| 7020184249 | Carolus Linnaeus | -physician and botanist who sought to classify life's diversity
-binomial nomenclature (Homo sapien)
-nested classification system, placing similar species into general characters | | 0 |
| 7020184250 | Fossils | -darwin drew from these (the remains or traces of organisms from the past) | | 1 |
| 7020184251 | Strata | -new layers of sediment cover older ones and compress them into layers of rock called strata
-strata reveal the pattern of evolution that a species may take | | 2 |
| 7020184252 | Paleontology | -study of fossils, developed by Georges Cuvier
0noted that the older the stratum the more dissimilar fossils were to current life-forms
-from one layer to the next, new species appeared while others disappeared
-each boundary represented a sudden catastrophic event | | 3 |
| 7020184253 | Charles Lyell | -incorporated Hutton's thinking into his proposal that the same geologic processes are operating today as in the past, and at the same rate | | 4 |
| 7020184254 | Jean-Baptiste Lamarck | -found several lines of descent, a chronological series of older to younger fossils leading to a living species
-use and disuse (giraffes' neck) | | 5 |
| 7020184255 | Wallace | -writes a paper with a similar hypothesis to Darwin based on the Malay archipelago | | 6 |
| 7020184256 | Darwin | -HMS beagle, interested in species in the galapagos (turtles, finches) | | 7 |
| 7020184257 | Artificial Selection | -modification of other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits | | 8 |
| 7020184258 | Darwin's 2 Inferenences | -All species and produce more offspring than their enviorment can support and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce
-This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations | | 9 |
| 7020184259 | Homology | -similarity resulting from common ancestry | | 10 |
| 7020184260 | Homologous Structures | -represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor | | 11 |
| 7020184261 | Vestigal Structures | -remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestors | | 12 |
| 7020184262 | Convergent Evolution | -independent evolution of similar features in different lineages
-ex: marsupials and sugar glider (same environment)
-can occur when similar environmental pressures and natural selection exists | | 13 |
| 7020184263 | Analogous | -species share features b/c of convergent evolution, share similar function but not common ancesty | | 14 |
| 7020184264 | Biogeography | -scientific study of the geographic distributions of species | | 15 |
| 7020184265 | Phylogeny | -evolutionary history of a species or group of species | | 16 |
| 7020184266 | Systematics | -discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary realationships | | 17 |
| 7020184267 | Taxonomy | -study of how organisms are named and classifed | | 18 |
| 7020184268 | Order of Classification | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genius, Species | | 19 |
| 7020184269 | Sister Taxa | -groups of organism that share an immediate common ancestor | | 20 |
| 7020184270 | Rooted | -branch point within the tree | | 21 |
| 7020184271 | Polytomy | -branch point from which more than two descendant groups emerge | | 22 |
| 7020184272 | Analogy | -similarity due to convergent evolution | | 23 |
| 7020184273 | Homoplasies | -analogous structures that arose independently | | 24 |
| 7020184274 | Cladistic | -common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms | | 25 |
| 7020184275 | Clades | -each of which includes an ancestral species of all its descendants | | 26 |
| 7020184276 | Monophyletic | -signifying that it consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants |  | 27 |
| 7020184277 | Paraphyletic | -consists of an ancestral species and some of its descendants |  | 28 |
| 7020184278 | Polyphyletic | -some of its members have different ancestors |  | 29 |
| 7020184279 | Shared Ancestral Character | -character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon | | 30 |
| 7020184280 | Shared Derived Character | -evolutionary novelty unique to a clade | | 31 |
| 7020184281 | Outgroup | -species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage including the species | | 32 |
| 7020184282 | Maximum Parsimony | -we should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts | | 33 |
| 7020184283 | Molecular Clock | -an approach for measuring the absolute time of evolutionary change based on the observation that some gens and other regions of genomes appear to evolve at constant rates | | 34 |
| 7020184284 | Microevolution | -a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations | | 35 |
| 7020184285 | Genetic Variation | -differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences | | 36 |
| 7020184286 | Population | -group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed creating fertile offspring | | 37 |
| 7020184287 | Gene Pool | -all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population | | 38 |
| 7020184288 | Hardy-Weinberg Conditions | -no mutations
-random mating
-no natural selection
-very large population size
-no gene flow | | 39 |
| 7020184289 | Genetic Drift | -chance events can alter allele allele frequencies to fluctuate from one generation to another (especially in one generation to another) | | 40 |
| 7020184290 | Founder Effect | -when few individuals become isolated from a larger population this smaller group may make a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population | | 41 |
| 7020184291 | Bottleneck Effect | -a severe drop in population results in the over or under representation of certain alleles. | | 42 |
| 7020184292 | Gene Flow | -transfer of allele into or out of a population from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes | | 43 |
| 7020184293 | Effects of Genetic Drift | -Genetic Drift is significant in small populations
-Genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random
-Genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation within populations
-Genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed | | 44 |
| 7020184294 | Adaptive Evolution | -NS increases the frequency of allele that provide an advantage and reproduce more | | 45 |
