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A Glossary of Literary Terms: AP Literature Flashcards

7271509302	Active Voice	Active voice pertains to any sentence with an active verb. Active voice expresses more energy than does passive voice. For example: "Robert crushed the tomato with his fist" is in the active voice. "The tomato was crushed by Robert" is in the passive voice.	0
7271530755	Allegory	An extended narrative (in poetry or prose) in which the characters and actions--and sometimes the setting as well--are contrived to make sense on the literal level and at the same time to signify a second, correlated order of characters, concepts, and events. In other words, an allegory carries a second, deeper meaning, as well as its surface story.	1
7271556574	Alliteration	The repetition of a consonant sound at the beginning of several words in a sentence or a line of poetry. For example: "Black reapers with the sound of steel on stones / Are sharpening scythes" -- Jean Toomer	2
7271566967	Allusion	A reference to another person, another historical event, another work, and the like. To make allusions, you should be familiar at the very least with Greek and Roman mythology, Judeo-Christian literature, and Shakespeare. Identify the impact of an allusion the same way you would a metaphor. For example, the title "By the Waters of Babylon" by Stephen Vincent Benet is a reference to Psalm 137	3
7271591586	Analogy	A term that signifies a comparison of our similarity between two objects or ideas. For example. "Nature's first green is gold" -- Robert Frost	4
7271598227	Anaphora	The deliberate repetition of a word of phrase at the beginning of several successive poetical lines, prose sentences, clauses or paragraphs. It is used to emphasize an idea. For example, "This royal throne of kings, this sceptered isle, / This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars, / This other Eden, demi-paradise, / This fortress built by Nature for herself" -- William Shakespeare	5
7271626478	Aphorism	A brief statement of an opinion or elemental truth. "Vision is the art of seeing what is invisible to others" -- Jonathan Swift	6
7271636397	Apostrophe	This is a direct address to someone who is not present, to a deity or muse, or to some other power. "O eloquent, just, and mighty Death!" -- Sir Walter Raleigh	7
7271641970	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within a group of words or lines. Notice the recurrent long "I" in the following lines: "Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness, / Thou foster-child of silence and slow time" -- John Keats	8
7271653362	Blank Verse	Blank verse consists of lines of iambic pentameter, which of all verse forms is closest to the natural rhythms of English speech. Most of Shakespeare's plays are in blank verse.	9
7271671881	Caesura	A pause within a line of poetry in order to make this meaning clear or to follow the natural rhythm of speech. "To err is human, / to forgive, divine" -- Alexander Pope	10
7271674173	Carpe Diem	Latin for "Seize the day."	11
7271677598	Connotation	The associations or moods attached to a word. Words generally are negative, positive, or neutral. An author's choice of words, especially words with a particularly strong connotation, is usually the key to determining the author's tone and intention.	12
7271689281	Consonance	The repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants but with a change in the intervening vowel. For example: "live-love," "learn alone," "pitter-patter."	13
7271697469	Couplet	A pair of rhymed lines. For example, "Into my empty head there come / a cotton beach, a dock wherefrom" -- Maxine Kumin	14
7271705136	Denotation	The dictionary definition of a word.	15
7271711231	Dialect	A regional speech pattern. When using a dialect, a writer is relying on language to make a passage feel personal and authentic. For example: "You mean, you mad 'cause she didn't stop and tell us all her business....The worst thing Ah ever knowed her to do was taking a few years offa her age and dat ain't never harmed nobody" -- Zora Neale Hurston	16
7271725914	Diction	Word choice; the specific words an author uses in his or her writing	17
7271729745	Elegy	A formal meditative poem or lament for the dead. An example is "To an Athlete Dying Young" by A. E. Housman.	18
7271735441	Ellipses	Three dots that indicate words have been left out of a quotation. Ellipses are also often used to create suspense. For example: "The dark car appeared at the end of the alley and Herman, the handsome hero, was trapped against the wall at the opposite end. The engine revved..."	19
7326646207	Epistrophe	The ending of a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word or words, used to emphasize the word or group of words for emotional impact.	20
7326646208	Euphemism	To use an inoffensive or more socially acceptable word for something that could be inappropriate or offensive to some.	21
7326646209	Foil	A minor character whose situation or actions parallel those of a major character and thus by contrast set off or illuminate the major character.	22
7326646210	Foot	The combination of stressed and unstressed syllables that make up the metric unit of a line.	23
7326646211	Free verse	Poetry that doesn't follow a prescribed form but is characterized by irregularity in the length of the lines and a lack of a regular metrical pattern and rhyme.	24
7326646212	Hyperbole	Exaggeration of an event or feeling	25
7326646213	Imagery	Language that appeals to one or another of the five senses. Imagery can be created by using particularly vivid adjectives, similes and metaphors.	26
7326646214	Irony	The use of words to express something other than-and often the opposite of- the literal meaning.	27
7326646215	Jargon	A pattern of speech and vocabulary associated with a particular group of people.	28
7326522822	Epistrophe	The ending of a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences	29
7379474525	Panegyric	A literary expression of praise - for example, "O Captain!" by Walt Whitman	30
7379474526	Passive Voice	The opposite of active voice. The passive voice is used when something happens to someone. For example, "Samantha was choked by the assailant" rather than "The assailant choked Samantha"	31
7379474527	Pastoral	A reference to or a description of simple country life. Older pastoral poems usually include shepherds who live in an idyllic setting.	32
7379474528	Personification	Giving of human characteristics to nonhuman things.	33
7379474529	Ploce	One of the most commonly used figures of stress, it means repeating a word within the same line or clause.	34
7379474530	Point of View	The perspective from which the writer chooses to tell his or her story. Point of view can be in the first or third person, and limited, omniscient, or objective.	35
7379474531	Pun	A play on words used to create humor or comic relief	36
7379474532	Refrain	A line, part of a line, or group of lines repeated in the course of a poem, sometimes with slight changes.	37
7379474533	Repetition	The repeating of a word or phrase for emphasis.	38
7379474534	Rhyme	The echo or imitation of a sound. A rhyme scheme is a regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem. There may be internal rhyme, slant or half rhyme, and a perfect rhyme.	39
7379474535	Rhythm	The sense of movement attributable to the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.	40
7379474536	Satire	A form of writing in which a subject (usually a human voice) is made fun of or scorned, eliciting amusement, contempt, or indignation. The purpose of satire is to provoke change or reform.	41
7379474537	Shift	A change in setting (place or time), tone, or speakers. Identifying shifts in poetry is especially important for determining the overall purpose and tone of a poem.	42
7379474538	Simile	A figure of speech in which an explicit comparison is made using "like," "as," or "than" between two very different things in order to express an idea that is more familiar or understandable.	43
7379474539	Soliloquy	A speech in which a character in a play, alone on stage, expresses his or her thoughts. A soliloquy may reveal the private emotions, motives, and state and mind of the speaker.	44
7379474540	Sonnet	A fixed form of fourteen lines, normally in iambic pentameter, which a rhyme scheme conforming to or approximating one of two main types.	45
7379474541	Stanza	A group of lines that forms one division of a poem	46
7379474542	Symbol	An object that signifies something greater than itself.	47
7379474543	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole - for example, "All hands on deck."	48
7379474544	Theme	An insight into life conveyed by a poem or story. The theme is the main point the author wants to make with the reader, and is often a basic truth, an acknowledgement of our humanity, or a reminder of human beings' shortcomings.	49
7379474545	Verse	Lines of poetry or metrical language in general, in contrast to prose.	50

