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AP World History Chapter 24 Flashcards

Review for History Chapter 24

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742490695Europe was no longer trading spices and manufacturing goods, but they needed ______ _______for machines like iron and steel.natural resources0
742490696_________no longer were state-sponsored, this was one reason for expansion.Missionaries1
742490697____________was no longer threatened by anyone - this was one reason for their expansionEurope2
742490698The innovations of ______ships and _____put everyone in reach of European landgrab.steam, railways3
742490699Europeans in Asia - _________problems prevented centralized control which led to local administration.communication4
742490700The Dutch had to pay tribute to ______ ______.Mataram sultans5
742490701The Dutch backed Mataram sultans in ________ ______.intertribe conflict6
742490702Every time the Dutch helped out, they demanded for _______ ______.more land7
742490703Initially the _______ ______ ________ ______worked with Indian leaders.British East India Company8
742490704France and Britain were in 5 wars, _______won them all.Britain9
742490705At the battle of ________, 3000 British soldiers under Robert Clive defeated 50,000 Indians.Plassey10
742490706The teeanger nawab, Siraj, didn't have control of force so his soldiers ________.defected11
742490707The ________ _______breaks down under wars with East India Company.Mughal Empire12
742490708As the British took over more lands, _______ ______fought over other lands to get territory.Indian princes13
742490709(M)_______, (B)__________,(C)________were the administrative centers of three presidencies.Madras, Bombay, Calcutta14
742490710India had a large quantity of ________ _________.raw materials15
742490711India became the market for ______ and _______goods.investments, manufactured16
742490712In India, they kept the _______ ______ ______ and refused entry to missionaries.Hindu caste system17
742490713In 1770, the ______ _______killed 1/3 of the population.Bengal famine18
742490714In India, the British emphasized ______, _______, _______.education, language, and technology19
742490715In India, the British got rid of ______.sati20
742490716Within Indian schools, European customs were adopted - model behavior on European ________, reading, and scientific learning.excercise21
742490717The values taught to the Indians were eventually used against the _____.British22
742490718Beginning in the 19th century, __________ navy was dominantBritain's23
742490719To achieve the ______ _____ __ _______ _______was a primary reason for colonial expansion.status as a great power24
742490720To obtain _______ __________was a primary reason for colonial expansion.raw materials25
742490721To maintain __________ _____ ________ _______was a primary reason for colonial expansionmarkets for manufactured goods26
742490722The ________improved communication.telegraph27
742490723Mass ___________develops and universal _______ _______is achieved.journalism, male suffrage28
742490724The Industrial revolution gave access to previously unknown _________.minerals29
742490725________- the mass production of mobile artillery developedmetallurgy30
742490726________were improved, now with steam engines, iron hulls, and massive guns.Armaments31
742490727The ________defeated the British at Isandhlwana in 1879.Zulus32
742490728_________ _________consisted of a small number of Europeans ruling a ton of locals.Tropical dependencies.33
742490729Settlement colony - White dominions - lands with huge % of _____and low % of ___________.land, population34
742490730Natives were killed by _____ and wars of conquest.disease35
742490731Settlement colony variation - large _________population and large number of ________.indigenous, immigrants36
742490732In West and East Africa, Muslim missionaries vs. ________ and _________.Animist and Christian37
742490733White people lived in _____and _______cities.capital and provincial38
742490734The colonists did not implement an _____in Africa because they had learned that educated classes in other colonies had started revolts.education39
742490735The government kept contact between women and locals to a _______.minimum40
742490736The government passed laws against _________ - mixing and cohabitation of different races.miscegenation41
742490737The government made attempts to expand _______ ________.export production42
742490738The government taught natives ______management and encouraged them to ______harder.scientific, work43
742490739There was infrastructure created with the sole purpose of moving ___________ ____________.natural resources44
742490740The _______ _________did not benefit from the extraction of resources.local economies45
742490741As the dutch colony was established as a half way to India, the ________in South Africa began moving inland.Boers46
742490742British missionaries tried to rid of ________in South Africa.slavery47
742490743The Boers' discovery of ___________interested the settlers (Colonial gov.)diamond48
742490744The colonial government eventually wins control of the _________ _______that the Boers discovered.diamond mines49
742490745In New Zealand, the ________tribes were destroyed.Maori50
742490746________ and __________disrupted warfare in New Zealand.Prostitution, alcoholism51
742490747The Europeans returned in 1850 to take over New Zealand, the Maori fought back but were defenseless against ________and ________.weapons and disease52
742490748Hawaii was claimed by _______in 1843.British53
742490749The population in Hawaii declined, they imported ______ _________.Chinese laborers54

AP Language & Comp Terms Flashcards

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7708820429AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.0
7708820430AlliterationUsing words with the same first letter repeatedly close together in a phrase or sentence.1
7708820431AllusionMaking a brief reference to the cultural canon—e.g. the Bible, Shakespeare, classical mythology, etc.2
7708820432AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.3
7708820433AnalogyExplaining something complex by comparing it to something more simple.4
7708820434AnaphoraA sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences.5
7708820435AnecdoteOffering a brief narrative episode. This device can serve many functions in a text—for example, introducing an issue, serving as evidence, to illustrate a point, and so on.6
7708820436AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.7
7708820437AntithesisThe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.8
7708820438AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.9
7708820439ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity.10
7708820440ArgumentThe combination of reasons, evidence, etc that an author uses to convince an audience of their position.11
7708820441Aristotelian AppealsThree different methods of appealing to an audience to convince them—ethos, logos, and pathos.12
7708820442AtmosphereThe emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.13
7708820443AttitudeThe writer's personal views or feelings about the subject at hand.14
7708820444AudienceWho the author is directing his or her message towards15
7708820445CaricatureA verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics.16
7708820446ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.17
7708820447Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.18
7708820448Compare & ContrastDiscussing the similarities and differences between two things to some persuasive or illustrative purpose.19
7708820449ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.20
7708820450ConcessionAgreeing with the opposing viewpoint on a certain smaller point (but not in the larger argument).21
7708820451ConnotationThe implied meaning of a word; words can broadly have positive, negative, or neutral connotations.22
7708820452ContextThe extra-textual environment in which the text is being delivered.23
7708820453CounterargumentThe argument(s) against the author's position.24
7708820454Deductive ReasoningA form of logical reasoning wherein a general principle is applied to a specific case.25
7708820455DenotationThe literal, dictionary-definition meaning of a word.26
7708820456DidacticA text with an instructive purpose, often moral.27
7708820457DictionThe style of language used; generally tailored to be appropriate to the audience and situation.28
7708820458EthosSetting up a source as credible and trustworthy.29
7708820459EuphemismReferring to something with a veiled phrase instead of saying it directly30
7708820460EvidenceThe information presented meant to persuade the audience of the author's position.31
7708820461ExemplificationProviding examples in service of a point.32
7708820462Figurative LanguageThe use of language in a non-literal way; i.e. metaphor, simile, etc.33
7708820463Generic ConventionsThis term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.34
7708820464GenreThe specific type of work being presented.35
7708820465HomilyThis term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.36
7708820466HyperboleOverstating a situation for humorous or dramatic effect.37
7708820467IdiomA commonly used phrase that signifies something very different than its literal meaning.38
7708820468ImageryAny descriptive language used to evoke a vivid sense or image of something; includes figurative language.39
7708820469ImplicationWhen something is suggested without being concretely stated.40
7708820470Inductive ReasoningMaking a generalization based on specific evidence at hand.41
7708820471InvectiveAn emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.42
7708820472IronyAt the most basic sense, saying the opposite of what you mean; also used to describe situations in which the results of an action are dramatically different than intended.43
7708820473JuxtapositionPlacing two very different things together for effect.44
7708820474LitotesA form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. Litote is the opposite of hyperbole45
7708820475LogosAppealing to someone's sense of concrete facts and logic.46
7708820476Loose Sentence/Non-Periodic SentenceA type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, or conversational. Generally, loose sentences create loose style. The opposite of a loose sentence is the periodic sentence.47
7708820477MetonymyA term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.48
7708820478NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.49
7708820479OccasionThe reason or moment for writing or speaking.50
7708820480OnomatopoeiaUsing "sound-effect" words (e.g. "clap," "buzz).51
7708820481OrganizationHow the different parts of an argument are arranged in a piece of writing or speech.52
7708820482ParadoxA phrase or assertion that appears to contradict itself (but the contradiction itself may have its own meaning).53
7708820483ParallelismRepeated structural elements in a sentence.54
7708820484ParodyUsing the form of something to mimic and make fun of it. A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression. Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work.55
7708820485PathosAn Aristotelian appeal. Involves appealing to someone's emotions.56
7708820486PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).57
7708820487Periodic SentenceThe opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence58
7708820488PersonificationGiving human characteristics to a nonhuman object or idea.59
7708820489ProseOne of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.60
7708820490PurposeThe author's persuasive intention.61
7708820491RepetitionRe-using a word or phrase repeatedly for effect or emphasis.62
7708820492RhetoricThe use of spoken or written word (or a visual medium) to convey your ideas and convince an audience.63
7708820493Rhetorical ModesThis flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes (often referred to as "modes of discourse") are as follows: 1. The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. 2. The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. 3. The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional and subjective. The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing.64
7708820494Rhetorical TriangleThe relationship between the author, the audience, the text/message, and the context. The author communicates to the reader via the text; and the reader and text are surrounded by context.65
7708820495SarcasmMockingly stating the opposite of what you mean. Easier to convey in the spoken word than via writing.66
7708820496SatireA genre of humorous and mocking criticism to expose the ignorance and/or ills of society.67
7708820497SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.68
7708820498SpeakerThe persona adopted by the author to deliver his or her message; may or may not actually be the same person as the author.69
7708820499StyleThe author's own personal approach to rhetoric in the piece; similar to voice. The consideration of style has two purposes: An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.70
7708820500Subject ComplementThe word (with any accompanying phrases) or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it (the predicate nominative) or (2) describing it (the predicate adjective). These are defined by: 1.) the predicate nominative - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence. Example: Julia Roberts is a movie star. movie star = predicate nominative, as it renames the subject, Julia Roberts 2.) The predicate adjective -- an adjective, a group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is in the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject. Example: Warren remained optimistic. optimistic = predicate adjective, as it modifies the subject, Warren71
7708820501Subordinate ClauseLike all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause (or independent clause) to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses. For example: although, because, unless, if, even though, since, as soon as, while, who, when, where, how and that. Example: Yellowstone is a national park in the West that is known for its geysers. underlined phrase = subordinate clause72
7708820502SyllogismA deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. Syllogisms may also present the specific idea73
7708820503SymbolismUsing a symbol to refer to an idea or concept.74
7708820504SynecdocheReferring to one part of something as a way to refer to the whole.75
7708820505SynesthesiaWhen one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another. In literature, synesthesia refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in the same image.76
7708820506SyntaxThe way sentences are grammatically constructed.77
7708820507SynthesisCombining sources or ideas in a coherent way in the purpose of a larger point.78
7708820508ThemesOverarching ideas or driving premises of a work.79
7708820509ThesisIn expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proven the thesis.80
7708820510ToneThe use of stylistic devices to reveal an author's attitude toward a subject.81
7708820511TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition.82
7708820512UnderstatementDeliberately minimizing something, usually for humorous effect.83
7708820513VoiceAn author's unique sound. Similar to style.84
7708820514WitIn modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.85

