	Constantinople, 1453	This area fell to the army of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" in 1453, an event that marked the end of Christian Byzantium.	13
5819267252	Mestizo	Literally, "mixed" a term used to describe the mixed-race population of Spanish colonial societies in the Americas.	14
5819270725	Peninsulares	In the Spanish colonies of Latin America, the term used to refer to people who had been born in Spain; they claimed superiority over Spaniards born in the Americas.	15
5819275437	yasak	Tribute that Russian rulers demanded from the native peoples of Siberia, most often in the form of furs.	16
5819280765	Dona Marina	Native American slave from an elite background who, in 1519, became Cortés's indispensible interpreter and strategist. She accompanied him during his conquest of the Aztec Empire and bore him a son. After the conquest, she was married off to another conquistador dying around 1530 C.E.	17

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AP World History: India Flashcards

Classical Civilization India

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5273859130	I. Framework for Indian History: Geography and a Formative Period	...	0
5273859131	1. Describe the contacts India had with other civilizations.	open to influences from Middle East & Mediterranean world. Persian empires spilled into India at several points with artistic styles/political concepts. Alexander the Great briefly invaded India & =Indian contacts with Hellenistic culture. Influences from Middle East continued after classical age.	1
5273859132	2. How did India's topography shape its civilization?	subcontinent partially separated from rest of Asia in north by Himalayas. Northwest passes in mts. linked India to civ. in Middle East. India not isolated, but set apart within Asia; divisions in subcontinent >> political unity difficult. India= greater diversity than China. Agricultural regions: along Indus & Ganges Rivers; mountainous northern regions = herding economy; southern coastal rim, separated by moun¬tains & Deccan plateau= active trading /seafaring economy. India's separate regions >> economic diversity & racial & language differences.	2
5273859133	3. Identify/significance: monsoons	Summer >> monsoon rains; sometimes too little or too late> drought>famine; too much >>catastrophic floods. With favorable monsoons >>Indian farmers plant/harvest 2 crops >> support large population.	3
5273859134	4. Identify/significance: Aryans	nomadic Indo-Europeans; migrated into Indus Valley> took over early Indus Valley civilization; gradually adapted to agriculture & impacted culture/social structure of new home. Vedic Age (1500-1000 B.C.E.) Indian agriculture extended from Indus River valley to more fertile Ganges valley; Aryans used iron tools to clear dense vegetation.	4
5273859135	5. Identify/significance: Vedas	oral literary epics of Aryans; later written in Sanskrit -first literary language of new culture.)	5
5273859136	6. Identify/significance: Rig Veda	first epic of Vedic Age=1028 hymns by priests dedicated to Aryan gods	6
5273859137	7. Identify/significance: Mahabharata and Ramayana and Upanishads	New stories of Epic Age (1000- 600 B.C.E.) includes the Mahabharata, India's greatest epic poem & the Ramayana; both deal with real & myth¬ical battles; reflect more settled agricul¬tural society & better-organized political units than the Rig-Veda. Upanishad= poems of Epic Age with mystical religious flavor.	7
5273859138	8. Describe the influence of Aryans on family structure in India.	patriarchal; extended fam¬ily (grandparents, parents, children)	8
5273859139	9. Describe the development and characteristics of the caste system that began to take shape in the Vedic and Empire Ages. (varnas, Kshatriyas, Brahmans, Vaisyas, Sudras, Untouchables)	caste system may have developed to establish relationships between Aryan conquerors & indigenous people. Aryan social classes (varnas) enforced divisions famil¬iar in agricultural societies. >> warrior or gov¬erning class- Kshatriyas & priestly class -Brahmans = top of social pyramid, fol¬lowed by traders / farmers -Vaisyas & common laborers- Sudras. A 5th group gradu¬ally evolved, later called untouchables, who were confined to unclean jobs. Gradually five social groups became hereditary, with mar¬riage between castes forbidden & punishable by death; basic castes divided into smaller subgroups, called jati, each with distinctive occupations & each tied to its social station by birth.	9
5273859140	10. Characteristics of Aryan gods and goddesses and religious ideas	The Aryans brought distinctive religious ideas that included many gods/goddesses who regulated natural forces & had human qualities. This system = similarities to Greek & Scandinavian mythology because all derived from common Indo-European oral heritage. India constructed a complex religion that still exists.	10
5273859141	II. Patterns in Classical India	...	11
5273859142	11. How did the rhythm of Indian history differ from that of China?	India= no structure of rising/falling dynasties like China. Political eras less clear than in clas¬sical Greece. Rhythm of Indian history irreg¬ular; marked by invasions from northwest.	12
