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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

9418847625	Abstract	An abstract style (in writing) is typically complex, discusses intagible qualities like good and evil, and seldom uses examples to support its points.	0
9418847626	Academic	As an adjective describing style, this word means dry and theoretical writing. (When a piece of writing seems to be sucking all the life out of its subject with analysis, the writing is academic.)	1
9418894802	Accent/emphasis	In poetry, accent refers to the stressed portion of a word. In "To be, or not to be," accents fall on the first "be" and "not." It sounds silly any other way.	2
9418894803	Aesthetic(s)	Aesthetic can be used as an adjective meaning "appealing to the senses," Aesthetic judgement is a phrase synonymous with artistic judgement. As a noun, an aesthetic is a coherent sense of taste. The plural noun, aesthetics, is the study of beauty.	3
9418894804	Allegory	An allegory is a story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself. Many fables have allegorical quality.	4
9419200797	Inversion	Switching the customary order of elements in a sentence or phrase. (Like Yoda does!)	5
9419200798	Irony	Irony comes in a variety of forms; it can be a type of usually humorous expression in which you say the opposite of what you intend humorous expression in which you say the opposite of what you intend (verbal irony.)	6
9419200799	Lament	A passionate expression of grief or sorrow	7
9419200800	Lampoon	To publicly criticize someone or something by using ridicule, irony, or sarcasm.	8
9419200801	Lyric	A type of poetry that explores the poet's personal interpretation of and feeling about the world. When the word "lyric is used to describe tone, it refers to a sweet, emotional, melodiousness.	9
9419125890	Masculine Rhyme	A rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable	10
9419125891	Melodrama	A form of "cheesy" theater in which the hero is very, very good, the villain is very mean and rotten, and the hero nine is oh-so-pure.	11
9419125892	Metaphor and Simile	A metaphor is a comparison or analogy that states one thing IS another. His eyes were biting coals. A similar is like a metaphor but soften s the comparison by using LIKE or AS. His eyes were like burning coals.	12
9419066543	Metonymy	A word that is used to stand for something else with which it shares attributes or with which it is associated. For example, a herd of cows would be called 50 head of cattle.	13

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AP Literature Notes 2 Flashcards

Existentialism, Millerian Tragic Hero, Memory Play, Method Acting, Naturalism

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8322452558	What is existentialism?	Way of thinking applied to literature about how life is meaningless	0
8322452559	What are the components of existentialism?	1. Man's nature is defined by decisive action not latent disposition (man is an alien in an indifferent universe), 2. Uniqueness and isolation of individual experience is not only indifferent but hostile to man, 3. Man is born with a blank slate and is not born with intelligence or anything (tabula rosa), existence is unexplainable but has freedom of choice and decision making therefore life is absurd because life is meaningless	1
8322452560	What is the only certainty in existentialism?	You respond to life, live, and struggle	2
8322452561	What is not credited in existentialism?	Community, society, religion	3
8322452562	What is the paradox of existentialism?	We will struggle to find meaning in a meaningless existence	4
8322452563	What does existentialism focus on?	Existence before essence	5
8322452564	What is Naturalism?	Philosophy applied to literature about people not being able to control their choices, naturally controlled by animalistic urges	6
8322452565	What is a Millerian tragic hero?	1. We pity character because he is a common slob, 2. His flaws is that he has choices to make but makes the wrong ones but that there is still optimism since there are choices to be made, 3. Struggles between balancing portrayal of of suffering and joy, and 4. Does not solve problem, but beauty is that he is portraying everyday life	7
8362757691	What are the theatrical contributions of Williams?	1. Method acting-Emotions come from actors' past experiences, 2. Memory play- experiences calls arrest of time and the character relives the experience over and over until he learns, 3. Lights and music project to set mood and setting	8

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AP Literature Vocab Flashcards

