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AP Chemistry Vocabulary Flashcards

5614289921	Absorbance	Light that does not pass through a solution A = abc	0
5614305630	Activation Energy	Minimum energy needs to be added to a system in order for the chemical reaction to occur	1
5614312496	Alpha Particle	He2+ 2 protons, mass number = 4, 2+ charge Highly ionizing particle; Low energy	2
5614319844	Anion	Negatively charge ion	3
5614324282	Arrhenius Acid	Donates a H+ ion	4
5614331602	Arrhenius Base	Donates a OH- ion	5
5614336842	Atom	Smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element	6
5614342191	Atomic Mass	Average of all naturally occurring isotopes	7
5614348750	Atomic Number	Number of protons; defines the atom	8
5614353354	Beta Particle	-1 proton, mass number =0; medium ionizing ability, medium energy	9
5614359160	Boiling	Phase change from a liquid to a gas	10
5614364191	Bronsted-Lowry Acid	Donates a proton, H+	11
5614369642	Bronsted-Lowry Base	Accepts a proton, H+	12
5614374319	Calorimetry	Means of measuring the heat gained/ lost by a system during a chemical reaction	13
5614381100	Catalyst	Lowers the activation energy. Not a reactant. Not a product	14
5614385518	Cation	Positively charged ion	15
5614390609	Chemical Equilibrium	Rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction	16
5614397412	Condensation	Phase change from a gas to a liquid	17
5614402418	Conversion Factor	Allows for the conversion from one unit of measure to another	18
5614409661	Covalent Bond	Bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.	19
5614415218	Deposition	Phase change from a gas to a solid	20
5614421218	Dipole-Dipole	Permanent IMF present in polar molecules	21
5614430328	Direct Relationship	Relationship between two variables where when one changes, the other changes in the same manner	22
5614437883	Dissociate	To break into ions	23
5614444638	Dissolve	To break into smaller pieces	24
5614451741	Distillation	Process of separating liquids based on differences in boiling temperatures	25
5614458952	Double Bond	Two shared pairs of electrons	26
5614463691	Electrolyte	Dissociates into charge particles which are capable of conducting electricity	27
5614468871	Electrolytic Cell	Redox reaction that is not spontaneous	28
5614476803	Electron Affinity	Energy released when an atom gains an electron	29
5614481086	Electron	Negatively charged particle. Charge = -1, Mass ~0amu. Located in the orbitals surrounding the nucleus	30
5614488410	Electronegativity	The ability of an atom to attract electrons from another atom	31
5614493628	Empirical Formula	Lowest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound	32
5614498644	Exothermic	Energy is released by the system	33
5614504246	Filtrate	Liquid that passes through the filter paper	34
5614510111	Filtration	Process of separating a precipitate from its aqueous solution	35
5614518461	Formula Unit	Ionically bonded atoms	36
5614523489	Freezing	Phase change from a liquid to a solid	37
5614529667	Galvanic / Voltaic Cell	Redox reaction that is spontaneous	38
5614535741	Gamma Ray	0 protons, mass number = 0, Low ionizing ability, high energy	39
5614542445	Halogen	Elements in group 17. Form halides as ions	40
5614553602	Hydrogen Bonding	Strong dipole that results when H is bonded to F, O, or N	41
5614559041	Indirect relationship	Relationship between two variables where when one changes, the other changes in the opposite manner	42
5614563816	Insoluble	Does not dissolve in water	43
5614567632	Intermediate	Species produced in one step and consumed in another step	44
5614580060	Intermolecular Forces, IMF	Attractive forces between molecules	45
5614583285	Ion	Charge particle	46
5614589974	Ionic Bond	Bond formed by the transfer of 1 or more electrons from the least electronegative atom to the more electronegative atom	47
5614599760	Ionization Energy	Energy required to remove the outer electron from a gaseous atom	48
5614607093	Kinetic Energy	Energy of motion, temperature is a measure of KE	49
5615175278	Limiting Reactant	Reactant to runs out first thus limiting the amount of product that can be formed	50
5615184615	London Dispersion Forces	Temporary IMF caused by the movement of electrons	51
5615191106	Lone Pair	Unbonded electrons	52
5615198510	Mass Number	Mass of all protons and neutrons	53
5615201033	Melting	Phase change from a solid to a liquid	54
5615208199	Molar Mass	grams per 1 mol	55
5615213640	Molarity	moles of solute per liter of solution	56
5615219739	Molecular Formula	actual number of moles of each atom in a compound	57
5615227737	Molecule	Covalently bonded atoms	58
5615236463	Neutron	Neutral particle. No charge. Mass = 1amu, Located in the nucleus	59
5615243258	Noble Gas	Group 18 on the PT. Each has 8 valence electrons. Nonreactive	60
5615245906	Orbital	Regions of probability where electrons are located. Each orbital can contain up to 2 electrons	61
5615254278	Oxidation Number	A charge assigned to an atom that represents that charge it would have if it contained and ionic bond. Are written as charge value, +4, -6, +2	62
5615264856	Oxidation	Process of losing electrons which increases the oxidation number	63
5615269997	Percent Error	Absolute value (Theoretical - Experimental) / Theoretical) x 100%	64
5615275989	Percent Yield	(Quantity produced / Theoretical Amount) x 100%	65
5615280828	Precipitate	Solid matter that forms from the reaction of two aqueous solutions	66
5615286163	Principle Energy Level	n= 1 means first energy level. They contain sublevels	67
5615291618	Proton	Positively charged particle. Charge = +1, Mass = 1amu, Located in the nucleus	68
5615296879	Reduction	Process of gaining electrons which reduces the oxidation number	69
5615303908	Significant Figures	Those digits that carry meaning contributing to its precision	70
5615311300	Single Bond	One shared pair of electrons	71