5273859143	12. Describe the political divisions in India from the end of the Epic Age until the 4th century.	Indian plains divided into powerful regional states in n.India: some monarchies, others republics dominated by assemblies of priests & warriors. Warfare common.	13
5273859144	13. Identify Chandragupta Maurya and describe his achievements.	322 B.C.E.soldier Chandragupta Maurya seized power along Ganges River>>first of Mauryan dynasty /first ruler to unify much of subcontinent; might have bor¬rowed from Persian political models or example of Alexander the Great. Chandragupta& successors= large armies, thousands of chariots & elephant-borne troops. The Mauryan rulers developed bureau¬cracy, including postal service.	14
5273859145	14. Describe Chandragupta's government.	highly autocratic; based on ruler's personal & mili¬tary power; always protected by bodyguards. Style would surface periodically in Indian history, just as in Middle East, a region with which India had contacts.	15
5273859146	15. Identify and describe the achievements of Ashoka and his conversion to Buddhism.	Chandragupta's grandson, Ashoka (269—232 B.C.E.) =greater figure in India's history. Governor of 2 provinces= lavish lifestyle; studied nature; influenced by spiritualism of Brahmans & Buddhism; extended Mauryan conquests> gained control of all but southern tip of India by bloodthirsty methods. Ashoka eventually converted to Buddhism; he saw it as a kind of ethical guide that might unite & discipline diverse people under his rule. Ashoka vigorously spread Buddhism throughout India, sponsoring shrines for worshippers. Ashoka sent Bud¬dhist missionaries to Hellenistic kingdoms in Middle East & Sri Lanka. The "new" Ashoka urged humane behavior by his officials & insisted they oversee moral welfare of his empire.	16
5273859147	16. How did Chandragupta and Ashoka improve trade and communications?	sponsored extensive road network with wells/ rest stops; stability & expansion of empire's territory encouraged growing commerce.	17
5273859148	17. What happened in India after Ashoka's death?	(Kushans) Guptas) After Ashoka, empire began to fall apart >> regional kingdoms again. New invaders, the Kushans, pushed into central India from northwest. The greatest Kushan king, Kanishka, converted to Buddhism; it hurt this religion's popularity in India by associating it with foreign rule. Kushan state collapsed by 220 C.E. >>another hundred years of political instability. New line of kings, Guptas, created large empire in 320 C.E.	18
5273859149	18. Describe the achievements of the Gupta rulers.	Gupta empire was smaller & = no rulers as influential as great Mauryan rulers, but had greater impact. Gupta rulers preferred to negotiate with local princes & intermarry with their families>>>expanded influence without constant fighting. Two centuries of Gupta rule gave classical India its greatest period of political stability. Gupta empire over-turned in 535 C.E. by an invasion of nomadic war¬riors --the Huns-	19
5273859150	19. How did political development in India compare to China or Greece and Rome?	Classical India did not develop the solid political traditions and institutions of Chinese civilization, or the high level of political interest that would charac¬terize classical Greece and Rome.	20
5273859151	20. What were the most persistent political features in India?	Regionalism & diversity in political forms. There were autocratic kings & emperors, but also aristocratic assemblies in some regional states with power to consult & decide on major issues.	21
5273859152	21. Explain how Gupta rulers tried to consolidate support.	claimed they were appointed by gods to rule; favored Hinduism over Buddhism because Hindus believed in such gods. Guptas created taxation system= 1/6 of agri¬cultural produce. No extensive bureaucracy; allowed local rulers they had defeated to keep regional control if they recognized Gupta dominance; put personal representative at each ruler's court to ensure loyalty; no single language imposed; promoted San¬skrit= language of educated people, but this made no dent in diversity of popular regional languages.	22
5273859153	22. In what ways was the Gupta period a golden age of Indian history?	spread uniform law codes; like Mauryan rulers, they sponsored general ser¬vices, such as road building; > patrons of cultural activity, including university life, art, literature.	23
5273859154	23. Describe the political culture of India.	little formal political theory; few institutions /values other than regionalism. Chandragupta's chief minister, Kautilya, wrote treatise on politics telling rulers how to maintain power (similar to Legal¬ists). It encouraged authority but didn't spread political values or sense of importance of political service, in contrast to Confucianism & to interest in political ethics in Greece & Rome. Ashoka saw Buddhism as an ethic for good behavior & spiritual guidance. Bud¬dhist leaders not inter¬ested in politics; Indian religion didn't stress importance of politics, but viewed priests as sources of authority.	24
