| 8029646043 | Mechanoreceptors | activated by mechanical stimuli that changes the position of the receptor | | 0 |
| 8029648413 | Thermoreceptors | activated by change of temperature | | 1 |
| 8029653030 | Photoreceptors | found only in eye; respond to light stimuli | | 2 |
| 8029655337 | Chemoreceptors | activated by changing concentration of certain chemicals in solution | | 3 |
| 8029658014 | Nociceptors | activated by intense stimuli that result in tissue damage resulting in pain | | 4 |
| 8029659770 | Exteroceptors | changes external to body (touch, pressure, pain, temperature & most of special senses such as vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste & smell) | | 5 |
| 8029666907 | Interoceptors (visceroceptors) | internal viscera & blood vessels (chemical changes, tissue stretch & temperature) | | 6 |
| 8029671304 | Proprioceptors | internal stimuli (skeletal muscles, tendons, joints & ligaments as well as connective tissue coverings of bones & muscles) | | 7 |
| 8029674857 | Complex receptors | collection of cells (sense organs) working together
a) Examples: special senses (vision, hearing, smell, taste) | | 8 |
| 8029680610 | Simple receptors | modified dendritic endings of sensory neurons involved with general senses (tactile, temperature, pain, posit ion)
a) Nonencapsulated dendritic endings: no connective tissue covering | | 9 |
| 8029687619 | Nonencapsulated Free nerve endings | thermo receptors & nociceptors (pain) in epithelial & connective tissues | | 10 |
| 8029693139 | Itch receptor | thin diameter receptor in dermis responding to histamine or bradykinin present at inflamed sites | | 11 |
| 8029696658 | Tactile (Merkel) discs | mechanoreceptors (light touch & pressure) in epidermis | | 12 |
| 8029700978 | Hair follicle receptors | mechanoreceptors (light touch which quickly adapts) around base of hair follicle | | 13 |
| 8029733174 | Meissner's (tactile) corpuscles | mechanoreceptors (light touch, texture & low-frequency vibration) in dermal papilla of hairless skin areas | | 14 |
| 8029827811 | Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles | mechanoreceptors (deep pressure, stretch & high-frequency vibration) in dermis of skin & subcutaneous tissue underlying the ski | | 15 |
| 8029832053 | Bulbous Corpuscles or Ruffini endings | respond to deep & continuous pressure located in dermis, subcutaneous tissue & joint capsules | | 16 |
| 8029836080 | Muscle spindles | proprioceptor (stretch) in skeletal muscles near tendon detect muscle stretch | | 17 |
| 8029840073 | Tendon organs | proprioceptor (stretch) in articular capsules enclosing synovial joints | | 18 |
| 8029846574 | Joint kinesthetic receptors | proprioceptor (stretch) in articular capsules enclosing synovial joints | | 19 |
| 8029856061 | Receptor level processing | A. Receptor level processing: sequential steps occurring at sensory receptor
1. Specificity: recognize specific stimulus energy
2. Receptive field: stimulus must be applied within particular area monitored by receptor
3. Stimulus energy converted to a graded (receptor) potential: process of transduction to an action potential (generator potential) in afferent fiber
4. Attainment of threshold voltage: open voltage-gated sodium channels
5. Adaptation: change in sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus | | 20 |
| 8029862639 | Phasic receptors | fast adapting | | 21 |
| 8029866639 | Tonic receptors | sustained response wit h little to no adaption | | 22 |
| 8029917274 | Circuit level processing | ascending pathways to appropriate regions of cerebral cortex for stimulus localization & perception
1. First-order neuron: impulses from receptor cell body in dorsal root or
cranial ganglion => spinal cord or brain stem
2. Second-order neuron: cell bodies (dorsal horn of spinal cord or in medullary nuclei) thalamus or cerebellum
3. Third-order neuron: cell bodies in thalamus => somatosensory cortex of cerebrum (postcentral gyms)
C. Perceptual level processing: phenomenon of projection | | 23 |
