AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP World History Sumeria Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
2890817831HominidTaxonic family of primates (aka great apes)0
2890817832Homo Sapienthe binomial nomenclature for the human species.1
2890817833Hunter Gatherersearly human society is one in which most or all food is obtained from wild plants and animals2
2890817834Five characteristics of Civilization1. Advanced cities 2. Specialized workers 3. Complex institutions 4. Record keeping 5. Advanced technology3
2890817835Neolithic Revolutionshift from hunting & gathering to agriculture led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social classes, and the eventual rise of civilizations, major turning point in human history4
2890817836Agriculturethe science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.5
2890817837Slash and burntechnique that involves the cutting and burning of plants in forests or woodlands to create fields6
2890817838City Statesa sovereign state consisting of a city and its dependent territories.7
2890817839Ziggurat(in ancient Mesopotamia) a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple.8
2890817840Polytheismthe belief in or worship of more than one god.9
2890817841Monotheismthe doctrine or belief that there is only one God.10
2890817842Fertile crescenta crescent-shaped region containing the comparatively moist and fertile land of otherwise arid and semi-arid Western Asia, the Nile Valley and Nile Delta of northeast Africa11
2890817843MesopotamiaFertile Crescent, means "land between the rivers", Tigris and Euphrates12
2890817844Bronze AgeStarts about 2300 BC in Europe, and is using bronze to make tools and weapons.13
2890817845Specialization of laborthe specialization of cooperating individuals who perform specific tasks and roles.14
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History--Chapter 7 Flashcards

"Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia"
--Information taken from "World Civilizations: The Global Experience, 5th ed." by Peter N. Sterns.

Terms : Hide Images
966156514List four major reasons for the decline of the Abbasid dynasty by the ninth century AD/CE.Shi'a revolts and assassination attempts against Abbasid officers Increased power of royal advisers Social unrest of mercenaries Weakening agricultural economy0
966156515List four groups that revolted against Abbasid rule.Peasants Gangs Vagabonds Shi'a sects1
966156516Describe caliph al-Mahdi and the problem of succession in the Abbasid dynasty.He wavered between his sons on whom should succeed. Allowed his wives and concubines to be involved in palace life.2
966156517What was al-Mahdi's attitude toward the Shi'as?al-Mahdi wanted to reconcile with Shi'a opposition to Abbasid rule, but failed.3
966156518What was the fictional account of life at the court of the caliph al-Rashid?"The Thousand and One Nights" ("Aladdin" is one of those stories)4
966156519How did the administration of al-Rashid set a trend for subsequent Abbasid rulers?The increasing power of royal advisors from Persia (Jafar from "Aladdin")5
966156520What was the result of the civil wars following the death of al-Rashid?al-Ma'mun's son hired mercenaries, Turkic-speaking nomads from central Asia, to protect himself from civil war.6
966156521Describe the role of mercenary armies of the later Abbasid era.They were the "bodyguards" of the caliph Later they would be the real power behind the throne, killing five caliphs and being responsible for violent social unrest.7
966156522What accounts for the disruption of the agricultural economy of the Abbasid Empire?Taxation to support the mercenary troops Pillaging of peasant villages Flood, famine, and violent assault8
966156523What changes occurred during the Abbasid period with respect to women?Women were secluded from certain areas (harem). Many women became concubine slaves who were usually more educated than the caliph's wives. Upper-class women had almost no rights.9
966156524What was the attitude of the Abbasids toward the institution of slavery?The growing wealth of the Abbasid elite demanded slaves. They were used for domestic service, education, etc.10
966156525Describe women and marriage during the Abbasid era.Wives were not as educated as slaves. They did not have as much freedom as slaves. They still had to wear veils and robes in public.11
966156526What was the regional splinter dynasty that captured Baghdad in 945?Buyids of Persia12
966156527What group successfully captured Baghdad in 1055?Seljuk Turks13
966156528What was the religious affiliation of the Seljuk Turks?Sunni Islam14
966156529In what year was Jerusalem captured by Christian crusaders?109915
966156530What was the impact of the Seljuk conquest of Baghdad on the Abbasid Empire?Turkic military leaders ruled remaining portions of the empire. Purged Shi'a influence on the caliph and stopped a potential Shi'a conquest from Egypt Humbled the Byzantine Empire who wanted to regain some lost land16
966156531Who was the Muslim leader responsible for the reconquest of most of the territories belonging to the Christian crusaders?Salah-ud-Din (Saladin)17
966156532What accounts for the success of the First Crusade?Muslim political divisions Element of surprise18
966156533The fall of Acre, the last crusader stronghold, occurred in what year? Why was this significant?1291 European borrowing from Muslim world intensified.19
966156534What was the impact of the Crusades on the Christian West?Europeans copied Muslim weapons (damascene swords), techniques of fortifications (castles), Muslim physicians, etc.20
966156535What was the impact of the Crusades on Islam?Muslims showed little interest in things on the Christian West.21
966156536What was the trend of urbanization during much of the Abbasid Empire?Artists and artisans continued achievements in architecture and art that was started in the Umayyad period.22
968571589Who did the Abbasid Empire carry out long distance trade with?Europe (Italy)23
968571590What was the primary written language of the later Abbasid court?Persian24
