AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP language & composition Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7726440284ameliorate(v.) to improve, make better, correct a flaw or shortcoming0
7726451193aplombpoise, assurance, great self-confidence; perpendicularity1
7726460430bombasticpompous or overblown in language or full of high sounding2
7726469530callowimmature, inexperienced, not fully developed3
7726480588drivelsaliva or mucus flowing from the mouth or nose, nonsense; foolishness; V: talk nonsense4
7726484644epitome(n.) a summary, condensed account; an instance that represents a larger reality5
7726484665exhort(v.) to urge strongly, advise earnestly6
7726487158ex officioby virtue of holding a certain office7
7726489680infringeto violate, trespass, go beyond recognized bounds8
7726489681ingratiateTo make oneself agreeable and thus gain favorable acceptance by others9
7726493560interloperone who moves in where he or she is not wanted or has no right to be, an intruder10
7726495371intrinsicbelonging naturally; essential11
7726499011inveighto make a violent attack in words, express strong disapproval12
7726500437lassitude(n.) weariness of body or mind, lack of energy13
7726500438millenniuma period of 1,000 years; a period of great joy14
7726502536occultsecret, hidden from view supernatural15
7726504655permeateto spread through, penetrate, soak through16
7726504656stringentstrict, severe; rigorously or urgently binding or compelling; sharp or bitter to the taste17
7726506676surmiseto think or infer without certain or strong evidence; conjecture; guess18
7726563487precipitateto fall as moisture; to cause or bring about suddenly; to hurl down from great heights; to give distinct form to; excessive haste19
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Literature Vocabulary #6 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7708880916Assiduous (ADJ)- persistent, attentive, diligent0
7708887859Assuage (V)- to ease; lesson (pain)1
7708889537Criterion (N)- standard used in judging2
7708891147Cryptic (ADJ)- hidden; secret; mysterious3
7708893319Dogmatic (ADJ)- asserting an opinion, positive in manner4
7708896521Droll (ADJ)- odd and laughter-provoking5
7708900640Expedient (ADJ)- advantageous, useful6
7708902680Furtive (ADJ)- done by stealth; hence, sly; stealthy7
7708905118Interrogate (V)- to question; to examine by asking questions8
7708906508Intrepid (ADJ)- very brave, fearless, unshakeable9
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Spanish Literature Authors Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7862541889El conde Lucanor (Ejemplo XXXV: De lo que le pasó a un mancebo que se casó con una mujer muy brava)Don Juan Manuel0
7862541890Romance del Rey moro que perdió la AlhamaAnónimo1
7862541891Soneto XXIII (En tanto que de rosa y azucena)Garcilaso de la Vega2
7862541892Segunda carta de relaciónHernán Cortés3
7862541893Visión de los vencidos (Los presagios y Se ha perdido el pueblo mexica)Miguel León Portilla4
7862541894Soneto CLXVI (Mientras que por competir con tu cabello)Luis de Góngora5
7862541895Lazarillo de TormesAnónimo6
7862541896El ingenioso hidalgo, Don Quijote de la ManchaMiguel de Cervantes Saavedra7
7862541897El burlador de Sevilla y el convidado de piedraTirso de Molina8
7862541898Salmo XVII (Miré los muros de la patria mía)Francisco de Quevedo9
7862541899Redondillas (Hombres necios que acusais)Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz10
7862541900En una tempestadJosé María Heredia11
7862541901Rima LIII (Volverán las oscuras golondrinas)Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer12
7862541902El hijoHoracio Quiroga13
7862541903Las medias rojasEmilia Bazán14
7862541904A RooseveltRubén Darío15
7862541905Nuestra AméricaJosé Martí16
7862541906Peso AncestralAlfonsina Storni17
7862541907San Manuel Bueno, mártirMiguel de Unamuno18
7862541908A Julia de BurgosJulia de Burgos19
7862541909Soledades II (He andado muchos caminos)Antonio Machado20
7862541910Walking AroundPablo Neruda21
7862541911Prendimiento de Antoñito el CamborioFederico García Lorca22
7862541912Balada de los dos abuelosNicolás Guillén23
7862541913La casa de Bernarda AlbaFederico García Lorca24
7862541914No oyes ladrar los perrrosJuan Rulfo25
7862541915Chac MoolCarlos Fuentes26
7862541916El SurJorge Luis Borges27
7862541917Borges y yoJorge Luis Borges28
7862541918La noche boca arribaJulio Cortázar29
7862541919La siesta del martesGabriel García Márquez30
7862541920El ahogado más hermoso del mundoGabriel García Márquez31
7862541921Mi caballo magoSabine Ulibarrí32
7862541922Dos palabrasIsabel Allende33
7862541923Y no se lo tragó la tierraTomás Rivera34
7862541924Mujer negraNancy Morejón35
7862541925La noche buenaTomás Rivera36
7862541926El hombre que se convirtió en perroOsvaldo Dragún37
7862541927Como la vida mismaRosa Montero38
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Literature and Composition Literary Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8965720666AllegoryA story in which people, things, andactions represent an idea about life; allegories often have a strong moral or lesson.0
8965720667Alliterationthe repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words (tongue twisters).1
8965744777AllusionA reference in a literary work to a person, place, or thing in history or another work of literature. Allusions are often indirect and brief references to well-known characters or events.2