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7242873001	Allegory	a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning	0
7242873002	Alliteration	Repetition of consonant sounds	1
7242873003	Allusion	an indirect reference	2
7242873004	Antagonist	A character or force in conflict with the main character	3
7242873005	Aside	A short remark or set of lines that are spoken by a character directly to the audience	4
7242873006	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter	5
7242873007	Cacophony	A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds	6
7242873008	Caesura	A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.	7
7242873009	Catharsis	Emotional release	8
7242873010	Character	A person in a story	9
7242887536	Climax	Most exciting moment of the story; turning point	10
7242887537	Comic relief	A humorous scene or speech intended to lighten the mood	11
7242887538	Conflict	A struggle between opposing forces	12
7242887539	Connotation	an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.	13
7242887540	Convention	practice widely observed in a group; custom; accepted technique or device	14
7242887541	Couplet	Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme	15
7242887542	Denotation	The dictionary definition of a word	16
7242888511	Denouement	an outcome; result	17
7242888512	deus ex machina	In literature, the use of an artificial device or gimmick to solve a problem.	18
7242888513	Diction	word choice	19
7242909500	dramatic monologue	when a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience	20
7242909502	Elegy	a sad or mournful poem	21
7242909503	Epic	A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds	22
7242909504	Epigram	witty comment	23
7242909505	Euphony	beautiful sound	24
7242909506	Exposition	a comprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory.	25
7242909507	Fable	A brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters	26
7242909508	figurative language	Figures of speech used to make meaning clearer	27
7242909509	Flashback	present action is temporarily interrupted so that past events can be described	28
7242911424	Foreshadowing	a warning or indication of a future event	29
7243831139	Hyperbole	exaggeration	30
7243831140	Image	A word or phrase representing that which can be seen, touched, tasted, smelled, or felt.	31
7243831141	Imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	32
7243831142	Irony	the use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning	33
7243831143	lyric poetry	A short poem in which a single speaker expresses personal thoughts and feelings	34
7243831144	Magical realism	A literary or artistic genre in which realistic narrative and naturalistic technique are combined with surreal elements of dream or fantasy.	35
7243842069	Metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	36
7243842070	Metonymy	association name	37
7286652164	monologue	A long speech made by one performer or by one person in a group.	38
7286656095	motif	A recurring theme, subject or idea	39
7286658072	narrative poem	a poem that tells a story	40
7286660261	ode	a lyric poem that expresses strong emotions about life	41
7286663158	onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	42
7286664320	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	43
7286666236	parable	A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	44
7286666248	paradox	a contradiction or dilemma	45
7286668120	parallel plot	tells two stories of equal importance, moving from one to the other and back again.	46
7286704302	parody	a work which imitates another in a ridiculous manner	47
7286704303	pathos	appeal to emotion	48
7286705823	personification	the giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or idea	49
7286708181	plot	Sequence of events in a story	50
7286712270	point of view	The perspective from which a story is told	51
7286714007	protagonist	Main character	52
7286715048	quatrain	A four line stanza	53
7286716155	resolution	End of the story where loose ends are tied up	54
7286716156	rhetorical	relating to speech that is used to persuade or have some effect; insincere in expression	55
7286721925	question	A statement that requires an answer.	56

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Ap Literature Vocab Flashcards

