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AP Psych Unit 5 Flashcards

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8183561442Consciousnessthe awareness or perception of something by a person.0
8183561449Circadian RhythmCircadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism's environment. They are found in most living things, including animals, plants and many tiny microbes. The study of circadian rhythms is called chronobiology.1
8183561450Sleep CycleFor our purposes, it suffices to say that one sleep cycle lasts an average of 90 minutes: 65 minutes of normal, or non-REM (rapid eye movement), sleep; 20 minutes of REM sleep (in which we dream); and a final 5 minutes of non-REM sleep.2
8183561451Sleep StagesUsually sleepers pass through five stages: 1, 2, 3, 4 and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. These stages progress cyclically from 1 through REM then begin again with stage 1. A complete sleep cycle takes an average of 90 to 110 minutes.3
8183561452REM sleepRapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep, REMS) is a unique phase of mammalian sleep characterized by random movement of the eyes, low muscle tone throughout the body, and the propensity of the sleeper to dream vividly.4
8183561453InsomniaPersistent problems falling or staying asleep or both.5
8183561454NarcolepsyA chronic sleep disorder that causes overwhelming daytime drowsiness.6
8183561455Sleep ApneaA potentially serious sleep disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts.7
8183561456Night Terrorsfeelings of great fear experienced on suddenly waking in the night.8
8183561457DreamsDreams are successions of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that occur usually involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep.9
8183561458Freudian Dream Interpretationthe latent content, the symbolic meaning of the dream (i.e. the underlying wish).10
8183561459Activation-Synthesis Dream TheoryThe activation-synthesis hypothesis, proposed by Harvard University psychiatrists John Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley, is a neurobiological theory of dreams first published in the American Journal of Psychiatry in December 1977.11
8183561460Information-processing dream theoryThe information processing theory is a cognitive approach to understanding how the human mind ‍‍transforms‍‍ sensory information. ‍‍The model assumes‍‍ that information that comes from the environment is subject to mental processes beyond a simple stimulus-response pattern. "12
8183561461Hypnosisthe induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently loses the power of voluntary action and is highly responsive to suggestion or direction. Its use in therapy, typically to recover suppressed memories or to allow modification of behavior by suggestion, has been revived but is still controversial.13
8183561462Posthypnotic Suggestionposthypnotic suggestion n. A suggestion made to a hypnotized person that specifies an action to be performed after awakening, often in response to a cue.14
8183561463Posthypnotic amnesiaPost-hypnotic amnesia is the inability in hypnotic subjects to recall events that took place while under hypnosis.15
8183561464Role Theory of HypnosisThree main theories of hypnosis exist: Role theory is when a person is not actually in an alternate state of consciousness, but rather is acting out the role of a hypnotized person. Altered-state theory occurs when a person is actually hypnotized and is therefore in a different, or altered, state of mind.16
8183561465Dissociation theory of hypnosisIt proposes that hypnotic phenomenon are produced through a dissociation within high level control systems.17
8183561466Psychoactive DrugsA psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, or consciousness.18
8183561467AgonistsAn agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response.19
8183561468AntagonistsA receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens agonist-mediated responses20
8183561469ToleranceTolerance is a person's diminished response to a drug, which occurs when the drug is used repeatedly and the body adapts to the continued presence of the drug. Resistance refers to the ability of microorganisms or cancer cells to withstand the effects of a drug usually effective against them.21
8183561470Withdrawalthe action of withdrawing something.22
8183561471StimulantsStimulants are psychoactive drugs that induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical functions or both. Examples of these kinds of effects may include enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion, among others.23
8183561472DepressantsA depressant, or central depressant, is a drug that lowers neurotransmission levels, which is to depress or reduce arousal or stimulation, in various areas of the brain.24
8183561473HallucinogensA hallucinogen is a psychoactive agent which can cause hallucinations, perception anomalies, and other substantial subjective changes in thoughts, emotion, and consciousness.25
8183561474OpiatesOpiates are analgesic alkaloid compounds found naturally in the opium poppy plant Papaver somniferum. The psychoactive compounds found in the opium plant include morphine, codeine, and thebaine.26
8183578713Independent VariableThe experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.27
8183581492Dependent VariableThe measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.28
8183584107fMRItechnique that uses radio waves and magnetic fields to show brain function29
8183597710operational definitiondefinition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured and is provided for replication30
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AP Environmental Science Biomes Flashcards