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AP Language Vocab Words Flashcards

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5753680597	ethos	the author's credibility	0
5753681867	logos	using evidence to support an argument	1
5753683156	pathos	the author's use of language to elicit an emotional response in readers	2
5753685047	metaphor	a comparison that doesn't use like or as and compares two unlike things	3
5753687340	simile	a comparison that uses like or as	4
5753688565	analogy	when a thing or idea is compared to something quite different from it	5
5753692327	syntax	the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-constructed sentences	6
5753702971	loose sentence	when the subject of sentence is elaborated on by modifying clauses or phrases	7
5753707886	compound sentence	2 independent clauses	8
5753710119	complex sentence	one or more independent/dependent clauses in a sentence	9
5753714511	periodic sentence	main clause or predicate is at the end of the sentence	10
5753718278	simple sentence	one independent clause	11
5753722911	parenthetical statement	explains or qualifies something	12
5753728147	metonymy	substitution of a name for an attribute of the thing itself (suit for business executive)	13
5753733361	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a term or a part of somwthing refers to the whole thing (all hands on deck)	14
5753740288	synesthesia	a technique used to present ideas, characters or places in a way that appeals to more than one of the 5 senses	15
5753745853	personification	the technique of taking something inanimate and giving it human qualities	16
5753750525	hyperbole	over exaggeration	17
5753750526	litote	under exaggeration	18
5753756033	compound-complex sentence	2 or more independent clauses and one dependent clause	19
5753762473	diction	style of speaking or writing	20
5753765125	asyndeton	a lack of conjuctions	21
5753765616	polysyndeton	overuse of conjunctions	22
5753767568	tone	the author's attitude	23
5753768498	apostrophe	the speaker addresses an imaginary character/figure (death, mother nature, etc)	24
5753774672	alliteration	when the first letter of every word is the same	25
5753775545	assonance	repitition of a vowel sound or dip-thong in non-rhyming word	26
5753782151	syllogism	a rhetorical device that starts an argument with something general and draws a conclusion about something more specific	27
5753788113	zeugma	when a word, usually a verb or adjective, applies to more than one noun blending together gramatically and logically different ideas	28
5753795614	caesura	a pause in a line of poetry caused by the rhythms of natural speech instead of meter	29
5753798312	tricolon	the sacred three	30
5753800311	rhetorical question	a question that doesn't expect an answer	31
5753801109	connotation	the "vibe" a word gives off, positive or negative	32
5753802495	denotation	the actual definition of a word	33

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AP Spanish Literature Terms, 3 Flashcards

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7297279695	Ambiente	Atmosphere	0
7297282522	Argumento	Plot	1
7297289986	Drama	Drama	2
7297290787	Ensayo	Essay	3
7297292093	Ficción	Fiction	4
7297292946	Figura retórica	Rhetorical figure	5
7297295254	Género	Genre	6
7297296052	Héroe	Hero	7
7297296053	Imagen	Image	8
7297298134	Lector	Reader	9
7297300252	Narrativa	Narrative	10
7297300253	Personaje	Character	11
7297301078	Poesía	Poetry	12
7297301079	Protagonista	Protagonist	13
7297303219	Público	Public	14
7297303220	Suspenso	Suspense	15
7297304277	Tema	Theme	16
7297305315	Autor	Author	17
7297306207	Cuento	Story	18
7297312071	Narrador	Narrator	19
7297313615	Novela	Novel	20
7297313616	Prosa	Prose	21
7297314832	Estrofa	Stanza	22
7297328756	Métrica	Metric (arranging the verses by number of metric syllables, etc.)	23
7297333218	Poema	Poem	24
7297333219	Poeta	Poet	25
7297334264	Rima	Rhyme	26
7297335135	Rima asonante	(Pairs words with their stressed vowels)	27
7297342520	Rima consonante	(Pairs all sounds from accented vowel, e.g. encargo/largo)	28
7297346350	Verso	Verse	29
7297356360	Voz poética	Poetic voice	30
7297359096	Ritmo	Rhythm (pauses, accents, etc.)	31
7297365967	Acto	Act	32
7297365968	Comedia	Comedy	33
7297366865	Diálogo	Dialogue	34
7297367626	Escena	Scene	35
7297368340	Escenario	Setting (stage)	36
7297369267	Monólogo	Monologue	37
7297369269	Teatro	Theater	38
7297370083	Tragedia	Tragedy	39
7297370084	Aliteración	Alliteration	40
7297373078	Hipérbole	Hyperbole	41
7297373805	Metáfora	Metaphor	42
7297373806	Onomatopeya	Onomatopoeia	43
7297376404	Personificación	Personification	44
7297376844	Símil	Simile	45