5273859155	24. How did the caste system affect government and order?	Caste rules regulated social relationships/work roles; religious encouragement in performance of caste duties did for Indian life what more conventional government structures did in many other cultures in promoting public order.	25
5273859156	25. Explain how the Indian caste system became more complex.	after Epic Age five initial classes sub-divided into 300 jati, which became further divided into a multitude of sub-castes. Hereditary principles grew stronger>>virtually impossible to rise above caste in which a person was born or to marry someone from a higher caste. Upward mobility could occur within castes. The system gave India most rigid overall framework for a social structure of any other classical civilizations.	26
5273859157	26. How did the caste system affect society and culture in India?	provided way for India's various races, conquerors & conquered, to live together without conflict & without full integration of cultures & values. Different kinds of people could live side by side in village or city, separated by caste. Castes promoted tolerance-this was useful, given India's varied peoples and beliefs. The caste system also meant that extensive outright slav¬ery was avoided. The lowest, untouchable castes were scorned, confined to poverty/ degrading work but their members were not directly owned by others.	27
5273859158	27. What were the political consequences of caste system?	rules governed marriages, jobs & social habits (eating /drinking); rules made detailed political administration less necessary; No state could command full loyalty from subjects= first loyalty to caste.	28
5273859159	28. How did Hinduism help to produce continual and cultural cohesiveness in India?	Hinduism gained ground on Buddhism under Guptas=clearest cultural cement of society; Hinduism is major system of belief in India today; promotes other features in Indian culture: contemporary Indian children are encouraged to exercise their imaginations longer than Western chil¬dren; some argue even Indian adults are less interested in agreed upon truths than in individually satisfying versions. This mind-set goes back to religious patterns cre¬ated in classical India, where Hinduism encouraged imaginative links with a higher, divine reality. Classical India, not source of enduring political institutions beyond local level, pro¬duced a civilization that would retain clear continuity & cultural cohesiveness from this point onward—even though the subcontinent was rarely politically united, at least under indigenous rulers.	29
5273859160	III. Religion and Culture	...	30
5273859161	29. How Hinduism differed from other religions.	no single founder & no central figure; It unfolded gradually, sometimes in reaction to competing religions such as Buddhism or Islam. Hinduism pursued many religious approaches, from strictly rit¬ualistic ceremonial approach to high-soaring mysticism that sought to unite individual humans with an all-embracing divine principle. Part of Hinduism's success was the result of its ability to adapt to different needs of various groups & to change with circumstance.	31
5273859162	30. Explain the beliefs of Hinduism as it became a more formal religion by the first centuries of the common era. (gurus, brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, reincarnation)	mystics, called gurus as they gathered disciples & brahman priests agreed on certain doctrines, as Hinduism became an increas¬ingly formal religion by first centuries of the com¬mon era. The basic holy essence, called brahma, formed part of everything in this world. Every living creature participates in this divine principle. Divine aspects of brahma are manifested in forms of sev¬eral gods, including Vishnu, the preserver & Shiva, the destroyer. The world of our senses is far less important than the world of the divine soul; a proper life is devoted to seeking union with this soul. This quest may take many lifetimes, so Hindus stressed principle of reincarnation, in which souls do not die when bodies do but pass into other beings, either human or animal. Whether the soul it rises to a higher-caste person or falls to an animal, depends on how good a life the person has led. After many good lives, the soul reaches full union with the soul of brahma & worldly suffering ceases.	32
5273859163	31. Identify/significance: Bhagavad Gita (dharma)	concept of dharma directed attention to moral consequences of action. Each person must meet obligations of life. In the Bhagavad Gita, a classic sacred hymn, a warrior is sent to do battle against his own relatives. Fearful of killing them, he is advised by an incarnation of Brahma (Krishna) that he must carry out his duties. He will not really be killing his victims because their divine spirit will live on. This ethic urged that honorable behavior is compatible with spirituality & can lead to a final release from the life cycle & to unity with the divine essence.	33