5615317265	Soluble	Dissolves in water	72
5615323019	Solute	The species that gets dissolved to form a solution	73
5615331237	Solution	Solute and solvent	74
5615336381	Solvent	The species that does the dissolving to form a solution	75
5615341227	Specific Heat	Energy required to raise 1 gram of a substance 1C	76
5615346945	Strong Acid	Dissociates 100% to produce H+	77
5615351500	Strong Base	Dissociates 100% to produce OH-	78
5615359632	Sublevel	s, p, d, and f. defines the shape	79
5615365967	Sublimation	Phase change from a solid to a gas	80
5615371936	Surroundings	This refers to everything outside of the system	81
5615375992	System	This refers to the reaction	82
5615380231	Transmittance	Light that passes through a solution	83
5615385680	Triple Bond	Three shared pairs of electrons	84
5615392911	Valence electrons	Outer electrons which are available for bonding	85
5615400436	Weak Acid or Base	Dissociates very little. Remains mostly in its molecular form	86
5615406242	Molality	kg solute / Liter of Solvent	87
5615428139	JJ Thomson	Discovered the e-	88
5615430289	Goldstein	Discovered the P	89
5615432669	Chadwick	Discovered the N	90
5615435307	Rutherford	Theorized the nuclear model of the atom	91
5615448664	Coulombic Attraction	Force of attraction as protons pull electrons inward	92
5615499806	Ideal Gas Law	PV=nRT	93
5615503309	Enthalpy	Delta H - (endo/exo)	94
5615570865	Entropy	Delta S - (disorder/order)	95
5615577360	Gibbs Free Energy	Energy available to do work	96
5615582531	Hvap	Energy required to change 1 mol (l) to (g)	97
5615590430	Hfus	energy required to change 1 mol (s) to (l)	98
5638643584	Endothermic	Energy is gained by the system	99
9659830608	Salt	Strong Electrolyte (see vocab)	100
9659831952	Alkali	Group I	101
9659833123	Alkaline Earth Metals	Group II	102
9659837921	Molality	Mol solute / kg solvent	103
9659838801	Raoult's Law	Ptotal = XP (A and P are in terms of the solvent)	104
9659841690	Graham's Law of Effusion	rate is inversly proportional to the SQRT MM	105
9659843564	Granametric Analysis	analytical technique which involves measuring mass	106
9659848846	Equivalence Point	Mol Acid = Mol Base	107
9659850606	1/2 Equivalence Point	1/2 Acid (or base) has been converted to its conjugate	108
9659853119	Conjugate Acid	What the base becomes after accepting a H+	109
9659854813	Conjugate Base	What the acid becomes after losing a H+	110
9659860661	Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure	P total = P1 + P2 + P3+....	111
9659866946	Kinetic Molecular Theory	Gas particles act independently - 4 postulates	112
9659865826	Idea Gas	Behaves according to KMT	113
9659875263	Enthalpy of Formation, Delta Hf	Energy required to form ONE mole of a substance	114
9659879858	Quanta	A discreet amount of energy	115
9659882210	Ground State	Aufbau's Law - most stable configuration for electrons	116
9659884148	Excited State	Electron(s) can jump to higher energy levels	117
9659886669	Paramagnetic	Attracted to a magnet (e- not paired)	118
9659888754	Diamagnetic	Not attracted to a magnet (all e- paired)	119
9659893128	Lattice Energy	Q1Q2/ r^2	120
9659895338	Formal Charge	FC= Val e- - [lone pair e- + 1/2 bonded e-]	121
9659899109	Bond Energy	Measure of the strength of a covalent bond	122
9659902865	Sigma Bond	Shared pair of e- between 2 nucei (single and first of double and triple bond)	123
9659907033	Pi Bond	Shared pair of e- above & below the molecule (second and third bond)	124
9659912839	Phase Daigram	Conditions of T and P in which a solid, loquid and gas can exist	125
9659915976	Triple Point	Point in a Phase Diagram where all three phases are in equilibrium	126
9659917248	Critical Point	Temp above which the gas cannot be converted back to a liquid	127
9659922853	Miscible	Solvent and Solute dissolve completely (water and ethanol)	128
9659925156	Immiscible	Solvent and Solute do NOT dissolve completely (oil and water)	129
9659934298	Vapor Pressure	Pressure that must be achieved by a liquid in a closed container to achieve equilibrium between the liquid and gas phases	130
9659938923	Nonvolatile	Does not have a measurable vapor pressure	131
9659940928	Van Hoff't Factor (i)	Number of moles of IONS that a compound will dissociated into	132
9659945830	Rate	Change in Molarity / Change in Time	133
9659946583	Reaction Mechanism	Series of elementary steps which when added together equals the overall reaction	134
9659948412	Rate Determining Step	Slow step in a mechanism - has the same rate law as the overall reaction	135
9659954039	Molecularity	Number of moles reacting in an elemenary step	136
9659958378	LeChatelier's Principle	Whan a system at equilibrium is stressed, the rxn will shift to achieve a new equilibrium position	137
9659962004	Mass Action Expression, Equilibrium Expression	[Products]^coeff / [React]^coeff	138
9659969134	Equilibrium Constant, K	[Products]^coeff / [React]^coeff	139
9659970270	Ka	Acid Equilibrium constant	140
9659971024	Kb	Base Equilibrium constant	141
9659971762	Kw	Autoionization of water; Ka x Kb = Kw (1 x 10^-14)	142
9659975559	Amphoteric	Substance that can act as either and acid or a base	143
9659980929	Percent Ionization	Change / originial concentration X 100%	144
9659984746	Solubility Product, Ksp	Equilibrium constant for the solubility of a solid	145
9659987696	Molar Solubility , s	mole of ppt that dissolve / liter of solution	146
9659995147	Malleable	Can be hammered flat (Mashable)	147
9659996521	Ductile	Can be drawn into a wire	148
9659997291	Metallic Bond	Sea of electrons (delocalized)	149
9659999845	Delocalized Electrons	Electrons what are not bond to a particular nucleus	150
9660003550	Binding Energy	Attaction of the e- to the nucleus	151
9660007546	Isotope	Same #P, different # N C-12, C-14 ; chemically similar	152
9660009445	Isomer	Same chemical formula - atoms are bonded differently; chemically different	153