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AP Literature Flashcards

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7847061913	Equanimity	Mental calmness, composure, and evenness of temper, especially in a difficult situation.	0
7847061914	Apoplexy	Unconsciousness or incapacity resulting from a cerebral hemorrhage or stroke	1
7847061915	Conduce	Help to bring about (a particular situation or outcome)	2
7847061916	Domesticity	Home or family life	3
7847061917	Expurgation	To cleanse or something morally harmful, offensive, or erroneous	4
7847061918	Glibly	Easy or unconstrained, as actions or manners	5
7847061919	Indecorous	Violating generally accepted standards of good taste or propriety	6
7847061920	Tedious	Wordy so as to cause weariness or boredom, as a speaker, a writer	7
7847061921	Arduous	Involving or requiring strenuous effort; difficult and tiring	8
7847061922	Chafe	A state of annoyance	9
7847061923	Debonair	Confident, stylish, charming	10
7847061924	Effeminate	Having or showing characteristics regarded as typical of a woman; unmanly.	11
7847061925	Lorgnette	A pair of glasses or opera glasses held in front of a person's eyes by a long handle at one side	12
7847061926	Irrevocable	Not able to be changed, reversed, or recovered; final	13
7847061927	Satire	The use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity	14

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AP Literature Literary Terms Flashcards