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7653048861	seminal	(of a work, event, moment, or figure) strongly influencing later developments.	0
7653052410	usurp	take (a position of power or importance) illegally or by force.	1
7653052411	parse	analyze (a sentence) into its parts and describe their syntactic roles.	2
7653052412	sign	an object, quality, or event whose presence or occurrence indicates the probable presence or occurrence of something else.	3
7653053048	signified	the meaning or idea expressed by a sign, as distinct from the physical form in which it is expressed.	4
7653053049	semiotics	the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation.	5
7653053747	polysemus	having multiple meaning	6
7653053748	petrachan sonnet	a sonnet form popularized by Petrarch, consisting of an octave with the rhyme scheme abbaabba and of a sestet with one of several rhyme schemes, as cdecde or cdcdcd	7
7653055457	Shakespearean/English	The second major type of sonnet, the Shakespearean, or English sonnet, follows a different set of rules. Here, three quatrains and a couplet follow this rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.	8
7653055458	sonnet	A sonnet is a one-stanza poem of fourteen lines, written in iambic pentameter. One way to describe a verse line is to talk about how many stressed and unstressed syllables are in the line.	9
7653056536	iambic pentameter	a line of verse with five metrical feet, each consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable, for example Two households, both alike in dignity.	10
7653056537	writ large	clear and obivious	11
7653056538	sic	used in brackets after a word or phrase copied from somewhere else to show the writer knows it appears to be wrong but this is intentional or exactly as in the original: he sign said, "Closed on Wednesday" [sic].	12
7653057257	e.g.	An abbreviation meaning "for example." It is short for the Latin exempli gratia, "for the sake of example." A list of examples may be preceded by e.g.: "She loved exotic fruit, e.g., mangoes, passion fruit, and papayas." (Compare i.e.)	13
7653057258	et al	Et al. is defined as an abbreviation for the Latin phrase et alia which means "and others." An example of et. al. used as an abbreviation is in the sentence, "The article was written by Smith, Jones, Paul, et al." which means that Smith, Jones, Paul and others wrote the article.	14
7653057883	schadenfreude	pleasure derived by someone from another person's misfortune.	15
7653058431	weltanschauung	a particular philosophy or view of life; the worldview of an individual or group.	16
7653058432	carpe diem	used to urge someone to make the most of the present time and give little thought to the future.	17
7653058433	verboten	forbidden	18
7653059305	profrane	relating or devoted to that which is not sacred or biblical; secular rather than religious.	19
7653059306	sacred	connected with God (or the gods) or dedicated to a religious purpose and so deserving veneration.	20
7653059307	homologous	Having some relation	21
7653060344	situational irony	Situational irony is a literary device that you can easily identify in literary works. Simply, it occurs when incongruity appears between expectations of something to happen, and what actually happens instead.	22
7653060345	verbal irony	irony in which a person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning.	23
7653061906	dramatic irony	irony that is inherent in speeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play.	24
7653061907	existentialism	a philosophical attitude associated especially with Heidegger, Jaspers, Marcel, and Sartre, and opposed to rationalism and empiricism, that stresses the individual's unique position as a self-determining agent responsible for the authenticity of his or her choices.	25
7653061908	essentialism	a doctrine that certain traditional concepts, ideals, and skills are essential to society and should be taught methodically to all students, regardless of individual ability, need, etc.	26
7653062713	futurism	a style of art, literature, music, etc., and a theory of art and life in which violence, power, speed, mechanization or machines, and hostility to the past or to traditional forms of expression were advocated or portrayed.	27
7653066668	vorticism	a short-lived avant-garde British art movement that was nurtured by Wyndham Lewis, derived from futurism and cubism, and reached its climax in an exhibition in London in 1915, dwindling in influence after World War I.	28
7653067501	dadaism	the style and techniques of a group of artists, writers, etc., of the early 20th century who exploited accidental and incongruous effects in their work and who programmatically challenged established canons of art, thought, morality, etc.	29
7653069606	magic(al) realism	a style of painting and literature in which fantastic or imaginary and often unsettling images or events are depicted in a sharply detailed, realistic manner	30
7653069607	phallocentricism	a doctrine or belief centered on the phallus, especially a belief in the superiority of the male sex.	31
7653071630	ocularcentricism	A perceptual and epistemological bias ranking vision over other senses in Western cultures. An example would be a preference for the written word rather than the spoken word (in which case, it would be the opposite of phonocentrism).	32
7653072206	logocentricism	a philosophy holding that all forms of thought are based on an external point of reference which is held to exist and given a certain degree of authority	33

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AP Literature Quarter 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

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5150561159	Comedy of Manners	a comedy that satirizes behavior in a particular social group, esp. the upper classes.	0
5150561160	Conceit	an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem.	1
5150561161	Confessional Poetry	emphasizes the intimate, and sometimes unflattering, information about details of the poet's personal life, such as in poems about mental illness, sexuality, and despondence.	2
5150561162	Couplet	two lines of verse, usually in the same meter and joined by rhyme, that form a unit.	3
5150561163	Deus Ex Machina	an unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, esp. as a contrived plot device in a play or novel.	4
5150561164	Dialect	a particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group.	5
5150561165	Diction	the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.	6
5150561166	Didactic	intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive	7
5150561167	Dramatic Monologue	a poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while describing a particular situation or series of events.	8
5150561168	Elegy	a poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead.	9
5150561169	Enjambment	the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.	10
5150561170	Epanalepsis	is a figure of speech defined by the repetition of the initial word (or words) of a clause or sentence at the end of that same clause or sentence. The beginning and the end are the two positions of stronger emphasis in a sentence; so, by having the same phrase in both places, the speaker calls special attention to it.	11
5150561171	Epic	a long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation.	12
5150561172	Epigraph	a short quotation or saying at the beginning of a book or chapter, intended to suggest its theme.	13
5150561173	Epigram	a pithy saying or remark expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way.	14
5150561174	Epiphany	a moment of sudden revelation or insight.	15
5150561175	Epistolary Novel	a novel told through the medium of letters written by one or more of the characters.	16
5150561176	Epithet	an adjective or descriptive phrase expressing a quality characteristic of the person or thing mentioned.	17
5150561177	Epoch	a period of time in history or a person's life, typically one marked by notable events or particular characteristics.	18
5150561178	Euphony	the quality of being pleasing to the ear, esp. through a harmonious combination of words.	19
5150561179	Explication	analyzing (a literary work) in order to reveal its meaning.	20
5150561180	Fable	a short story, typically with animals as characters, conveying a moral.	21
5150561181	Farce	a comic dramatic work using buffoonery and horseplay and typically including crude characterization and ludicrously improbable situations.	22
5150561182	Feminine Rhyme	applies to the rhyming of one or more unstressed syllables Ex."dicing" and "enticing."	23
5150561183	Free Verse	poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter.	24