| 8029925120 | Perceptual level processing | phenomenon of projection
1. Perceptual detection: detect that a stimulus has occurred
2. Magnitude estimation: ability to detect how intense the stimulus is
3. Spatial discrimination: identify site or pattern of stimulation i.e. two point discrimination
4. Feature abstraction: detect features or characteristics of object from stimulus properties
5. Quality discrimination: ability to differentiate submodalities of a particular sensation (taste differences)
6. Pattern recognition: ability to recognize familiar or unfamiliar pattern from stimulus input | | 24 |
| 8029932068 | Perception of Pain | pain is invaluable because it warns us of actual or impending tissue damage and motivates us to take protective action
1. Sharp pain: carried on smallest of mylinated sensory fibers (A delta fibers)
2. Burning pain: carried on small non-mylinated fibers (C fibers)
3. Example of sharp & burning pain: cut finger sharp pain felt first followed by burning pain
4. Pain Tolerance: level of pain we can tolerate; all have similar pain threshold, but tolerance is individual | | 25 |
| 8029946932 | Visceral Pain | from noxious stimulation of receptors in organs of thorax & abdominal cavity | | 26 |
| 8029950610 | Referred Pain | pain arising from one part of body is perceived as coming from another part; visceral pain afferents travel along the same pathway as somatic pain fibers which helps to explain referred pain | | 27 |
| 8029954417 | Endoneurium | delicate layer of connective tissue surrounding each nerve fiber | | 28 |
| 8029955746 | Perineurium | coarser layer of connective tissue holding together fascicles (bundles of nerve fibers) | | 29 |
| 8029957994 | Epineurium | touch fibrous connective tissue surrounding numerous fascicles to form a nerve | | 30 |
| 8029963701 | Sensory (afferent) division | sensory signals from receptors CNS
a) Somatic afferent: signals from receptors in skin, muscles, bones & joints
b) Visceral afferent: signals from receptors of viscera of thoracic & abdominal cavities | | 31 |
| 8029969850 | Sympathetic division | increase activity of effectors | | 32 |
| 8029973152 | Parasympathetic division | decrease activity of effectors | | 33 |
| 8029977702 | Ganglia | cluster of neuron cell bodies in PNS with preganglionic & postganglionic fibers | | 34 |
| 8029980593 | Regeneration of nerve axons | mature neurons not capable of cell division
1. Nerve fibers repair: occurs if damage not extensive & cell body & neurilemma (regeneration tube) intact
2. CNS Axons: most never regenerate after injury; thus damage to brain or spinal cord is usually irreversible
3. PNS Axons: most can & will regenerate after injury as long as the cell body is undamaged & the two cut ends are not far apart | | 35 |
| 8030209121 | Oligodendrocytes | actively suppress CNS axon regeneration; they are studded with growth-inhibiting proteins causing growing end of axon to collapse | | 36 |
| 8030211162 | Astrocytes | form scar tissue at site of injury that blocks axon regrowth | | 37 |
| 8030219782 | Stages of axon repair | a) Degeneration: portions of axon & myelin sheath distal to injury site (Wallerian degeneration)
b) Atrophy of skeletal muscle: no nervous connection
c) Removal of debris: Schwann cells & macrophages engulf debris leaving neurilemma intact within the endoneurium
d) Regeneration tube formation: surviving Schwann cells proliferate & form tunnel from point of injury to effector
(1) Function: guide growing axon (1.5 mm/day) back to original destination
e) Schwann Cells: secrete growth factors to stimulate axon growth; protects regenerating axon; forms new myelin sheath
f) Axon "sprouts" appear: when one "sprout" reach tunnel, growth rate increases | | 38 |
| 8030223977 | Olfactory nerve (I) | Sensory
1. Origin: nasal olfactory mucosa receptor cells
2. Termination: fibers through cribriform plate => olfactory bulbs beneath frontal lobes => primary olfactory cortex
3. Function: sense of smell | | 39 |
| 8030228355 | Optic nerve (II) | Sensory
1. Origin: retina