AP Literature Midterm Vocab Flashcards

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5877693150synecdochefigure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa0
5877712794metonymysubstitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing.1
5877712795masculine endingrefers to a line ending in a stressed syllable2
5877713129feminine endinga line ending in a stressless syllable3
5877765692perfect rhymea case in which two words rhyme in such a way that their final stressed vowel and all following sounds are identical e.g. sight and light, right and might, rose and dose4
5877793582slant/off/imperfect/half rhymeIt can be defined as a rhyme in which the stressed syllables of ending consonants match, however the preceding vowel sounds do not match. For instance, in words such as "shape/keep" the consonance is very strong.5
5877795195eye rhymea similarity between words in spelling but not in pronunciation, e.g., love and move.6
5877795196internal rhymea rhyme involving a word in the middle of a line and another at the end of the line or in the middle of the next.7
5877795765anaphorathe repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.8
5877795766caesuraa pause near the middle of a line9
5877796167enjambmentthe continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.10
5877796653absolutea phrase that modifies a noun in a sentence, but it is not connected to the sentence by a conjunction. It is set off with a comma only, and it could be removed from the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. (e.g. Marshall held onto the ball, his fingers squeezing it tightly.)11
5877796654allegorya story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one12
5877797411antithesisa figure of speech in which an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by parallelism of words that are the opposites of, or strongly contrasted with, each other, such as "hatred stirs up strife, but love covers all sins"13
5877799598apostrophewhen a character in a literary work speaks to an object, an idea, or someone who doesn't exist as if it is a living person.14
5877799599archetypea detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response15
5877800388bildungsromanconcerned with the education, development, and maturing of a young protagonist.16
5877800389conceitfanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor17
5877800755didactichaving the primary purpose of teaching or instructing18
5877802788assonancetakes place when two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonant sounds19
5877805015consonancerepetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase20
5877805016dissonancethe use of impolite, harsh-sounding and unusual words in poetry; harsh, inharmonious, or discordant sounds21
5877805584elegyas a poem or song in the form of elegiac couplets, written in honor of someone deceased. It typically laments or mourns the death of the individual22
5877805585epigrama rhetorical device that is a memorable, brief, interesting and surprising satirical statement. It has originated from a Greek word, epigramma, meaning inscription or to inscribe23
5877786677ellipsisthe omission of one or more items from a construction in order to avoid repeating the identical or equivalent items that are in a preceding or following construction.24
5877805968euphemismthe substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt.25
5877805969juxtapositionan act or instance of placing close together or side by side, especially for comparison or contrast.26
5877806551paradoxa statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth27
5877807411satirethe use of irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, in exposing, denouncing, or deriding vice, folly, etc.28
5877807778pedanticoverly concerned with minute details or formalisms, especially in teaching.29
5877786221dramatic monologuea poetic form in which a single character,addressing a silent auditor at a critical moment,reveals himself or herself and the dramatic situation.30
5877812087semanticsthe meaning, or an interpretation of the meaning,of a word, sign, sentence, etc.31
5877812516pathetic fallacygiving inanimate object human traits and feelings.32
5877807412syntaxthe study of the patterns of formation of sentences and phrases from words.33
5877813065simple sentencea sentence having only one clause, as I saw her the day before yesterday.34
5877813466compound sentencea sentence containing two or more coordinate independent clauses, usually joined by one or more conjunctions, but no dependent clause.35
5877814872cumulative sentenceStarts with independent clause and then adds subordinate elements.36
5877814873periodic sentenceIndependent clause at the end with subordinates at the start.37
5877812517complex sentencea sentence containing one or more dependent clauses in addition to the main clause.38
5877783879blank verseunrhymed verse, especially the unrhymed iambic pentameter most frequently used in English dramatic, epic, and reflective verse.39
5877785591end-stopped linesPause comes at the end of syntatic unit with a colon, semicolon, period, or full stop.40
5877783880ballada simple narrative poem of folk origin, composed in short stanzas and adapted for singing or any poem written in similar style.41
5877782983odea poem intended to be sung.42
5877782984lyrichaving the form and musical quality of a song, and especially the character of a song like outpouring of the poet's own thoughts and feelings, as distinguished from epic and dramatic poetry.43
5877777180stanzaan arrangement of a certain number of lines, usually four or more, sometimes having a fixed length, meter, or rhyme scheme, forming a division of a poem.44
5877777181coupleta pair of successive lines of verse, especially a pair that rhyme and are of the same length.45
5877776674sonneta poem, properly expressive of a single,complete thought, idea, or sentiment, of 14 lines,usually in iambic pentameter, with rhymes arranged according to one of certain definite scheme.46
5877776675italian/petrarchan sonneta sonnet form popularized by Petrarch, consisting of an octave with the rhyme scheme abbaabbaand of a sestet with one of several rhyme schemes, as cdecde or cdcdcd.47
5877774506english/shakespearean sonneta sonnet form used by Shakespeare and having the rhyme scheme abab, cdcd, efef, gg.48
5877772074pastoralpoems that are set in beautiful rural landscapes49
5877771640prosethe ordinary form of spoken or written language,without metrical structure, as distinguished from poetry or verse or matter-of-fact, commonplace, or dull expression,quality, discourse, etc.50
5877771641tragic & dramatic ironyirony that is inherent in speeches or a situation ofa drama and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play.51
5877815980free verseverse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern.52
5877771142cosmic ironythe idea that fate, destiny, or a god controls and toys with human hopes and expectations; also, the belief that the universe is so large and man is so small that the universe is indifferent to the plight of man; also called irony of fate.53
5877814412parallelismthe repetition of a syntactic construction in successive sentences for rhetorical effect.54
5877814413iambic pentametera common meter in poetry consisting of an unrhymed line with five feet or accents, each foot containing an unaccented syllable and an accented syllable.55
5877771143verbal ironyirony in which a person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning.56
5877770726situational ironyIrony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so outcome is contrary to what was expected.57
5877787088colloquialisma word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one used in ordinary or familiar conversation.58
5877770727structural ironyIrony to the overall work through naive hero or unreliable narrator.59

