AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

ap Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6076515964new dealA series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.0
6217990637harlem rennaisanceA renewal and flourishing of black literary and musical culture during the years after World War I in the Harlem section of New York City.1
6218028186Xenophobiaa fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers2
6218034246mass mediaForms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.3
6218036199Red scareA period of general fear of communists4
6218039119Great Migrationmovement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 19205
6218070733united nationsAn international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.6
6218083979pearl harbor7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.7
6218085446Japanese internmentJapanese and Japanese Americans from the West Coast of the United States during WWII. While approximately 10,000 were able to relocate to other parts of the country of their own choosing, the remainder-roughly 110,000 me, women and children-were sent to hastily constructed camps called "War Relocation Centers" in remote portions of the nation's interior.8
6218088998civil libertiesConstitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens9
6218090703atomic bombbomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities10
6218105048NormalcyA return to "normal" life after the war.11
6218107503Sacco and VanzettiItalian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.12
6218116735Scopes Trial1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools13
6218121775the lost generationPhrase coined by Gertrude Stein to characterize the young Americans emerging from WWI. They were experiencing a disenchantment with modern America so they isolated themselves and embarked on journeys of self-fulfillment; included Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald14
6218124777flapperscarefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. Many people saw the bold, boyish look and shocking behavior of flappers as a sign of changing morals. Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.15
6218128647Hawley Smoot tariffCharged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation.16
6218132067pump primingeconomic theory that favored public works projects because they put money into the hands of consumers who would buy more goods, stimulating the economy17
6218139839relief, recovery, reformThree components of the New Deal. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program.18
6218149591CCCCivilian Conservation Corps. It was Relief that provided work for young men 18-25 years old in food control, planting, flood work, etc.19
6218155592WPAWork Progress Administration: Massive work relief program funded projects ranging from construction to acting; disbanded by FDR during WWII20
6218159529Social Security Act(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health21
6218166563Wagner Act1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.22
6218174362dust bowlRegion of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.23
6218183558neutrality act4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents24
6218211558appeasementA policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.25
6218225155America First CommiteeGroup formed in 1940 by isolationist to block further aid to Britain26
6218228331Atlantic Charter1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war27
6218229823Manhattan ProjectA secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.28
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Literature Terms 11 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5239333345malapropismuse of an incorrect word in place of a similar sounding word that results in a nonsensical and humorous expression EX: Cheer up; I predicate (predict) final victory EX: This does not portend (pretend) to be a great work of art0
5239333346nonsequiturliterary devices which include the statements, sayings and conclusions that do not follow the fundamental principles of logic and reason EX: Maria drives a car. She must be a wealthy person. EX: David eats broccoli. David should love to eat meat.1
5239333862archaismsfigure of speech in which a used phrase or word is considered very old fashioned and outdated EX: "cautel doth" / "duller shouldst thou" - Hamlet by Shakespeare EX: "wherefore stopp'st thou me" - The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by S.T Coleridge2
5239333866literary concessionsliterary device used in argumentative writing where one acknowledges a point made by one's opponent EX: "Dad, I know taking a trip to another country is unsafe, but I studied so hard and..." EX: "An individual does have their own right to freedom, but medical evidence proves that second hand smoking is harmful."3
5239334275epigraphliterary device in the form of a poem, quotation or sentence usually placed at the beginning of a document or a simple piece having a few sentences but which belongs to another writer EX: preface of Georges Perec's Life: A User's Manual EX: "Behind every great fortune there is a crime." (quote from Balzac) in The Godfather, by Mario Puzo4
5239334894pastorallifestyle of shepherds herding livestock around open areas of land according to seasons and the changing availability of water and pasture EX: From His Mighty Throne by Gwendolen Song (poem) EX: The Lure of the Moor by Denis Barter (poem)5
5239334895anastropheliterary device where order of the noun and the adjective in the sentence is switched EX: He spoke of times past and future, and dreamt of things to be. EX: The master praises the traditions of old.6
5239335331circumlocutionambiguous or paradoxical way of expressing things, ideas or views EX: Voldemort is called "He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named" This circumlocution is designed to avoid bringing down Voldemort's curse, which can be caused by speaking his name EX: God is referred to as "Our Father who art in Heaven" in some religions7
5239335332epithetliterary device that describes a place, a thing or a person in such a way that it helps in making it's characteristics more prominent than they actually are EX: "And see the COULOURED counties"- Brendon Hills by A.E Housman --"coloured" is an epithet used to describe the pleasant and beautiful spring season EX: "The earth is crying-sweet" - Beauty and Beauty by Rupert Brooke --enhances description of earth8
5239335811verisimilitudelikeness to the truth (i.e. resemblance of a fictitious work to a real event even if it is a far-fetched one) EX: Mark Twain increases verisimilitude of his characters in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn through the use of vernacular diction form the South. EX: J.K. Rowling increases verisimilitude in the Harry Potter series by creating many parallels between Harry's magical wizarding world and the typical experience of an English boarding school student.9