2. Termination: optic nerve => optic tracts => thalamus (lateral geniculate) => visual cortex of occipital lobe
3. Function: vision | | 40 |
| 8030235059 | Oculornotor nerve (III) | motor "eye mover"
1. Origin: ventral midbrain (oculomotor nucleus)
2. Termination:
a) Extrinsic eye muscles: inferior oblique, and, superior, inferior & medial rectus
b) Upper eyelid muscle: levator palpebrae superioris
c) Sphincter pupillae (circular muscle of iris)
d) Ciliary muscles of ciliary body
3. Functions:
a) Motor: raise eyelids & move eyes
b) Parasympathetic fibers: adjust amount of light entering eyes & focus lens
c) Proprioception: eye muscle position | | 41 |
| 8030240983 | Trochlear nerve (IV) | primarily motor "pulley"
1. Origin: dorsal midbrain
2. Termination: extrinsic eye muscle: superior oblique
3. Function:
a) Motor move eye
b) Proprioception: eye muscle position | | 42 |
| 8030246806 | Trigeminal nerve (V) | sensory & motor
1. Ophthalmic division: sensory
a) Origin: face via superior orbital fissure
b) Termination: pons
c) Functions: sensory from skin of anterior scalp, upper eyelid & nose and from nasal cavity mucosa, cornea & lacrimal gland
2. Maxillary division: sensory
a) Origin: face via foramen rotundum
b) Termination: pons
c) Functions: sensory from nasal cavity mucosa, palate, upper teeth, skin of cheek, upper lip, lower eyelid
3. Mandibular division: sensory & motor
a) Origin: via foramen ovale
(1) Sensory: face & tongue
(2) Motor: pons (trifacial motor nucleus)
b) Termination:
(1) Sensory: pons
(2) Motor: muscles of mastication
c) Functions:
(1) Sensory: impulses from anterior tongue (except taste buds), lower teeth, skin of chin, temporal region of scalp
(2) Motor: motor fibers & proprioceptor fibers from muscles of mastication | | 43 |
| 8030251869 | Abducens (VI) | primarily motor
1. Origin: pons (nucleus on floor of 4th ventricle)
2. Termination: pons=>superior orbital fissure=>lateral rectus muscle
3. Functions:
a) Motor: extrinsic eye muscle (lateral rectus) to abduct eye
b) Proprioception: eye muscle position | | 44 |
| 8030259793 | Facial (VII) | sensory & motor
1. Origin:
a) Sensory: taste buds
b) Motor: pons
2. Pathway:
a) Sensory: taste buds =>geniculate ganglion of pons
b) Motor: pons => internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone => stylomastoid foramen => superficial muscles of face & scalp
3. Functions:
a) Sensory: taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue)
b) Motor: facial muscles of expression
c) Parasympathetic: control of lacrimal glands, nasal & palatine glands, and submandibular & sublingual salivary glands | | 45 |
| 8030268327 | Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) | sensory & motor
1. Cochlear division:
a) Origin: organ of Corti in cochlea
b) Pathway: receptors =>internal acoustic meatus=> vestibulocochlear nerve=>border of medulla & pons (cochlear nuclei)
c) Function: sensory cells of cochlea for hearing
2. Vestibular division:
a) Origin: semicircular canals & vestibule
b) Pathway: receptors => internal acoustic meatus => vestibulocochlear nerve => pons & medulla (vestibular nucleus)
c) Function: skeletal muscles to control balance for equilibrium | | 46 |
| 8030274763 | Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) | sensory & motor "tongue & pharynx"
1. Origin:
a) Motor: medulla (nucleus ambiguus)
b) Sensory Origin:
(1) Pharynx:
(2) Tongue: taste buds in posterior 1/3 tongue
(3) Carotid sinus & carotid body: blood chemistry & pressure
c) Pathway: medulla => via jugular foramen => throat
(1) Motor: muscles of pharynx; parotid salivary gland
(2) Sensory: enter cranium with vagus to medulla (nucleus solitarius; respiratory & vasomotor centers
d) Functions:
(1) Motor: swallowing; gag reflex; secretion of saliva
(2) Sensory: taste, touch, pressure & pain from pharynx & posterior tongue; monitor blood gases (chemoreceptor in carotid body) & pressure (pressoreceptor in carotid sinus)
(3) Parasympathetic: parotid salivary gland | | 47 |
| 8030279202 | Vagus nerve (X) | sensory & motor "wonderer" or "vagabond"