APWH unit 1 Flashcards

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7212225790PrehistoryTime before written records. Cave paintings and artifacts are used to determine what went on during this time.0
7212225791Paleolithic age (old Stone Age)2.5 million BC to 12,000 BC. Nomadic, used simple tools and fire1
7212225792Homo sapiens sapiensAll humans are believed to have descended from. Arose about 240,000 years ago in Africa. Developed rituals for afterlife and created cave paintings.2
7212225793Mesolithic (middle)12,000 BC to 8,000 BC. More advanced weaponry, creation of log rafts and dugouts, domestication of animals (ex: cow, dog, goat, etc). Population expulsion= pressure for MORE food3
7212225794Neolithic revolution•Invention of agriculture •6-8 million people •farming, status of women declined, early agriculture developed in Middle East (Mesopotamia)4
7212225795Technological change•Had to store agricultural products- leads to pottery •potters wheel developed about 6,000 BC •Developed metal tools- copper 1st •Bronze replaces copper about 4,000 BC •Bronze Age ends with introduction of Iron Age- 1,500 BC5
7212225796Job specializationNeeded metal workers to create garden implements such as hoes6
7212225797Neolithic villages•Jericho, Israel- 9,000 BC •Catal Huyuk, Turkey- 7,000 BC •Skara Brae, Scotland- 3,180 BC7
72122257988 features of civilizationCity, job specialization, writing, social classes, public works, government, complex religions, arts, and architecture8
7212225799River valleys•Middle East- Tigris and Euphrates river •Egypt- Nile river •India- Indus river •China- Yellow (Huang He) river9
7212225800Fertile CrescentDark rich soils, produced lots of wheat, became crossroads for trade, cultural diffusion10
7212225801MesopotamiaLand between the rivers11
7212225802Tigris and Euphrates river valleysPart of the Fertile Crescent, violent floods, no natural building materials12
7212225803Sumer1st great Mesopotamian civilization. Used bricks, ziggurats (great temples), trade, made 1st wheeled vehicles, divided into city-states, rulers led each city-state, seen as servant of the gods/goddesses13
7212225804Sumerian religionPolytheistic, believed afterlife was a world of punishment14
7212225805Sumerian advances in learning•Invented cuneiform in 3,500 BC (oldest form of writing) •basic algebra and geometry •number system based on 10, 60, 360; circle= 360 degrees •very accurate calendar15
7212225806Egypt•Nile river- longest in the world, flows northward, not navigable for its entirety because of the cataracts. •Egyptians counted on annual flooding to redeposit silt for fertility •Pyramid Age/ Old Kingdom- 2,700 BC to 2,200 BC •power struggles, crop failures, and building costs ended old kingdom •Middle Kingdom- 2,050 BC to 1,800 BC •Hyksos invaded in 1,700 BC- had horse drawn chariots and bronze weapons16
7212225807Egypt•New Kingdom- 1,550 BC to 1,100 BC •Egyptians learned the Hyksos technology and used it drive them out •Egypt expanded17
7212225808Great Egyptian leaders of the new kingdom•Hatshepsut- only woman to rule in her own right •Ramses II- longest reigning Pharaoh, ruled for 72 years, had 100 kids18
7212225809Egyptian decline•weak rulers followed Ramses II •Assyrians and Persians conquered Egypt •later Greece and Rome will conquer Egypt19
7212225810Egyptian religion and society•polytheistic •pharaoh, high priests/priestesses, nobles, merchants, scribes, artisans, farmers, slaves •women had higher social status20
7212225811Egyptian achievementsHieroglyphics, demotic, papyrus scrolls, astronomy, mathematics, painting/sculpture, medicine21
7212225812King Tutankhamen's tomb•found by Howard Carter in 1922 •the most nearly intact tomb found •about 3,000 years old22
7212225813Babylonians•Babylon- Baghdad, Iraq •Kind Hammurabi- great code of laws- put them all over the kingdom; "an eye for an eye" •this was the 1st major collection of laws •women had some rights •children were suppose to honor and respect parents •cowardice in battle, kidnapping, bigamy, adultery, perjury, wrongdoing by officials •PUNISHABLE BY DEATH23
7212225814Babylon•revived under Nebuchadnezzar- 612 BC •built hanging gardens of Babylon- 1 of the 7 wonders •conquered the Jews in 586 BC and destroyed the Temple of Israel •enslaved many and took them to Babylon24
7212225815HittitesGreat iron workers, used iron weapons25
7212225816Assyrians•iron weapons •fierce and cruel warriors •opened 1st library26
7212225817Phoenicians•great sea farers- may have traveled to Britain •developed 1st alphabet •developed purple dye (murex) •created colonies all over the Mediterranean region27
7212225818Lydians1st to use money28
7212225819Hebrews•early nomads is Ur (Sumer) •2,000 BC- moved to Canaan (Palestine); original covenant with God (Abraham) •1,800 BC- famine led to emigration to Egypt where Hebrews will be enslaved later •Moses will lead the people (Exodus); receives 10 commandments from God •Joshua completes the Exodus29
7212225820Hebrews•Israel created in 1,000 BC •539 BC- Cyrus the Great and the Persians defeated the Babylonians and allowed the Jews to return to Israel • many Jews returned to rebuild the Temple of Israel30
7212225821Jewish beliefs•monotheistic •10 commandments •Torah- 1st 5 books of the Old Testament •Talmua- laws •believed in strong ethics, respect for women31
7212225822Jews•Diaspora- scattering of the Jews •result of many enslavements and exiles of the Jews •Jerusalem- claimed by all 3 major faiths of the Middle East- Judaism, Christianity, and Islam32
7213977898IndiaSubcontinent- India, Pakistan, Bangladesh33
7213977899Indus river valley•Harappan- 2,500 BC to 1,750 BC •present day Pakistan •large civilization- 2 main cities- Harappa and Mohenjo Daro •had uniform weights and measurements •1st to cultivate cotton into cloth •mostly farmers34
7213977900Indus River valley•polytheistic •writing- only writing left is on seals •had citadels •decline- not sure why, but by 1,500 BC the aryans had take. Over the region35
7213977901Aryans•migrated from the Steppe of Russia •wealth=cows •social classes based on occupation •strict adherence to social class as this determine spiritual purity •passed down history and religion (Vedas) orally Sanskrit developed- written language •helped to form Hinduism36
7215156422Chinese religion•polytheistic •ancestor worship- intercession- only ancestors could get the ear of a god •Shang di- mother goddess37
7215156423Chinese writing•pictographs •ideographs •calligraphy •oldest example of writing is on oracle bones38
7215156424Shang dynasty•war like nomads who conquered China around 1,500 BC •pictographic writing becomes ideographs and ultimately becomes characters •writing was a unifying feature in ancient China39
7215156425Silk roadMost important trade route of ancient times40

AP World History Chapter 16 Flashcards

Strayer Ways of the World
Second Edition
A Brief Global History
Chapter 16: Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes, 1750-1914