968571591What was the "Shah-Nama"?"Book of Kings" (not the Bible version) Epic poem by Firdawsi about the history of Persia25
968571592Identify four major literary figures from the Abbasid Empire.Omar Khayyan Firdawsi Sa'di Ibn Khaldun26
968571593What is the ulama? Why is it significant?The ulama were orthodox religious scholars. They were hostile toward non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking.27
968571594Describe the Sufi movement within Islam.The Sufis were an Islamic sect that seek a personal relationship with Allah. It was a response to the impersonal, abstract divinity portrayed in the Qur'an.28
968571595What group captured Baghdad in 1258?Mongols29
968571596How did the political center of Islam change after the Mongol invasions?Baghdad declined as a capital and was replaced by Cairo, then Istanbul (Constantinople).30
968571597What was the difference between the Islamic invasions of India and previous incursions of the subcontinent?The territory remained part of the empire. (unlike Alexander) The Muslims were able to get along with the Indians for the most part, though sometimes conflict would occur for cultural and religious reasons.31
968571598How did Islam and Hinduism differ?Islam is monotheistic and about equality under Allah. Hinduism is polytheistic and has a caste system which promotes inequality.32
968571599What was the date of the first Muslim raids into India? What was their purpose?711 It happened because of a battle between the Umayyad army and Arab traders.33
968571600How did the Muslim conquerors of Sind treat the Hindu and Buddhist residents of the region?They tried to treat them as "people of the book" even though their beliefs deviated from Judaism and Christianity.34
968571601What was the most critical cultural advance as a result of the increased contact between Muslims and Indian civilization?Islamic civilization was enriched by the skills and achievements of another great civilization.35
968571602Who was the commander of the first Islamic incursion into the Sind in 711?Muhammad ibn Qasim36
968571603What descendant of a Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan led a series of expeditions into India in the eleventh century? What was the purpose of the expeditions?Mahmud of Ghazni He wanted to spread Islam as well as acquire India's wealth.37
968571604Who was the ruler associated with the transition from raiding to the establishment of an Islamic empire in the Indian subcontinent?Muhammad of Ghur38
968571605Where was the capital of the Islamic kingdom established after 1206 on the Gangetic plain?Delhi39
968571606What groups were most responsible for the conversion of Indians to Islam?Sufis40
968571607Why were the Sufis effective missionaries within the Indian subcontinent?Their faith was centered around mysticism, which was a concept familiar to Buddhists and Hindus.41
968571608What groups in India were most likely to convert to Islam? Why?Untouchables and lower-class Hindus They liked the idea of equality among people regardless of what caste they were born into.42
968571609How did Hinduism respond to the challenge of Islam?They started bhaktic cults in which people would venerate whichever god or goddess they chose.43
968571610The spread of Islam to southeast Asia was delayed until the fall of what Buddhist trade empire?Shrivijaya44
968571611In general, how did Islam spread in southeast Asia?It spread quite well through peaceful contact and voluntary conversion.45
968571612What was the nature of Islamic religion that developed in Southeast Asia?Islam was infused with mystical strains and tolerated traditional beliefs and rituals.46
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History/Geography Vocab Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
2705559792DiffusionProxility of sprach ot writing; discurviness0
2705559793SyncretismThe amalgamations or attempted amalgamations of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought1
2716377763ImperialismA policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.2
2716379790EmpireA group of nations or peoples ruled over by an emperor, empress or other powerful sovereign or government: usually a territory of greater extent than kingdom as a former British Empire, French empire, Russian Empire, Byzantine empire or Roman empire.3
2716384356Core AreaA region in the home range that is used frequently. Fruiting trees, termite mounds, sleeping sites and water resources.4
2716386462PeripheryThe outer limits or edge of an area or object.5
2716387135BureaucracyA system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than elected representatives6
2716390617InfrastructureThe basic equipment and structures that are needed for a country, region, or organization to function properly. The underlying foundation or basic framework.7
2716393296First Wave Civilization3500 B.C.E.-500 B.C.E. Menioco, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Norte Chico, Indus Valley, Oxun China Olmec. These Civilizations proves to be fragile and vulnerable. A. Mesopotamia city states were absorbed into larger empires. B. Egypt suffered a series of foreign conquests. C. Indus Valley civilization declined in face of desertification and political collapse. D. Norte Chico civilization faded away by 1800 B. C. E. E. The Olmecs razed and abandoned their major cities around 400 B. C. E. F. China fragmented into warning states.8
2720092208second wave civilizations500 B.C.E.- 500 C.E Apex of human development at the time. Develop new technologies that allow them to wage war more effectively, feed the population, while creating a massive surplus, and maintaining large territories. Religion spread far and wide9
2720096445third wave civilizations500 C.E- 1500 C.E (End of classical Era-rise of the west) Big picture developments= trade, communication, and spread of culture and technology. Same structure politically10
2720099449state buildingAn endogenous process to enhance capacity, institutions and legitimacy of the state driven by state-society relations11