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History: Civil War & Reconstruction Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6090242726Freedmenformer slaves0
6090242727Freedman's Bureaucreated 1865 -created to help freedman become independent -welfare program: food, clothing, medical car, education -best at education -Johnson vetoes1
6090242728Presidential ReconstructionLincoln: 10% of southern voters from pre civil war vote to join union -congress disagreed, wanted 50% (Wade-Davis Bill) Johnson: 10% + pardons south planter aristocracy + S. states must repeal articles of secession, repudiate Confederate debt, and ratify 13th amendment2
6090242729Wade-Davis Bill1864- required 50% of voters from 1860 to pledge alliance to Union -Lincoln vetoes3
6090242730Black Codes-S. wanted to regulate affairs of former slaves -labor codes unfair to blacks -tried to get blacks to stay where they were pre-civil to keep cheap labor pool -required everyone to have a job -sundown laws -apprenticeship laws -punished idleness4
6090242731sharecroppingAfter the Civil War former landowners "rented" plots of land to blacks and poor whites in such a way that the renters were always in debt and therefore tied to the land.5
6090242732Congressional Radical Reconstruction-S. congressmen were former Confederate leaders -S. had more representation (no 3/5 anymore) -Democrats can block progressive laws6
6090242733Civil Rights Act of 1866-confirmed former slaves citizenship, -declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition -congress overrides Johnson's veto7
6090242734Ex Parte Milligan1866 - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under martial law.8
6090242735scalawagsA derogatory term for white Southerners who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War.9
6090242736CarpetbaggersA derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.10
6090242737Seward's FollyThe acquisition of the Alaska territory by the US from Russia in 1867 this area was twice as large as Texas $7.2M11
6090242738King Cotton-quick profit -50% of US export, 50% of world supply -tied north to slavery12
6090242739Plantation system-1% of pop. owned majority of land and slaves -cotton hard on the environment -monopolistic economy -not much immigration13
6090242740Slave Life-inculcation -no civil or political rights -conditions varied a lot -marriages not legal -owners realized healthy slaves were worth more, treated like a animal or piece of equipment -took up christianity -90% illiterate14
6090242741Nat TurnerBlack preacher, Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives15
6090242742peculiar institutionA euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War.16
6090242743William L. Garrisonfounded "The Liberator" -abolitionist newspaper17
6090242744Sojourner Truthformer slave, women's rights and slave emancipation activist, NY18
6090242745The LiberatorAntislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves.19
6090242746Fredrick Douglassescaped slavery at 21 yrs old -mulatto, good orator and writer -a leading African American spokesman and writer20
6090242747Gag Resolutiontabled all antislavery discussion in House 1836; passed by pro slavery southerners21
6090242748Popular SovereigntyKansas-Nebraska act- agreement that people in the territories would vote on slavery, took issue to common people22
6090242749Wilmot Proviso1846-proposed bill: no slavery in territories acquired in M/A war23
6090242750Free Soil Party-abolitionist party Pro: wilmot proviso, federal aid for internal improvements, free gov't homesteads -foreshadow to Republican Party -"free soil, free speech, free labor, free men"24
6090242751Underground Railroadstations=antislavery homes passengers=runaway slaves conducts=abolitionists -helped 1000 slaves escape -stationmasters received no $25
6090242752Harriet Tubmanilliterate runaway slave from MD, rescued 300+ slaves, called "Moses"26
6090242753fire eatersSoutherns wanting secession27
6090242754William SewardNY: Christianity "higher law" forbidding slavery -arranged Alaska with Russia28
6090242755compromise of 1850North: CA admitted as free state, no slave trading in district of Columbia South: TX $10M compensation for NM line, harder fugitive-slave laws29
6090242756"Personal Liberty laws"north's version of nullification -hampered enforcement of fugitive slave laws30
6090242757Fugitive Slave LawsThe regulations for northern states to return runaway slaves back to servitude -comissioners that prosecuted runaway slaves paid unfairly to return slaves to south -northern states refused to comply31
6090242758Franklin Pierce14th President, Democrat surprise candidate, relatively unknown -made the Gadsden Purchase, which opened the Northwest for settlement, and passed the unpopular Kansas-Nebraska Act.32
6090242759Ostend Manifesto-US offers $20M for Cuba -north refused: Uncle Tom's helped out -slavery issue checked 1850's terr. expansion33
6090242760Gadsden Purchasefor railroad, arranged by James Gadsden, brought area from Mexico for $10M (present day Arizona and New Mexico)34
6090242761Stephen DouglasSenator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act & the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty; debated Lincoln prior to the 1860 presidential election35
6090242762Kansas- Nebraska Act1854-A plan to split up the remaining Louisiana territory in to Kansas and Nebraska and throwing away the old Missouri Compromise of abolishing slavery north of the 36' 30' line -created by Stephen Douglas, lost North support36
60902427631850compromise of ________, fugitive slave laws37
6090242764Harriet Beecher Stowewrote Uncle Tom's Cabin never witnessed deep south slavery38
6090242765Uncle Tom's Cabin-appeal to pathos -turned Northerns and foreigners against south -helped start and win Civil War 185239
6090242766John Brownradical abolitionist -killed 5 men, began Bleeding Kansas 1856 -attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory40
6090242767Bleeding Kansas(1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state.41
6090242768LeCompton Constitutionproslavery supporters create Kansas Constitution with part where existing slave owners were protected, only allowed people to vote on issue of slavery not entire constitution42
6090242769Zachary Taylor(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.43
6090242770Millard FillmoreSuccessor of President Zachary Taylor after his death -helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.44
6090242771James BuchananDemocrat under S. influence -pro LeCompton Con.-unable to keep SC from seceding45
6090242772Dred Scottsupreme court case: owner had lived with him in Ill. (free state), so Scott sued for his freedom -ruling: by Taney-Scott not a citizen, cannot sue; slaves were property so owners could go wherever, Missouri Compromise unconstitutional -*majority of court was southerns*46
6090242773Robert TaneyChief Justice, first appointed by Jackson as a thankyou -dred scott case47