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1226992657Vindication of the Rights of WomenWritten by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1792, this tract was one of the earliest expressions of feminism conciousness0
1226992658Spanish American revolutionsSeries of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by lower classes. A more social radical rebellion, known as the Hidalgo-Morelos rebellion, began in Mexico in 1810 and was led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos.1
1226992659North American RevolutionA successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy.2
1226992660nationalismThe focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.3
1226992661Napoleon BonaparteFrench head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); Napoleon preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.4
1226992662maternal feminismMovement that claimed women have value in society not because of abstract notions of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers; its exponents argue that women have a right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch over the future of their children.5
1226992663KartiniA Javanese women from an elite background (1879-1904) who has come to be regarded as a pioneer of both feminism and nationalism thinking in Indonesia.6
1226992664Haitian RevolutionThe only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti, which means "mountain" or "rugged" in the Native Taino language) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804). Its first leader was Toussaint Louverture, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state.7
1226992665French RevolutionMassive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy and launched radical reforms of society that were lost under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy. The French Revolution proceeded in stages and included the era known as the Terror.8
1226992666Elizabeth Cady StantonLeading figure of early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902). She was instrumental in organizing the first women's rights conference, which took place in her hometown of Seneca Falls, New York in 1848.9
1226992667Declaration of the Rights of Man and CitizenDocument drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights for all men; the declaration ideology launched the French Revolution.10
1226992668abolitionist movementAn international movement that between approx. 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.11
1226992669Who fought the Seven Years' War (1754-1763)?Britain and France fought the Seven Years' War not only in Europe but in the Americas, West Africa, and South Asia12
1226992670This idea is at the heart of the European Enlightenment.The belief that human political and social arrangements can be engineered and improved by human action The notion that humans could improve their political and social conditions by action was very radical in the eighteenth century and at the heart of Enlightenment13
1226992671The idea that the authority to govern is derived from the people rather than from God or tradition is known asPopular sovereignty, the belief that authority to govern comes from the people, is an important political argument of the Enlightenment14
1226992672Scholars have often questioned whether this revolution was a revolution at all, since it was a conservative movement that aimed to preserve existing liberties rather than create new ones.The American Revolution was a reaction to new exactions from Britain, rather than an effort to gain new liberties15
1226992673Which of the following statements best describes social conditions in the British colonies of North America?All free men in Britain's North American colonies had the same legal status, a situation very radical by European standards of the time.16
1226992674This document was one of the first sustained efforts to put the political ideas of the Enlightenment into practice.The Constitution's series of checks and balances, separation of church and state, federalism, and Bill of Rights was a sweeping early effort to practice what the Enlightenment preached.17
1226992675What event was the spark that set off the French Revolution?King Louis XVI, in dire financial straits, called a session of the Estates General. Calling malcontents together and allowing them a public voice has often been dangerous in world history; in 1789 France, the third estate of the Estates General claimed an authority and made demands that launched the French Revolution18
1226992676Which of the following statements best describes the French Revolution?The French Revolution was much more violent and radical than its American counterpart; it caused profound social change19
1226992677This king and queen of France were executed in 1793, marking a new stage of revolutionary violence in France.The execution of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI in 1793 caused shock waves throughout Europe.20
1226992678What was the Bastille?In July 1789, rioters stormed the Bastille, a prison and armory in Paris, which they hated because it symbolized the oppressive old regime.21
1226992679What was the most important way in which the influence of the French Revolution was spread to other countries?By conquest In the early nineteenth century, France conquered a number of European states under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte, introducing revolutionary ideas to the regions they defeated.22
1226992680This French national leader imposed revolutionary practices such as religious toleration and the rationalization of government administration through much of Europe.Napoleon was a revolutionary general who seized power in 1799; in his career of European conquest, he imposed many revolutionary practices on other countries.23
1226992681This revolution began with a massive slave revolt in 1791 after rumors circulated that the king had abolished slavery.A massive slave revolt broke out in Haiti in 1791 after rumors circulated that the French king had abolished slavery; it was the first step of the Haitian Revolution.24
1226992682Why is Toussaint Louverture important to world history?Louverture, a former slave, became the ruler of revolutionary Haiti25
1226992683Which of the following is a reason for the poverty of Haiti?In 1825, the French forced Haiti to agree to pay a massive "independence debt" that was a financial burden on the state for over a century26
1226992684The priests Miguel Hidalgo and José Morelos led a major peasant rebellion in which country in 1810?Hidalgo and Morelos led a major peasant insurrection in Mexico, only to be crushed by an army raised by creole landowners with support from the Church hierarchy27
1226992685What happened to the Portuguese royal family when Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1808?They went into exile in Brazil. The Portuguese royal family sought refuge in their colony of Brazil28
1226992686What is nativism?A political view that argued that all people born in the Americas have a common cause against European-born enemies Nativism, the Latin American sense of a common cause as Americanos against Spanish or Portuguese enemies, was an important unifying force in the Latin American revolutions29
1226992687Who were the chief beneficiaries of the revolutionary movements of Spanish America in the period 1810-1825?Creole elites were the chief beneficiaries of Spanish America's revolution, becoming the leaders of colonial society rather than overthrowing it.30
1226992688Which of the following movements grew out of the Atlantic revolutions?The great movement to end slavery developed from the ideas and practices of the Atlantic revolutions31
1226992689Which was the last Atlantic state to abolish slavery?Brazil emancipated its slaves in 1888 and was the last of the Atlantic states to do so.32
1226992690What was a leading reason why large numbers of Indian and Chinese indentured servants came to work in the Americas in the nineteenth century?Most of the Indian and Chinese indentured servants were brought in to work on sugar plantations, in mines, and in construction projects, where they labored under conditions very similar to slavery.33
1226992691Which of the following statements best describes the millions of slaves who were freed in the Atlantic world during the nineteenth century?They suffered legal restrictions, racism, and economic hardship As one historian has said, freed slaves won "nothing but freedom." They did not receive anything close to political equality and suffered severe economic hardship34
1226992692Which of the following statements is true of slavery in the Islamic world?Slavery was only outlawed gradually in the twentieth century The Islamic world did not experience a large-scale abolition movement; Islamic states gradually outlawed slavery in the twentieth century under international pressure35
1226992693What was the greatest hindrance to the development of nationalism in the eighteenth century?People's most important loyalties were local, limited to their clan, village, or region. Local loyalties seriously hindered the development of nationalism.36
1226992694Which of the following statements is true of nationalism?The idea of the "nation" was constructed in the nineteenth century, but it was often imagined as a reawakening of older cultural identities Nationalist leaders drew on history, culture, and collective memory to articulate and shape their nations37
1226992695Which of the following is a political view that identifies the nation with a particular territory and maintains that people of all cultural backgrounds can assimilate into the dominant culture?Civic nationalism sees nations as "melting pots" in which people of various cultures can assimilate38
1226992696Which of the following is a reason why feminism emerged as a major force in Europe and North America in the nineteenth century?Enlightenment philosophers challenged the notion of female inferiority, as they challenged many traditionally accepted views.39
1226992697What happened at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848?Seneca Falls was home to the world's first organized women's rights conference40
1226992698Which of the following was a feminist leader who published a Women's Bible that left out all the parts she found offensive?Elizabeth Cady Stanton was a chief leader of the American feminist movement; among her many activities, she published a cleaned-up Women's Bible that largely left out patriarchy.41
1226992699The Atlantic revolutions challenged which of these established ways of living or thinking?the divine right of kings → Many prerevolutionary monarchs relied on the theory of divine right for their political legitimacy.42
1226992700The Atlantic revolutions were distinctive from comparable upheavals elsewhere in the world during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries because theywere closely connected to one another through a shared set of ideas. → The Atlantic revolutions were closely connected to one another, both through direct contact between revolutionaries and through a shared set of common political ideas.43
1226992701Which of the following was a distinctive feature of the Atlantic revolutions?The Atlantic revolutions' immense long-term global impact → The ideals that animated the Atlantic revolutions inspired efforts in many countries to abolish slavery, to extend the right to vote, to develop constitutions, and to secure greater equality for women.44
1226992702The Atlantic revolutions occurred in the context ofweakening states. → Despite their growing size and the scale of the wars they fought, many European states were weakening. In particular, the strains that expensive wars placed on the finances of those countries left them weakened.45
1226992703Which of the following was an important long-term impact of the Atlantic revolutions?The expression of ideas of human equality by feminist, socialist, and communist movements → Socialists, communists, and feminists all expressed themselves using ideas of human equality articulated in the Atlantic revolutions. The emergence of nationalism as a defining political ideology in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries → Ideas of citizenship and popular sovereignty that underpinned the Atlantic revolutions fostered nationalism in the two centuries that followed. the extension of voting rights and the development of constitutions in regions in which the ideas of the Atlantic revolutions were adopted. → The ideals of popular sovereignty and inalienable rights led to efforts to secure suffrage rights for citizens and clear demarcations of those citizens' rights.46
1226992704An important long-term impact of the Atlantic revolutions wasa concerted movement in many countries to secure greater equality for women. → Women made few political gains in the immediate aftermath of the Atlantic revolutions, but the revolutions did ultimately inspire efforts in many countries to secure greater equality for women.47