1. Origin:
a) Motor: medulla
b) Sensory: pharynx, larynx, carotid & aortic arch baroreceptors (blood pressure), thoracic viscera (trachea, heart, lungs, bronchi), abdominal viscera (stomach, small intestine, gallbladder), & carotid & aortic bodies (chemoreceptors for respiration)
2. Pathway:
a) Motor: medulla => jugular foramen => descend through neck region into thorax & abdomen via vagal plexus to various visceral organs & muscles
b) Sensory: thoracic & abdominal viscera, carotid sinus, carotid & aortic bodies & taste buds of posterior tongue & pharynx => medulla
3. Functions: sensory (90% of parasympathetic outflow) & motor of structures involved | | 48 |
| 8030285661 | Accessory nerve (Xl) | primarily motor
1. Origin: C1 - C5 spinal nerves
2. Pathway:
a) Cranial root: medulla => jugular foramen => vagus => larynx, pharynx & soft palate
b) Spinal root: C1 - C5 segments => foramen magnum => jugular foramen => stemocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles
3. Functions:
a) Motor: larynx, pharynx & soft palate and trapezius & stemocleidomastoid muscles of shoulder, head & neck
b) Proprioception: from same muscles | | 49 |
| 8030289458 | Hypoglossal (XII) | primarily motor "under the tongue"
1. Origin: medulla
2. Pathway: medulla => hypoglossal canal => tongue muscles
3. Functions:
a) Motor: intrinsic & extrinsic tongue movements involving swallowing & speech
b) Proprioception: from same muscles | | 50 |
| 8030299243 | Mixed nerves | contain both sensory & motor fibers | | 51 |
| 8030301371 | Roots | division of spinal nerve located within vertebral column connecting spinal nerves to spinal cord | | 52 |
| 8030303964 | Ventral root | motor (efferent) fibers from anterior horn motor neurons & autonomic nervous system efferent fibers from spinal cord | | 53 |
| 8030307219 | Dorsal root | sensory (afferent) fibers from dorsal root ganglia into spinal cord | | 54 |
| 8030314565 | Ramus division | a) Dorsal (posterior) ramus: mixed nerves for dorsal surface of body (posterior body trunk)
b) Ventral (anterior) ramus: mixed nerves for ventral surface of body (anterior body trunk)
c) Rami communicantes: autonomic (visceral) fibers at thoracic level connected to sympathetic chain ganglion
d) Meningeal branch: reenters vertebral canal to innervate the meninges & blood vessels | | 55 |
| 8030353162 | Nerve plexus | all ventral rami (except T2 - Tl2) branch & join (anastomose) to form complex network of fibers (plexus = braid in Latin)
a) Purpose: each muscle in a limb receives its nerve supply from more than one spinal nerve in order that damage to one spinal nerve does not mean complete loss of function in any one region | | 56 |
| 8030358128 | The back | each dorsal rami innervates specific muscle & skin on posterior body trunk | | 57 |
| 8030361378 | The anterolateral trunk & abdominal wall | a) Intercostal nerves: ventral rami of T2 - Tl2
b) Function: innervates intercostal muscles, some deep thorax muscles, & overlying skin | | 58 |
| 8030368727 | Cervical plexus and the neck | ventral rami of C1 - C5
a) Phrenic nerve: Input from C3 - C5 to supply motor & sensory fibers to diaphragm
b) Function: innervates skin & muscles of head, neck, superior part of shoulders & chest | | 59 |
| 8030372255 | Brachial plexus and the upper limb | ventral rami of C5 - C8 & T1 (& sometimes C4 &/or T2 fibers)
a) Groups of branches: (Really Tired Drink Coffee)
(1) Roots: ventral rami of C5 - T1
(2) Trunks: roots unite to form upper, middle & lower trunks
(3) Divisions: each trunk divides to form anterior & posterior divisions
(4) Cords: divisions combine to form lateral, medial, & posterior cords
b) Function: provides almost entire nerve supply for shoulders & upper limbs
c) Large terminal branches:
(1) axillary: supplies deltoid & teres minor muscles
(2) musculocutaneous: supplies anterior muscles of arm
(3) median: supplies most of anterior forearm muscles & some hand muscles
(4) ulnar: supplies anteriormedial muscles of forearm & most of the hand