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5138010412Temperate Deciduous Forest-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (Seasonal Variation) -Precipitation is relatively evenly spread throughout the year -Deciduous Trees (Oak, Beech) -Europe, China, Eastern North America -Northern Hemisphere -Good Soils0
5138010413Temperate Grassland-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (seasonal variation is more extreme than temperate deciduous forests) -Limited amount of precipitation -Frequent fires (no trees) -Also called prairie or steppe -Northern Hemisphere -North America, Middle East, Europe, Asia -Very fertile soils (used for agriculture)1
5138010414Temperate Rainforest-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (Seasonal Variation) -Large amount of precipitation (Less rain in winters) -Coniferous Trees -Provide lumber and paper -Northern Hemisphere -East coast of North America and Canada -Fertile soils that are susceptible to land slides and erosion if forests are cleared2
5138010415Tropical Rainforest-Warm all year round -Very high amount of precipitation (300-500 mm per month) -Southern Hemisphere -Central America, Africa, South America, Southeast Asia -Great Biodiversity -Poor, thin soils3
5138010416Tropical Dry Forest/Tropical Deciduous Forest-Warm all year round -Extreme wet and dry seasons -Wet summer (October to April) and dry winter (May, June, July, August, September) -Southern Hemisphere -India, Africa, South America, northern Australia -Erosion-prone soils4
5138010417Savanna (Tropical Grasslands)-Slight seasonal variation (warmer in summer) -Extreme wet and dry seasons -Wet Summer (not as wet as tropical dry forest) -Southern Hemisphere -Isolated Trees -Africa, South America, India, Australia -Zebras, Giraffes, Gazelles5
5138010418Desert-Driest Biome -Barely an rainfall -Slight seasonal variation -Saline soils -Little Vegetation -Temperatures drop at night -Northern Hemisphere -Africa, Mexico, Middle East, Asia6
5138010419Tundra-Coldest Biome -Warmer in summers, but still cold (5 degrees celsius) -Freezing in winters (-20 degrees celsius) -Northern Hemisphere -Dry -Slightly wet summers -Soil is permanently frozen (permafrost) -Also occurs as alpine tundra at the tops of mountains -Northern Europe, Northern Canada, Northern Asia, Greenland7
5138010420Boreal Forest/Taiga/Coniferous Forest-Largest Biome -Northern Hemisphere -Coniferous Trees (Pinecones) -Cold. Cooler in summers (never above 20 degrees Celsius) -Moderate Precipitation -More wet in summer than winter -Poor soils -Moose, Wolves, Lynx, Bears -Northern Europe, Canada, Northern Asia8
5138010421Chaparral-Densely thicketed -Highly seasonal -Cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers -Induced by oceanic influences -Northern Hemisphere -California, Chile, Australia -Frequent fires9
5141640283biometerrestrial geographic regions having similar annual precipitation and temperature leading to distinct plan growth10
5141644093limiting factorresources are environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem11
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Ap Flashcards

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7498450880Price indexPrice of market basket of specific year/ base tear x1000
7498450881Real GDPNominal GDP/price index(divide price index by 100)1
7498450882Consumer price indexMarket basket current year / market basket in a range of years x1002
7498450883GDP expenditure approachConsumption(c) + gross investment(ig) + government expenditures(g) + net exports(xn)3
7498450884Disposable income (DI)C(consumption)+s(saved)4
7499880899GDP income approachWages+rent+ interest+ dividend+ proprietors income+ undesributed profit5
7576018989MpcMarginal perpencity to consume. Change in consumption over change in income6
7576018990MPS (marginal propensity to save)Change in saving over change in incom7
7576018991MultiplierOne over mps one over one fourth multiplier = 48
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AP Government - The Judiciary Flashcards