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AP Literature - Literary Terms Flashcards

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5925108593	allegory	A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.	0
5925108594	alliteration	It is a stylistic device in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series.	1
5925108595	allusion	A brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.	2
5925108596	anagram	a word or phrase spelled by rearranging the letters of another word or phrase	3
5925108597	antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	4
5925108598	antagonist	A character or force in conflict with the main character	5
5925108599	anaphora	A rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.	6
5925108600	aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.	7
5925108601	apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	8
5925108602	assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	9
5925108603	blank verse	Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter	10
5925108604	caesura	A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.	11
5925108605	conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.	12
5925108606	connotation	All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests	13
5925108607	consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	14
5925108608	couplet	A pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem.	15
5925108609	denotation	Dictionary definition of a word	16
5925108610	denouement	an outcome or solution; the unraveling of a plot	17
5925108611	diction	The choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing	18
5925108612	didactic	Intended to instruct; teaching, or teaching a moral lesson	19
5925108613	euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	20
5925108614	end-stopped line	A line that ends with a natural speech pause, usually marked by punctuation	21
5925108615	enjambment	A run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next.	22
5925108616	epitaph	A brief statement written on a tomb or gravestone	23
5925108617	epic	A long narrative poem, written in heightened language, which recounts the deeds of a heroic character who embodies the values of a particular society	24
5925108618	epistolary	A piece of literature contained in or carried on by letters	25
5925108619	flashback	A method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events	26
5925108620	foreshadowing	A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.	27
5925108621	foot	A metrical unit composed of stressed and unstressed syllables.	28
5925108622	frame story	A secondary story or stories embedded in the main story	29
5925108623	free verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme	30
5925108624	hamartia	tragic flaw which causes a character's downfall	31
5925108625	heroic couplet	A pair of rhymed, iambic pentameter lines.	32
5925108626	hubris	Excessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist of a tragedy	33
5925108627	hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor	34
5925108628	iamb	A common meter in poetry consisting of an unrhymed line with five feet or accents, each foot containing an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable.	35
5925108629	imagery	Descriptive or figurative language in a literary work; the use of language to create sensory impressions.	36
5925108630	irony	A contrast or discrepancy between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually does happen.	37
5925108631	verbal irony	In this type of irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's true meaning	38
5925108632	situational irony	Occurs when the outcome of a work is unexpected, or events turn out to be the opposite from what one had expected	39
5925108633	dramatic irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.	40
5925108634	jargon	Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand	41
5925108635	juxtaposition	Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts	42
5925108636	kenning	A device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities.	43
5925108637	metaphor	A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.	44
5925108638	meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	45
5925108639	mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader	46
5925108640	motif	(n.) a principal idea, feature, theme, or element; a repeated or dominant figure in a design	47
5925108641	octave	a verse form consisting of eight lines of iambic pentameter	48
5925108642	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	49
5925108643	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	50
5925108644	parable	A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson	51
5925108645	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	52
5925108646	parallelism	Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other	53
5925108647	parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	54
5925108648	pentameter	a rhythm in poetry that has five stressed syllables in each line (five metrical feet)	55
5925108649	personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	56
5925108650	plot	Sequence of events in a story	57
5925108651	point of view	The perspective from which a story is told	58
5925108652	protagonist	Chief character in a dramatic or narrative work, usually trying to accomplish some objective or working toward some goal.	59
5925108653	pun	A joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.	60
5925108654	quatrain	4 line stanza	61
5925108655	refrain	A line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem.	62
5925108656	rhetorical question	A question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer	63
5925108657	end rhyme	A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line	64
5925108658	eye rhyme	rhyme that appears correct from spelling but does not rhyme because of pronunciation	65
5925108659	internal rhyme	A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line	66
5925108660	slant rhyme	rhyme in which the vowel sounds are nearly, but not exactly the same (i.e. the words "stress" and "kiss"); sometimes called half-rhyme, near rhyme, or partial rhyme	67
5925108661	satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	68
5925108662	sestet	a rhythmic group of six lines of verse	69
5925108663	sonnet	14-line lyric poem focused on a single theme; usually written in iambic pentameter	70
5925108664	symbol	A thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract.	71
5925108665	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	72
5925108666	syntax	Arrangement of words in phrases and sentences	73
5925108667	theme	A topic of discussion or writing; a major idea broad enough to cover the entire scope of a literary work.	74
5925108668	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	75
5925108669	understatement	the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.	76