5273859164	32. Explain why Hinduism was able to spread through India and briefly to parts of Asia.	It accommodated extreme spiri¬tuality & provided satisfying rules of conduct for ordinary life, including rituals & emphasis on distinction between good & evil behavior. It allowed many people to retain older beliefs/ ceremonie. It reinforced caste system, giving people in lower castes hope for a better time in lives to come & giving upper-caste people, including brahmans, satisfaction that if they behaved well, they might be rewarded by com-munion with the divine soul.	34
5273859165	33. Explain how Siddhartha Gautama became Buddha and explain his beliefs.	(nirvana) Indian prince born 563 B.C.E.> began to question fairness of earthly life with poverty/misery. Later called Buddha "enlightened one,">lived as Hindu mystic>felt he had found truth>gathered disciples & spread ideas. Buddha accepted Hindu beliefs of reincarnation, but he denied caste. He saw material world as trap that> pain/frustrations; men/women suffer as they struggle to hold on to youth, health, life though all are destined to pass away. Buddha saw sal¬vation in destruction of self & full union with divine essence in state of "nirvana"- a realm where suffering/decay are no more, a world beyond exis¬tence. Great stress placed on self-control. By arguing a holy life could be achieved through individual effort by people at every level of society, Buddhism denied spiritual value of caste & performance of rituals, but also of priests.	35
5273859166	34. Explain how Buddhism spread and changed.	It spread through example & teachings of groups of monks in monasteries who preached in the world. It attracted many follow¬ers in India; greatly spurred by conversion of emperor Ashoka. Increasingly, Buddha was seen as divine. Prayer/ contemplation at Buddhist holy places & works of charity/piety gave substance to idea of holy life on earth.	36
5273859167	35. Why didn't Buddhism find a permanent following in India?	Hindu opposition to Buddhism was strong; it was aided by influence of Gupta emperors. Hinduism showed adaptability by emphasizing its mystical side, thus keeping loyalties of many Indians.	37
5273859168	36. Where were Buddhism's greatest successes?	Buddhism's greatest successes, aided by the missionary encouragement of Ashoka and later the Kushan emperors, came in other parts of southeast Asia, including the island of Sri Lanka, off the south coast of India, and in China, Korea, and Japan. Still, pockets of Buddhists remained in India, particularly in the northeast.	38
5273859169	37. Describe the characteristics of Indian drama under Guptas.	stressed themes of romantic adventure- lovers separated & reunited after many perils; Contemporary Indian movies reflect tradi¬tion of romance & heroic action.	39
5273859170	38. Identify/significance: Nalanda	Guptas supported vast university center (one of world's first) in town of Nalanda=attracted Indian brahmans & students from other parts of Asia. Nalanda = over 100 lecture halls, 3 large libraries, astronomical observatory. Curriculum: religion, philos¬ophy, medicine, architecture, agriculture.	40
5273859171	39. Describe the accomplishments of Indian scientists.	borrowed a little from Greek learning after conquests of Alexander Great>> advances in astronomy/ medicine; calculated length of solar year; improved mathematical measurements; astronomers calculated daily rotation of earth on its axis; predicted/ explained eclipses, developed theory of gravity, identified 7 planets with telescopes. Medical research hampered by reli¬gious prohibitions on dissection, but surgeons made advances in bone setting & plas¬tic surgery; inoculation against smallpox; hospitals stressed cleanliness & sterilization; doctors promoted high ethical standards.	41
5273859172	40. Describe the accomplishments of Indian mathematicians.	We use Indian number system today; we call it Arabic because Europeans imported it secondhand from Arabs. Indians invented concept of zero & >> decimal system. Indian numbering = writing as key human inventions. Indian mathematicians devel¬oped concept of negative numbers, calculated square roots & table of sines, & computed value of pi more accurately than Greeks.	42
5273859173	41. Describe the characteristics of Indian art under Guptas.	sculpture & painting moved from realistic portrayals of human form to more stylized representation. Indian artists painted people & animals captured in lively color= keen appreciation of nature. It could reflect reli¬gious values and could celebrate joys of life.	43
5273859174	42. Explain how the cultural tone of India differed from that in the West or in China.	Cultural tone of West was more rational and Chinese concentrated more on political ethics. In various cultural expressions, Indians developed an interest in spontaneity & imagination whether in fleshly plea¬sures or mystical union with divine essence.	44
5273859175	43. How caste system affected daily life.	described key features of Indian social/economic life; assigned people to occupations ®ulated marriages. Low-caste had few legal rights; servants often abused by masters, who were restrained only by ethical promptings of religion toward kindly treatment. Caste system made its mark on daily life & formal structure of society.	45