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ap Flashcards

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4868501184	toponym	name given to a portion of earths surface	0
4868501185	site	physical character of a place	1
4868501186	situation	location of a place relative to other places	2
4868501187	meridian	arc drawn on a map between the north and south poles	3
4868503956	prime meridian	meridian, designated as 0 degrees longitude, that passes though greenwich, england	4

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AP Biology: Cell Communication Flashcards

Cell Communication
Vocabulary: signal transduction pathway, quorum sensing, hormones, protein kinase, protein phosphatase, G proteins, cyclic AMP, first messengers, second messengers, signal amplification, apoptosis, paracrine signaling, synaptic signaling, hormonal signaling
1. Know the three stages of Cell Signaling:
a. Reception - receptors in the plasma membrane, intracellular receptors
b. Transduction - signal transduction pathways, phosphorylation and dephosporylation, second messengers
c. Response - nuclear and cytoplasmic responses; protein synthesis, ion channels, cell shape
2. Describe the relationship between signal molecules and cell surface receptors, and give examples of each.
3. Describe G-protein-linked receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, and explain the role of each in receiving chemical signals and initiating signal transduction pathways.
4. Describe a signal transduction pathway and explain how this multi-step process can amplify the signal and lead to a cellular response.
5. Understand that different kinds of cells have different collections of proteins (p.221) and how this affects the response of a particular cell to a specific signaling molecule.
6. Define apoptosis and describe its importance and function(s) in an organism.