6090242774Panic of 1857-land speculation, tariffs, CA gold inflating currency -hit North because grain price dropped -didn't effect South, proof cotton is king48
6090242775Abe Lincoln-moderate Republican -ran against Douglas for Ill. senate seat *lost* -President during civil war -tried to be nice to South, killed by John Wilkes Booth49
6090242776Freeport Doctrineno matter how Supreme court rules, if people vote against it their choice holds created by Stephen Douglas -caused him to lose S. support50
6090242777Harper's FerryJohn Brown took over fed. arsenal to start slave uprising 185951
60902427781861creation of the Confederate States of America -SC. Ala. Miss. Fl. Geo. Lou. TX52
6090242779Crittenden Compromiseattempt to prevent Civil War- give southern states and territories now and in the future rights to slavery below 36' 30 line -not passed53
6090242780Robert E. LeeConfederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force54
6090242781Ulysses GrantUnion general55
6090242782Jefferson DavisPresident of the Confederacy -states rights & secession made it hard for S. to stay together -no personality popularity56
6090242783John Wilkes BoothAssassinated Abraham Lincoln57
6090242784Trent Affairunion ship took 2 confederate diplomats off a Brit. ship -tensions w/ Brit -Lincoln released diplomats58
6090242785Merrimack & MonitorMerrimack- S. 1st ironclad, wrecking N. ships Monitor- N. afraid Merrimack would break through barricade59
6090242786Secessionformal separation from an alliance or federation60
6090242787Cotton GInELi Whitney -made cotton even more dominant in South economy61
6090242788conscience whigs(1840s and 1850s) Northern Whigs who opposed slavery on moral grounds. -sought to prevent the annexation of Texas as a slave state, fearing that the new slave territory would only serve to buttress the Southern "slave power".62
6090242789Battle of AntietamCivil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties - September 17, 186263
6090242790Emancipation Proclamation-Lincoln 1863: declared all slaves in Confederate states free -did not free slaves in border states -civil war became moral crusade -gained support of working class in Britain64
609024279113 amendmentabolished slavery 186565
609024279214 amendmentall people are citizens and no state has the right to deprive any citizen of life, liberty, or property 186866
609024279315 amendmentAll US born citizen has voting rights. Banned racial restrictions on voting. United States may not prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color. 186967
6090242794Copperheadsextreme N. Demo wanting peace w/ S. against war and Lincoln68
6090242795border statesDelaware, Maryland, W. Virginia, Kentucky, and Missouri69
6090242796Confederate statesSouth Carolina, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, join later- Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia70
6090242797fort sumterFederal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War71
6090242798richmondCapital of the Confederacy72
6090242799Kansas/Nebraska Territory73
6090242800Mexican Cession TerritoryGained from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo74
6090242801Sutter's Milllocation where gold was discovered in California in 1848 setting off the gold rush75
6090242802Tenure in Office actLaw that required the President to get consent from the Senate before removing cabinet members; was a trick to impeach Johnson.76
6090242803Second Great Awakeningwidespread religious movement in the United States in the early 1800s -radicalized political leaders77
6090242804Scott v. SanfordSpeaking for a widely divided court, Chief Justice Taney ruled that Dred Scott was not a citizen and had no standing in court; Scott's residence in a free state and territory had not made him free since he returned to Missouri; Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in a territory (based on the 5th Amendment right of a person to be secure from seizure of property), thus voiding the Missouri Compromise of 1820.78
6090242805Missouri Compromise"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.79
6090242806Johnson's ImpeachmentJohnson was impeached on because he fired the secretary of war stanton which was previously deemed illegal. Violation of Tenure Act.80
6090242807Higher Law SpeechWilliam Seward's speech in the senate, christianity as the "high law" forbade slavery81
6090242808Force ActsPassed by Congress following a wave of KKK violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts; to protect the constitution rights guaranteed to blacks by the 14th and 15th Amendments (1870-Grant)82
6090242809Creole affairan uprising by a group of slaves who were in the process of being transported in the ship, the Creole. They killed the captain, took control of ship and sailed for Bahamas, where they became free under British. Incidents such as this contributed to the intensification of sectional conflict in the United States.83
6090242810Draft riotsConscription Act in 1863 forced men between 20-45 years old to be eligible for conscription but one could avoid it if they paid 300 or got someone in their place; provoked anger from poor workers -lots in NY by Irish84
60902428111865End of Civil War Lincoln Assassinated85
60902428121877End of Reconstruction, Pres. withdraws troops from South86
6090242813Ku Klux Klanest. 1866 in TN -terrorist group -attacked Af-Am leaders -state did not respond87
6090242814Election of 1866-johnson swinging round the circle -gave Republicans veto-proof majority in congress88
6090242815Election of 1860Republicans likely winner, 4 nominees, Lincoln was the most moderate -SC promised to secede if Lincoln was pres. -Lincoln said little about slavery besides what rep. platform said: no extension of slavery89
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Comparative Government: Iran Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9575435013clericsIn Iran, the concept of jurist guardianship states that senior _____ have authority over the entire community.0
9575435014theocracya state dominated by the clergy, who rule on the grounds that they are the only interpreters of God's will and law.1
9575435015shariaIslamic law derived mostly from the Qur'an and the examples set by the Prophet Muhammad.2
9575435016Mahmoud AhmadinejadPresident of Iran from 2005-2013 (background in higher ed/local govt. instead of theology - he emphasized social justice, religious piety, and confrontation with the West)3
9575435017Assembly of ExpertsElected body of 86 members that chooses the supreme leader (men/Islamic scholars) (8 yr terms) (difficult to say how powerful a role this body will play once Khamenei passes away)4
9575435018ayatollahIn Shiite Islam, a title in the religious hierarchy achieved by scholars who have demonstrated highly advanced knowledge of Islamic law and religion5
9575435019Basij"People's militia," which serves as a public morals police (boys who fought against Iraq...)6
9575435020bonyadsParastatal foundations made in part from assets nationalized after the Iranian Revolution7