8965744778AnalogyA comparison of two or more like objects that suggests if they are alike in certain aspects, they will probably be alike in other ways as well.3
8965762803AnecdoteA brief account of an interesting incident or event that usually is intended to entertain or to make a point.4
8965789945AsideAn actor's speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking.5
8966380919AssonanceRepition of vowel sounds within a line of poetry.6
8966380920AutobiographyA form of nonfiction in which a person tells the story of his or her life.7
8966380921BalladA poem that tells a story and is meant to be sung or recited.8
8966380922BiographyThe story of a person's life that is written by someone else.9
9105436044Blank verseUnrhymed iambic pentameter10
9105802122CaesuraA pause or sudden break in a line of poetry.11
9105802123CharacterA person who is responsible for the thoughts and actions within a story, poem, or other literature. Characters are extremely important because they are the medium through which the reader interacts with a piece of literature. Every character has his or her own personality, which a creative author uses to assist in forming the plot of a story or creating a mood.12
9105802124AnatagonistA character in a story or poem who receives, frustrates, or works against the main character, or protagonist, in some way. The antagonist doesn't necessarily have to be a person. It could be death, the devil, an illness, or any challenge that prevents the main character from living "happily ever after."13
9105802125CaricatureA picture or imitation of a person's habits, physical appearance, or mannerism exaggerated in a comic or absurd way.14
9105802126FoilA character who serves as a contrast or a conflict to another character.15
9105802127Hero/HeroineA character whose actions are inspiring or noble; often the main character in a story.16
9106013337Main charactersThe characters who are central to the plot of a story; main characters are usually dynamic and round.17
9106013338Minor charactersA less important character who interacts with the main characters, helping to move the plot along and providing background for the story. Minor characters are usually static and flat.18
9106052943CharacterizationAll of the techniques that writers use to create characters.19
9106052944Character traita character's personality; a trait is not a physical description of a character.20
9122638878Direct characterizationThe author directly states a character's traits or makes direct comments about a character's nature.21
9122638879Dynamic characterA character who changes throughout the course of the story.22
9122638880Flat characterA character about whom little information is provided.23
9122638881Indirect characterizationThe author does not directly state a character's traits; instead the reader draws conclusions and discovers a character's traits based upon clues provided by the author.24
9122638882Round characterIs a character who is fully described by the author (several character traits, background, information, etc.)25
9122638883Static characterA character who does not change or changes very little in the course of a story.26
9122713205Chorus (refrain)Repition in literature of one or more lines at regular intervals; sometimes called a chorus.27
9122713206Chronological orderThe order in which events happen in time.28
9122713207ClarifyingThe reader's process of pausing occasionally while reading to quickly review what he and she understands. By clarifying as they read, good readers are able to draw conclusions about what is suggested but not stated directly.29
9122713208ClichéA type of figurative language containing an overused expression or a saying that is no longer considered original.30
9122713209ComedyA dramatic work that is light and often humorous in tone and usually ends happily with a peaceful resolution of the main conflict.31
9122713210Concrete poetryA type of poetry that uses its physical or visual form to present its message.32
9122787083ConflictThe tension or problem in the story; a struggle between opposing forces.33
9122787084Central conflictThe dominant or most important conflict in the story.34
9122787085External conflictThe problem or struggle that exists between the main character and an outside force. (Ex. Person vs. person, person vs. society, person vs. nature, person vs. the supernatural, person vs. technology, etc.)35
9122787086Internal conflictThe problem or struggle that takes place in the main character's mind (person vs. self).36
9122787087ConnotationThe idea and feeing associated with a word as opposed to its dictionary definition or detonation.37
9122830965ConsonanceThe repetition of consonant sounds anywhere within a line of poetry. Alliteration is a specific type of consonance.38
9122830966CoupletA rhymed pair of lines in a poem. One of William Shakespeare's trademarks was to end a sonnet with a couplet, as in the poem "Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer's Day."39
9174068580Denotationis the opposite of connotation in that it is the exact or dictionary meaning of a word.40
9218276886Dialecta form of language spoken in a particular place or by a particular group of people.41
9218276887DramaA drama or play is a form of literature meant to be performed by actors before an audience. In a drama, the characters' dialogue and action tell the story. The written form of a play is known as a script.42