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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

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8650294937	Accent	A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.	0
8650294938	Dialect	A regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.	1
8650294939	Extinct Language	A language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.	2
8650294940	Ideogram	A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese)	3
8650294941	Isogloss	A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.	4
8650294942	Isolated Language	A natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque)	5
8650294943	Language Branch	A Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.	6
8650294944	Language	The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.	7
8650294945	Language Group	A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English)	8
8650294946	Language Family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.	9
8650294947	Indo European language family	Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch.	10
8650294948	Sino-Tibetan Language Family	2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese	11
8650294949	Lingua Franca	A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).	12
8650294951	Monolingual State	A country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)	13
8650294952	Bilingual	The ability to speak two languages.	14
8650294953	Multilingual State	A country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)	15
8650294954	Official Language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.	16
8650294955	Orthography	The conventional spelling system of a language.	17
8650294956	Pidgin Language	A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	18
8650294957	Standard Language	The specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	19
8650294958	Toponym	The name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.	20
8650294960	Creole	A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.	21
8650294961	Denglish	The term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.	22
8650294962	Franglais	A form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.	23
8650294963	Ebonics	A dialect of English spoken by some African Americans.	24
8650294964	Spanglish	A hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.	25
8650294967	Romance Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.	26
8650294968	Germanic Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian.	27
8650294969	Indo-Iranian Branch	The branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish.	28
8650294970	Balto-Slavic Branch	This branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union.	29
8650294971	Celtic Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic(Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages.	30
8650294972	Uralic Language Family	Language Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration.	31
8650294973	Austronesian Language Family	Language Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar.	32
8650294974	Afro-Asiatic Language Family	This language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book.	33
8650294975	Niger-Congo Language Family	More than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages.	34
8650294976	Prehistoric Subgroup	A language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European	35
8650294977	Altaic Language Family	A language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia.	36
8650294980	British Received Pronunciation (BRP)	The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech.	37
8650294981	Language Divergence	When a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.	38
8650294982	Language Convergence	When peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).	39
8650294983	Backward Reconstruction	When linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language.	40
8650294984	Sound Shift	Slight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin (i.e: lacte in Latin, latta in Italian).	41
8650294986	Hindi	Approximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	42
8650294988	Urdu	Pakistan's principal language, spoken very much like Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	43
8650294990	Mandarin	This language is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people, and is used by the Chinese government. There is no single Chinese language. Instead of letters, Chinese languages use ideograms (characters) that mostly represent concepts rather than sounds.	44
8650294991	Arabic	This language serves as a unifying force in the Middle East (Northern Africa and Southwest Asia), typically referred to as the Arab World. This language is the language of Islam (used in the Koran),, which is predominant throughout the region. This language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the official language in two dozen countries of North Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula.	45
8650294997	Globalization	The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale. Currently, America dominates the world with multinational corporations and media, which has made English the world's current lingua franca (international language of business).	46
8650294999	Vulgar Latin	This language was spoken by the Roman army at the time of occupation and is the basis of the Romance languages, which evolved out of this language overtime due to isolation.	47