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6075096478	amplification	The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction.	0
6075096479	apoptosis	A program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die.	1
6075096480	cytoplasm	The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane.	2
6075096481	epinephrine	water soluble ligand molecule; A catecholamine that, when secreted by the adrenal medulla, mediates "fight-or-flight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline.	3
6075096482	G protein	A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell.	4
6075096483	gap junction	A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells.	5
6075096484	glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	6
6075096485	ligand	A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule; often first step in cell communication. Water soluble ligands typically do not enter cell. Lipid soluble ligands (such as steroids) do enter the cell.	7
6075096486	ligand-gated ion channel	A protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to A signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions.	8
6075096487	local regulator	A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted. Used in paracrine and synaptic signaling.	9
6075096488	protein kinase	An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein.	10
6075096489	protein phosphatase	An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.	11
6075096490	receptor tyrosine kinase	A receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Receptor tyrosine kinases often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer. The phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell.	12
6075096491	scaffolding protein	A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction.	13
6075096492	second messenger	A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein.	14
6075096493	signal transduction	The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response.	15
6075096494	signal transduction pathway	A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response. There are four types that we studied: g-protein linked reception; hormonal reception; receptor tyrosine kinase reception; pathways using second messengers (cAMP; calcium ions).	16
6075096495	testosterone	A steroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals. Pathway illustrates the mechanism for all steroid hormones.	17
6075096496	transcription factor	A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. The hormone-receptor complex becomes a transcription factor in the steroid transduction pathway.	18
6075096497	three stages of cell communication	reception - receptor responds to binding of ligand molecule; transduction - translation and amplification of message; response - activation of cellular response	19
6075096498	g-linked protein receptor	receives message for g-linked protein signaling pathway. Consists of seven alpha helices that span the plasma membrane. Changes shape when ligand molecule binds.	20
6075096499	signal transduction pathway	The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.	21
6075096500	local regulators	These regulators influence cells in the vicinity of them.	22
6075096501	hormones	Circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells.	23
6075096502	ligand	A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one.	24
6075096503	protein kinase	The enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein.	25
6075096504	protein phosphatases	Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins.	26
6075096505	second messengers	Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion.	27
6075096506	reception	The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.	28
6075096507	transduction	The binding of the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way.	29
6075096508	response	The transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response.	30
6075096509	G-protein-linked receptor	A plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G-protein.	31
6075096510	receptor tyrosine kinase	A receptor with enzymatic activity that can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping the cell regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and reproduction.	32
6075096511	ligand-gated ion channel	Type of membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape.	33

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AP Literature Vocab Flashcards

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8387512657	Profligate	recklessly extravagant or wasteful in the use of resources	0
8387521424	Eschatological	the part of theology concerned with death, judgment, and the final destiny of the soul and of humankind.	1
8387526271	Sardonic	grimly mocking or cynical.	2
8387526272	Fallacy	a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument.	3
8387526273	Erudite	having or showing great knowledge or learning.	4
8387529678	Arduous	involving or requiring strenuous effort; difficult and tiring.	5
8387529679	Paean	a song of praise or triumph.	6
8387534327	Idyllic	(especially of a time or place) like an idyll; extremely happy, peaceful, or picturesque.	7
8387534328	Syntax		8
8387534329	Ironic		9
8387538444	Parochial	having a limited or narrow outlook or scope.	10
8387538445	Ascetic		11
8387538446	Apostrophe		12
8387543054	Ephemeral		13
8387547686	Onomatopoeia		14
8387547687	Understatement		15
8387547688	Stasis		16
8387552985	Hyperbole		17
8387558580	Synecdoche		18
8387565537	Anachronism	a thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, especially a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned.	19
8387565538	Metaphor		20
8387565539	Simile		21
8387570329	Paradox		22
8387570330	Antithesis	a figure of speech in which an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by parallelism of words that are the opposites of, or strongly contrasted with, each other, such as "hatred stirs up strife, but love covers all sins".	23
8387570331	Diction		24
8387570332	COnceit		25
8387574637	Allusion		26
8387574638	Metonymy	the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing.	27
8387574639	Hubris		28
8387578066	Juxtaposition	the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.	29

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AP World History Chap 6&7 Vocab Flashcards