9575435021Expediency CouncilAppointed body that mediates between the Majlis and the Guardian Council over legislative disputes8
9575435022FarsiLanguage of Iran:9
9575435023Guardian CouncilAppointed body that vets candidates for office and can overturn legislation (limits Majlis) (12 members/6yr terms) (6 lawyers nominated by chief justice and by Majlis, and 6 clerics appointed by supreme leader)10
9575435024Islamic Republic of IranName for post-revolutionary Iran:11
9575435025Khamenei, AliCurrent supreme leader of Iran, as of 1989:12
9575435026MajlisLegislature of Iran:13
9575435027Pahlavi, Reza ShahMonarch of Iran from 1925 to 194114
9575435028PersiaName for Iran before 193515
9575435029Revolutionary GuardParamilitary force charged with defending the regime from domestic and internal enemies16
9575435030ShiismMinority sect of Islam that differs with Sunnism over the proper descendants of the prophet Muhammad (the Mahdi will come)17
9575435031supreme leaderChief spiritual and political leader of Iran18
9575435032theocracyRule by religion or religious leaders19
9575435033White RevolutionPolicy of reforms enacted by Reza Shah, beginning in 1963, to rapidly modernize and Westernize Iran20
9575435034Single-member and multi-member district majoriyElectoral system for lower house:21
9575435035OstanMain geographic features (provinces):22
9575435036supreme courtChief judicial body:23
9575435037chief justiceThe apex of the judiciary: a single figure qualified in Sharia law (cleric) and appointed by the supreme leader. Appoints/removes judges.24
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology Important People Flashcards

Important people in AP PSychology

Terms : Hide Images
6652910744Sigmund Freud1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference0
6652910745Anna Freud1895-1982; Field: psychoanalysis; Contributions: focused on child psychoanalysis, fully developed defense mechanisms, emphasized importance of the ego and its constant struggle1
6652910746Carl Jung1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation2
6652910747Erik Erikson1902-1994; Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; Contributions: created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"3
6652910748Lawrence Köhlberg1927-1987; Field: cognition, moral development; Contributions: created a theory of moral development that has 3 levels; focuses on moral reasoning rather than overt behavior4
6652910749Carol Gilligan1936-pres; Field: cognition; Contributions: maintained that Köhlberg's work was developed by only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual moral judgments of boys and girls; girls focus more on relationships than laws and principles5
6652910750William James1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth6
6652910751William Wundt1832-1920; Field: structuralism: research on workings of senses; applied scientific method to psychology; used Introspection Studies: 1st psychological laboratory in world at University of Leipzig7
6652910752BF Skinner1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box8
6652910753John B Watson1878-1958; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: generalization-inductive reasoning, emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; Studies: Little Albert9
6652910754Jean Piaget1896-1980; Field: cognition; Contributions: created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)10
6652910755Harry Harlow1905-1981; Field: development; Contributions: realized that touch is preferred in development; Studies: Rhesus monkeys, studied attachment of infant monkeys (wire mothers v. cloth mothers)11
6652910756Carl Rogers1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person12
6652910757Abraham Maslow1908-1970; Field: humanism; Contributions: hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied, self-actualization, transcendence13
6652910758Karen Horney1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends14
6652910759Alfred Adler1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes, style of life, inferiority/superiority complexes, childhood influences personality formation; Studies: Birth Order15
6652910760Gordon Allport1897-1967; Field: trait theory of personality; Contributions: list of 11,000 traits, 3 levels of traits-cardinal, central, and secondary16
6652910761Hermann Rorschach1884-1922; Field: personality, psychoanalysis; Contributions: developed one of the first projective tests, the Inkblot test which consists of 10 standardized inkblots where the subject tells a story, the observer then derives aspects of the personality from the subject's commentary17
6652910762Solomon Asch1907-1996; Field: social psychology; Contributions: studied conformity, found that individuals would conform even if they knew it was wrong; Studies: conformity, opinions and social pressures18
6652910763Stanley Schachter1922-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: stated that in order to experience emotions a person must be physically aroused and know the emotion before you experience it19
6652910764Stanley Milgram1933-1984; Field: social psychology; Contributions: wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience, wanted to see how far individuals would go to be obedient; Studies: Shock Study20
6652910765Philip Zimbardo1933-present; Field: social psychology; Contributions: proved that peoples behavior depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play; Studies: Stanford Prison Study-studied power of social roles to influence people's behavior21
6652910766Elizabeth Kübler-Ross1926-2004; Field: development; Contributions: 5 stages the terminally ill go through when facing death (1. death, 2. anger/resentment, 3. bargaining with God, 4. depression, 5. acceptance)22
6652910767Elizabeth Loftus1944-present; Field: memory; Contributions: expert in eyewitness testimony (false memories or misinformation effect); Studies: Reconstruction of Auto. Destruction, Jane Doe Case (repressed memories of Nicole Taus' sex abuse)23
6652910768Robert Sternberg1949-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)24
6652910769Albert Bandura1925-present; Field: sociocultural; Contributions: pioneer in observational learning, stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play25
6652910770Raymond Cattell1905-1998; Field: intelligence; Contributions: fluid & crystal intelligence; 3 domains of personality sphere (personality, ability, & motivation), 16 Personality Factors (personality test)26
6652910771Aaron Beck1921-present; Field: cognitive; Contributions: father of Cognitive Therapy, created Beck Scales-depression inventory, hopelessness scale, suicidal ideation, anxiety inventory, and youth inventories27
6652910772Noam Chomsky1928-present; Field: language; Contributions: disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language28
6652910773Edward Thorndike1874-1949; Field: behaviorism; Contributions: Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence; Studies: Law of Effect with cats29