(5) radial: supplies muscles on posterior aspect of arm & forearm | | 60 |
| 8030375727 | lumbar plexus and the lower limb | L1 - L4
a) Areas innervated: supplies anterolateral abdominal wall muscles, external genitals, & part of lower limb (anterior & medial thigh)
b) Major nerves:
(1) femoral: largest nerve from lumbar plexes; supplies flexor muscles of hip joint, extensor muscles of knee joint, skin over anterior & medial thigh, & skin over medial leg & foot
(2) obturator: supplies adductor muscles of hip joint & skin over medial thigh | | 61 |
| 8030379050 | Sacral Plexus | L4 - S4
a) Areas innervated: skin of leg, posterior thigh muscles and leg & foot muscles
b) Major nerves:
(1) sciatic: Largest nerve in body which is composed of two nerves tibial & common fibular these split around knee; supplies hamstrings & adductor magnus
(2) tibial: supplies posterior lower leg & foot
(3) common fibular: supplies anterior lower leg & foot | | 62 |
| 8030382784 | Coccygeal Plexus | S4 -S5 & coccygeal nerves
a) Function: supplies small area of skin in coccygeal area | | 63 |
| 8030386099 | Innervation of skin | dermatomes = surface skin area supplied by single spinal nerve, except for C 1 helpful in pinpointing spinal damage
a) Herpes zoster (shingles): virus in dorsal root ganglion for years until activated by stress, decreased immune system, etc. | | 64 |
| 8030389929 | Innervation of joints | Hilton's law - any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint and the skin over the joint | | 65 |
| 8030398346 | Autonomic motor axons | branch into multiple axonal terminals
a) synapses en passant: each branch forms this with it's effector
b) varicosities: knob-like swellings containing mitochondria & synaptic vesicles (contain either acetylcholine or norepinephrine) | | 66 |
| 8030413448 | Segmental level | lowest level of control, activates a network of ventral horn neurons to stimulate a specific group of muscles | | 67 |
| 8030415649 | Projection level | upper motor neurons of motor cortex & brain stem nuclei carry instruction to spinal cord & send copy to higher command center | | 68 |
| 8030417447 | Pre-command level | cerebellum & Basal nuclei regulate motor activity, programs it, sends out the instructions, & modifies by feedback | | 69 |
| 8030439970 | Inborn (intrinsic) reflex | rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus, unlearned, unpremeditated, involuntary | | 70 |
| 8030442848 | Learned (aquired) reflex | result from practice or repetition | | 71 |
| 8030445090 | Components of a reflex arc | 1. Receptor: site of stimulus action
2. Sensory neuron: afferent fiber carrying impulse to CNS
3. Integration center: synapse between sensory & motor neurons always within CNS
a) Monosynaptic reflex: single synapse between sensory & motor neurons
b) Polysynaptic reflex: multiple synapses with chain of interneurons
4. Motor neuron: efferent fiber carrying impulse from CNS to effector
5. Effector: muscle fiber or gland | | 72 |
| 8030449223 | Somatic reflex | activate skeletal muscle | | 73 |
| 8030457042 | Autonomic (visceral) reflex | activate visceral effectors (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or gland) | | 74 |
| 8030460915 | Anulospiral endings | (Primary sensory (afferent) fibers): large type Ia fibers
(1) Structure: coiled around central part of intrafusal fibers
(2) Action: stimulated by both rate & degree of muscle stretch | | 75 |
| 8030465253 | Flower Spray Endings | (Secondary sensory (afferent) endings): small type II fibers
(1) Structure: flower-spray endings at ends of intrafusal fibers (spindle ends)
(2) Action: stimulated by degree of muscle stretch | | 76 |
| 8030472732 | Gamma (g) efferent fibers | small motor neurons from ventral horn of spinal cord to ends of muscle spindle
(1) Action: continually adjust tension in muscle spindle | | 77 |
| 8030478010 | Alpha efferent fibers | (1) Action: innervate extrafusal fibers (bulk of muscle) to contract | | 78 |
| 8030486657 | Stretch flex | a) Causes for initiation of reflex:
(1) External force: lengthens entire muscle (external stretch)
(2) Activation of g (gamma) motor neurons: stimulate ends of intrafusal fibers to contract resulting in stretching middle of spindle (internal stretch)
b) Results of stimulus:
(1) Reflexive muscle contraction: (alpha) motor neurons excite extrafusal muscle fibers of stretched muscle
(2) Reciprocal inhibition: concurrent relaxation of antagonist muscles required for stretch reflex
c) Clinical example: stretch reflex of patellar (knee-jerk) reflex
d) Monosynaptic or ipsilateral: all stretch reflex involve a single synapse & motor activity on the same side of the body
e) Tendon Reflex: Polysynaptic: causing muscle relaxation & lengthening in response to tension | | 79 |
| 8030491556 | flexor (withdrawal) reflex | The flexor (withdrawal) reflex: ipsilateral, polysynaptic reflexes; sensory input & motor output are on same sides of spinal cord
a) Importance: protection from injurious situations
b) Examples: stepping on sharp object or jerking arm back from excessive heat | | 80 |
| 8030495755 | crossed extensor reflex | The crossed extensor reflex: contralateral reflex arc; sensory input, ipsilateral withdrawal reflex, & contralateral extensor reflex
a) Example:
(1) Grabbing your arm unexpectly: withdraw clutched arm (flexor) & push person away (extensor) with other arm
(2) Stepping on sharp object: contract flexors & relax extensors to lift leg but on opposite leg, relax flexors & contract extensors to maintain balance | | 81 |
| 8030500557 | Plantar reflex | tests integrity of L4-S2 spinal cord, stimulate outer edge of sole with a blunt object => plantar flexion (curling under) of all toes & slight turning in & flexion of foot | | 82 |
| 8030502352 | Babinski reflex | stimulate outer margin of sole of foot => extension of big toe
(1) Normal test: present in normal infants until approximately 1year
(2) Abnormal test: no reaction indicates destruction of corticospinal (pyramidal tract) fibers or damage in primary motor cortex | | 83 |
| 8030505696 | Abdominal reflex | tests T8-T 12, stroking side of abdomen drawing in of abdominal wall; (negative result: destruction of motor neurons) | | 84 |
| 8030509087 | Somatic system | one motor neuron unit with cell body in CNS with axon extending all the way to skeletal muscle without a synapse in a ganglion structure | | 85 |
| 8030510706 | ANS | two neuron chain to effector
(1) Preganglionic neuron: cell body in brain or spinal cord sending efferent impulse from CNS to autonomic ganglion outside of CNS
(2) Postganglionic neuron: efferent neuron leaving ganglion to effector | | 86 |
| 8030516088 | Neurotransmitter effects | a) Somatic: ACh at skeletal muscle synapse leading to excitatory effect
b) ANS: postganglionic fibers release ACh (parasympathetic fibers) nor-epinephrine (most sympathetic fibers) where effect & depends on type of receptor on target organ | | 87 |
| 8030518178 | Overlap of Somatic & Autonomic Function | Higher brain centers regulate & coordinate both somatic & autonomic motor activities. Most body's adaptation to changing internal & external conditions involve both skeletal muscle & visceral organs | | 88 |
| 8030523569 | parasympathetic | "resting-and-digesting" system
a) Normal control: restful conditions for most effectors | | 89 |
| 8030527900 | sympathetic | "fight-or-flight"
a) Specialized control: prepares body for stressful & emergency situations
(1) Examples: stronger heart-beat, dilate blood vessels to skeletal muscles, dilated bronchi, increased blood sugar | | 90 |
| 8030541240 | Anatomy of the ANS | A. General differences:
1. Unique sites of origin:
a) Parasympathetic: cranial & sacral areas of spinal cord
b) Sympathetic: thoracic & lumbar areas of spinal cord
2. Different fiber lengths:
a) Parasympathetic: long preganglionic & short postganglionic fibers
b) Sympathetic: short preganglionic & long postganglionic fibers
3. Location of ganglia:
a) Parasympathetic: mostly found in visceral effectors
b) Sympathetic: found in a chain close to spinal cord | | 91 |