1226992705How did Enlightenment thinkers contribute to the Atlantic revolutions?Most Enlightenment thinkers advocated the concept of popular sovereignty. → Most Enlightenment thinkers advocated, and Atlantic revolutionaries embraced, the concept of popular sovereignty.48
1226992706Some scholars have come to think of the century or so from the early eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth century as a global period ofworld crisis. → Some scholars have come to the view the period as one of world crisis.49
1226992707autonomy(of a country or region) the right or condition of self-government, esp. in a particular sphere.50
1226992708How much autonomy did the British colonies in America have in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, before the conflict that led to American independence?A large amount → Local elected assemblies in the American colonies achieved something close to self-government and were largely left to their own devices by the British government.51
1226992709Whom did the third estate of the Estates General represent?The 98 percent of the French population not in the clergy, the nobility, or the royal family → The third estate was made up of commoners, defined as those who were not members of the clergy or the nobility.52
1226992710What was distinctive about the Haitian Revolution in the history of the Atlantic revolutions?It was the only completely successful revolution led by slaves. → The Haitian Revolution was the only wholly successful slave revolt in the Atlantic world. Indeed, it was the only successful slave revolt in world history.53
1226992711The American Revolution differed from the Spanish American revolutions in thatultimately the British North American colonies emerged as a single state, while the Latin American colonies fragmented into numerous smaller states. → Despite efforts to form a United States of Latin America, the region ultimately fragmented into many smaller sovereign states. Several factors made unity more difficult to engineer in Latin America. Distances between the colonies and geographic obstacles to effective communication were greater in Latin America. Moreover, the longer colonial period in Latin America had given rise to more distinct and deeply rooted regional identities.54
1226992712Being part of the British Empire accorded colonists in North America which of the following benefits?Protection in war → The British Empire did offer military protection to its colonies, although the cost of this protection ultimately led to tensions between the North American colonies and the British government.55
1226992713Which of the following best characterizes the course that the French Revolution followed between 1789 and 1794?Increasing radicalization and use of violence by revolutionaries → As internal resistance and foreign opposition increased, it produced a fear that the revolution might be overturned. In response, revolutionaries increasingly embraced more radical measures to defend the revolution, culminating in the Terror.56
1226992714How did the wealthy and poor white populations on Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) interpret the French Revolution's emphasis on equality and liberty?The wealthy whites believed the principles of the French revolution applied only to them; poor whites believed they applied to all whites but not to blacks. → Wealthy and poor whites agreed that the principles of equality and liberty applied only to whites, but they were not unified in their stance. Wealthy whites, who were more concerned with achieving greater autonomy for the colony and reducing economic restrictions on trade, rejected the argument of poor whites that the new ideas of equality and liberty applied to all whites57
1226992715How did Napoleon spread the seeds of the French Revolution across Europe and Russia? [[Napoleon created the largest empire in Europe since ancient Rome, and he imposed many practices of the revolution throughout his empire, such as ending feudalism, proclaiming equality of rights, insisting on religious toleration, codifying the laws, and rationalizing government administration.]]By conquering most of Europe and instituting reforms similar to those in France58
1226992716What impact did Napoleon Bonaparte have on the French revolution as leader of France from 1799 to 1814?He kept the revolution's emphasis on social equality for men but dispensed with liberty. → Napoleon preserved civil equality, a secular law code, religious freedom, and promotion by merit, but he suppressed the revolution's more democratic elements in a military dictatorship.59
1226992717Which of the following was a distinguishing characteristic of the French Revolution?The French Revolution produced a profound social upheaval. → The French Revolution was more socially radical than its American counterpart, with the privileged estates in France losing their status in a new society that was based on the premise that all citizens were equal before the law.60
1226992718What kind of wholesale social transformation occurred in the wake of the American Revolution?None; the elites within the colonies remained in power. → Political authority remained largely in the hands of existing elites who had led the revolution, although property requirements for voting were lowered and widening political participation gradually eroded the power of traditional gentlemen.61
1226992719What was revolutionary about the American Revolution?It was not so much the revolution itself but rather the kind of society that had already emerged within the colonies and that was affirmed by the revolution. → Independence from Britain was not accompanied by any wholesale social transformation. Rather the revolution accelerated the established democratic tendencies of the colonial societies.62
1226992720Until the mid-eighteenth century the British governmentpaid little attention to its North American colonies because it was distracted by its own internal conflicts and wars in Europe. → A greater interest in its more profitable colonies in the Caribbean, along with internal conflicts and various European wars, distracted the British government. This allowed local elected assemblies in the North American colonies to enjoy a great deal of autonomy.63
1226992721An important impact of the Haitian Revolution on the Atlantic world wasgrowing fear among slave owners and whites in other slaveholding colonies. → The success of the Haitian Revolution was greeted by whites elsewhere in the hemisphere with a sense of horror at what had occurred and a determination not to allow political change to reproduce that fearful outcome elsewhere.64
1226992722What best describes the result of Napoleon's conquest and reform of European lands?The conquered accepted many of the reforms but revolted against French control. → In many places the reforms that Napoleon instituted were welcomed, but French domination was also resented and resisted.65
1226992723Which of the following was a result of growing nationalist sentiment in the nineteenth century?Poles and Ukrainians became more aware of their oppression within the Russian Empire. → During this period both the Poles and the Ukrainians became more aware of their oppression within the Russian Empire, sparking nationalist movements. A Zionist movement sought to create a Jewish state in Palestine. → A small Zionist movement among Europe's frequently persecuted Jews did seek a homeland in Palestine. Italy became unified. → Italy did unify for the first time during the nineteenth century.66
1226992724Which of the following nations continued to import large numbers of slaves even after the slave trade was declared illegal in the nineteenth century?Brazil → Brazil and Cuba imported millions of slaves after the trade was declared illegal.67
1226992725The feminist challenge to patriarchy in the nineteenth century took shape especially inEurope and North America. → The most dynamic early feminist movements were based in Europe and North America.68
1226992726In what ways did Europe's modern transformation weaken older identities and loyalties?The publishing industry standardized various dialects into a smaller number of European languages. → This process of standardization allowed a growing reading public to think of themselves as members of a common linguistic group or nation.69
1226992727What made the moral arguments against slavery more widely acceptable in the nineteenth century?Slavery was no longer necessary for a strong economy. → There was a growing belief that, contrary to much earlier thinking, slavery was not essential for economic progress. England and New England were among the most prosperous regions of the Western world in the nineteenth century, and both were based on free labor.70
1226992728Which of the following is true of feminist movements outside the West in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?In China some modernists supported education and a higher status for women. → Modernists supported both education and a higher status for women because they felt that these changes strengthened the nation in its struggles for development and independence.71
1226992729How did successful and unsuccessful slave uprisings in the early nineteenth century sway British public opinion on the issue of slavery?The rebellions showed that slaves were not "contented" but rather were brutally oppressed, and this persuaded the British public to support the abolition of slavery. → The rebellions ran counter to the argument that slaves were actually content with their situation. This fact, along with arguments that slavery was morally wrong, economically inefficient, and politically unwise, swung British public opinion behind the abolition of slavery.72
1226992730How did Europe's modern transformation facilitate nationalism?Science weakened the hold that older religious identities had on some people. → Science did weaken the hold of religion on some by offering an alternative understanding of the universe.73
1226992731The Atlantic revolutions caused which of the following developmentsThe emergence of a modernizing regime in Egypt and of westernizing reforms in the Ottoman Empire → Napoleon's brief conquest of Egypt did open the way for a modernizing regime to emerge in that ancient land, and it also stimulated westernizing reforms in the Ottoman Empire74
1226992732Which of the following was a factor that contributed to the end of the Atlantic slave trade in the nineteenth century?The growing perception that slavery was an out-of-date and inefficient economic system → By the early nineteenth century, many viewed slavery as unnecessary in the new era of industrial technology and capitalism.75
1226992733One nationalist political ideology that emerged in the nineteenth century defined the nationin racial terms. → Some nationalist movements, such as the one in Germany, defined the nation in racial terms, excluding those who did not share a common ancestry. in terms of a specific territory. → This version of nationalism, often called "civic nationalism," maintained that people of various cultural backgrounds could assimilate into the dominant culture.76
1226992734One argument put forth in support of abolition was thatslavery was a crime in the sight of God. → Quakers and Protestant evangelicals in both Britain and the United States argued that slavery was "repugnant" to their religion and "a crime in the sight of God."77
1226992735Which of the following is true of the response to serfdom in Russia?The Russian tsar freed serfs in his country in part because of fear of rebellion and moral concerns. → In 1861 the tsar did free the serfs in his kingdom because of concerns similar to those that drove the abolition of slavery in the Atlantic world, including fear of rebellion, moral concerns, and economic inefficiency.78
1226992736Which of the following was an important outcome of the emancipation of slaves?Where land was available, many freedmen sought economic autonomy on their own land. → Freedmen throughout the Atlantic world sought economic autonomy on their own land, and in places like Jamaica, where unoccupied land was available, independent peasant agriculture proved possible for some.79
1226992737The first region involved in the Atlantic slave trade to abolish slavery wasGreat Britain. → Britain forbade the sale of slaves within its empire in 1807, and in 1834 it emancipated those who remained enslaved.80
1226992738How was the idea of the "nation" often presented in the nineteenth century?As something ancient that was being rediscovered → The idea of the "nation" was frequently presented as a reawakening of older linguistic or cultural identities.81
1226992739Which of the following was a subject of debate among supporters of nationalism?Whether the nation was best identified in terms of territory or in terms of race → These two concepts of nation were debated during the period, with each position finding advocates.82