9218276888Dramatic monologueA literary device that is used when a character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings, those that are hidden through the course of the story line, through a poem or a speech. This speech, where only one character speaks, is recited while other characters are present onstage. This monologue often comes during a climatic moment in a work and often reveals hidden truths about a character, their history, and their relationships.43
9218366287ElegyA type of literature defined as a song or poem that expresses sorrow or lamentation, usually for one who has died.44
9218366288EnjambmentIn poetry, the running over of a line or thought into the next of verse.45
9218366289EpigramA short poem or verse that seeks to ridicule a thought or event, usually with witticism or sarcasm.46
9218366290EpicA long narrative poem about the adventures of a hero whose actions reflect the ideals and values of a nation or group.47
9218366291EpiphanyA sudden moment of understanding that causes a character to change or act in a certain way.48
9218366292EpitaphA short poem or verse written in memory of someone.49
9218366293EvaluatingThe process of judging the value of something or someone. A work of literature can be evaluated in terms of such criteria as entertainment, believability, originality, and emotional power.50
9218366294Extended metaphorA figure of speech that compares two essentially unlike things in great length.51
9218366295FableA brief tale that teaches a lesson about human nature. Fables often feature animals as characters.52
9218366296FlashbackAn interruption of the chronological sequence of an event of earlier occurrence. A flashback is a narrative technique that allows a writer to present past events during current events, in order to provide background for the current narration.53
9377003304FootA unit of meter within a line of poetry.54
9377004100ForeshadowingWhen the writer provides clues or hints that suggest or predict future events in a story.55
9377010273Free VersePoetry without regular patterns of rhyme and rhythm. Often used to capture the sounds and rhythms of ordinary speech.56
9377014266GenreA type or category of literature. The four main literary genres include: fictions, nonfiction, poetry, and drama.57
9377016678HaikuA traditional form of Japanese poetry, usually dealing with nature. A haiku has three lines and describes a single moment, feeling or thing. The first and third lines contain five syllables and the second line contains seven syllables.58
9377023762Heroic Couplet or Closed CoupletA couplet consisting of two successive rhyming lines that contain a complete thought.59
9377028175HyperboleA figure of speech in which the truth is exaggerated for emphasis or humorous effect.60
9377029369IdiomA phrase or expression that means something different from what the words actually say (for example, using the phrase "over his head" instead of "He doesn't understand").61
9377034605ImageryThe use of words and phrases that appeal to the five sense. Writers use sensory details to help readers imagine how things look, fell, small, sound, and taste.62
9377040886InferenceA logical guess based on evidence in the text.63
9377041962IronyA contrast between what is expected and what actually exists or happens. Irony spices up a literary work by adding unexpected twists and allowing the reader to become more involved with the characters and plot.64
9377051953Verbal IronyOccurs when the speaker means something totally different that what he or she is saying and often times the opposite of what a character is saying is true.65
9377054261Dramatic IronyOccurs when facts are not known to the characters in a work of literature but are know by the audience.66
9377056979Cosmic IronySuggests that some unknown force brings about dire and dreadful events.67
9377059504Irony of SituationThe difference between what is expected to happen and the way events actually work out.68
9377062310LegendA story handed down from the past about a specific person, usually someone of heroic accomplishments.69
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Literature Vocabulary #11 Roots Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8176442670macro *macrocosm:* a complex structure considered as a single entity that contains numerous similar smaller-scale structureslarge0
8176449927mal / male *malevolent:* having or showing a desire to harm othersbad, evil1
8176455704meta / met *metaphysics:* the branch of philosophy concerned with the study of nature being and beings, existence, time and space, and casualitybehind, between, beyond2
8176460686metri / meter *odometer:* a device built into a a vehicle that records the distancemeasure3
8176464489micro / min *minority:* a group of people or things that is a small part of a much larger groupsmall4
8176466609mit / mis *emit:* to send or give out somethingsend5
8176474557mig *migrate:* to move from region or country to another, often to seek work or other economic opportunitiestravel6
8176477957mor *moral:* relating to issues of right and wrong and to how individual people should behavecustoms7
8176482183morph *metamorphosis:* a complete or marked changed of physical form, structure, or substanceform8
8176485665mort *mortality:* the number of deaths that occur at a specific time, in a specific group, or from a specific causedeath9
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

Terms : Hide Images
