Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7390446437 | Hunter Gatherers | - Hunters = hunts for animals (usually men) - Gathers= gather plants (women) - Hunting would be hard so men would do it but gathering was a more reliable source because there was always something to gather -Hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either plants or animals | 0 | |
| 7390451718 | Pastoralism | relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle (e.g. pastoral peoples) - raising livestock -caring and tending animals | 1 | |
| 7390458293 | Neolithic/Agriculture Revolution | "New Stone Age" Agriculture revolution= shift to farming and agriculture, domestication of animals began in the fertile crescent agriculture revolution happened to prevent famine and recover from catastrophe | 2 | |
| 7390460674 | Plow/Plough | - 4000 BCE started using ox-drawn plows to turn over the earth - attached funnel dropped a carefully measured amount of seed into the furrow - Barley main cereal crop=ability to tolerate heat, dry conditions and withstand the salt drawn to the surface by evaporation - replenish nutriens= fields left unplanted every other year - more food nutrients | 3 | |
| 7401373294 | Migration | Moving to a different area because of economic, political or social reasons | 4 | |
| 7401346837 | Migration (push factors) | Bad neighbourhood natural disasters low water recourses pollution family crime, drugs invasion | 5 | |
| 7390469589 | Metallurgy | refining ores containing copper and alloying them with arsenic or tin to make bronze. | 6 | |
| 7390465931 | Migration (pull factors) | better food better schools better housing safer town weather low taxes | 7 | |
| 7390473375 | Woven textiles | centre asia | 8 | |
| 7390475542 | Wheeled Vehicle | middle east | 9 | |
| 7390475558 | Domestication | the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans | 10 | |
| 7390478309 | Pottery | 11 | ||
| 7390478310 | Bantu | 12 | ||
| 7390484257 | Mesopotamia | - Sumerians- first to have lived there - shared the same culture, developed own govern. had own rules - own "country" - ruled by priests - ziggurat- the place of worship, the center of the city - polytheistic - cuneiform - their early writing - Tigris and Euphrates rivers Order of civilization 1. Sumerians 2. Akkandians (first empire) 3. Assyrians 4. Babylonians 5. Hittites 6. Kassites - "land between the rivers" - Hammurabi's code | 13 | |
| 7390484258 | Sumerians | First to live there (period of written evidence) 5000 BCE or even earlier Created framework of civilization culture: irrigation, cuneiform, religious conceptions dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium, taken over by third Semitic successors the lecture was translated | 14 | |
| 7390489656 | Epic of Gilgamesh | An epic from of Mesopotamia and among the earliest known works of literary writing | 15 | |
| 7390492959 | Hammurabi's Code | -military campaigns -inscribed on a polished black stone pillar, provided judges with a lengthy set of examples illustrating principles to use in deciding cases -severe physical punishments -not infrequent the death penalty - Reflected three social divisions a. the free, landowning classes, which included royalty, high ranking officials, warriors, priests, merchants, and some artisans and shopkeepers b. The class of dependent farmers and artisans, whose legal attachment to royal, temple, or private estates made them the primary rural work force c. the class of slaves, primarily employed in domestic service. - penalties depended on the class of the criminal, most severe punishment for a lower class (set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating him to be the 18th century BC, earliest legal code known in its entirety) | 16 | |
| 7390495149 | Ziggurats | - Massive pyramids - multi-story, mud-brick, pyramid shaped - tower approached by ramps and status - the function is unknown - associated with religious complexes | 17 | |
| 7390495150 | Egypt | - Nile river, desert, schedule flooding - rich soil --> silt - Bureaucracy and control over nearby water sources Hierarchy 1. Pharaoh 2. Priests 3. Nobles 4. Peasants 5. Slaves - Slave controlled population - Egypt similar to Olmec - women had more rights - Nile source of communication to Egyptians - isolated | 18 | |
| 7390500274 | Pharaoh | - "place" - God sent to earth to maintain ma'at, the divinely authorized order of the universe. - the indispensable link between his people and the gods and his benevolent rule ensured the welfare and prosperity of the country - Central figure - the manifestation of gods - absolute power | 19 | |