2720100943StateA nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one community12
2720101733City-StateA city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside13
2720102864Stateless SocietiesThere is little concentration of authority; most positions of authority that do exist are very limited and power and are generally not permanently held positions; And social bodies that resolve disputes through predefined rules tend to be smaller14
2720104580Agricultural SocietiesUse technology advances to cultivate crops (especially grains like wheat, rice, corn, and barley.) society based around producing and maintaining crops and farmland15
2768504608Pastoral SocietiesNomadic group of people who travel with a herd or domesticated animals, which they rely on for food. The word "pastoral comes from the Latin root word "Pastor" which means "Shepard"16
2768507219NomadicOf,relating to, or characteristics of nomads. Nomad-move place to place according to season and have no home.17
2768508079Theatre StatePolitical state directed towards the performance of drama and ritual rather than more conventional ends such as welfare. Power in a theatre state is except used through spectacle.18
2768513058FeudalismCombination of legal and military customs on medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries. Broadly defined, it was a way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor.19
2768513734SerfAgricultural laborer bound under the feudal system to work on his lords estate.20
2768515818MaritimeConnected with the sea, especially in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity21
2768516809ConsumerismThe protection or promotion of the interests of the consumer22
2768517098Forced Labor SystemsGeneric or collective term for those who work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will by the threat of destitution, detention, violence, lawful compulsion, or other extreme hardships to themselves or members of their families23
2768520589hyper urbanizationIt is the rapid and unchecked influx of migrants, usually but not exclusively, internal into a city. Hyper urbanization usually occurs in the world megacities (10,000,000+) most notably where the infrastructure cannot cope with the large intake of residence. The most vulnerable are left on periphery with few resources or access to employment24
2768522161ManorialismAn essential element of Feudal Society, manorialism is the name for the organization of the economy in the Middle Ages. The economy relied mainly on agriculture. Manorialism describes how land was distributed and who profited from the land25
2768524245Law CodesAlso called legal code, a more or less systematic and comprehensive written statement of laws. Lock codes were compiled by the most ancient people. The best-known ancient code is the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi26
2768525531MonarchyA country that is ruled by a monarch, such as a king or queen27
2768525726SuccessionThe coming of one person or thing after another in order, sequence, or in the course of events.28
2768526262AuthoritarianFavoring to enforcing strict obedience to authority, especially that of the government, at the expense of personal freedom29
2768527288RevolutionaryA person who works for or engages in political revolution30
2768527570Reactionary(Of a person or a set of views) opposing political or social liberalization or reform31
2768528344Cultural HearthAny place where certain related changes in land-use appeared due to human domestication of plants or animals32
2768529672Religion TraditionAre the laws, regulations, beliefs, and practices handed down from one generation to another33
2768538991Ideological TraditionIdeology- the body of doctrine,myth,belief, Etc, that guides am individual, social movement, institution ,class or large group. Ex)feminism, anarchism, fascism, nationalism34
2768540451zoroastrianismOne of the worlds oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago. From the ancient pre-Islamic religion of Persia. It concepts of one God, judgement, heaven and hell.35
2768541930HinduismReligion of majority of people in India and Nepal. It has no single founder, no single scripture, and no commonly agreed set of teachings36
2768542495BuddhismReligion to 300 million people around the world. The word comes from "budhi" which means "to awaken". It has it's origins about 2,500 years ago when Siddhartha Gotama, known as the Buddha, was himself awakened at the age of 3537
2771265839IslamIs a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion by the Qur'an, a religious text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God. An adherent of Islam is called a Muslim. Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable and that the purpose of existence is to worship God.38
2771280783ChristianityWorlds lathers religion, with about 2.4 billion adherents, known as Christians. Christians believe that Jesus is a son of God, fully Devine and fully human, and the savior of humanity whose coming as Christ or the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament.39
2771284839ConfucianismWay of life taught by Confucius in the 6th-5th century B.C. sometimes viewed as a philosophy, sometimes as a religion, Confucianism is perhaps best understood as am all encompassing humanism that either denies not slights heavan40
2771308446AnimismThe attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena. The belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe.41
2771315759SecularDenoting attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual base42
2771317100HellenismTerm generally used by historians to refer to the period of time from the death of Alexander the Great(323 BCE.) to the death of Cleopatra and the incorporation of Egypt in the Roman Empire in 30 BCE.43
2771318721Social HierarchyThe establishment of dominance- subordination relationship among higher animal societies44
2771319303TechnologyThe collection of techniques, methods, or processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation45