key terms - Chapter 10

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9800949668Class action suitsa small group of people sueing a large group of people0
9800949669Justiciable disputesa constraint on the courts requiring case be capable of being settled by legal methods1
9800949670Amicus Curiae"Friend of the Court" file briefs or even appear to argue their interest orally before the court.2
9800949671Original Jurisdictioncourts that hear a case first , usually in trial.3
9800949672Appellate JurisdictionThe power vested in an appeallate court to review and/or revise the decesion of a lower court4
9800949673Concurrent Jurisdictionthe ability to exercise judicial review by different courts at the same time, within the same territory, and over the same subject matter.5
9800949674District CourtsThe lower courts hearing cases along the lines of bankruptcy & civil suits under federal law.6
9800949675Courts of Appealsintermediate appeallate courts in the federal system.7
9800949676Senatorial Courtesydeferring selection of district court judges to the choice of senators of their own party and represent that state.8
9800949677Stare Decisisdecesion made based on precedents9
9800949678Precedentsprior judicial decesion that serves as a rule for settling subsequent cases of similar nature.10
9800949679Original IntentIs a method of constitutional and legal interpretation that seeks to discern the original meaning of the words being construed11
9800949680Judicial Implementationwhether judicial decesions are translated into actual public policies12
9800949681Judicial Reviewpower of the courts to review acts of other branches of government and the states13
9800949682Judicial Restraintcourts should allow the decesions of other branches to stand14
9800949683Judicial ActivisimCourt should play a role in shaping national policies15
9800949684Political questionan issue that a court believes should be decided by the executive or legislative branch16
9800949685Statutory Constructionjudicial interpretation of an act of Congress, sometimes results in passing new legislation17
9800949686Civil LawBody of law dealing with private rights of individuals18
9800949687Borkedto reject a nominee due to ideological reasons19
9800949688Cases of Equitythose cases that cannot be resolved by common law; judges may be asked to issue injunctions or award damages20
9800949689Concurring Opiniona signed opinion in which one or more members agree with the majority view but for different reasons21
9800949690Dissenting Opinionan opinion disagreeing with the majority decision in a Supreme Court ruling22
9800949691Majority Opiniona court opinion reflecting the views of the majority of the judges23
9800949692Oral ArgumentAn opportunity for lawyers to summarize their position before the court and also to answer the judges' questions.24
9800949693Senate Confirmationthe process outlined in Article Two of the Constitution, giving the Senate the authority to approve appointments made by the president25
9800949694Writ of Certioraria request fro the Cout to order up records from a lower court to review the case26
9800949695Rule of FourAt least four justices of the Supreme Court must vote to consider a case before it can be heard.27
9800949696Bills of AttainderProhibits a person being found guilty of a crime without a trial28
9800949697Cetificatewhen lower court as the higher court to answer specific question in the matter29
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AP Flashcards

Long test

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9129309886microeconomicspagsusuri ng maliliit na bahagi ng ekonomiya tulad ng kilos,gawi at ugali ng bawat mamimili at prodyuser gayundin ang galaw ng pamilihan0
9129309887demandtumutukoy sa dami ng produkto at serbisyo na kaya at handang bilhin ng mga mamimili sa alternatibong presyo sa isang takdang panahon1
9129309888demand functionIto ay naipapakita sa pamamagitan ng mathematical equation na nagpapahayag ng ugnayan ng presyo at demand2
9129309889demand scheduleIto ay ang pagpapakita ng dami ng produkto na handa at kayang bilhin ng mamimili sa altetnatibong persyo sa takdang panahon sa pamamagitan ng talahanayan na nagpapakita ng demand ng mamimili sa bawat lebel ng presyo3
9129309890ceteris paribussalitang Latin na ang ibig sabihin ay all other things remain constant o walang ibang salik na nagbabago4
9129309891demand curveIsang grapikong paglalarawan ng di tuwirang relasyon ng presyo at dami ng bibilhing produkto5
9129309892downward slopingNaglalarawan ng di tuwiran na relasyon ng dalawang variables na habang ang presyo ay tumataas ang Qd ay bumababa habang ipinalalagay na walang ibang salik na nababago6
9129309893market demandkapag ang indibidwal na demand no mga mamimili ay pinagsama sama ay makukuha ito7
9129309894batas ng demandNagsasaad na habang ang presyo ng produkto ay tumataas, kakaunti ang bibilhing produkto ng mamimili.Ngunit kapag ang presyo ay bumababa maraming produkto ang bibilhin ng mamimili habang ang ibang salik ay hindi nagbabago8
9129309895substitute goodsIto ang mga produkto na pamalit sa ginagamit na produkto9
9129309896complementary goodsIto ang mga produkto na kinokonsumo ng sabay10
9129309897price elasticitypagsukat ng porsiyento ng pagtugon ng mamimili sa bawat porsiyento ng pagbabago ng presyo11
9129309898di-elastikmababa sa 112
9129310056ganap na di-elastikwalang pagbabago13
9129310057elastikmahigit sa 114
9129310058ganap na elastiknagpapakita na ang mamimili ay hindi handang tumanggap ng anumang pagtaas ng presyo ng mga produktong maraming kapalit at hindi gaanong kailangan15
9129310059unitarysaktong 116
9129310060normal goodsIto ang tawag sa mga produkto na tumataas ang demand kasabay ng pagtaas ng kita ng tao17
9129310061inferior goodsIto ang tawag sa mga produkto na hindi tumataas ang demand kahit tumaas ang kita ng mga tao18
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AP Biology: Population Ecology Flashcards