| 7390505659 | Mummification | -Egyptians used this when someone died -Death journey beset with hazards -Book of death= present in many evacuated tombs, had rituals/spells to protect spirit through journey -Last challenge = travel through underworld, determine if deserves ultimate blessed destination - buried body in hot, dry sand (early practice) -Elite classes mummification = Vital organs removed, preserved in stone jars laid around dead body, body cavities filled with various packing material, placed in one or more decorated wooden caskets, deposited tomb - type of tomb= wealth/status - common people=simple pit graves of small mud bricks chambers -privleged= large tombs -kings= pyramids, chamber containing body and treasures, curses and magical precautions for robbers - built end of the desert to not cover farmland, tombs had pictures, food, everyday objects for the afterlife -shawabtis= small figurines - shawabits were in tombs in place of servants for the afterlife -elite classes- attached chapels, left endowments to subsidize the daily attendance of a priest, foodstuffs to sustain in the afterlife | 20 | |
| 7390509473 | Indus Valley | - shift from nomadic to sedimentary, agriculture lifestyle (Aryans) - Undecipherable writing - Waste water sewer and management system (advanced tech.) - invasion from Khyber Pass - possible ecological reasons - monsoons - unpredictable weather - 1750= rapid decline (mysterious ending) - Indus and Ganges river - yearly floods - polytheistic -Himalayan mount. to north | 21 | |
| 7390513725 | Mohenjo Daro | - 5000 BCE - Largest of cities - complex city structure - twin capitals - defense walls and storage of grain - houses built of cement and bricks - Large streets, market places, temples, public buildings, mud bricks -produced major urban centers - drainpipes carried waste away - a strong center of authority - Dominates the great floodplain of the Indus - central planning | 22 | |
| 7390513726 | Harrapa | - 5000 BCE - the site of one of the great cities of the Indus of the third millennium - located northwest - complex city structure - twin capitals - defense walls and storage of grain - houses built of cement and bricks - Large streets, market places, temples, public buildings, mud bricks - produced major center - 3,5 circumference - population 35,000 - drainpipes carried away waste - a strong center of authority - 500 miles to north - the frontier between farmland and herding land - served as a '"gateway" forraw material procuring copper, tin, and precious stones of the northwest - coastal towns in the south gathered fish and highly prized seashells and engaged in seaborne trade with the Persian Gulf. | 23 | |
| 7390519373 | Rivers | Mesopotamia - Tigris and Euphrates rivers | |----> Fertile Crescent= Silt ( bad flooding) Egypt - Nile river | |---> Rich soil (heavily relied on it), yearly flooding Indus Valley - Indus and Ganges rivers | |----> yearly floods, course of river would change, fertile Indus flood plain China - Yellow and Yangzi (sarrow)river | |--->Disastrous flooding Olmec and Chivan - No major river | 24 | |
| 7390521530 | China | - the center of the world - Xia (legend mythological dynasty) * Emperor yu | | |--> math, engineer | |----> no military |-------> irrigation - oracle bones -Mandate of Heaven - Warring period - Yellow and Yangzi rivers - disastrous flooding - isolated - building= dried mud and wooden post western ZHOU - chose the position based on birth | 25 | |
| 7390521531 | Shang | - first dynasty almost 2000 BCE - Not a unified chinse state - ruler and relative gave orders through - - a network of cities - the earliest evidence of chinses writing - strong military - longest dynasty - sophisticated writing - oracle bones - Bronze | 26 | |
| 7390527171 | Ancestor Veneration | - the concept that decreased elders rule and controlled destinies - worship of ancestors, ancestors were gods, and communication | 27 | |
| 7390530724 | Mandate of Heaven | - An ancient Chinese belief that heaven granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well, appropriately and fairly - developed by Zhou - if ruler failed power would be taken away by gods - the prerogative of Heaven | 28 | |
| 7390534074 | Sericulture | 29 | ||
| 7390537253 | Oracle Bones | - Turtle shells and/or bones of animals would be inscribed - a form of communication between Shang Di and Gods/spirits | 30 | |
| 7390537254 | Olmec | - lack of major river - calendar = tracking religious festivals - polytheistic similar to Chavin | 31 | |
| 7390539599 | Chavin | - lack of major river -polytheist | 32 | |
| 7390539600 | Quipu | 33 | ||
| 7390544514 | Vedic Religion | India | 34 | |
| 7390547000 | Rig Veda | 35 | ||
| 7390548945 | Brahmins | china | 36 | |
| 7390553292 | Zoroatrianism | 37 | ||
| 7391959073 | Judaism | the Torah | 38 |
Flashcards
AP Language Lexicon Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7567099304 | Pathos | Greek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience. | 0 | |
| 7567099305 | Logos | Greek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeals logos, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up. | 1 | |
| 7567110607 | Ethos | Greek word for "character." Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak to you on a given topic. Ethos is established by both who you are and what you say. | 2 | |