2771320125Raw MaterialsBasic materials used in the production of goods, energy, finished products or intermediate materials that are themselves a finished product46
2771321161Demographic ShiftRefers to the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from pre-industrial to am industrialized economic system47
2771323656Global PerspectiveMeans that we aim to:enable people to understand the links between their own lives and those of people throughout the world. Increase understanding of economic, social and political forces which shape life48
2771326505Imperial ExpansionWhen an imperialistic country expands. H taking over other territories or countries49
2771326973GenderRange of characteristics pertaining to, and differencing between, masculinity and femininity50
2771327474PatriarchyA system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line51
2771328201ElitesIn political and sociological theory, an elite is a small group of people who control a disproportionate amount of wealth or political power In the western civilization they are also called the "establishment"52
2771330247PeasantsA member of a traditional class of farmers, either laborers or owners of small farms, especially in the Middle Ages under feudalism, or more generally in any pre-industrial society. In Europe, peasants were divided into three classes according to their personal status: slave, serf, and freeman53
2771333086AristocracyThe hugest class in certain societies, especially those holding hereditary titles or offices54
2772400970ProletariatWorkers or working-class people, regarded collectively. The lowest class of citizens in Ancient Rome55
2772404626UrbanizationA population shift from rural to urban areas, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to change56
2772406709Matrilineal KinshipAlso called Matriliny, group adhering to a kinship system in which ancestral descent is traced through maternal instead of paternal lines57
2772410877Clan GroupsKin group used as am organizational device in many traditional societies. Membership in a clan is traditionally defined in terms of descent from a common ancestor. This descent is usually unilineal, or derived only from the male or female line58
2772414664CasteEach of the hereditary classes of Hindu Society, distinguished by relative degrees of ritual purity or pollution and of social status59
2772416461Caste SystemIn India is a system of social stratification which historically separated communities into thousands of endogamous hereditary groups called Jātis, usually translated into English as "Castes"60
2772418949DiasporaJews living outside of Israel •the dispersion of any people from their original home land61
2772420064Migration(Human) movement by the people from one place to another with the intention of setting temporarily or permanently in the new location62
2772421615Regional Trade AgreementAre the agreements whereby members accord preferential treatment to one another in respect to barriers63
2772427838Inter-regional TradeTrade that takes place between 2 or more regions64
2772428422EntrepotA port or city, or other center to which goods are brought for import and export, and for collection and distribution65
2772429618Luxury GoodsIs a good for which demand increases more than proportionally as income rises66
2772430798CommodityA raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee67
2772431684BullionGold or silver in bulk before cloning, or valued by weight68
2772432707SpecieMoney in form of coins rather than notes69
2772434003Coercive LaborLabor that is gained through the use of force or threats70
2772434840SlaveryLegal or economic system under which people are treated like property71
2772435415IrrigationArtificial application of water to the land or soil. It is used to assist in the growing of agricultural crops? Maintenance of landscapes and revegetation of disturbed soils in dry areas72
2772437637MetallurgyThe branch of science and technology concerned with properties of metals and their production and purification73
2772440970Economic InteractionsAre conducted between economic agents- individuals and collectives through exchange of natural or artificial entities- goods, services and money, in a myriad of combinations74
2772443072Economic SystemThe system of production and distribution and consumption75
2772445220Political ChangeIs a normal function of internal and external politics. Rulers will be voted out, retire or die while in power and the new leader will make changes. The more powerful countries will anticipate political changes and make the process clear and smooth76
2772447242political structureThe members of a social organization who are in power77
2772447530Trade SystemDifferent systems of process of buying and selling, or exchanging commodities, at rigger whole sale or retail, within a country or between countries78
2772448776Nation StateA form of political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or language that live in a particular area under one government79
2772452827Global ProcessesWhether changes like heat or geographical features80
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
27195308048000 bcBeginning of agriculture0
27195308053000 bcBeginning of Bronze Age-early civilization1
271953080613000 bcIron age2
27195308076th centuryLife of Buddha, Confucius, laozi.3
27195308085th centuryGreek golden age philosophers4
2719530809403-221 bc(Chinas) era of warring states5
2719530810323 bcAlexander the Great dies6
2719530811221 bcQin dynasty unified china7
2719530812184 bcFall of Mauryan dynasty8
271953081332 ceBeginning of Christianity9
2719530814180End of Pax Romana10
2719530815220End of Han dynasty11
2719530816312Constantine converts to Christianity12
2719530817333Roman capital moved to Constantinople13
27195308184th centuryBeginning of trans Saharan trade routes14
2719530819476Fall of rome15
2719530820527Justinian rule of Byzantine empire16
2719530821550Fall of Gupta dynasty/empire17
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History 2 Chapter 19 Terms Flashcards

The terms and definitions for the vocabulary terms in Ways of the World: Chapter 19.