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6420750575	Alliteration	The repetition of initial sounds, usually consonants, in successive or neighboring words	0
6420750576	Allusion	A reference to something literary, mythological, or historical that the author assumes the reader will recognize	1
6420750577	Ambiguity	A word or idea that can be understood in multiple ways; frequently refers to the condition of being obscure or difficult to understand	2
6420750573	Anagnorisis	Recognition of truth about one's self and his actions; moment of clarity	3
6420750578	Anachronism	The misplacement of a person, occurrence, custom, or idea in time; also may refer to an individual or thing that is incorrectly placed in time	4
6420750579	Analysis	Separating something into the components or elements of which it is made for close study	5
6430268805	Antihero	a leading character who is not, like a hero, perfect or even outstanding, but is rather ordinary and representative of the more or less average person	6
6420750580	Antithesis	means opposite and is used as a literary device to put two contrasting ideas together	7
6420750581	Apostrophe	A figure of speech in which one directly addresses an absent or dead person, or to an object, quality, or idea	8
6420750582	Archetype	A theme, motif, symbol or stock character holding a familiar place in a culture's consciousness OR an original model on which copies are made	9
6420750583	Assonance	The repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sequence of nearby words	10
6420750584	Asyndeton	A construction in which elements are presented in a series without conjunctions	11
6420750586	Cacophony/dissonance	The clash of discordant or harsh sounds within a sentence or phrase	12
6420750587	Catharsis	A cleansing or purification of one's emotions through art	13
6420750588	Characterization	The method of acquainting readers with characters by creating well-developed characters--the techniques a writer uses to develop various types of characters	14
6420750589	Cliche	An expression that has been used so frequently it has lost its expressive power	15
6420750590	Climax	The point of highest interest or greatest intensity in a literary work, or the major turning point in the plot	16
6420750591	Colloquialism	Informal expression, or slang term--acceptable in conversation by not usually in formal writing	17
6420750592	Conceit	A fanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor	18
6420750593	Conflict	The problem or struggle in a narrative	19
6420750594	Connotation	The association or implied meaning that a word carries along with its literal meaning	20
6420750595	Consonance	The repetition of consonants in a sequence of nearby words, especially at the end of stressed syllables when there is no similar repetition of vowel sounds	21
6420750596	Couplet	A pair of rhyming lines in a poem	22
6420750597	Denotation	The explicit, literal meaning of a word	23
6420750598	Diction	Specific word choice made by an author, often for effect but also for correctness and clarity	24
6420750599	Dramatic irony/tragic irony	Technique in which the author lets the audience in on a character's situation while the character remains uninformed	25
6420750600	Dramatic monologue	a poem in which a character speaks to one or more listeners who remain silent or whose replies are not revealed	26
6420750601	Emphasis	Force or intensity of expression brought to bear on a particular part of a text or speech	27
6420750602	Enjambment	The continuation of syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem into the next with no pause	28
6420750574	Epiphany	A moment of sudden revelation or insight	29
6420750603	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant or vulgar	30
6420750604	Euphony	A pleasing arrangement of sounds	31
6420750605	Foil	A character who illuminates the qualities of another character by means of contrast	32
6420750606	Foreshadow	To present ideas, images, events, or comments that hint at events to come in a story	33
6420750607	Hubris	Excessive pride or arrogance that results in the downfall of the protagonist	34
6420750608	Hyperbole	Excessive overstatement or conscious exaggeration of fact for effect	35
6420750610	Imagery	Language that brings to mind sense-impressions, especially via figures of speech	36
6420750611	Inversion	The syntactic reversal of the normal order of the words and phrases in a sentence	37
6420750612	Juxtaposition	Technique of placing two elements side by side to present a compare/contrast of the two	38
6420750613	Metonymy	A figure of speech substituting the name of one object for another object closely associated with it	39