5273859176	44. Describe the characteristics of family life and the role of women.	Family life emphasized hierar¬chy/ dominance by husbands/fathers; rights of women >increasingly lim¬ited as Indian civilization took shape. Great epics stressed control by hus¬band/ father but recognized women's contributions. As agriculture >better organized &improved technology reduced women's economic contributions male authority expanded. Arranged marriage evolved --parents contracted unions for chil¬dren, especially daughters, at early ages, to spouses they had not met to ensure solid economic links; child brides contributed dowries of land or animals to family estates> girls drawn into new family structure with no voice.	46
5273859177	45. Describe the characteristics of manufacturing in classical India.	invented new uses for chem¬istry ;steel= best in world; ironmaking outdistanced European levels until a few centuries ago; techniques in textiles advanced as India was 1st first to manufacture cotton cloth, calico, cashmere. Most manufacturing done by artisans who formed guilds & sold goods from shops	47
5273859178	46. Describe the characteristics of trade and merchant activity in classical India.	Indian emphasis on trade and merchant activity was far greater than in China & greater than classical Mediterranean world. Indian mer¬chants =relatively high caste status; traveled over subcontinent & by sea to Middle East & East Asia. Seafaring peoples along southern coast, usually outside large empires of northern India were particularly active. These southern Indians, the Tamils, traded cotton, silks, dyes, drugs, gold, ivory, often earning great fortunes. From Middle East & Roman Empire, they brought back pottery, wine, metals, some slaves, and especially gold; trade with southeast Asia even more active; Indian mer¬chants transported sophisticated manufac¬tured goods & trappings of India's active culture to Malaysia & larger islands of Indonesia; also caravan trade developed with China	48
5273859179	47. What was the role of agriculture in classical India?	Economy=agricultural base; most people lived at margins of subsistence.	49
5273859180	V. Indian Influences	...	50
5273859181	48. Why was the Indian Ocean so important?	Indian Ocean was most active linkage point among cultures. The Mediterranean, which channeled contact from the Middle East to north Africa &Europe was a close second. Indian dominance of waters of southern Asia & impressive creativity of Indian civilization, car¬ried goods & influence beyond subconti¬nent's borders.	51
5273859182	49. Describe Indian influence on Southeast Asia.	India didn't attempt political domination, dealt with regional king¬doms of Burma, Thailand, parts of Indonesia, Vietnam; but Indian travelers brought persuasive way of life. Many Indian mer¬chants married into local royal families; Indian-style temples were built; other forms of Indian art traveled widely. Buddhism spread from India to many parts of southeast Asia; Hinduism con¬verted many upper-class people, especially in Indonesian kingdoms.	52
5273859183	VI. China and India	...	53
5273859184	50. In what ways did India and China show the diversity that existed in the classical age?	restraint of Chinese art/ poetry contrasted with dynamic styles of India.. China's political struc¬tures/values found little echo in India where caste> social rigidity much greater than in China. India's cultural emphasis=more other worldly than in China, despite Daoism; in sci¬ence= similar interest in pragmatic discoveries, Chinese placed greater stress on practical findings &Indians more into math¬ematics.	54
5273859185	51. In what ways were China and India similar in the classical age?	As agricultural societies both relied on large peasant class in close-knit villages with much cooperation. Cities & merchant activity played secondary role. Political power with those who controlled land. Power of husbands /fathers in family encompassed Indian & Chinese families.	55
5273859186	52. In what ways did the ordinary people in India and China differ?	Hindu peasants placed less emphasis on personal emotional restraint & detailed etiquette; expected different emotional interactions with family; Indian peasants less constrained than Chinese by efforts of large landlords to gain control of their land; there were wealthy landlords in India but system of village control of most land was more firmly entrenched than in China. Indian merchants played greater role than Chinese counterparts; more sea trade& commercial vitality. India's expanding cultural influence due to merchant activity,Chinese expansion involved govt. initiatives in gaining new territory & sending emissaries to satel¬lite states.	56
5273859187	Global Connections	...	57
5273859188	53. Why were the coastal areas of India important for centuries?	= core area of expanding trading network that would eventually include most of Eastern Hemisphere. Indian manufactured goods- cotton textiles & bronze statuary> some of most coveted commodities. Indian merchants/sailors would carry them throughout Indian Ocean & to emporiums of Silk Roads that dominated overland trade beyond Himalaya Mountains.	58

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AP World History: Ancient World Flashcards

First set of words in the AP World History book by the Princeton Review.