Term List #1 for AP Lit Flashcards

Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.
Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.

Terms : Hide Images
2251157577AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.0
2251157578AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.1
2251157579AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.2
2251157580AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.3
2251157581AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.4
2251157582AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences. A question from the 2001 AP test as an example follows: "But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds; it exists eternally, by way of germ of latent principle, in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed but never to be planted."5
2251157583Antithesisthe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.6
2251157584AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point7
2251157585ApostropheA prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity. William Wordsworth addresses John Milton as he writes, "Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour: England hath need of thee." Another example is Keats' "Ode to a Grecian Urn," in which Keats addresses the urn itself: rarely on an AP exam, but important when there. ALWAYS Pathos8
2251157586AtmosphereThe emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.9
2251157587Caricaturea verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics. Example: The pupils of her eyes are small; like a pebble of sand floating atop a can of blue paint.10
2251157588ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause, cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.11
2251157589Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialect12
2251157590Literary ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects Displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense13
2251157591ConnotationThe non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions or attitudes14
2251157592DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. (Example: the denotation of knife- a utensil for cutting - Connotation - knife - such as knife in the back - anger fear violence betrayal15
2251157593DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. FOR AP EXAMSyou should be able to describe the uthors diction and understand how it compliments his purpose (along iwth imagery syntax, literary devices, etc)16
2251157594DidacticFrom the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic words have the primary aim of teaching or instructing,especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.17
2251157595EuphemismFrom the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT18
2251157596Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.19
2251157597Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid20
2251157598Figure of speechA device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement21
2251157599GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genresthemselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies,autobiographies, etc.). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy,comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. On the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing. There may be fiction or poetry.22
2251157600HomilyThis term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.23
2251157601HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.") Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony. The opposite of hyperbole is understatement.24
2251157602ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses: visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, and olfactory. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection. An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figures of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. On the AP language exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.25
2251157603Inference/inferTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and it is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms26
2251157604Invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language. (For example, in Henry IV, Part hill of flesh.")27
2251157605Irony/ironicThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true. Irony is often used to create poignancy or humor. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language: (1) verbal irony - when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning (2) situational irony - when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen (3) dramatic irony - when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work.28
2251157606Litotes(pronounced almost like "little tee") - a form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite. Litote is the opposite of hyperbole. Examples: "Not a bad idea," "Not many," "It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain" (Salinger, Catcher in the Rye).29
2251157607MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.30
2251157608Metonymy(mĕtŏn′ ĭmē) A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. For example, a news release that claims "the White House declared" rather than "the President declared" is using metonymy; Shakespeare uses it to signify the male and female sexes in As You Like It: "doublet and hose ought to show itself courageous to petticoat." The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional impact.31
2251157609MoodThe prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. Mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.32
2251157610NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.33
2251157611onomatopoeiaA figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.34
2251157612OxymoronFrom the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect that the author achieves with the use of oxymoron.35
2251157613ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")36
2251157614ParallelismAlso referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to, repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of believe, it was the epoch of incredulity....") The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm. Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms37
2251157615AnaphoraA sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences. MLK used anaphora in his famous "I Have a Dream" speech (1963).38
2251157616ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression (propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, etc.) Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original.39
2251157617PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).40
2251157618Periodic sentenceThe opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence. (Example: After a long, bumpy flight and multiple delays, I arrived at the San Diego airport.)41
2251157619PersonificationA figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animals, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.42
2251157620Point of viewIn literature, the perspective from which a story is told. There are two general divisions of point of view, and many subdivisions within those. (1) first person narrator tells the story with the first person pronoun, "I," and is a character in the story. This narrator can be the protagonist, a secondary character, or an observing character. (2) third person narrator relates the events with the third person pronouns, "he," "she," and "it." There are two main subdivisions to be aware of: a. third person omniscient, in which the narrator, with godlike knowledge, presents the thoughts and actions of any or all characters b. third person limited omniscient, in which the narrator presents the feelings and thoughts of only one character, presenting only the actions of all the remaining characters. In addition, be aware that the term point of view carries an additional meaning. When you are asked to analyze the author's point of view, the appropriate point for you to address is the author's attitude.43
2251157621Proseone of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.44
2251157622RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.45
2251157623RhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.46
2251157624SarcasmFrom the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic (that is, intended to ridicule). When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when poorly done, it is simply cruel.47
2251157625SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively by the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition. Some modern satirists include Joseph Heller (Catch 22) and Kurt Vonnegut (Cat's Cradle, Player Piano).48
2251157626SyllogismFrom the Greek for "reckoning together," a syllogism (or syllogistic reasoning or syllogistic logic) is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows: major premise: All men are mortal. minor premise: Socrates is a man. conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is a mortal. A syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. Syllogisms may also present the specific idea first ("Socrates") and the general second ("all men"). Adapted from V. Stevenson, Patrick Henry High School, and Abrams' Glossary of Literary Terms49
2251157627Symbol/symbolismGenerally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete -- such as an object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols (1) natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to symbolize ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull and crossbones for pirates or the scale of justice for lawyers). (3) literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are more generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated, as is the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.50
2251157628Synecdochea figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part. Examples: To refer to a boat as a "sail"; to refer to a car as "wheels"; to refer to the violins, violas, etc. in an orchestra as "the strings." **Different than metonymy, in which one thing is represented by another thing that is commonly physically associated with it (but is not necessarily a part of it), i.e., referring to a monarch as "the crown" or the President as "The White House."51
2251157629Synesthesiawhen one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another. Ex: The sight of red ants makes you itchy. In literature, synesthesia refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in the same image. Red Hot Chili Peppers' song title,"Taste the Pain," is an example.52
2251157630SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiplechoice section of the AP exam, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.53
2251157631ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly state, especially in expository or argumentative writing.54
2251157632ThesisIn expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively,and thoroughly a writer has proven the thesis.55
2251157633ToneSimilar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if it were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, somber, etc.56
2251157634Understatementthe ironic minimalizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole. Example: Jonathan Swift's A Tale of a Tub: "Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her person for the worse."57
2251157635Witin modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speedof understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.58
2251157636AppositiveNoun Phrase..modifies the noun set next to it., A noun or noun substitute that is placed directly next to the noun it is describing: My student, Sidney, makes me want to retire.59
2251157637Gerunda verb ending in 'ing' to serve as a noun - 'Stabbing (used as a noun) is what i do said the thief.'60
2251157638Malapropisma word humorously misused: Example, he is the AMPLE of her eye... instead of ' he is the APPLE of her eye,61
2251157639Parallelism (parallel syntax)a pattern of language that creates a rhythm of repetition often combined with some other language of repetition. Like a train gaining momentum. Ex: When you are right you cannot be too radical; when you are wrong, you cannot be too conservative.62
2251157640Active VoiceThe opposite of passive voice, the active is essentially any sentence with an active verb. Johnny Appleseed planted his seeds in the garden. The active verb is "planted." Active voice is usually preferred in writing because it expresses more energy and command of the essay than does the passive voice.63
2251157641AsyndetonThe deliberate omission of conjunctions from series of related independent clauses. The effect id to create a tight, concise, and forceful sentence. Al the orcs ate the food, broke the dishes, trashed the hall, beat the dogs to the shower.64
2251157642EpistropheA minor device, epistrophe is the ending of a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words. When it appears in speech or essay, it is emotionally potent.65
2251157643EthosOne of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Ethos is basically an appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue. Whenever you encounter an ethos argument, always ask yourself is the credibility is substantiated and valid. An essay advocating policy changes on drug rehabilitation programs is more powerful is the person is a former addict or customer in a current rehab program.66
2251157644EtymologyThe study of the origin of words and their historical uses. This is a minor term and rarely appears on the test, but it is nice to know. The name for the sandwich came from the Earl of Sandwich, an altogether unremarkable peer of the English realm.67
2251157645FallacyA failure of logical reasoning. fallacies appear to make an argument reasonable, but falsely so.The key, however, is for you to be able to spot when someone is not making sense or is failing to convince. When that happens, you may not remember the right label for the fallacy, but you should be able to identify where the author has messed up. In the chapter on the rhetorical analysis, we discuss a variety of common fallacies, and we have included most of them alphabetically in the vocabulary list: ad hominem. begging the question, straw man, alippery slope. etc.68