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9788623033populationA group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area0
9788623034age structurePercentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population.1
9788623035population densityNumber of individuals per unit area2
9788623036exponential growthGrowth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, represented by a J-shaped curve when population size is plotted over time.3
9788623037carrying capacityLargest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support, K4
9788623038desnsity dependent factorfactor that limits population growth and has greater effect in dense populations than less dense populations5
9788623039density independent factorlimiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size6
9788623040limiting factorAny biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms.7
9788623041logistic growthWhen limiting factors restrict size of population to the carrying capacity of the environment. Forms an S-shaped curve.8
9788623042k-selected speciesSpecies that produce a few, often fairly large offspring but invest a great deal of time and energy to ensure that most of those offspring reach reproductive age.9
9788623043r-selected speciesLife history traits maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments. Many small offspring that mature quickly, little if any parental care.10
9788623044life history patternA set of traits related to growth, survival, and reproduction such as age-specific mortality, life span, age at first reproduction, and number of breeding events.11
9788623045survivorship curvea graph showing the decline in numbers of a cohort over time12
9788724832wolves in a stable environment would be considerediteroparous, k-selected13
9788736767rabbits are generallyiteroparous, r-selected14
9788744738salmon have one reproductive event and so are consideredsemelparous15
9790001520fecundityThe potential reproductive capacity of a female in a population16
9803890695age structure graph illustrating rapid population growth17
9803910114age structure graph showing negative growth trend18
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AP US History: Reconstruction Flashcards

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5825583276black codesLaws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War Any code of law that defined and especially limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War.0
5825583277black reconstructionBlacks could vote and had rights, but black codes kept them virtually enslaved. They did get more political power, however.1
5825583278John Wilkes Booth..., was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.2
5825583279carpetbaggersA derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.3
5825583280Civil Rights Act of 18661964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal4
5825583281compromise of 1877-Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river; as long as Hayes became the president5
5825583282copperheadsA group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War.6
5825583283Jefferson DavisAn American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865.7
5825583284election of 1866Johnson took to the road and used his infamous, "swing around the circle" speeches to attack Congressional opponents; appealed to racial prejudices of whites; Republicans accused Johnson of being a drunkard and a traitor and used antisouthern prejudices by employing a campaign tactic known as "waving the bloody shirt"-inflaming the hatreds of northern voters by reminding them of the hardships of war; Johnson won but Republicans owned both House and Senate8
5825583285election of 1876Ended reconstruction because neither canidate had an electorial majority. Hayes was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised9
5825583286Force Acts of 1870-71Restricted Ku Klux Klan. Banned and sometimes arrested KKK members.10
582558328713th AmendmentAbolish slavery11
582558328814th Amendment1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts12
582558328915th amendmentAmendment that extended suffrage to all races.13
5825583290freedmen1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs14
5825583291Freedmen's BureauOrganization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War15
5825583292impeachmentA formal accusation of misconduct in office against a public official, famously used against Andrew Johnson after he disobeyed the Tenure of Office Act.16
5825583293Andrew Johnson17th President of the United States17
5825583294Ku Klux KlanA secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.18
5825583295Military Reconstruction Act of 18671867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions19
5825583296radical republicansAfter the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.20
5825583297redeemer governmentsConservative white democrats many of them planters or businessmen who reclaimed control of South following the end of reconstruction21
5825583298sharecropperA person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. You usually go into debt and cant come out.22
5825583299state-suicide theoryThe Southern states had relinquished their rights when they seceded. This, in effect, was suicide.23
5825583300Thaddeus StevensA Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.24
5825583301Charles SumnerA leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote25
5825583302Tenure of Office Act of 1867Radical attempt to further diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by providing that the president could not remove any civilian official without Senate approval; Johnson violated the law by removing Edwin Stanton as secretary of war, and the House of Representatives impeached him over his actions26
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AP Flashcards

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8081762847LumbricalsIntrinsic muscles of hand, flex metacarpophalangeal joints and extend interphalangeal joints (L shape)0
8081762848InterosseiPalmar and dorsal1
8081762849PadPalmar adducts all fingers2
8081762850DabDorsal abducts 2-4 fingers3
8081762851carpal tunnela passageway that runs from the forearm through the wrist, 9 tendons4
8082170962Lateral rotators of hip deep sixPiriformis, gemellus superior and inferior, obturator externus and internus, and quadratus femoris5
80821709634 quadricepsRectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius6
8082170964Main action of glutesAbduction7
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