Terms : Hide Images
6263235970Abd al-Hamid IIOttoman Sultan (r. 1876-1909) who accepted a reform constitution at the start of his reign but suspended it shortly afterward, ruling as a reactionary autocrat for the next three decades.0
6263235971Boxer RebellionRebellion led by Chinese militia organizations (1898-1901) in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed.1
6263235972China, 1911The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century.2
6263235973DaimyoFeudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration3
6263235974Hong XiuquanChinese religious leader (1814-1864) who sparked the Taiping uprising and won millions due to his unique form of Christianity, according to which he himself was the younger brother of Jesus, sent to establish a "heavenly kingdom of great peace"on earth.4
6263235975Informal EmpireTerm commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the 19th century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence, e.g., Latin America and China.5
6263235976Meiji RestorationThe overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power to the emperor Meiji.6
6263235977Matthew PerryU.S. navy commodore who in 1852 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.7
6263235978Opium WarsTwo wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially opium; China had lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.8
6263235979Russo-Japanese War, 1904- 1905Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.9
6263235980SamuraiArmed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, the samurai gradually became and administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji Restoration.10
6263235981Self-strengthening MovementChina's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.11
6263235982Selim IIIOttoman sultan (r. 1789-1807) who attempted significant reform of his empire, including the implementation of new military and administrative structures.12
6263235983"the Sick Man of Europe"Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, a name based on the Ottoman sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.13
6263235984Social DarwinismAn application of Charles Darwin's evolutionary theories to an understanding of human history, exemplified by the concept of the "survival of the fittest."14
6263235985Taiping Uprisingmassive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of China between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millennium teachings of Hong Xiquan.15
6263235986Tanzimat ReformsImportant reformist measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term "Tanzimat" means "reorganization."16
6263235987Tokugawa ShogunateRulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.17
6263235988Unequal TreatiesSeries of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.18
6263235989Young OttomansGroup of would-be reformers in the mid-19th-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.19
6263235990Young TurksMovement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed around 1900 and eventually brought down the Ottoman Empire.20
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP world history Islam Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
3144572306what is a bedouin society?people who live at the edge of a desert, they are nomadic and lived herding camels and goats0
3144572307why was there a state of constant warfare in Bedouin society?because a member of a rival clan led his animals to a restricted well/pasture and the actions of a clan member usually called the clan into battle1
3144572308what is a religious significance of Mecca prior to Muhammad?it was a mix between animism and polytheism2
3144572309why was Islam influenced by Judaism and Christianity?region, common view of Abraham as prophet, monotheism, cultural ties in the region3
3144572310why did the leaders of Mecca fear Muhammad's teachings?they saw Islam as a threat to Mecca's status as a pilgrimage, destination for those who came to worship the Myriad of Gods and spirits with the Ka'ba4
3144572311what is the significance of the Hijrah?Muhammad and his new followers (muslims) made a journey and it marked peace and strength for Islam, and the founding date of the new religion5
3144572312what is the term for the Muslim community?Umma6
3144572313how does the Qur'an shape the lives of Muslims?it is their holy book and what they live by7
3144572314how does the Hadith shape the lives of Muslims?collection of stories of Muhammad's sayings which helped give them a reference8
3144572315what is the Shar'ia Law?a law system9
3144572316what are the 5 pillars of Islam?faith, prayer, fasting, alms, hajj10
3144572317what is a caliph?a political and religious successor to Muhammad11
3144572318what are some reasons for the rapid expansion and conquest by the Arab Muslims?no political powers to stop them, weakness of empires, religious fervor12
3144572319what is the Sunni- Shi'ite split?Shi'ite's believed calips had to be a member of Muhammad's family. Sunni believed any good muslim could rule13
3144572320what are some political and social changes of Islam under the Umayyad dynasty?tried to heal split and it never worked, social inequality, Shi'ite's did not have right to rule, bureaucracy14
3144572321what was a key reason for the fall of the Umayyads?exclusion of non-arab subjects15
3144572322why was Mecca an important city prior to Islam?because it was a religious center, with shrines Ka'ba and it was also a market palce16
3144572323Islam eventually spread to which 3 countries?Africa, Asia, Europe17
3144572324which two empires did Islamic expansion conflict with?Spain (the franks) and Byzantine18
3144572325what was the nomadic/tribal leader called of the Bedouin society called?Sheikh19
3144572326what did small scale trade and AG develop around?oases20
3144572327what was the original name of Mecca?yatrhib21
3144572328who was the first muslim?khadijah22
3144572329what were 4 motives for arab conquest?islamic unity, bedouin heritage, wealth, misconceptions23
3144572330where did the Umayyad caliphate move the Islamic capital to?Damascus24
3144572331what was the name for people of the book?Dhimmi25
3144572332what were non-arab converts called?Mawali26
3144572333the Rashidun caliphate established what?islamic caldendar27
3144572334where did Abbasid caliphate move the islamic capital to?baghdad28
3144572335what is a Wazir?chief administrator/head of caliph's inner circle29
3144572336what caliphate built huge bureaucracy to govern the empire?abbasid30
3144572337under what caliphate was islam's golden age?abbasids31
3144572338what was special about the abbasid dynasty?tolerance toward non arabs32
3144572339what was the center of islamic Golden age and major trade city?baghdad33
3144572340where did islamic merchants settle in in swahili?coastal villages34