| 7567119419 | Zeugma | Use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings. | 3 | |
| 7567122822 | Personification | Attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or idea. | 4 | |
| 7567128304 | Ad hominem | Latin for "to the man," this fallacy refers to the specific diversionary tactic of switching the argument from the issue at hand to the character of the other speaker. | 5 | |
| 7567133242 | Ad populum | Latin for "to the people," this fallacy occurs when evidence used to defend an argument boils down to "everybody's doing it, so it must be a good thing to do." | 6 | |
| 7567139863 | Thesis | A statement of theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved. | 7 | |
| 7567148721 | Anecdote | A brief story used to illustrate a point or claim. | 8 | |
| 7567152582 | Deduction | A logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise). The process is usually demonstrated in the form of syllogism. | 9 | |
| 7567161651 | Induction | From the latin "inducere" or "to lead into," this is a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization. | 10 | |
| 7567170763 | Syllogism | A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion. | 11 | |
| 7567175561 | Oxymoron | A paradox made up of two seemingly contradictory on the surface but delivers an ironic truth. | 12 | |
| 7567180367 | Anaphora | Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of a successive phrases, clauses, or lines. | 13 | |
| 7567183421 | Metaphor | Figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as. | 14 | |
| 7567185822 | Metonymy | Figure of speech in which something is represented by another thing that is related to it or emblematic of it. | 15 | |
| 7567190411 | Imagery | A description of how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, or sounds. Imagery may use literal or figurative language to appeal to the senses. | 16 | |
| 7567197648 | Counterargument | An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a counterargument, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation. | 17 | |
| 7567203109 | Rhetoric | Aristotle defined rhetoric as "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience. | 18 | |
| 7567210817 | Simile | A figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using the words like, as , or through. | 19 | |
| 7567214963 | Repetition | A literary device used to draw the reader's attention to a specific thought or idea. | 20 | |
| 7567221709 | SOAPS | A mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation. | 21 | |
| 7567226277 | Diction | A speaker's choice or words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message. | 22 | |
| 7567228757 | Syntax | The arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. This includes word order and the length and structure of sentences. | 23 | |
| 7567234436 | Red herring | A type of logical fallacy wherein the speaker relies on distraction to derail an argument, usually by skipping go a new or irrelevant topic. The term derives from the dried fish that trainers used to distract dogs when teaching them to hunt foxes. | 24 | |
| 7567241768 | Passive voice | A sentence employs this when the subject doesn't act but rather is acted on. | 25 | |
| 7567245774 | Aristotelian triangle | A diagram that illustrates the inter-relationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text. | 26 | |
| 7567256556 | Active reading | Actively examining a text in its sentence structure, vocabulary, imagery, and figurative language. | 27 | |
| 7567261736 | Fallacy | Potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an argument. They often arise from a failure to make a logical connection between the claim and the evidence used to support it. | 28 | |
| 7567265419 | Synecdoche | Figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole. | 29 | |
| 7567269671 | Trope | Artful diction; from the greek word for "turning," a figure of speech such as metaphor, simile, hyperbole, metonymy, or synecdoche. | 30 | |
| 7567273842 | Complex sentence | A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. | 31 | |
| 7567276134 | Compound sentence | A sentence that includes at least two independent clauses. | 32 | |
| 7567279854 | Subordination | The use of a subordinating conjunction to make the meaning of one clause dependent on another clause. | 33 | |
| 7567285317 | Independent clause | A whole thought; a sentence. | 34 | |
| 7567286635 | Dependent clause | An incomplete sentence; not a sentence (which, who, as, that, because, if) | 35 | |
| 7567296491 | Appositives | A noun or noun phrase that tells you more about a preceding noun, pronoun, or noun phrase. | 36 | |
| 7567305045 | Cumulative sentences | A sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on. | 37 | |
| 7567312257 | Periodic sentence | A sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end. | 38 | |