6652910774HJ Eysenck1916-1997; Field: personality; Contributions: asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion30
6652910775Mary Ainsworth1913-1999; Field: development; Contributions: compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; Studies: The Strange Situation-observation of parent/child attachment31
6652910777Lev Vygotsky1896-1934; Field: child development; Contributions: investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development, zone of proximal development; play research32
6652910778Martin Seligman1942-present; Field: learning; Contributions: Positive Psychology, learned helplessness; Studies: Dogs demonstrating learned helplessness33
6652910779Howard Gardner1943-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: devised the theory of multiple intelligences (logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic)34
6652910780Kurt Lewin1890-1947; Field: social psychology; Contributions: German refugee who escaped Nazis, proved the democratic style of leadership is the most productive; Studies: Leadership syles-studied effects of 3 leadership styles on children completing activities35
6652910781Ivan Pavlov1891-1951; Field: Gastroenterology; Contributions: developed foundation for classical conditioning, discovered that a UCS naturally elicits a reflexive behavior; Studies: dog salivation36
6652910782Hermann Ebbinghaus1850-1909; Field: memory; Contributions: 1st to conduct studies on forgetting: first, a rapid loss followed by a gradual declining rate of loss; Studies: memory-series of meaningless syllables/words37
6652910787Daniel Goleman1946-present; Field: intelligence; Contributions: emotional intelligence38
6652910788Charles Spearman1863-1945; Field: intelligence; Contributions: found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability)39
6652910789Albert Ellis1913-2007; Field: cognitive-behavioral; Contributions: Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET), focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions40
6652910791Robert Yerkes187601956; Field: intelligence, comparative; Contributions: social behavior of gorillas/chimps, Yerkes-Dodson law-level of arousal as related to performance41
6652910792Alfred Binet1857-1911; Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound (French)42
6652910795Ernst Weber1795-1878; Field: perception; Contributions: just-noticeable-difference (JND) that eventually becomes Weber's law; Studies: 1st study on JND43
6652910796Gustav Fechner1801-1887; Field: perception; Contributions: stated that the magnitude of a sensory experience is proportionate to the # of JND's that the stimulus causing the experiences above the absolute threshold44
6652910800Paul Ekman1934-present; Field: emotion; Contributions: found that facial expressions are universal45
6652910803Francis Galton1822-1911; Field: differential psychology AKA "London School" of Experimental Psychology; Contributions: behavioral genetics, maintains that personality & ability depend almost entirely on genetic inheritance; Studies: Twin Studies-compare identical & fraternal twins, Hereditary Genius-used bell curve for normal distribution, & "Law of Errors"-differences in intellectual ability46
6652910804Charles Darwin1809-1882; Field: geology, biology; Contributions: transmutation of species, natural selection, evolution by common descent; Studies: "The Origin of Species" catalogs his voyage on the Beagle47
6652910806Phineas Gage1823-1860; Field: neurobiology; Contributions: 1st person to have a frontal lobotomy (by accident), his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are involved with emotional reasoning48
7392311059Dorothy DixActivist and reformer for the treatment of the mentally ill in prison's and institutions.49
7392321716Margaret Floy WashburnFirst female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921). Studied animal behavior.50
7392327564Mary Whiton CalkinsFirst woman president of the American Psychological Association. Should have earned a PhD from Harvard in 1895 but was denied because she was a woman.51
7392334824G. Stanley HallEstablished the 1st psych lab in the US (@johns hopkins). Founder of the APA.52
Powered by Quizlet.com

chapter 25 ap world history Flashcards

The earth and its people

Terms : Hide Images
8142033672Muhammad AliLeader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. (p. 652)0
8142033673JanissariesInfantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.1
8142033674SerbiaThe extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk.2
8142033675Tanzimat'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient. (p. 678)3
8142033676Crimean WarConflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.4
8142033677ExtraterritorialityForeign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. (682)5
8142033678Young OttomansMovement of young intellectuals to institute liberal reforms and build a feeling of national identity in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the nineteenth century.6
8142033679SlavophileRussian intellectuals in the early nineteenth century who favored resisting western European influences and taking pride in the traditional peasant values and institutions of the Slavic People.7
8142033680Pan-SlavismMovement among Russian intellectuals in the second half of the nineteenth century to identify culturally and politically with the Slavic peoples of eastern Europe.8
8142033681Decembrist revoltAbortive attempt by the army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander 1 in 1825.9
8142033682Opium WarWar between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. (p. 684)10
8142033683BannermanHereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire11
8142033684Treaty of NankingTreaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain.12
8142033685Treaty PortsCities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.13
8142033686Most-favored-nation statusA clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories.14
8142033687Taiping RebellionThe most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire.15
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Chemistry Final Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8847084220STP Conditions0 degrees Celsius, 22.4 L0
8847084221Densitymass / volume1
8847084222Molaritymoles / L2
8847084223DistillationDepends on differences in volatility3
8847084224FiltrationSeparating a solid from a liquid4
8847084225ChromatographySeparating substances through differences in rates5
8847084226Law of conservation of massMass is neither created nor destroyed6
8847084227Dalton's Atomic TheoryEach element is made up of tiny particles called atoms. The atoms of a given element are identical. Chemical compounds are forms when atoms of different elements combine with each other. Chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms (changes in the way they are bound together.)7
8847084228JJ ThomsonCathode Ray, discovered the electron8
8847084229MillikanOil Drop Experiment, determined mass and magnitude of the electron9