3144572341what did the swahili states trade and for what?traded raw materials for Indian, Islamic, and Chinese luxuries35
3144572342what did Zimbabwe build?massive stone enclosures36
3144572343what did Zimababwe supply and for who?gold and swahili coast37
3144572344why did Zimbabwe decline?internal divisions38
3144572345what did camels do?they replaced horses and donkeys as transport animals39
3144572346what was traded on the Trans-saharan trade routes?gold, salt, and ivory flourishes40
3144572347what did trans-saharan trade lead to?the rise of the kingdoms in the sudan41
3144572348what was the political structure of sudan?patriarch or council of elders42
3144572349what was sudan based upon?ethnic core43
3144572350what were rulers considered in sudan?sacred44
3144572351what did islam reinforce in sudan?kingship45
3144572352what did Ghana use to control trans-sahran trade routes?territorial expansion46
3144572353what did trade lead to?urbanization47
3144572354what weakened ghana?nomadic raids form the sahara48
3144572355what is sundiata?the lion prince49
3144572356what was the base of Mali society?AG with gold trade50
3144572357what were most people in mali society?rural farmer, small farms owned by families51
3144572358what controlled mali trade? and what was it called?the merchant class, called the juula52
3144572359when did slave trade become common in mali?after the islamic conquest53
3144572360how was society organized in mali?according to clans54
3144572361what were many societies in mali?matrilineal55
3144572362what was common in mali?polygamy56
3144572363what are griots?oral historian in mali57
3144572364why was Dejenne famous?for the largest adobe building in the world, called the great mosque58
3144572365why was timbuktu famous?for its library and university59
3144572366who founded songhai founded by?sunni ali and expaned by Askia muhammad the great60
3144572367who conquered the songhai empire?moroccans with muskets in 159161
3144572368what was the kingdom of Benin?city-state established by Edo peoples62
3144572369what was Benin know for?its bronze and ivory sculptures63
3144572370what language was impressed by Benin?portuguese64
3144572371who invaded Indian subcontinent at the beginning of the 11th century?afghan warlords65
3144572372what does islam start conquering?hindu kingdoms66
3144572373what is the islamic state in india called?delhi sultanate67
3144572374what is the capital of the islamic india?delhi68
3144572375what time span did islam rule inda?1206-152669
3144572376why did many people convert to islam?it meant not having to pay the head tax imposed on the nonbelievers70
3144572377despite influence what did many indians stay true to?hinduism71
3144572378what other religion did islam have tension with?hinduism72
3144572379why was persia's conversion easier?ideas were closer to christianty73
3144572380what influenced islamic states?persian traditions74
3144572381shi'a based persian art was....colorful geometric desgns75
3144572382what type of communities settled in SE asia?diasporic76
3144572383how did islam enter SE asia? and what did it become?merchants, and became crossroads for trade between India,China, and arab pen.77
3144572384what empire developed in SE asia?Srivijaya78
3144572385what did Mansa Musa do?pilgrimage to mecca79
3144572386who is Ibn Battuta?muslim traveler who narrated experiences80
3144572387what is the european term for muslims?moors81
3144572388what was the european cultural and economic center?cordoba82
3144572389what is another name for Al-Andalus?Moorish Iberia83
3144572390what did islamic merchants trade with India and SE asia?spices84
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Literature Literary Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6478062052allegorya work of literature that can be read on two or more levels-one literal and others symbolic0
6478062053alliterationrepetition of the same consonant sound used within lines of poetry and prose1
6478062054allusionreference to a person, text or event outside the text2
6478062055ambiguityallows for two or more simultaneous interpretations of a word, phrase, action or situation, all of which can be supported by the context of a work.3
6478062056ambivalencecoexistence of opposing attitudes or feelings4
6478062057anachronismsomething that is out of its proper or chronological order5
6478062059anecdotebrief story about an amusing or strange event6
6478062060antagonistprincipal character or force in opposition to the protagonist or hero of a narrative or drama7
6478062061antecedentthe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun8
6478062062anticlimaxsomething trivial or commonplace that follows a series or significant events -usually after a climactic event9
6478062063antiheroa protagonist who is noticeably unheroic. he/she might be awkward, obnoxious, passive, pitiful, obtuse, or just normal; but antiheroes are always flawed in some fundamental way.10
6478062064antimetabolea rhetorical scheme involving repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order. Example:"one should eat to live, not live to eat"11
6478062066aphorisma terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or moral principle12
6478062067apostrophea figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction such as liberty or love13
6478062068apotheosiselevating someone or something to a god like status14
6478062069archetypea term used to describe universal symbols that evoke deep and sometimes unconscious responses in a reader15
6478062071assonanceclose repetition of similar vowels in conjunction with dissimilar consonant sounds16
6478062072autobiographybiography of a person written by that person17
6478062073bathoshumor caused by a radical juxtaposition of the serious with the frivolous Example: "In the United States, Osama Bin Laden is wanted for conspiracy, murder, terrorism, and unpaid parking tickets."18
6478062074blank verseverse consisting of unrhymed lines, usually iambic pentameter19
6478062075caesuraa pause withing a line of poetry that contributes to the rhythm of the line20
6478062076canonthose works generally considered by scholar, critics, and teachers to be the most important to read and study, which collectively constitute the "masterpieces" of literature21
6478062077catharsisrelease of emotional tension, as after an overwhelming experience, that restores or refreshes the spirit22
6478062079direct characterizationwhen the writer states or describes a character's traits23
6478062080indirect characterizationwhen the writer shows a character's personality through his or her actions, thoughts, feelings, words, and appearance, or through another character's observations and reactions.24
6478062081chorusIn Greek tragedies, a group of people who serve mainly as commentators on the characters and events - they add to the audience's understanding of the play by expressing traditional moral, religious, and social attitudes.25