| 7567313640 | Inverted sentence | Inverted order of words in a sentence (deviation from the standard subject-verb-object order). | 39 | |
| 7567317734 | Subject | The person, place, or idea that is doing or being something. | 40 | |
| 7567325418 | Verb | A word that expresses an action or a state of being. | 41 | |
| 7567326689 | Direct object | A noun phrase denoting a person or thing that is the recipient of the action of transitive verb. | 42 | |
| 7567331945 | Indirect object | A noun phrase referring to someone or something that is affected by the action of a transitive verb. | 43 | |
| 7567335794 | Subject complement | The adjective, noun, or pronoun that follows a linking verb. | 44 | |
| 7567338789 | Predicate nominative | A word in the nominative case that completes a copulative verb, such as "son" in the sentence: "Charlie is my son." | 45 | |
| 7567338790 | Predicate adjective | An adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies the subject of the linking verb. | 46 | |
| 7567347734 | Coordination | Uses coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, or punctuation to combine short independent clauses into a single sentence. Implies the balance of elements that are of equal semantic value in the sentence. | 47 | |
| 7567355390 | Prepositional phrase | A modifying phrase consisting of a preposition and its object. | 48 | |
| 7567357968 | Participial phrase | A verbal ending in -ing or -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -ne that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun. | 49 | |
| 7567362360 | Adjective clause | A dependent clause that, like an adjective, modifies a noun or pronoun (that, when, where, who, whom, whose, which, and why). | 50 | |
| 7567365481 | Adverb clause | A group of words that function as an adverb (when, where, and why, how, how much and under what condition). | 51 | |
| 7567368915 | Gerund | A form that is derived from a verb but that functions as a noun, in English ending in -ing ("asking" in: "do you mind my asking you?") | 52 | |
| 7567373432 | Participle | A word formed from a verb and used as an adjective (going, gone, being, been). | 53 | |
| 7567378243 | Infinitive | The basic form of a verb (to sing, to dance, to walk). | 54 | |
| 7567381744 | Parallel structure | Similarity of a structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. | 55 | |
| 7567383408 | Antimetable | Repletion of words in reverse order. | 56 | |
| 7580561319 | Anthesis | Opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel structure: small step for man, giant leap for mankind | 57 |
AP Literature: Tone Words To Know Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7634098448 | Admiring | 0 | ||
| 7634098449 | Affectionate | 1 | ||
| 7634098450 | Afraid | 2 | ||
| 7634102798 | Ambivalent | To be uncertain about a choice | 3 | |
| 7634102799 | Angry | 4 | ||
| 7634103320 | Amused | 5 | ||
| 7634105087 | Apologetic | 6 | ||
| 7634105088 | Ashamed | 7 | ||
| 7634105089 | Audacious | 8 |
AP World History: Ch. 21 The Rise of Russia Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5762474778 | Ivan III (the Great) | Prince of the Duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar (caesar). | 0 | |
| 5762474779 | Ivan IV (the Terrible) | Confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture. | 1 | |
| 5762474780 | Cossacks | Peasant-adventurers with agricultural and military skills, recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia. | 2 | |
| 5762474781 | Time of Troubles | Early 17th-century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion following the death of Ivan IV, who died without an heir; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613. | 3 | |
| 5762474782 | Romanov Dynasty | Ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917. | 4 | |
| 5762474783 | Alexis Romanov | Second Romanov ruler; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox church. | 5 | |
| 5762474784 | Old Believers | Conservative Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia. | 6 | |
| 5762474785 | Peter I (the Great) | Tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models. | 7 | |
| 5762474786 | Catherine the Great | German-born Russian tsarina; combined selective receptivity to Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry. | 8 | |
| 5762474787 | Pugachev Rebellion | Unsuccessful peasant uprising led by Cossack Emelyan Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter. | 9 | |
| 5762474788 | Partition of Poland | Three separate divisions of Polish territory between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as an independent state. | 10 | |
| 5762474789 | Peter III | Inept husband of Catherine the Great who was found murdered opening the door for Catherine's rule. | 11 |
AP Psychology Vocab - Social Psychology Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5949853621 | Social Psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. |  | 0 |