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8452731807	Agriculture	The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.	0
8452731808	Agrarian	pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform, agrarian society	1
8452731809	Bands/ Clans	extended family groups that generally lived together	2
8452731810	Barbarian	without civilizing influences	3
8452731811	Bureaucracy	system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials (not elected)	4
8452731812	Civilization	a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)	5
8452731813	City-States	different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers (e.g. Greece)	6
8452731814	Classical	of or characteristic of a form or system felt to be of first significance before modern times	7
8452731815	Domestication	process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans	8
8452731816	Economy	system by which goods and services are produced and distributed to meet people's needs	9
8452731817	Egalitarian	a person who believes in the equality of all people	10
8452731818	Emperor	supreme ruler of an empire	11
8452731819	Empire	many territories, countries, or peoples controlled by one government (also just any territory ruled by an emperor)	12
8452731820	Feudalism	a political system and a social system where by a powerful lord would offer "protection" in return for "service"	13
8452731821	Foraging	the process of scavenging for food	14
8452731822	Hierarchy	a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system	15
8452731823	Hierarchical	Of, relating to, or arranged in a hierarchy	16
8452731824	Hunter-Gatherer	A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either plants nor animals	17
8452731825	Irrigation	supplying dry land with water by means of ditches, sprinklers, etc.	18
8452731826	Monarchy	a government in which power is in the hands of a single person who usually inherits their power	19
8452731827	Monotheism	belief in a single God	20
8452731828	Neolithic	The New Stone Age from circa 8500 to 4500 BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s)	21
8452731829	Nomadic	(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently	22
8452731830	Pastoral	relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle (e.g. pastoral peoples)	23
8452731831	Paleolithic	The Old Stone Age from circa 750,00 to 500,000 years BCE to 8,500 years BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans and the development of minor tools	24
8452731832	Philosophy	the rational investigation of questions about existence, knowledge, and ethics	25
8452731833	Polytheism	belief in multiple Gods	26
8452731834	River Valley	the fertile land surrounding a river- the first civilizations arose near them	27
8452731835	Sedentary	remaining in one place	28
8452731836	Settlement	the act of colonizing or a small group of people in a sedentary position	29
8452731837	Subsistence	the necessities of life, the resources of survival	30
8452731838	Surplus	a quantity much larger than is needed	31
8452731839	Sustenance	the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence	32
8452731840	Theocracy	government run by religious leaders	33
8452731841	Traditional	consisting of or derived from tradition; customary practices	34
8452731842	Urbanization	the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban	35
8452731843	Vassals	lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity	36
8452731844	Alexander the Great	king of Macedon, conqueror of Greece, Egypt, and Persia; founder of Alexandria (356-323 BC)	37
8452731845	Analects of Confucius	"something that is repeated" - a collection of Confucius' famous sayings	38
8452731846	Bronze Age	a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons	39
8452731847	Calendar	a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year	40
8452731848	Code of Hammurabi	the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety	41
8452731849	Cuneiform	One of the first written languages known: A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.	42
8452731850	Democracy	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	43
8452731851	Eight Fold Path	Eight steps to end suffering and attain enlightenment according to Buddhist tradition.	44
8452731852	Four Noble Truths	as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism	45
8452731853	Gothic Migrations	The Migration period, also called the Barbarian Invasions or German: Völkerwanderung (wandering of the peoples), was a period of human migration that occurred roughly between the years 300 to 700 CE in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. These movements were catalyzed by profound changes within both the Roman Empire and the so-called 'barbarian frontier'. Migrating peoples during this period included the Goths, Vandals, Bulgars, Alans, Suebi, Frisians, and Franks, among other Germanic and Slavic tribes.	46
8452731854	Great Wall	a fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC	47
8452731855	Han Dynasty	imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy	48
8452731856	Hellenism	The ideals and principles that spread from Greece through much of the ancient world. Much of its influence such as philosophy, athletics, and architecture penetrated the Middle East.	49