6478062084colloquialrefers to a type of informal diction that reflects casual, conversational language and often includes slang expressions.26
6478062085comic reliefa humorous scene or incident that alleviates tension in an otherwise serious work27
6478062086complicationelement that complicates the plot and prevents resolution28
6478062087conceitan unusual or surprising comparison between two very different things29
6478062088conflictopposition between characters or fores in a work of writing, drives/shapes plot30
6478062089conotationassociative meanings of a word in addition to its literal sense (negative, positive, neutral)31
6478062090consonancerepetition of consonant sound sin conjunction with dissimilar vowel sounds (as in blank and think or strong and string)32
6478062091conventiona characteristic of a literary genre that is understood and accepted by audiences because it has come, through usage and time to be recognized as a familiar technique.33
6478062093couplettwo consecutive lines of poetry that usually rhyme and have the same meter34
6478062094heroic coupletcouplet written in rhymed iambic pentameter35
6478062095denotationspecific or direct meaning of a word found in the dictionary, in contrast to its figurative or associative meanings36
6478062096denouementpart of a literary work in which the complications of the plot are resolved or simplified (resolution)37
6478062097deus ex machine"god out of a machine" (Latin) -in Greek drama a god was often lowered onto the stage by a mechanism of some kind to rescue the hero or untangle the plot. Thus, the term refers to any artificial device or coincidence used to bring about a convenient and simple solution to a plot38
6478062098dialectregional variety of language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, especially a variety or speech differing from the standard literary language or speech pattern of the culture in which it exists39
6478062099dictionchoice and use of words in speech or writing as a part of writer's style40
6478062100didactica work that intends to teach an ethical, moral, or religious lesson41
6478062101doggerela derogatory term used to describe poerty whose subject is trite and whose rhythm and sounds are monotonously heaved-handed42
6478062103elegiaclamenting or mournful tone43
6478062104end rhymerhyming words repeat at the end of lines44
6478062105enjambemntcontinuation of grammatical structure in a poem beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza and into the next (also called a run-on line)45
6478062106epica long narrative poem about the adventures of a hero of great historic or legendary importance46
6478062107epiphanycomprehension of perception of reality by a sudden realization or discovery which changes a character47
6478062108epistlea kind of letter to a friend or audience48
6478062109epigrammaticaltense and ingenious in expression49
6478062110ethosa means of persuasion based on the credibility/character of the person making a claim/appeal50
6478062111euphemismthe substitution of a comfortable or inoffensive expression to replace one that might offend or suggest something unpleasant51
6478062112exact rhymerhyme in which words have identical sounds like dear/snear52
6478062113existentialismphilosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's actions53
6478062114explicatoinwriting that presents a detailed analysis or thoughtful interpretation of a text. usually involving close reading and special attention to figurative language54
6478062115expositionpart of a story that provides the background information to understand the characters and the action55
6478062116extended metaphora comparison which continues to be elaborated through detail56
6478062117eye rhymerhyme which gives the impression of exact rhyme but does not have identical sounds (come/home, forth/worth)57
6478062118falling actionpart of the narrative that follows the climax58
6478062119farcea type of comedy characterized by a wide range of humor, weird incidents, and often vulgar subject matter59
6478062121figurative languagelanguage which uses figures of speech (example: simile, metaphor., personification, etc.)60
6478062122flat charactercharacter which does not change, with few traits, static61
6478062123foilcharacter that by contrast underscores or enhances the distinctive characteristics of another62
6478062124foot (metric)unit of rhythm, long/short, stressed/unstressed, Terms for the number of feet per line : 1-monometer, 2- dimeter, 3-trimeter, 4-tetrameter, 5-pentameter, 6-hexameter, 7-heptameter, 8-octameter63
6478062126free verseverse with no regular meter or line length; depends on natural speech's rhythms64
6478062128herothe protagonist, central character in a work of literature65
6478062129hubristhe most common defect in the tragic hero which leads to his or her downfall66
6478062130hyperbolefigure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or efrect67
6478062131iambmetrical foot consisting of unstressed and stressed syllable (U/) as in the word defeat68
6478062132iambic pentameterpoetic line of five iambic feet69
6478062133imageryuse of vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas70
6478062134incongruitysomething in the work which shows a discrepancy or ocntradiciton71
6478062135verbal ironywhen what is said is not what is meant, when meaning is contrary to the words72
6478062136dramatic ironywhen the audience or reader knows something that a character doesn't73
6478062137situational ironywhen what happens contradicts expectations74
6478062138jargontechnical vocab peculiar to trade or profession75
6478062139juxtapostionto place things side by side for the purposes of comparing or contrasting76
6478062140literalprimary, non-figurative meaning of words, dictionary meaning77
6478062141litotesthe opposite of hyperbole- example: saying "not bad" to something that is very good or beautiful78
6478062142logosa means of persuasion by the use of reasoning79
6478062143lyric poetrytypically does not tell a story; instead focuses on expressing the poet's/speaker's personal thoughts on feelings80
6478062144meiosisunderstatement' the opposite of exaggeration (Litotes is a type of meiosis in which write uses a statement in the negative to create the effect)81
6478062145metaphorfigure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates on thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison82
6478062146meterpattern of unstressed and stressed syllables; particular arrangement of words in poetry, such as iambic pentameter, determined by the kind and number of metrical units in a line.83
6478062147metonymyusing vaguely suggestive, physical object to embody a more general idea84
6478062150motifa conspicuous, recurring element, such as type of incident, a device, an object, a reference, or verbal formula85