8847084230RutherfordGold Foil Experiment, discovered nuclei, atoms have a lot of space10
8847084231Solubility RulesChlorates, Acetates, Sulfates, Halogens, Nitrates, Group IA11
8847084232Solubility Rules ExceptionsCalcium, Barium, Strontium, Mercury, Silver, Lead (Sulfates) Mercury, Silver, Lead (Halogens)12
8847084233Strong ElectrolytesGood conductors, easily ionized13
8847084234Weak ElectrolytesConduct currents very weakly14
8847084235Strong AcidsHF, HBr, HCl, HClO4, HI, HClO3, HNO315
8847084236Strong BasesAll Group IA elements with OH- Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2,16
8847084237Dilution FormulaM1V1 = M2V217
8847084238Types of Chemical ReactionsPrecipitation reactions, Acid-Base reactions, and Redox reactions18
8847084239Precipitation reactionAn insoluble substance is formed as a result of the reaction19
8847084240Spectator ionsIons that do not participate in the reaction20
8847084241Bronsted-Lowry acidProton donor21
8847084242Bronsted-Lowry baseProton acceptor22
8847084243Arrhenius acidProduces H+ (H3O+) in water23
8847084244Arrhenius baseProduces OH- in water24
8847084245Lewis acidElectron pair donor25
8847084246Lewis baseElectron pair acceptor26
8847084247Equivalence pointEnough titrant added to analyte27
8847084248EndpointIndicator changes color28
8847084249Redox reactionElectrons are transferred29
8847084250OxidationLoss of electrons (LEO)30
8847084251ReductionGain of electrons (GER)31
8847084252Oxidizing agentCauses oxidation (is often reduced)32
8847084253Reducing agentCauses reduction (is often oxidized)33
88470842541 standard atmosphere1 atm, 760 mm Hg, 760 torr, 101,325 Pa34
8847084255Pressureforce / area35
8847084256Boyle's LawP1V1 = P2V236
8847084257Charles's LawV1 / T1 = V2 / T237
8847084258Ideal Gas LawPV = nRT38
8847084259Molar mass of a gasdRT / P39
8847084260Dalton's law of partial pressuresPtot = P1 + P2 + P3...40
8847084261Mole fractionn1 / ntot41
8847084262KMTVolume of individual particles is negligible Particles are in constant motion Particles exert no forces on each other Collisions of particles with container walls are cause of pressure from gas42
8847084263Root mean square velocityAverage velocity of gas particles43
8847084264DiffusionMixing of gases44
8847084265EffusionGas into a vacuum45
8847084266Graham's law of effusion46
8847084267Law of conservation of energyEnergy can be converted but never destroyed47
8847084268Potential energyEnergy from position or composition48
8847084269Kinetic energyEnergy from motion49
8847084270HeatTransfer of energy with temperature50
8847084271WorkForce acting over a distance51
8847084272ExothermicEnergy out of the system52
8847084273EndothermicEnergy into the system53
8847084274First law of thermodynamicsThe energy of the universe is constant54
8847084275Internal energy (delta E)delta E = q + w55
8847084276Enthalpy (delta H)delta H = delta E + P(delta V)56
8847084277Heat capacityheat absorbed / increase in temperature57
8847084278Calorimetry equationq = mCAT58
8847084279Hess's Law RulesIf a reaction is reversed, the sign of delta H is reversed delta H is proportional to the quantities of reactions and products59
8847084280Standard enthalpy of formationchange in enthalpy with formation of one mole of compound from its elements60
8847084281Change in enthalpy for reactionsum of heat of formations of products - sum of heat of formations of reactions61
8847084282Wavelengthdistance between two peaks or troughs in a wave62
8847084283Frequencynumber of cycles per second63
8847084284Basic wave equationspeed of light = wavelength x frequency64
8847084285Energy of a photon equationPlanck's constant x speed of light / frequency65
8847084286Photoelectric effectEffect occurring when electrons are emitted from the surface of a metal when light strikes it66
8847084287Dual nature of lightLight acts as a wave and as particulate matter67
8847084288de Broglie's equationWavelength of a particle68
8847084289DiffractionLight is scattered from points or lines69
8847084290Types of electromagnetic radiation (smallest to largest)gamma, X-rays, UV, visible, IR, micro, radio70
8847084291Types of electromagnetic radiation (largest to smallest)radio, micro, IR, visible, UV, X-rays, gamma71
8847084292Heisenberg Uncertainty PrincipleWe cannot know both the position and momentum of an electron (the more we know one, the less we know the other)72
8847084293Pauli exclusion principleElectrons with the same spin cannot occupy the same space73
8847084294Aufbau principleProgressively add electrons to each sub level74
8847084295Hund's ruleDifferent electrons to different orbitals, same spin75
8847084296Ionization energyEnergy required to remove a valence electron from an atom76
8847084297Electron affinityEnergy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom77
8847084298Atomic radius trendDecreases across a period (more effective nuclear charge), increases down a group (more electron shielding)78
8847084299Ionization energy trendIncreases across a period (electron shielding not complete), decreases down a group (more electron shielding)79
8847084300Coulomb's lawEnergy of interaction between a pair of ions80
8847084301Bond energyEnergy needed to break bond81
8847084302Covalent bondingElectrons are shared by nuclei82
8847084303ElectronegativityAbility of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself83
8847084304Dipolar or dipole momentHas center of positive and center of negative charge84
8847084305Lattice energyChange in energy when separated gas ions form an ionic solid Equation: LE = k(Q1Q2 / r) k is proportionality constant, Q is charge of ions, r is shortest distance between centers of ions85
8847084306Localized electron modelMolecule is composed of atoms bound together by sharing pairs of electrons86
8847084307Lone pairsPairs of electrons localized87
8847084308Localized electron model partsLewis diagram, VSEPR model (geometry), type of atomic orbitals88
8847084309ResonanceMore than one valid Lewis structure89
8847084310Bond angle of a linear shape?18090
8847084311Hybridization of a linear shape?sp91
8847084312Number of bonds in a linear shape?292
8847084313Name of a linear shape?MX293
8847084314Bond angle of a trigonal planar shape?12094
8847084315Hybridization of a trigonal planar shape?sp295
8847084316Number of bonds in a trigonal planar shape?396
8847084317Name of a trigonal planar shape?MX397
8847084318Bond angle of a bent shape?<12098
8847084319Hybridization of a bent shape?sp299
8847084320Number of bonds in a bent shape?2100
8847084321Number of nonbonding pairs in a bent shape?1101
8847084322Bond angle of a tetrahedral shape?109.5102
8847084323Hybridization of a tetrahedral shape?sp3103
8847084324Number of bonds in a tetrahedral shape?4104
8847084325Name of a tetrahedral shape?MX4105
8847084326Bond angle of a trigonal pyramidal shape?<109.5106
8847084327Hybridization of a trigonal pyramidal shape?sp3107
8847084328Number of bonds in a trigonal pyramidal shape?3108
8847084329Number of nonbonding pairs in a trigonal pyramidal shape?1109