| 8030550935 | Structures only innervated by sympathetic neurons | a) sweat glands:
b) arrector pili muscle: hair raising muscle of skin
c) smooth muscle: walls of all arteries & veins, both deep & superficial | | 92 |
| 8030555764 | Preganglionic neurons | lateral horns of spinal cord (visceral motor zones) | | 93 |
| 8030562318 | Preganglionic fibers | leave cord via ventral root and travel through relatively short fibers (white ramus communicans {mylinated fibers}) to enter an adjoining sympathetic trunk ganglion forming pmt of sympathetic trunk (sympathetic chain) | | 94 |
| 8030572289 | Visceral Reflex | has two consecutive motor neurons | | 95 |
| 8030574423 | afferent fibers | are visceral sensory neurons carries info on chemical changes, stretch, & irritation of viscer | | 96 |
| 8030576751 | Cholinergic fibers | secrete acetylcholine (ACh)
(1) All preganglionic fibers
(1) All parasympathetic postganglionic fibers
(2) Few sympathetic postganglionic fibers: sweat glands & some blood vessels in skeletal muscles | | 97 |
| 8030583723 | Adrenergic fibers | secrete norepinephrine (NE)
(1) most sympathetic postganglionic fibers
2. Cholinergic receptors: binds Ach | | 98 |
| 8030594792 | Nicotinic receptors | Ach binding is always a stimulatory effect (drug nicotine binds to these receptors)
(1) Motor end plates of skeletal muscles
(2) All post ganglionic neurons both sympathetic & parasympathetic
(3) Adrenal medulla hormone producing cells | | 99 |
| 8030599265 | Muscarinic receptors | all parasympathetic & some sympathetic target cells resulting in either stimulatory or inhibitor effects depending on subclass of muscarinic receptors | | 100 |
| 8030605830 | Alpha receptors | usually excitatory
(1) : excitatory
(2) inhibitory | | 101 |
| 8030610486 | Beta receptors | b) Beta receptors: usually inhibitory
(1) : excitatory
(2) : mostly inhibitory
(3) : excitatory | | 102 |
| 8030614537 | Antagonistic interactions | opposite affects on same tissue
a) Sympathetic: increases heart & respiratory rates but inhibit digestion
b) Parasympathetic: decreases heart & respiratory rates but stimulates digestion to return to normal | | 103 |
| 8030619465 | Sympathetic (vasomotor) tone | baseline stimulation keeping blood vessels partially constricted maintaining blood pressure | | 104 |
| 8030622744 | Parasympathetic tone | normally dominate heart & smooth muscle of digestive & urinary tract organs | | 105 |
| 8030625361 | Cooperative effects | Cooperative effects: similar effects on same tissue
a) Parasympathetic: stimulates salivary glands to secrete a watery, enzyme-rich secretion
b) Sympathetic: stimulates saliva glands to secrete a mucus secretion | | 106 |
| 8030629181 | roles of the Sympathetic Division | a) Thermoregulatory Response to Heat: sympathetic division mediates reflexes to maintain body temperature
b) Release of Renin from the Kidneys: sympathetic impulses => kidneys => rennin to increase blood pressure
c) Metabolic Effects: sympathetic division =>
(1) increase metabolic rate
(2) increases blood glucose
(3) mobilizes fats for use as fuel | | 107 |
| 8030658870 | Localized Versus Diffuse Effects | a) Parasympathetic Division: release Ach destroyed by acetylcholinesterase very quickly = short-lived local responses
b) Sympathetic Division: diffuse interconnected longer-acting response (cool down after stressor) | | 108 |
| 8030661664 | Brain stem | a) Medulla: cardiac & vasomotor centers
b) Pons & Medulla: respiratory center | | 109 |
| 8030664686 | Hypothalamic controls | main Integration center of ANS
a) Examples: controls heart activity, blood pressure, body temperature, water balance, endocrine activity, emotional state, biological drives | | 110 |
| 8030669360 | Cortical controls | thoughts of frightening event (heart rate increase - a sympathetic response) or thought of a favorite food (mouth waters - a parasympathetic response) | | 111 |
| 8030671553 | Biofeedback | methods to control or alter some "involuntary" function by concentrating on calming, pleasant thoughts | | 112 |