6645733086MeccaArabian commercial center; the home of Muhammad and the center of Islam0
6645733088Muhammadprophet of Allah; founder of Islam1
6645733089Qur'anthe holy book of Islam2
6645733090Five Pillarsthe obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)3
6645733091Caliphhead of the Islamic community4
6645733092Abbasidsdynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad5
6645733093Crusadesinvasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 12916
6645733094SufisIslamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions7
6645733095Mongolscentral Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph8
6645733096Ghengis KhanMongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms9
6645733097Mansatitle of the ruler of Mali10
6645733098Ibn BattutaArab traveler throughout the Muslim world11
6645733099Songhay Empiresuccessor state to Mali;part of the Trans-Saharan Gold and Salt Trade12
6645733100Iconoclasmthe breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted to stop the use of images in the Christian Church13
6645733101Middle Agesthe period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c14
6645733102Vikingsseagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily15
6645733103Serfspeasant agricultural laborers within the manorial or feudal system16
6645733104CharlemagneCarolingian monarch who established Frank empire in France and Germany circa 80017
6645733105Feudalismpersonal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service18
6645733106Vassalsmembers of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty19
6645733107Black Deathbubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia20
6645733108Grand Canalgreat canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Northern and Southern China by connecting the Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin21
6645733109Footbindingmale imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.22
6645733111Samuraiin Feudal Japan, these were mounted troops; loyal to local lords, not the emperor23
6645733112Seppukuritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor24
6645733113Shogunsmilitary leaders in Feudal Japan25
6645733114Ghengis Khanborn in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 122726
6645733115Kubilai Khangrandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 127127
6645733117Muhammad's primary historical achievementspread of Islam28
6645733118Silk Road Trade system29
6645733119Kingdom of Mali30
6645733120Inca and Rome both hadextensive road systems31
6645733121Champa Ricedrought resistant crop, a gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase32
6645733122Trans Saharan tradeMade possible by domestication of hte camel, it was later Dominated by Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates.33
6645733123Black Deathplague that originated with Mongols in Asia, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.34
6645733124Indian Ocean Trade System35
6645733125Timbuktutrade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people36
6645733126footbindingbegan during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming37
6645733127Marco Polotraveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan38
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History Time Period Acronyms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6644337272D.A.R.T.H. P.1Domestication Agriculture River Valleys Trans-Regional Trade and Tech Hittites and Iron0
6644337273Quiet People Make Great Human Resources P.2Qin Persia Mauryan and Mayan Gupta & Greek city-states Han Rome1
6644337274T.I.M.B.E.R. P.3Tang/Song Islam & Incas Mongols and Mali Byzantine Europe Regionalized(organize into a country)2
6644337275G.E.R.M.S. P.4Gunpowder Empires Exchange and Exploration Renaissance& Reformation Ming Silver,Sugar,Slavery3
6644337276R.A.I.S.I.N.G. P.5Revolutions Abolition Industrialization Social Darwinism & Sphere of Influence Imperialism Nationalism Global Migrations ING = Qing4
6644337277D.I.C.E P.6Decolonization Innovations & Integration Conflicts & Communism Environmental Issues & Economic Integration5
6644337278Period 1Domestication6
6644337279Period 1Agriculture7
6644337280Period 1River Valleys8
6644337281Period 1Trains-Regional Trade and Tech9
6644337282Period 1Hittites and Iron10
6644337283Period 2Qin11
6644337284Period 2Persia12
6644337285Period 2Mauryan & Mayan13
6644337286Period 2Gupta & Greek city-states14
6644337287Period 2Han15
6644337288Period 2Rome16
6644337289Period 3Tang/Song17
6644337290Period 3Islam & Incas18
6644337291Period 3Mongols & Mali19
6644337292Period 3Byzantine20
6644337293Period 3Europe21
6644337294Period 3Regionalized22
6644337295D.A.R.T.H. P.1Domestication Agriculture River Valleys Trans-Regional Trade and Tech Hittites and Iron23
6644337296Quiet People Make Great Human Resources P.2Qin Persia Mauryan and Mayan Gupta & Greek city-states Han Rome24
6644337297T.I.M.B.E.R. P.3Tang/Song Islam & Incas Mongols and Mali Byzantine Europe Regionalized(organize into a country)25
6644337298G.E.R.M.S. P.4Gunpowder Empires Exchange and Exploration Renaissance& Reformation Ming Silver,Sugar,Slavery26
6644337299Period 4Silver,Sugar,Slavery27
6644337300R.A.I.S.I.N.G. P.5Revolutions Abolition Industrialization Social Darwinism & Sphere of Influence Imperialism Nationalism Global Migrations ING = Qing28
6644337301D.I.C.E P.6Decolonization Innovations & Integration Conflicts & Communism Environmental Issues & Economic Integration29