2251157646InductiveA form of logical argumentation that requires the use of examples. Inductive arguments are most like science: You get example after example until you reach a conclusion. These types of argument are fairly easy to spot and very common to argumentative essays. When you encounter and inductive argument, ask yourself two questions: Are there enough examples, and are they relevant to the question being addressed.69
2251157647JargonA pattern of speech and vocabulary associated with a particular group of people. It typically appears only in the multiple-choice section and is not significant. Computer analysis have their own vocabulary, as do doctors, astronauts, and plumbers.That is their jargon. To some extent, this glossary and book are an effort to provide you with a new (though we hope not entirely new) jargon.70
2251157648JuxtapositionMaking on idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite. In art it is called chiaroscuro, where a bright white object is placed next to a black object and thus both are made more visible. My goodness is often chastened by my sense of sin, or The Gasoline savings from a hybrid car as compared to a standard car seem excellent until one compares the asking prices of the two vehicles. The juxtaposition of the asking prices shows that the savings are not as significant as they first appear.71
2251157649LogosAn appeal to reason. Logos is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. It occurs when a writer tries to convince you of the logic of his argument. writers may use inductive argumentation or deductive argumentation, but they clearly have examples and generally rational tome to their language. The problem with logos is that is can appear reasonable until you dissect the argument and then find fallacies that defeat the viability of the argument on the reader's eyes. Of course, that presupposes that the readers is able to identify the fallacies.72
2251157650Non SequiturThis literally means "it does not follow" Non sequitur is an argument by misdirection and is logically irrelevant. "Should we invade Canada, Sire? " Has seen my wand?"73
2251157651Passive VoiceTh opposite of active voice; in the passive voice something happens to someone: Mordred was bitten by the dog, rather than the active form The dig bit Mordred.74
2251157652PathosAn appeal to emotion. This is one of the fundamental strategies of argumentation identified by Aristotle. Typically, pathos arguments may use loaded words to make you feel guilty, lonely, worried, insecure, or confused. The easiest way to remember whats pathos arguments are is to see most advertising as a form of pathos argument.75
2251157653PolysyndetonThe use of consecutive coordinating conjunctions even when they are not needed. The effect is to render the reader somewhat breathless. He was overwhelmed, as is by a tsunami, and by the fishes, and by the seaweed, and by the salt spray from the heavens.76
2251157654PunA play on words. In an argument, a pun usually calls humorous attention to particular point. He kept waving at the princess. He was a devoted fan.77
2251157655Red HerringAn argument that distracts the reader by raising issues irrelevant to the case. It is like being given too many suspects in a murder mystery.78
2251157656Rhetorical QuestionA question whose answer is assumed, a rhetorical question is designed to force the reader to respond in a predetermined manner and is a significant tool in the study of rhetoric. One of the most basic purposes for rhetorical questions is cheerleading. Rhetorical questions, therefor, propel an argument emotionally. They often look like extensions of a logical argument, but more often than not, they are setting you up to agree with the writer. As with a parallel syntax, rhetorical questions are excellent devices to use in the development of your own essay writing. As graders, we notice when you use them- if you use them to effectively nurture your argument. There are some types of rhetorical questions, but they always follow the same basic pattern: the writer ask herself something and then answers the question in the next sentence or paragraph. Another form is when the question functions as an ironic assault on the writer's adversaries. This kind if rhetorical question can have many uses, and you should notice its function whenever you encounter one in nonfiction prose. Who's afraid of the big bad wolf? Who's afraid of the jolly green giant? Are we? No!!!79
2251157657Rhetorical ShiftThis occurs when the author of an essay significantly alters his or hers diction, syntax, or both. It isn't exactly a different writer who is writing, but it feels awfully close to it. Rhetorical shifts are important to recognize because they are dramatic and usually occur at critical points in an argument.80
2251157658SmileA critical figure of speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance. Remember the ripple effect and look for patterns in similes and metaphors in any piece of nonfiction prose. The troll's fishing technique was like a mercenary throwing bombs in the water to catch trout.81
2251157659Simple SentenceAn independent clause. It has a subject and a verb, and that's pretty much it. The giant chopped down the bean tree.82
2251157660synthesisTo unite or synthesize a variety of sources to achieve a common end. We use this term almost exclusively to refer to the new synthesis question on the exam. Using yours wits and argumentative skill, you combine memory, commentary you've recently read, and a discussion to create a single coherent argument. For example, you may argue and conclude that bicycles would be safer in battle than a Hummer.83
2251157661ThesisThe writer's statement of purpose. Every well-written essay will have one. It is how the reader identifies what the writer is arguing, the position the writer is taking, the action the writer is advocating. Essentially, it is the focal intent of the essay.84
2251157662ZeugmaA minor device in which two or more elements in a sentence are tied together by the same verb or noun. Zeugmas are especially acute if the noun or verb does not have the exact same meaning in both parts of the sentence. She dashed His hopes and out of his life when she waked through the door.85
2251157663ad hominem argumentAn argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue86
2251157664apotheosisdeification, glorification to godliness, the perfect example87
2251157665carpe diem"Seize the day"; a Latin phrase implying that one must live for the present moment, for tomorrow may be too late.88
2251157666chiasmusA statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary."), A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed ("Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.")89
2251157667catharsisan emotional cleansing, am emotional cleansing or purging, A purifying or figurative cleansing of the emotions, especially pity and fear, described by Aristotle as an effect of tragic drama on its audience90
2251157668clicheA worn-out idea or overused expression91
2251157669epiphanyA moment of sudden revelation or insight92
2251157670hubrisExcessive pride or self-confidence93
2251157671in medias resA Latin term for a narrative that starts not at the beginning of events but at some other critical point.94
2251157672motif(n.) a principal idea, feature, theme, or element; a repeated or dominant figure in a design95
2251157673stream of consciousnessa style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind.96
2251157674caesuraA natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.97
2251157675cacophony(n) harsh-sounding mixture of words, voices, or sounds98
2251157676euphonyA succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose; the opposite of cacophony.99
2251157677anecdoteA short account of an interesting or humorous incident100
2251157678anthropomorphismattributing human characteristics to an animal or inanimate object (Personification)101
2251157679antiheroA protagonist (main character) who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities.102
2251157680archaismA word, expression, spelling, or phrase that is out of date in the common speech of an era, but still deliberately used by a writer, poet, or playwright for artistic purposes103
2251157681archetypeA detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response104
2251157682burlesqueludicrous parody or grotesque caricature; humorous and provocative stage show105
2251157683enjambmentA line having no pause or end punctuation but having uninterrupted grammatical meaning continuing into the next line.106
2251157684foreshadowingA narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.107
2251157685simileA comparison using like or as108
2251157686nemesis(Greek mythology) the goddess of divine retribution and vengeance109
2251157687pastoral1. concerned with the countryside, 2. concerned with the care a pastor gives to someone110
2251157688slantA rhyme based on imperfect or incomplete correspondence of end syllable sounds. Synonymous with " imperfect", "off" or "near" rhyme.111
2251157689elegya sorrowful poem or speech112
2251157690Punplay on words that sound the same but mean something different (son/sun)113
2251157691bathosA false or forced emotion that is often humorous.114
2251157692assonanceRepetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity115
2251157693foilA character who is in most ways opposite to the main character (protagonist) or one who is nearly the same as the protagonist. The purpose of the foil character is to emphasize the traits of the main character by contrast only116
2251157694implicit(adj.) implied or understood though unexpressed; without doubts of reservations, unquestioning; potentially contained in117
2251157695soliloquyA dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character talks to himself or herself or reveals his or her thoughts without addressing a listener.118
2251157696requiemA song of prayer for the dead.119
2251157697preludeAn introductory poem to a longer work of verse120
2251157698epigramA concise but ingenious, witty, and thoughtful statement.121
2251157699verisimilitudeSimilar to truth; quality of realism in a work that persuades the reader that he is getting a vision of life as is.122
2251157700melodramaA literary form in which events are exaggerated in order to create an extreme emotional response.123
2251157701Anachronismsomething or someone out of place in terms of historical or chronological context124
2251157702neologisma new word, expression, or usage; the creation or use of new words or senses125
2251157703chorusA group of characters in Greek tragedy (and in later forms of drama), who comment on the action of a play without participation in it.126
2251157704grotesqueCommonly used to denote aberrations from the norm of harmony, balance and proportion. Characterized by distortion, exaggeration, absurd, or the bizarre.127
2251157705Macabre(adj.) grisly, gruesome; horrible, distressing; having death as a subject128
2251157706AnaphoraA rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.129
2251157707AntithesisAn opposition or contrast of ideas. Balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure.130
2251157708ApotheosisElevation to divine status; the perfect example of something. Making a God of something or someone.131
2251157709AsyndetonCommas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words. The parts are emphasized equally when the conjunction is omitted; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence. Asyndeton takes the form of X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z.132
2251157710AttitudeA speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.133
2251157711ClicheA worn-out idea or overused expression.134
2251157712coherenceMarked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts.135
2251157713concreteCapable of being perceived by the senses.136
2251157714DeductionA form of reasoning that begins with a generalization, then applies the generalization to a specific case or cases.137
2251157715Dominant ExpressionPrecisely and clearly expressed or readily observable.138
2251157716ElegiacExpressing sorrow or lamentation; a work that has a mournful quality.139
2251157717ParadoxSeemingly contradictory but nonetheless possibly true statement.140
2251157718EthosAppeals to an audience's sense of ethics/morality/trust; Achieved by projecting an image of credibility which supports the speaker's position.141
2251157719IdiomAn expression that cannot be understood if taken literally.142
2251157720ImageA mental image produced by the imagination.143
2251157721InductionA method of reasoning by which a rhetor collects a number of instances and forms a generalization that is meant to apply to all instances.144
2251157722JuxtapositionPlacement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts.145
2251157723MetonomyA figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as crown for royalty).146
2251157724UnderstatementA figure of speech in which a writer or speaker says less than what he or she means; the opposite of exaggeration.147
2251157725MonosyllabicHaving or characterized by or consisting of one syllable.148
2251157726PolysyllabicHaving or characterized by words of more than three syllables.149
2251157727SlangInformal language consisting of words and expressions that are not considered appropriate for formal occasions150
2251157728SlantA biased way of looking at or presenting something.151
2251157729SyllogismA FORM OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING THAT HAS A MAJOR PREMISE, A MINOR PREMISE, AND A CONCLUSION.152
2251157730TensionA feeling of excitement and expectation the reader or audience feels because of the conflict, mood, or atmosphere of the work.153
2251157731MacabreGrisly, gruesome; horrible, distressing; having death as a subject.154
2251157732GrotesqueCommonly employed to denote aberrations from the norm of harmony, balance, and proportion. Characterized by distortion, exaggeration, or striking incongruities. Also characterized as the absurd, distorted or the bizarre.155
2251157733AbsurdExtremely ridiculous or completely lacking reason; unreasonable or foolish.156