| 5949853622 | Attribution Theory | the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition. |  | 1 |
| 5949853623 | Fundamental Attribution Error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. |  | 2 |
| 5949853624 | Attitude | feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events. |  | 3 |
| 5949853625 | Central Route Persuasion | attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts. |  | 4 |
| 5949853626 | Peripheral Route Persuasion | attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness. |  | 5 |
| 5949853627 | Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. |  | 6 |
| 5949853628 | Role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. |  | 7 |
| 5949853629 | Cognitive Dissonance Theory | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes. |  | 8 |
| 5949853630 | Conformity | adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. |  | 9 |
| 5949853631 | Normative Social Influence | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. |  | 10 |
| 5949853632 | Informational Social Influence | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. |  | 11 |
| 5949853633 | Social Facilitation | stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others. |  | 12 |
| 5949853634 | Social Loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. |  | 13 |
| 5949853635 | Deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity. |  | 14 |
| 5949853636 | Group Polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. |  | 15 |
| 5949853637 | Groupthink | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. |  | 16 |
| 5949853638 | Culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |  | 17 |
| 5949853639 | Norm | an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe "proper" behavior. |  | 18 |
| 5949853640 | Personal Space | the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies. |  | 19 |
| 5949853641 | Prejudice | an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. |  | 20 |
| 5949853642 | Stereotype | a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. |  | 21 |
| 5949853643 | Discrimination | (Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. |  | 22 |
| 5949853644 | Ingroup | "Us"—people with whom we share a common identity. |  | 23 |
| 5949853645 | Outgroup | "Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. |  | 24 |
| 5949853646 | Ingroup Bias | the tendency to favor our own group. |  | 25 |
| 5949853647 | Scapegoat Theory | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. |  | 26 |
| 5949853648 | Other-Race Effect | the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias |  | 27 |
| 5949853649 | Just-World Phenomenon | the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. |  | 28 |
| 5949853650 | Aggression | physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. |  | 29 |
| 5949853651 | Frustration-Aggression Principle | the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression. |  | 30 |
| 5949853652 | Mere Exposure Effect | the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them. |  | 31 |
| 5949853653 | Passionate Love | an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. |  | 32 |
| 5949853654 | Companionate Love | the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. |  | 33 |
| 5949853655 | Equity | a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. |  | 34 |
| 5949853656 | Self-Disclosure | revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. |  | 35 |
| 5949853657 | Altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others. |  | 36 |
| 5949853658 | Bystander Effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. |  | 37 |
| 5949853659 | Social Exchange Theory | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. |  | 38 |
| 5949853660 | Reciprocity Norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them. |  | 39 |
| 5949853661 | Social-Responsibility Norm | an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them. |  | 40 |
| 5949853662 | Conflict | a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. |  | 41 |
| 5949853663 | Social Trap | a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. |  | 42 |
| 5949853664 | Mirror-Image Perceptions | mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. |  | 43 |
| 5949853665 | Self Fulfilling Prophecy | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment |  | 44 |
| 5949853666 | Superordinate Goals | shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. |  | 45 |
| 5949853667 | Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT) | Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions. |  | 46 |
| 5949853668 | Diffusion of Responsibility | reduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others |  | 47 |
| 5949853669 | Ethnocentricism | evaluation of other cultures according to the standards and customs of one's own culture |  | 48 |
| 5949853670 | Compliance | Conforming to a request or demand |  | 49 |
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