6644337302Period 1Domestication30
6644337303Period 1Agriculture31
6644337304Period 1River Valleys32
6644337305Period 1Trains-Regional Trade and Tech33
6644337306Period 1Hittites and Iron34
6644337307Period 2Qin35
6644337308Period 6Decolonization36
6644337309Period 6Innovations & Integrations37
6644337310Period 6Conflicts & Communism38
6644337311Period 6Environmental Issues & Economic Integration39
6644337312Period 2Persia40
6644337313Period 2Mauryan & Mayan41
6644337314Period 2Gupta & Greek city-states42
6644337315Period 2Han43
6644337316Period 2Rome44
6644337317Period 3Tang/Song45
6644337318Period 3Abu Bakr46
6644337319Period 3Charlemagne47
6644337320Period 3Holy Roman Empire48
6644337321Period 3Black Death (the Bubonic Plague)49
6644337322Period 3Great Zimbabwe50
6644337323Period 4Taj Mahal51
6644337324Period 4Peter the Great52
6644337325Period 4Renaissance& Reformation53
6644337326Period 4Ming54
6644337327Period 4Treaty of Tordesillas55
6644337328Period 5Revolutions56
6644337329Period 5Abolition57
6644337330Period 5Industrialization58
6644337331Period 5Social Darwinism & Spheres of Influence59
6644337332Period 5Imperialism60
6644337333Period 5Nationalism61
6644337334Period 5Global Migrations62
6644337335Period 5Qing63
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History - Period 2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8168493579Ahura MazdaIn Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.0
8168493580Alexander the GreatAlexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.1
8168493581AryansIndo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.2
8168493582AshokaThe most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.3
8168493583Caesar AugustusThe great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).4
8168493584Cyrus (the Great)Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.5
8168493585Darius IGreat king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.6
8168493586Greco-Persian WarsTwo major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.7
8168493587Gupta EmpireAn empire of India (320-550 C.E.).8
8168493588Han dynastyChinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the dynasty ruled China for more than 400 years.9
8168493589Hellenistic eraThe period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.10
8168493590HerodotusGreek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.11
8168493591hopliteA heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.12
8168493592IoniaThe territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.13
8168493593Mandate of HeavenThe ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.14
8168493594Battle of MarathonAthenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.15
8168493595Mauryan EmpireA major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.16
8168493596PatriciansWealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.17
8168493597Pax RomanaThe "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.18
8168493598Peloponnesian WarGreat war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.19
8168493599PersepolisThe capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.20
8168493600Persian EmpireA major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.21
8168493601PlebiansPoorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.22
8168493602Punic WarsThree major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.23
8168493603Qin DynastyA short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.24
8168493604Qin ShihuangdiLiterally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.25
8168493605SolonAthenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.26
8168493606WudiHan emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.27
8168493607XiongnuNomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.28
8168493608AristotleA Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.29
8168493609Bhagavad GitaA great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.30
8168493610BrahmanThe "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.31
8168493611BrahminsThe priestly caste of India.32
8168493612BuddhismThe cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama33
8168493613ConfucianismThe Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.34
8168493614ConfuciusThe founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.35
8168493615ConstantineRoman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.36
8168493616DaoismA Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.37
8168493617Filial pietyThe honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.38
8168493618Greek rationalismA secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.39
8168493619HinduismA word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.40
8168493620HippocratesA very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.41
8168493621Jesus of NazarethThe prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).42
8168493622YahwehA form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.43
8168493623KarmaIn Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.44
8168493624LaoziA legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.45
8168493625LegalismA Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.46
8168493626MokshaIn Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.47
8168493627NirvanaThe end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.48
8168493628PlatoA disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.49