8847084330Name of a trigonal pyramidal shape?asily ionizedMX3110
8847084331Bond angle of a V shape?<109.5111
8847084332Hybridization of a V shape?sp3112
8847084333Number of a bonds in a V shape?2113
8847084334Number of nonbonding pairs in a V shape?2114
8847084335Name of a V shape?M2X115
8847084336Bond angles of a trigonal bipyramidal shape?120, 90116
8847084337Hybridization of a trigonal bipyramidal shape?sp3d117
8847084338Number of bonds in a trigonal bipyramidal shape?5118
8847084339Name of a trigonal bipyramidal shape?MX5119
8847084340Bond angle of a see-saw shape?<120, <90120
8847084341Hybridization of a see-saw shape?sp3d121
8847084342Number of bonds in a see-saw shape?4122
8847084343Number of nonbonding pairs in a see-saw shape?1123
8847084344Bond angle of a T-shape?<90124
8847084345Hybridization of a T-shape?sp3d125
8847084346Number of bonds in a T-shape?3126
8847084347Number of nonbonding pairs in a T-shape?2127
8847084348Bond angle of a linear (2) shape?180128
8847084349Hybridization of a linear (2) shape?sp3d129
8847084350Number of bonds in a linear (2) shape?2130
8847084351Number of nonbonding pairs in a linear (2) shape?3131
8847084352Bond angle of an octahedron?90132
8847084353Hybridization of an octahedron?sp3d2133
8847084354Number of bonds in an octahedron?6134
8847084355Name of an octahedron?MX6135
8847084356Bond angle of a square pyramidal shape?<90136
8847084357Hybridization of a square pyramidal shape?sp3d2137
8847084358Number of bonds in a square pyramidal shape?5138
8847084359Number of nonbonding pairs in a square pyramidal shape?1139
8847084360Name of a square pyramidal shape?MX5140
8847084361Bond angle of a square planar shape?90141
8847084362Hybridization of a square planar shape?sp3d2142
8847084363Number of bonds in a square planar shape?4143
8847084364Number of nonbonding pair in a square planar shape?2144
8847084365Name of a square planar shape?MX4145
8847084366Metallic bondDelocalized electron146
8847084367Nonpolar covalent bondEqual sharing of electrons147
8847084368Polar covalent bondUnequal sharing of electrons148
8847084369Ionic bondTransfer of electrons149
8847084370Electronegativity differencesNonpolar covalent (0-0.4), polar covalent (0.4-1.67), ionic (above 1.67)150
8847084371Sigma bondBond between the s orbitals151
8847084372Pi bondBond between the p orbitals152
8847084373Hydrogen bondSpecial type of dipole, hydrogen with N, F, or O atom153
8847084374London dispersion forcesBetween non polar molecules154
8847084375AlloyContains a mixture of elements and has metallic properties155
8847084376Substitutional alloyMetal atoms replaced by metal atoms of same size156
8847084377Interstitial alloySmall atoms in holes157
8847084378Vapor pressurePressure of vapor at equilibrium158
8847084379Vapor pressure formula (Hg column)Patmosphere = Pvapor +Pmercury column159
8847084380Temperature and vapor pressure?Vapor pressure increases significantly with temperature160
8847084381IMFs and vapor pressure?High IMFs --> low vapor pressure, Low IMFs --> high vapor pressure161
8847084382Crystalline solidsComponents organized in a lattice162
8847084383Amorphous solidsComponents frozen in place with no arrangement163
8847084384Heat of fusionEnthalpy change which occurs at the melting point when a solid melts164
8847084385SublimationSolid directly to gas165
8847084386Triple pointWhere all three states exist166
8847084387Critical temperatureTemperature above which vapor cannot be liquefied no matter the pressure167
8847084388Critical pressurePressure required to produce liquefaction at the critical temperature168
8847084389Critical pointCritical temperature and critical point169
8847084390Phase diagramRepresentation of phases of a substance170
8847084391Heat of solutionEnthalpy change formation of a solution, sum of enthalpy values from each step171
8847084392Positive delta HEnergy absorbed172
8847084393Negative delta HEnergy released173
8847084394Pressure and solubilityIncreases solubility of a gas174
8847084395Henry's LawAmount of gas dissolved proportional to pressure of gas above solution175
8847084396Temperature and solubilityIncreases solubility of solid, decreases solubility of gases176
8847084397Raoult's LawNonvolatile solute simply dilutes the solvent177
8847084398Negative deviation from Raoult's lawMore IMFs, lower vapor pressure178
8847084399Positive deviation from Raoult's lawLess IMFs, more molecules escape, higher vapor pressure179
8847084400Colligative propertiesFreezing point depression, boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure180
8847084401Tyndall effectScattering of light by particles181
8847084402ColloidSuspension of particles182
8847084403CoagulationDestruction of colloid by heating or adding electrolyte183
8847084404Reaction rateChange of concentration over time (Rate = delta [A] / delta t)184
8847084405Rate lawRate depends on concentration185
8847084406Integrated rate lawConcentrations depends on time186
8847084407Initial rateInstantaneous rate after reaction begins187
8847084408CatalystIncreases rate of reaction but not consumed188
8847084409Surface area and rateMore surface area increases rate189
8847084410Temperature and rateHigher temperature increases rate190
8847084411Zeroth order rate lawRate = k191
8847084412Zeroth order integrated rate law[A] = -kt + [A]0192
8847084413Zeroth order plot[A] vs. t193
8847084414Zeroth order slopeSlope = -k194
8847084415Zeroth order half lifet1/2 = [A]0 / 2k195
8847084416First order rate lawRate = k[A]196
8847084417First order integrated rate lawln[A] = - kt + ln[A]0197
8847084418First order plotln[A] vs. t198
8847084419First order slopeSlope = -k199
8847084420First order half lifet1/2 = 0.693 / k200
8847084421Second order rate lawRate = k[A]2201
8847084422Second order integrated rate law1/[A] = kt + 1/[A]0202
8847084423Second order plot1/[A] vs. t203
8847084424Second order slopeSlope = k204
8847084425Second order half lifet1/2 = 1 / k[A]0205
8847084426Reaction mechanismSeries of steps206
8847084427A --> productsRate = k[A]207
8847084428A + A --> productsRate = k[A]2208
8847084429A + B --> productsRate = k[A][B]209
8847084430A + A + B --> productsRate = k[A]2[B]210
8847084431A + B + C --> productsRate = k[A][B][C]211
8847084432Rate determining stepSlowest step212
8847084433Reaction mechanism requirementsSum must give balanced equation, mechanism must agree with rate law213
8847084434Equilibrium expressionProducts raised to coeffs over reactants raised to coeffs214
8847084435Q = kEquilibrium, no shift215
8847084436Q > kShift to reactants216
8847084437Q < kShift to products217
8847084438Le Chatlier's PrincipleChange imposed, equilibrium shifts to lessen change218
8847084439More product addedShift to reactants219
8847084440More reactant addedShift to product220
8847084441How to change the pressure of a reaction system?Add or remove gas, add an inert gas, change volume221
8847084442KaAcid dissociation constant222
8847084443Strong acidEquilibrium is far to the right, has weak conjugate base223