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4902174073	monsoon	Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.	0
4902176710	Vedas	Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down.	1
4902179157	caste system	a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society	2
4902182135	karma	The belief that actions in this life, whether good or bad, will decide your place in the next life.	3
4902184974	moksha	The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.	4
4902188574	Buddha	Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.	5
4902194564	Mahayana Buddhism	"Great Vehicle" branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment.	6
4902198902	Theravada Buddhism	"Way of the Elders" branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Theravada remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods and emphasizes austerity and the individual's search for enlightenment.	7
4902202647	Hindusim	a diverse body of religion, philosophy, and cultural practice native to and predominant in India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and supreme being of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth, and by a desire for liberation from the earthly evils.	8
4902209726	Mauryan Empire	The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.	9
4902211921	Ashoka	Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing.	10
4902215139	Mahabharta	One of the great epic poems of India that reflects the struggles of the Aryans as they moved south into India, explaining the importance of Dharma.	11
4902219859	Bhagavad Gita	The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit.	12
4902224021	Gupta Empire	Powerful Indian state based in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Often associated with a Golden Age of classical India.	13
4902232430	Funan	An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E. It was centered in the rich rice-growing region of southern Vietnam, and it controlled the passage of trade across the Malaysian isthmus.	14
4902234711	Silk Road	An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 6,440 km (4,000 mi) and linking China with the Roman Empire. Marco Polo followed the route on his journey to Cathay.	15
4902236179	Parthians	Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E.	16
4902257702	Sasanid Empire	The last of pre-Islamic Persian Empire, from 224 to 651 CE. One of the two main powers in Western Asia and Europe alongside the Roman Empire and later the Byzantine Empire for a period of more than 400 years	17
4902266042	stirrup	device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling him to wield weapons more effectively. First evidence of the use of stirrups was among the Kushan people of northern Afghanistan in approximately the first century C.E.	18
4902275739	Indian Ocean Maritime System	made possible by transactions between the Mediterranean Basin and the Indian Ocean Basin. Allowed for cheaper transportation and the increased abundance of products that could be shipped.	19
4912223637	trans-Saharan caravan routes	Islamic trade in West Africa was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size was a thousand camels per caravan, with some being as large as 12,000.	20
4912230792	sub-Saharan Africa	Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara.	21
4912236037	steppes	Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military.	22
4912238152	savanna	An area of grassland with scattered trees and bushes	23
4912243481	tropical rain forests	characterized by the greatest diversity of species, believed to include many undiscovered species. Occur near the equator. Soils tend to be low in nutrients. Distinct seasonality: winter is absent, and only two seasons are present (rainy and dry).	24
4912246705	Bantu	A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.	25
4912249040	Armenia	One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia (east of Turkey today) and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. The Ottoman Empire is accused of systematic mass killings of Armenians in the early 20th century.	26
4912251250	Ethiopia	A Christian kingdom that developed in the highlands of eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalaibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expansion elsewhere in Africa	27

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AP World History Period 1-SRS Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

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7503448936	Hunting and Gathering	Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization	0
7503448937	Civilization	Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups	1
7503448938	Neolithic	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	2
7503448939	Nomads	Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	3
7503448940	Culture	Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction	4
7503448941	Agricultural revolution	Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture	5
7503448942	Pastoralism	A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies	6
7503448944	Bronze Age	From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing	7
7503448945	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	8
7503448946	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states	9
7503448947	Cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	10
7503448948	City-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	11
7503448949	Ziggurats	Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections	12
7503448950	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	13
7503448951	Hammurabi	The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law	14
7503448952	Pharaoh	The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs	15
7503448953	Pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	16
7503448954	Hieroglyphs	Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform	17
7503448955	Kush	African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	18
7503448956	Monotheism	The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization	19
7503448957	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	20
7503448958	Harappa and Mohenjo Daro	Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	21
7503448959	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization	22
7503448960	Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin	Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	23
7503448961	Shang	1st Chinese dynasty	24
7503448962	Oracles	Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing	25
7503448963	Ideographic writing	Pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing	26
7503448964	Paleolithic	The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	27
7503448965	Egalitarian	Believing in the equality of all peoples	28
7503448966	Neolithic Revolution	Global conversion to agriculture over hunter-gatherer lifestyles	29
7503448967	Patriarchy	A system of inequality organized around gender categories that privileges males	30

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AP World History: Ch. 23 Asian Transition in an Age of Global Change, Pt. 1 Flashcards