8168493629PythagorasA major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.50
8168493630Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)The Indian prince (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.51
8168493631SocratesThe first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).52
8168493632UpanishadsIndian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.53
8168493633VedasThe earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.54
8168493634Warring States PeriodPeriod in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.55
8168493635Yin and YangExpression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.56
8168493636ZoroastrianismPersian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.57
8168493637caste as varna and jatiThe system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.58
8168493638dharmaIn Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.59
8168493639helotsThe dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.60
8168493640KshatriyaThe Indian social class of warriors and rulers.61
8168493641latifundiaHuge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire62
8168493642PericlesA prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.63
8168493643SudraThe lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers64
8168493644the "three submissions"In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.65
8168493645UntouchablesAn Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.66
8168493646VaisyaThe Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.67
8168493647Silk RoadTrade route stretching from China into Europe.68
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History - Post Classical Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450
Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

Terms : Hide Images
6694471065Bedouinnomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats0
6694471066MeccaArabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam1
6694471067Medinatown northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar2
6694471068UmayyadFirst dynasty of the Arab-Islamic Caliphate3
6694471069Muhammad(570-632); Founding prophet of Islam, originally an Arabian merchant4
6694471070Qur'anthe word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam5
6694471071Ummacommunity of the faithful within Islam6
6694471072Five Pillarsthe obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)7
6694471073Caliphthe successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community8
6694471074Alicousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism9
6694471075Abu Bakrsucceeded Muhammad as the first caliph10
6694471076JihadIslamic holy war11
6694471077Sunnisfollowers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads12
6694471078Shi'afollowers of Ali's interpretation of Islam13
6694471080Dhimmis"the people of the book" Tolerated non-Muslims in an Islamic state-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus14
6694471081Abbasidsdynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad15
6694471082Hadiths"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam16
6694471085Seljuk Turksnomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids17
6694471086Crusadesinvasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 129118
6694471087UlamaIslamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking19
6694471088SufisIslamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions20
6694471089Mongolscentral Asian nomadic peoples; Established huge empire connecting East and Central/Southwest Asia21
6694471090Chinggis Khan(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms22
6694471091MamluksRulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves23
6694471092Arabic numeralsIndian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West24
6694471093Shrivijayatrading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam25
6694471094Malaccaflourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya26
6694471095MaliWest African state engaged in Trans-Saharan trade27
6694471096Mansatitle of the ruler of Mali28
6694471097Ibn BattutaArab traveler throughout the Muslim world29
6694471098Sundiatacreated a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 126030
6694471099Songhaysuccessor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao31
6694471100East African trading portsurbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar: Monsoon trade32
6694471101Great Zimbabwewith massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa33
6694471102Greek FireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople34
6694471103Iconsimages of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians35
6694471104Iconoclasmthe breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration36
6694471105ManzikertSeljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory37
6694471106CyrillicWritten script for Russian/Slavic tongues. Developed by Byzantine monks to aid Christianization38
6694471107Kievcommercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c39
6694471110Russian OrthodoxyRussian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire40
6694471111TatarsMongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact41
6694471112Middle Agesthe period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c42
6694471113Gothican architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls43