8847084444Weak acidEquilibrium is far to the left224
8847084445Monoprotic acidsOne acidic proton225
8847084446AmphotericCan behave as an acid or a base (water)226
8847084447KwWater dissociation constant227
8847084448pH-log[H+]228
8847084449pOH-log[OH-]229
8847084450pK-logK230
8847084451pH of strong acidsDepends on concentration of H+ ions231
8847084452pH of weak acidsFind Ka and use an ice chart232
8847084453Percent dissociationAmount dissociated M / initial concentration M x 100%233
8847084454Polyprotic acidsDissociates in a stepwise manner, find Ka of each step234
8847084455Bond strength and acid strengthLess bond strength, more acid strength235
8847084456Common ion effectShift in equilibrium because of addition of common ion236
8847084457BufferResists a change in pH237
8847084458Henderson Hasselbach EquationUsed to find the pH of a buffer238
8847084459Strong acid-strong base titration curveEquivalence point is 7239
8847084460Weak acid-strong base titration curveEquivalence point is greater than 7, has a halfway equivalence point240
8847084461Acid-base indicatorChanges color at the end point (not same as equivalence point)241
8847084462pH of indicatorKa/[H+] = [In-]/[HIn] = 1/10, ratio reversed for bases242
8847084463KspSolubility product243
Powered by Quizlet.com

World History - Unit 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7077195321HieroglyphicsEgyptian writing system0
7077195322ziggurata massive pyramidal steeped tower made of mud-bricks associated with religion1
7077195323cuneiformSumerian writing system2
7077195324polytheistica belief in many gods3
7077195325monotheistica belief in one God4
7077195326theocracya government controlled by religious leaders5
7077195327Nile Riverthe longest river in the world. It is 4,000 miles long6
7077195328Fertile Crescenta geographical area of fertile land that stretches from the Nile River to the Tigris and Euphrates7
7077195329Indus River Valleychronologically, the 3rd urban hearth, dating 2200 BCE8
7077195330Mesopotamiaa region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the 1st urban societies9
7077195331Nile River Valleychronologically, the second urban hearth, dating 3200 BCE10
7077195332Huang He River Valleyknown as the yellow river valley located in the earliest Chinese settlement11
7077195333patriarchalmale dominance12
7077195334matriarchalfemale dominance13
7077195335Sanskritan Indo-European, Indic language, since 1200 bc14
7077195336prehistorya period before writing15
7077195337fossilsrock-like remains of biological organisms16
7077195338Archaeologystudy of artifacts and relics of early mankind17
7077195339Anthropologystudy of human life and culture18
7077195340artifactsobjects made by humans19
7077195341hominidhuman20
7077195342Homo sapiens sapiensearly modern humans means wise, wise human21
7077195343Australopithecussouthern ape22
7077195344Paleolithic AgeOld Stone Age. Humans used simple stone tools23
7077195345nomadshunters and gatherers24
7077195346Catalhuyukan important neolithic site what is now Turkey25
7077195347JerichoOldest Neolithic community26
7077195348Neolithic AgeThe beginning of systematic agriculture27
7077195349systematic agriculturethe organized growing of food on a regular basis28
7077195350domesticationthe taming of plants and animals for human use29
7077195351artisansskilled workers30
7077195352monarchskings or queens31
7077195353civilizationa complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a number of common elements32
7077195354cultureway of life33
7077195355city-statesa city that has political and economic control over the surrounding countryside34
7077195356SargonLeader of the Akkadians35
7077195357Hammurabi Law Codea strict ancient law code that enforced an eye for an eye and a tooth for a toothph36
7077195358pharaohEgyptian monarch meaning great house or palace37
7077195359mummificationa process of slowly drying a dead body38
7077195360Himalayathe highest mountains in the world39
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Chapter 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4914514819Declaration of IndependenceA document approved by the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British and declared their independence.0
4914517371Bill of RightsThe first 10 amendment to the Constitution, drafted in response to the concerns of the Anti-Federalists1
4914523985writ of habeas corpusA court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody.2
4914526426natural rightsInherent rights of human beings, not dependent on governments. A central idea behind John Locke's theories about government.3
4914529073Federalist PapersA collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison that appeared in New York newspapers defending the Constitution4
4914531740Shay's RebellionA series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers to block foreclosure proceedings5
4914535634judicial reviewThe power of the courts to determine the Constitutionality of acts of government6
4914537795Equal Rights AmendmentAn amendment passed by Congress in 1972 stating that a person's rights shall not be infringed based on gender. The amendment failed to be ratified7
4914541222consent of the governedThe idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the people8
4914541223Marbury v. MadisonA landmark 1803 case in which the Supreme Court first asserted their power of judicial review.9
4914545581constitutionA nation's basic law, which creates political institutions, divides power, and often provides certain guarantees to citizens10
4914548641New Jersey PlanA proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress without regard to population.11
4914551104republicA form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws12
4914553968Articles of ConfederationThe first Constitution of the United States. Adopted by Congress in 1777 and enacted in 1781. Created a unicameral legislature, with the states retaining most of the power13
4914555639checks and balancesFeatures in the Constitution which balances the power among the governmental institutions and allows them to continually constrain one another's activities14
4914558527Virginia PlanA proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for representation of each state in Congress based on their population15
4914564524factionsInterest groups arising from the unequal distribution of wealth that James Madison attacked in Federalist Paper No. 10.16
4914567166separation of powersA feature of the Constitution that requires each of the three branches of government to be independent of the others so that one cannot control the others17
4914569630Connecticut CompromiseAn agreement reached at the Constitutional Convention which established a bicameral Congress. One house comprised of equal representation, with the other house based on population18
4914573075FederalistsSupporters of the ratification of the US Constitution led by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay19
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!