AP Language Set 8 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
2376861178SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part.0
2376864810SynesthesiaWhen one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another.1
2376866938SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words together.2
2376868099ThemeCentral idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.3
2376869407ThesisIn expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning or position.4
2376872971ToneSimilar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material or audience or both.5
2376875401TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas.6
2376876121UnderstatementThe ironic minimalizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is.7
2376880296WitIntellectually amusing language that surprises and delights, often humorous and suggests perceptiveness.8

AP World History Unit 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7541627599PastoralistsBranch of agriculture concerned with raising liveStock0
7541627600Hunting and Gatheringa nomadic and foraging existence1
7541627601Neolithic Revolution caused a...population increase2
7541627602A use of fire for early humans...adapting to varied climate3
7541627603Women in hunting and gather societies generally...had more rights4
7541627604Agriculture first developed in...the Middle East5
7541627605Patriarchya system of society in which men hold the power6
7541627606Code of HammurabiBabylonian Law Code7
7541627607Code of Ur-NammaSumerian Law Code8
7541627609Which RVC's writing has yet to be deciphered?Indus River Valley9
7541627612River associated with EgyptNile River10
7541627613Rivers associated with MesopotamiaTigris & Euphrates11
7541627615River associated with Harappan civilizationIndus River12
7541627616Negative effect of Neolithic Revolutionsocial inequality13
7541627617Limited natural geographic barriers leads to...frequent invasion14
7541646970G in grapesgeography: location of civilization/crops and natural resources15
7541653605R in grapesreligion: what the people believe/ how beliefs affect their life16
7541668464A in grapesachievements: what they contributed/ what did they invent or build17
7541675653P in grapesPolitics: what the government was like/ who made decisions18
7541681923E in grapeseconomy- how the society distribute their resources/ did they trade19
7541689648S in grapessocial structures: who was more important/ what was their arts like20
7541710120Paleolithic vs. Neolithic : socialPaleolithic=constantly moving, hunter gatherers, small nomadic groups Neolithic= domesticating animals, food surplus, agriculture21
7541712687Paleolithic vs. Neolithic : governmentPaleolithic= elders control power, power is organized by age Neolithic= hierarchy, military/religious leaders had authority22
7541712688Paleolithic vs. Neolithic : economyPaleolithic: people were equal, shared property+economy, valued food, tools, and clothes23
7541712689Paleolithic vs. Neolithic : healthPaleolithic: good health, if the whole clan suffered, they would all die Neolithic: declined health, many diseases emerged like malaria24
7541714955Paleolithic vs. Neolithic : roles of menPaleolithic: they were hunters Neolithic: new jobs, power was in religious men hands25
7541714956Paleolithic vs. Neolithic : roles of womenPaleolithic: child bearing=limited, gathered nuts, roots, twigs Neolithic: had more children because of new farming, stayed with kids26
7549553646What was the first civilizationSumeria27
7549553647What was Sumerian code of law called?Royal standard of Ur28
7549553648What did a surplus create?Jobs and social classes29
7549553649What problems did Jericho face?Sanitation problems and diseases30
7549553650What type of gov did sumeria have?Hierchy31
7549553651What eventually made civilizations possible?Agriculture and surpluses of food32
7549553652How we're people able to migrate out of East Africa?They developed and were able to build tools and fire.33
7549553653What caused people to leave East Africa to migrate?The warm climate34
7549553654When the people were migrating what group did they find?Hunter gatherers35
7549553655Once the people settled down, what new phenomenon emerged?Agriculture36
7549553656What did agriculture and domestication bring?Rise of cities37
7549553657What's an example of a powerful early city?Jericho38
7549553658What positives came out of Jericho?Population and surplus which led to civilizations39
7549553659What 6 things did sumeria have to make it successful?Writing government religion cities job specialization and economy40
7549553660Why did writing systems become invented?they needed a way to write their laws41
7549553661Why did government emerge?They needed people to organize irrigation42
7549553662Why did religion become popular?Pray to the gods for good water/food supply43
7549553663What did religion do to the people of sumeria?It gave the people a negative outlook on life, because the river was uncontrollable like the gods44
7549553664What's the connection of job specialization and cities?In the cities is where jobs occur45
7549553665Why did big buildings become built?Religious temples and to show power of empire46
7549553666What did hammurabis code have that maintained gender and class ideologies?The gender rules were embedded in it, punishment was based on social classes47
7549553667How did increased economic production lead to stratified societies?Separated by skill48

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