8452731857	The Huns	Fierce warriors from Central Asia- First invaded southeastern Europe and then launched raids on nearby kingdoms	50
8452731858	Indian Ocean Trade	connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.	51
8452731859	Iron Age	the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons	52
8452731860	Jewish Diaspora	A "scattering" of the Jewish people	53
8452731861	Legalism	In Chinese history, Legalism was one of the main philosophic currents during the Warring States Period- A philosophy of focusing on the text of written law to the exclusion of the intent of law, elevating strict adherence to law over justice, mercy and common sense	54
8452731862	Pax Romana	A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.	55
8452731863	Pyramids	Huge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top	56
8452731864	Roman Republic	The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.	57
8452731865	Roman Senate	a council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders	58
8452731866	Shang Civilization	China's first dynasty almost 2000 BCE	59
8452731867	Shi Huang Di	harsh ruler who united China for the first time and used legalism in ruling (Qin China)	60
8452731868	Siddhartha Gautama	founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha	61
8452731869	Silk Road Trade	The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilization.	62
8452731870	The Torah	the most sacred text of Judaism	63
8452731871	The Vedas of Hinduism	Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.	64
8452731872	Ziggurats	a temple or tomb of the ancient Assyrians, Sumerians, or Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories	65
8452731873	Christianity	Monotheistic religion born out of Judaism, preached by Jesus of Nazareth and later codified by his disciples. Persecuted by Romans early on; however, gained support under Constantine in the Rome.	66
8452731874	Buddhism	originally preached by Siddhartha and codified by his disciples into the sutras. Rejected Vedic rituals and the caste system. Spread throughout SE Asia and China and split into Mahayana(Buddha as a God, local gods tacked on as Bodhisativas) and Theravada(original, strict non-theistic version).	67
8452731875	Asoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.	68
8452731876	Hinduism	Term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the Indian subcontinent since antiquity. It has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices.	69
8452731877	Trans Saharan	route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading	70
8452731878	Monsoons	Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.	71
8452731879	Sumerians	people who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.	72
8452731880	Indo-Europeans	Groups of people who came from the area north of the Caucasus mountains, which are between the Black and Caspian seas. Herded multiple animals. Rode into battle on chariots. The Indo-European language of Sanskrit, by the Aryans, are the basis of many languages today. Often accepted and adapted aspects of technology, religions, and social order of those with whom they came in contact.	73
8452731881	Before agriculture, men and women are believed to have a greater degree of equality. But after the rise of agriculture, most human societies became ________ as a result of greater male strength.	Patriarchal	74
8452731882	caste system	a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society, there was virtually no social mobility	75
8452731883	Paleolithic	(Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculture	76
8452731884	Carthage	This city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. Controlled commerce in the Mediterranean prior to the rise of Roman Power. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars.	77
8452731885	Hellenization	The spread of Greek language and culture (Hellenism) throughout the Mediterranean, starting with t he conquests of Alexander the Great. Upon Alexander's death at the age of thirty-three (323 B.C.E.), his realm was divided among his leading generals. During their reigns and those of their successors, Hellenism (i.e., Greek culture) continued to flourish in major urban centers around the eastern Mediterranean (less so in rural areas). People traveling to different areas could communicate with people of other kingdoms through Greek. More than at any time in previous history, the eastern Mediterranean that emerged in Alexander's wake experienced a form of cultural unity and cosmopolitanism (a "cosmopolite" is a "citizen of the world," as opposed to a person who belongs to only one locality). The Roman Empire arose in the context of the Hellenistic world and took full advantage of its unity, promoting the use of Greek language, accepting aspects of Greek culture, and even taking over features of the Greek religion, to the point that the Greek and Roman gods came to be thought of as the same, only with different names. This complex unity achieved culturally through Hellenization and politically through the conquests of Rome is summed up by the term Greco-Roman world.	78
8452731886	Daoism	Chinese religion that believes the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from 'the way' or 'path' of nature.	79
8452731887	Bureaucrat	government official	80