6420750614	Mood	The emotional atmosphere created by a work (most notably by its setting)	40
6420750615	Motif	A recurring idea, structure, contrast, or device that develops or informs the major themes of a work	41
6420750616	Motivation	A psychological factor that provides a directional force or reason for behavior.	42
6420750617	Narrator	The one who tells the story; may be first- or third-person, limited or omniscient	43
6420750618	Nostalgia	A yearning for the past or for some condition or state of existence that cannot be recovered	44
6420750619	Octave	An eight-line unit of verse constituting a stanza or section of a poem; the first eight lines of an Italian sonnet	45
6420750620	Onomatopoeia	Words that sound like the thing or action they refer to	46
6420750621	Overstatement	An exaggeration of fact	47
6420750622	Paradox	A statement that seems absurd or even contradictory but that often expresses a deeper truth	48
6420750623	Parallelism	Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other	49
6420750624	Petrarchan/Italian sonnet	a sonnet which consists of an octave and a sestet with the rhyme scheme being abbaabba cdecde. There is usually a pronounced tonal shift between the octave and sestet as well.	50
6420750625	Polysyndeton	The use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural	51
6420750626	Pun	A play on words that exploits the similarity in sound between two words with distinctly different meanings	52
6420750627	Quatrain	A four-line stanza with a rhyming pattern	53
6420750628	Repetition	Bringing up words or ideas on multiple occasions to emphasize the importance of these words or ideas	54
6420750629	Retrospection	A narrative technique in which some of the events of a story are described after events that occur later in time have already been narrated; also called analepsis and flashback	55
6420750630	Satire	A work (usually humorous) that exposes to ridicule the shortcomings of individuals, institutions, or society, often to make a political point	56
6420750631	Sestet	A six-line unit of verse constituting a stanza or section of a poem; the last six lines of an Italian sonnet	57
6420750632	Setting	The location of a narrative in time and space creating mood and/or atmosphere	58
6420750633	Shakespearean/English sonnet	a sonnet which consists of three quatrains and a couplet. The most common rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.	59
6420750634	Shifts/turns	Changes in the speaker's attitude. Look for key words such as but, yet, however, and although, punctuation, and stanza division.	60
6420750635	Situational irony	Technique in which one understanding of a situation stands in sharp contrast to another, usually more prevalent, understanding of the same situation	61
6420750636	Soliloquy	A speech in which a character does not address others	62
6420750638	Speaker	The personage or persona responsible for the voice in a piece of literature; should not be confused with the author	63
6420750639	Stanza	A fixed number of lines of verse forming a unit of a poem	64
6420750640	Stream-of-consciousness	A writing style in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind	65
6420750641	Structure	The arrangement or framework of a sentence, paragraph, or entire work	66
6420750642	Style	The choices an author makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work	67
6420750643	Symbolism	The use of objects, characters, figures, or colors to represent abstract ideas or concepts	68
6420750644	Synecdoche	A figure of speech, using one part of an object to represent the entire object	69
6420750645	Syntax	The way the words in a piece of writing are arranged into sentences	70
6420750646	Theme	A fundamental and universal idea explored in a literary work; a central idea of a work	71
6420750647	Thesis	The primary position taken by a writer or speaker--a statement of purpose, intent, or main idea of an essay	72
6420750648	Tone	The attitude of an author, usually implied, toward the subject or audience	73
6420750572	Tragic flaw	A character trait that leads to the downfall of a hero, while also (often) making him admirable	74
6420750650	Turning point	A point in a work in which a very significant change occurs	75
6420750651	Understatement	The deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis	76
6420750652	Unreliable narration	A process of narrating in which the narrator is revealed over time to be an untrustworthy source of information	77
6420750653	Verbal irony	The use of a statement that, because of its context, means its opposite	78
6420750654	Voice	An author's individual way of using language to reflect his/her own personality and attitudes; communicated through tone, word choice (or diction), and sentence structure	79