| 7020184295 | Relative Fitness | -contribution an individual makes to the gene pool relative to the contributions of indivdauls | | 46 |
| 7020184296 | Directional Selection | -conditions father shifting traits to one extreme |  | 47 |
| 7020184297 | Disruptive Selection | -conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range |  | 48 |
| 7020184298 | Stabilizing Selection | -reduces variation and gets rid of extreme phenotypes in the population |  | 49 |
| 7020184299 | Sexual Selection | -form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain maits | | 50 |
| 7020184300 | Sexual Dismorphism | -difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species | | 51 |
| 7020184301 | Intersexual Selection | -individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting mates | | 52 |
| 7020184302 | Neutral Variation | -differences in DNA sequence that do not confer a selective advantage or disadvantage | | 53 |
| 7020184303 | Balancing Selection | -occurs when natural selection amintains two or more forms in a population | | 54 |
| 7020184304 | Heterozygote Selection | -individuals who are heterozygotes at a particular locus have a greater fitness than both kinds of homozygotes | | 55 |
| 7020184305 | Frequency Dependent Selection | -fitness of a phenotype depends on how commen it is | | 56 |
| 7020184306 | Natural Selection Constraints | 1. Selection can only act on existing variation
2. Evolution is limited by historical constraints
3. Adaptations are often compromises
4. Chance, NS and the environment interact | | 57 |
| 7020184307 | Species (according to the biological species concept) | -group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and have the potential to produce viable, fertile offspring but do not | | 58 |
| 7020184308 | Macroevolution | -broad pattern of evolution above the species level | | 59 |
| 7020184309 | Reproductive Isolation | -existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring | | 60 |
| 7020184310 | Hybrid | -offspring from an interspecific mating | | 61 |
| 7020184311 | Prezygotic Barriers | -block fertilization from occuring | | 62 |
| 7020184312 | Postzygotic Barriers | -contribute to reproductive isolation after the hybrid zygote is formed | | 63 |
| 7020184313 | Prezygotic Barrier Examples | 1. Habtitat Isolation
2. Temporal Isolation (nocturnal)
3. Behavior Isolation (courtship rituals)
4. Mechanical Isolation (snail shells)
5. Genetic Isolation (sperm can't survive in reproductive tract)
HTBMG | | 64 |
| 7020184314 | Postzygotic Barrier Examples | 1. Reduced Hybrid Viability (hybrid survivabilty is reduced)
2. Reduced Hybrid Fertility (mule)
3. Hybrid Breakdown (one hybrids mate with one another offspring of the next generation are feeble/sterile)
VFB | | 65 |
| 7020184315 | Morphological Species Concept | -characterization of a species by body shape and other structural features | | 66 |
| 7020184316 | Ecological Species Concept | -species in terms of its ecological niche, the sum of how members interact with living and nonliving members of their enviorments | | 67 |
| 7020184317 | Phylogenetic Species Concept | -species is the smallest group of individuals that share a common ancestor | | 68 |
| 7020184318 | Allopatric Speciation + Evidence | -gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
-ex: snapping shrimp 30 species off the isthmus of panama | | 69 |
| 7020184319 | Sympatric Speciation | -speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area | | 70 |
| 7020184320 | Polyploidy | -species may originate from an accident during cell divison resulting in extra chromsomes | | 71 |
| 7020184321 | Autopolypoid | -individual that has more than two chromosome sets that are all derived from the same species | | 72 |
| 7020184322 | Allopolyploid | -various mechanisms can change a sterile hybrid into a fertile polyploid. They can only mate with other allopolyploids not parents |  | 73 |
| 7020184323 | Hybrid Zone | -region in which members of different species meet and mate, producing at least some offspring of mixed ancestry | | 74 |
| 7020184324 | Fusion of Hybrid Zone | -the two species fuse | | 75 |
| 7020184325 | Stability of Hybrid Zone | -continued production of a hybrid individual | | 76 |
| 7020184326 | Reinforcement of Hybrid Zone | -strengthening or reproductive barriers--hybrids cease to be made | | 77 |
| 7020184327 | Punctuated Equilibria | -Eldrege and Gould coined this to descibed these patterns in the fossil record: perioids of apparent stastis (moment of stability) punctuated by suddenc hange | | 78 |
| 7020184328 | Radiometric Dating | -based on the decay or radioactive isotopes
-radioactive "parent" isotopes decay to "daughter" isotopes at a characteristic rate called a HALF LIFE | | 79 |
| 7020184329 | Geologic Record | -a standard time scale that divides the Earth's history into four eons and further subdivisions
EON: Phanerozo(Mesozoic & Jurassic), Proterozoic, Archean, Hadean |  | 80 |
| 7020184330 | Mass Extinction | -large numbers of a species become extinct world wide, caused by disruptive changes to the global enviroment | | 81 |
| 7020184331 | Adaptive Radiations | -periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological roles or niches in their communities | | 82 |
| 7020184332 | Heterochromy | -evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events (Fetus-->Adult Skull) | | 83 |
| 7020184333 | Homeotic Genes | -master regulatory genes
-determine basic features like the location of wings and legs on a bird
-Hox genes provide information as to the positional information in an embryo | | 84 |
| 7020184334 | Hypothesis for creation of Earth's First Life | 1. Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules, monomers
2. Joining of these small molecules into macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acids, polymers
3. Packaging of these molecules into protobiont cells- droplets with membranes that maintained an internal chemsitry different than their surrondings
4. Origin of self-replicating molecules that made inheritance possible | | 85 |
| 7020184335 | Ribozyme | -RNA can perform many enzyme like, catalytic functions | | 86 |
| 7020184336 | Endosymbiosis | A process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells. | | 87 |