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5957830702	Caravels	Slender, long-hulled vessels used by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia.	0
5957830703	Asian sea trading network	Divided, from West to East, into three zones prior to the European arrival; an Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian zone with cotton textiles; and a Chinese zone with paper, porcelain, and silks	1
5957830704	West Trading Zone	Arab zone anchored in glass, carpets and tapestries from the Islamic heartlands.	2
5957830705	Central Trading Zone	Rooted in India with cotton textiles.	3
5957830706	East Trading Zone	Rooted in China with paper, porcelain, and silk textiles.	4
5957830707	Spices	Trade item with broadest demand and highest prices.	5
5957830708	Coasting	Mode of navigation whereby ships would stay close to the shoreline charting distances by local towns and landmarks.	6
5957830709	Mercantilists	Proponents of mercantilism; an economic theory that gave central importance to maintaining a positive balance of trade with other nations.	7
5957830710	Ormuz	Portuguese establishment at the southern end of the Persian Gulf; a major trading base.	8
5957830711	Goa	Indian city developed by the Portuguese as a major Indian Ocean base; developed an important Indo-European population.	9
5957830712	Malacca	Important trade location at the tip of the Malayan peninsula captured by the Portuguese.	10
5957830713	Factories	European trading fortresses and compounds with resident merchants; used throughout the Portuguese trading empire to ensure secure landing places and commerce.	11
5957830714	Batavia	Dutch establishment on Java; created in 1620.	12
5957830715	Dutch Trading Empire	Dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products.	13
5957830716	Luzon	Island of the northern Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560s; site of a major Catholic missionary effort.	14
5957830717	Mindanao	Island of the southern Philippines; a Muslim area able to successfully resist Spanish conquest.	15
5957830718	Tribute Regimes	System of oversight set up by Europeans as they went ashore in the early centuries of expansion.	16
5957830719	Francis Xavier	Franciscan missionary who worked in India during the 1540s among outcast and lower-caste groups; later worked in Japan.	17
5957830720	Robert di Nobili	Italian Jesuit active in India during the early 1600s; failed in a policy of converting indigenous elites first.	18

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AP Psychology - Personality Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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9205804310	personality	an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	0
9205804311	free association	in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.	1
9205804312	psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.	2
9205804313	unconscious	according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.	3
9205804314	id	a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.	4
9205804315	ego	the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.	5
9205804316	superego	the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.	6
9205804317	psychosexual stages	the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.	7
9205804318	Oedipus complex	according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.	8
9205804319	identification	the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.	9
9205804320	fixation	(1) the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. (2) according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.	10
9205804321	defense mechanisms	in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.	11
9205804322	repression	basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness	12
9205804323	regression	allows us to retreat to an earlier, more infantile stage of development	13
9205804324	reaction formation	the ego unconsciously makes unacceptable impulses look like their opposites	14
9205804325	projection	disguises threatening impulses by attributing them to others	15
9205804326	rationalization	occurs when we unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations to hide from ourselves the real reasons for our actions	16
9205804327	displacement	diverts sexual or aggressive impulses toward an object or person that is psychologically more acceptable than the one that aroused the feelings	17
9205804328	sublimation	the transformation of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motivations	18
9205804329	denial	protects the person from real events that are painful to accept, either by rejecting a fact or its seriousness	19
9205804330	collective unconscious	a common reservoir of images derived from our species' universal experiences	20
9205804331	projective test	a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics	21
9205804332	Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)	a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes	22
9205804333	Rorschach inkblot test	the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.	23
9205804334	self-actualization	according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.	24
9205804335	unconditional positive regard	a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.	25
9205804336	self-concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"	26
9205804337	trait	a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.	27
9205804338	personality inventory	a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.	28
9205804339	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)	the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.	29
9205804340	empirically derived test	a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.	30
9205804341	social-cognitive perspective	views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.	31
9205804342	reciprocal determinism	the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.	32
9205804343	personal control	the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.	33
9205804344	external locus of control	the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.	34
9205804345	internal locus of control	the perception that you control your own fate.	35
9205804346	positive psychology	the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.	36
9205804347	self	in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.	37
9205804348	spotlight effect	overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).	38
9205804349	self-esteem	one's feelings of high or low self-worth.	39
9205804350	self-serving bias	a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.	40
9205804351	individualism	giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.	41
9205804352	collectivism	giving priority to goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.	42
9205804353	learned helplessness	A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control.	43
9205804354	Terror-management theory	a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death	44