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AP Language Vocab 2 Flashcards

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7424344586	admonish	warn someone firmly antonym: compliment, praise, applaud	0
7424350791	avarice	extreme greed for wealth or material gain antonym: generosity, philantrophy	1
7424359286	diffidence	modesty or shyness resulting from lack of self-confidence. antonym: boldness, confidence	2
7424370699	esoteric	intended for or likely to be understood by only a small number of people with a specialized knowledge or interest.	3
7424386556	incipient	beginning to happen or develop antonym: developed, mature	4
7424397170	jettison	throw or drop from an aircraft or ship antonym: keep, retain	5
7424403736	pedantic	overly concerned with minute details antonym: imprecise	6
7424418650	superficial	existing or occurring at or on the surface antonym: deep, thorough	7
7424428242	turgid	swollen or distended or congested (or pompous style) antonym: healthy, simple	8
7424438929	viable	capable of working successfully: feasible antonym: unachievable, impossible	9
7424450019	antithesis	a person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else	10
7424458265	antonym	a word opposite in meaning to another	11
7424463649	analogy	a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification	12
7424478641	metonymy	substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant	13
7424493535	oxymoron	a figure of speech where apparently contradictory terms appear in conjugation.	14

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AP Language Flashcards

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7221794239	Pathos	Appeal to beliefs and feelings	0
7221799199	Logos	Appeal to logical reasoning and facts	1
7221799925	Ethos	Appeal as having credibility and trustworthiness	2
7221804592	Rhetorical Question	A question that you don't expect to be answered in order to provoke thought	3
7221805096	Parallelism	The repetition of the same word or phrase within a sentence or passage for structure, all ideas equally important	4
7221806401	Anecdote	Short personal story	5
7221814719	Metaphor	Comparison without using comparison words	6
7221814720	Simile	Comparison while using comparison words	7
7221815234	Alliteration	Repetition of consonents at the beginning of words	8
7221815235	Hyperbole	Exaggeration	9
7221815601	Personification	Giving an object human or life like qualities	10
7221816221	Allusion	Make reference to a well known person, place, or event	11
7221862503	Syntax	The arrangement of sentence structure - speakers may vary the lengths of their sentences	12
7221866654	Tone	Author's feelings	13
7221867563	Mood	Reader's feelings	14
7255285037	Anaphora	repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases or sentences	15
7255285038	Diction	An author's choice of words, used to convey tone	16
7255285039	Imagery	the use of figures of speech to create vivid images that appeal to one of the senses	17

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AP Human Geography Chapter 5 Language Flashcards

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8396880644	Creole (or creolized) language	A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.	0
8396880645	Dialect	A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.	1
8396880646	Extinct language	A language that was once use by people in daily activities but is no longer used.	2
8396880647	Isogloss	A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate.	3
8396880648	Isolated language	A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.	4
8396880649	Language	A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.	5
8396880650	Language branch	A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these derived from the same family.	6
8396880651	Language family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.	7
8396880652	Language group	A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.	8
8396880653	Lingua franca	A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages.	9
8396880654	Literary tradition	A language that is written as well as spoken.	10
8396880655	Official language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.	11
8396880656	Pidgin language	A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	12
8396880657	Standard language	The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	13
8396880658	Denglish	A combination of Deutsch (the German word for German) and English).	14
8396880660	Ebonics	A dialect spoken by some African Americans.	15
8396880661	Franglais	A combination of francais and anglais (the French words for French and English respectively).	16
8396880663	Logogram	A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound.	17
8396880664	Received Pronunciation (RP)	The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom.	18
8396880665	Spanglish	A combination of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans.	19
8396880668	Vulgar Latin	A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents.	20