6478062151motivationreason that explains or partially explains a character's thoughts, feelings, actions, or speech86
6478062152mythexplanations of the natural order and cosmic forces; story which is not "true" and which involves supernatural elements87
6478062153narrativewriting which tells a story, with a beginning, middle, and end88
6478062156octavegroups of eight lines of poetry, especially the first eight lines of Petrarchan sonnet, rhyming abba abba89
6478062157odelyric poem which honors something and has a stately tone and style90
6478062158omniscenthaving total knowledge, knowing everything91
6478062159onomatopoeiaformation of use of words such as a buzz or murmur that imitate the sound associated with the objects or actions they refer to92
6478062160oxymoronfigure of speech in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combines93
6478062161paradoxseemingly contradictory statement that may nonetheless be true ( example: standing is more tiring than walking)94
6478062162parallelismrepetition of a sentence or pattern or grammatical structure95
6478062163parodyimitative use of words, style, attitude, tone and ideas of an author in such a way as to make them look ridiculous96
6478062164pathosquality which invokes feelings of tenderness, pity, or sorrow; a means persuading by appealing the reader's emotions97
6478062166personavoice or character representing the speaker in the literary work98
6478062169plotplan of vents or main story in a narrative or drama99
6478062170poetic justiceterm which conveys the idea that the evil are punished appropriately and the good rewarded as they should be100
6478062171poetic licenseliberty allowed to the poet to work (even distort) the language according to his/her needs in use of figurative speech, rhyme, syntax, for example101
6478062172point of viewposition of narrator in a piece of literature: first person, third person limited, third person omniscient102
6478062173prefaceintro to literary work103
6478062174prologueopening section of a work, a kind of interjection which is part of the work104
6478062175proseordinary speech or writing, without metrical structure105
6478062176protagonistmain character in a drama or other literary work106
6478062177proverbshort, pithy saying in frequent and widespread use that expresses a basic truth or practical precept107
6478062178pseudonymname other than his/her own taken by the author108
6478062179punplay on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words109
6478062180quatrainstanza or poem of four lines110
6478062181realisma vague term, but generally the documenting of life with bare truth, not idealism; focuses on the gritty, truthful scenes of people and thier (usually difficult) lines111
6478062182refrainphrase, line, or lines repeated at intervals during a poem112
6478062183resolutionthe conclusion of a plot's conflicts and complications113
6478062184rhetoricart or study of using language effectively and persuasively114
6478062185rhyme schemearrangement of rhymes in a poem or stranza115
6478062186rhythmpatterned, recurring alternations of contrasting elements of sound or speech116
6478062187rising actionpart of a drama or story in which conflicts are complicated/build toward comes before the climax117
6478062188round charactercharacter which is dynamic and complex, has many traits118
6478062189sarcasma form of verbal irony used to express contempt or to ridicule119
6478062190satireliterary work in which human vice or folly is attacked through irony, derision, or wit120
6478062191scansionanalysis of verse into metrical patterns121
6478062192sestetgroup of six lines, especially the last six lines of a Petrarchan sonnet122
6478062193settingtime, place, and circumstances in which writing takes place123
6478062194similefigure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as124
6478062195slanglanguage of the street, common, informal language125
6478062196slant rhymerhyme that is not true, either deliberate so or because of incompetence (example : other/powder)126
6478062197soliloquydramatic form of discourse in which a character reveals his or her thoughts when alone, unaware of the presence of other characters127
6478062198sonnet14 line verse form usually having one of several conventional rhyme schemes and written in iambic pentameter128
6478062200stereotypea fixed idea or conception of a character or an idea which does not allow for nay individuality, often based on religious, social, or racial prejudices129
6478062201stream of conciousnessliterary technique that presents the thought and feelings of a character as they develop130
6478062202styleway in which something is said, done or expressed131
6478062203subjectivitypersonal expirience and feeling, the opposite of objectivity, where the writeer is outside the work, detached from it132
6478062204subtextwhat is implied but not written133
6478062205suspenseanxiety or apprehension resulting from an uncertain, undecided, or mysterious situation134
6478062206symbolsomething that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention, especially a material object used to represent something intagible135
6478062207synecdochea figure of speech by which a part Is put for the whole136
6478062208synthesisdescription of one kind of sense impression by using words that usually describe another, as in I heard a blinding roar137
6478062209syntaxsentence construction138
6478062210tetrameterline of verse consisting of four metrical feet139
6478062211themecentral idea of work expressed as a sentence140
6478062212thesismain idea of a work141
6478062213tonegeneral quality, effect, or atmosphere; writers' attitude (especially towards readers), manner, mood142
6478062214topic sentencemain, focusing idea of a paragraph143
6478062215tragedydrama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequences of a tragic flaw, a moral weakness, or an inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances144
6478062216transitionword, phrase, sentence, or series of sentences connecting one part of discourse to another145
6478062217tropeanother word for figurative language146
6478062218turning pointobservable moment when in a narrative there is a definitive change in one directionand one becomes aware that it will now move towards the end147
6478062219vernacularstandard native language of a country or locality; everyday language spoken by a people as distinguished from the literary language148
6478062221vignettesketch or short composition149
6478062222voicedistinctive style or manner of expression of an author or a character in a book150
6478062223zeugmafigure of speech in which a word stands in the same relation to two others terms, but with a different meaning, a common device in satire151
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!