6694471114Vikingsseagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily44
6694471115Manorialismrural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection45
6694471116SerfsPeasant workers, unfree but not chattel slaves. Owed labor to land owners, could expect land and justice46
6694471117Three-field systempractice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure47
6694471118ClovisKing of the Franks; converted to Catholic Christianity circa 49648
6694471119Carolingiansroyal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c49
6694471121CharlemagneCarolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 80050
6694471122Holy Roman Emperorspolitical heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy51
6694471123FeudalismTheoretical political system of medieval Europe in which power devolves from center to lnadowning nobles52
6694471127Parliamentsbodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects53
6694471128Hundred Years Warconflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.54
6694471130InvestitureAuthority to appoint bishops, became a point of conflict between popes and monarchs55
6694471132Thomas Aquinascreator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God56
6694471133Scholasticismdominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems57
6694471134Hanseatic Leaguean organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance58
6694471135Guildsassociations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities59
6694471136Black Deathbubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia60
6694471137Period of the Six Dynastiesera of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han61
6694471139Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhismemphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia62
6694471140WuzongTang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism63
6694471141Southern Songsmaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.64
6694471142Grand Canalgreat canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin65
6694471143JunksChinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula66
6694471144Flying moneyChinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency67
6694471145Footbindingmale imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.68
6694471149Samuraimounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor69
6694471150Seppukuritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor70
6694471152BakufuLiterally "Tent government": Term for rule of Japan by military leaders (Shoguns) with Emperor as figurehead71
6694471153Shogunsmilitary leaders of the bakufu72
6694471154Daimyoswarlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states73
6694471155Sinificationextensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions74
6694471158Khmers and ChamsIndianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi75
6694471159Nguyensouthern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi76
6694471160Chinggis Khanborn in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 122777
6694471161Shamanistic religionMongol beliefs focused on nature spirits78
6694471163Golden Hordeone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire. Central Asian and Russia, rule by Tribute79
6694471164Ilkhan khanateone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire. Persia: Rule using local bureaucrats. Became Islamic and Persianized80
6694612078Yuan Dynastyone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire. China. Ruled using foreign bureaucrats were possible. Resisted Sinicization81
6694471166MamluksMuslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 126082
6694471167Kubilai Khangrandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 127183
6694471169Ottoman EmpireTurkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire84
6694471170Ming Dynastyreplaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China85
6694471174Muhammad's primary historical achievementspread of Islam86
6694471175Silk Road Trade systemSystem of multiple land trade routes connecting East Asia to Mediterranean, and South and Central Asia87
6694471177Inca and Rome both hadextensive road systems88
6694471178Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place89
6694471179Champa Ricetributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase90
6694471180Diasporic communitiesmerchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas91
6694471181Trans Saharan tradeTrade routes connecting North and West Africa. Gold and Salt, aiding spread of Islam to West Asia92
6694471182Effect of Muslim conquestscollapse of other empires, mass conversion93
6694471183Tang Dynastyfollowed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence94
6694471185Indian Ocean Maritime TradeMaritime trade routes connecting India to East African and SW Asia. Aided spread of Indian technology and ideas and spread of Islam to India95
6694471186Cities that rose during this time due to increased tradeNovgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu96
6694471187Timbuktutrade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people97
6694471188New forms of monetizationChecks, Bills of Exchange98
6694471189Bantu MigrationsSpread of Bantu speaking peoples from West to East and South Africa. Iron use, cattle herding99
6694471191Marco Polotraveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan100
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!