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Flashcards

AP Psychology Unit 6 Flashcards

8428331161	learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
8428331162	habituation	an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it	1
8428331163	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)	2
8428331164	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	3
8428331165	behaviorism	the view that psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)	4
8428331166	unconditioned response (UR)	in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth	5
8428331167	unconditioned stimulus (US)	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response	6
8428331168	conditioned response (CR)	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	7
8428331169	conditioned stimulus (CS)	in classical conditioned, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response	8
8428331170	acquisition	in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response	9
8428331171	higher-order conditioning	a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. (For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone.) (Also called Second-Order Conditioning)	10
8428331172	extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant condition when a response is no longer reinforced	11
8428331173	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	12
8428331174	generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit responses	13
8428331175	discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	14
8428331176	learned helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events	15
8428331177	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	16
8428331178	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished followed by a punisher	17
8428331179	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	18
8428331180	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, or where behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	19
8428331181	operant chamber	in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking	20
8428331182	shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	21
8428331183	discriminative stimulus	in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)	22
8428331184	reinforce	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	23
8428331185	positive reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforce in any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response	24
8428331186	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforce is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (negative reinforcement is not punishment)	25
8428331187	primary reinforce	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	26
8428331188	conditioned reinforcer	a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce; also known as a secondary reinforce	27
8428331189	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	28
8428331190	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	29
8428331191	fixed-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	30
8428331192	variable-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	31
8428331193	fixed-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	32
8428331194	variable-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	33
8428331195	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	34
8428331196	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it)	35
8428331197	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	36
8428331198	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	37
8428331199	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake	38
8428331200	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment	39
8428331201	observational learning	learning by observing others (also social learning)	40
8428331202	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	41
8428331203	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy	42
8428331204	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	43
8428331205	little albert	subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear	44
8428331206	Albert Bandura	researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment	45
8428331207	John Garcia	Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.	46
8428331208	Ivan Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)	47
8428331209	Rosalie Rayner	graduate student of Watson and co-researcher for the famous Little Albert demonstration of classically conditioned emotion	48
8428331210	Martin Seligman	researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology	49
8428331211	B.F. Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.	50
8428331212	Edward Thorndike	Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.	51
8428331213	John Watson	behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which a baby was taught to fear a white rat	52
8428331214	biofedback	a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.	53
8428331215	observational learning	learning by observing others	54
8428331216	aversion theory	Aversion therapy is a form of behavior therapy in which an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.	55

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Consciousness AP Psychology Myers Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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6406954657	consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment.	0
6406954658	circadian rhythm	the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.	1
6406954659	REM (rapid eye movement) sleep	rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active.	2
6406954660	alpha waves	the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state.	3
6406954661	sleep	periodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement, 1999.)	4
6406954662	hallucinations	false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus.	5
6406954663	delta waves	the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.	6
6406954664	NREM sleep	non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep.	7
6406954665	insomnia	recurring problems in falling or staying asleep.	8
6406954666	narcolepsy	a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.	9
6406954667	sleep apnea	a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.	10
6406954668	night terrors	a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, these occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered.	11
6406954669	dream	a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. These are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the person 's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.	12
6406954670	manifest content	according to Freud, the story of the dream.	13
6406954671	latent content	according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).	14
6406954672	REM rebound	the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).	15
6406954673	hypnosis	a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur.	16
6406954674	posthypnotic suggestion	a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors.	17
6406954675	dissociation	a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.	18
6406954676	psychoactive drug	a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.	19
6406954677	tolerance	the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.	20
6406954678	withdrawal	the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug.	21
6406954679	physical dependence	a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued.	22
6406954680	psychological dependence	a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions.	23
6406954681	addiction	compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences.	24
6406954682	depressants	drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions.	25
6406954683	barbiturates	drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment.	26
6406954684	opiates	opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety.	27
6406954685	stimulants	drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions.	28
6406954686	amphetamines	drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.	29
6406954687	methamphetamines	a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels.	30
6406954688	Ecstacy (MDMA)	a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.	31
6406954689	hallucinogens	psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.	32
6406954690	LSD	a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide).	33
6406954691	near-death experiences	an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.	34
6406954692	THC	the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.	35
6406954693	Suprachiasmatic nucleus	(SCN) A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms	36
6406954694	Substance Use Disorder	Continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk.	37

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AP Biology Photosynthesis Flashcards

Chapter 10 Vocabulary for AP Biology

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8870136873	Chlorophyll	Green Pigment Main photosynthetic pigmnet Absorbs primarily violet-blue and red wavelengths	0
8870136874	Thylakoids	dense interconnected membranous sacs where the light reactions occur	1
8870136875	Grana	stacks of thylakoid	2
8870136876	Granum	singular of grana	3
8870136877	Chloroplast	sites of photosynthesis	4
8870136878	Photosynthesis	conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules	5
8870136879	Photosynthesis Equation	6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2	6
8870136880	Carbon Dioxide	source of inorganic carbon used in photosynthesis	7
8870136881	Electromagnetic Spectrum	Electromagnetic energy which travels in waves	8
8870136882	Colors	Light we see is reflected off objects and light we don't see is absorbed by objects	9
8870136883	White	All colors reflected	10
8870136884	Black	All colors absorbed	11
8870136885	Chlorophyll a	main photosynthetic green pigment, absorbs primarily violet-blue and red wavelengths	12
8870136886	Pigment	a molecule that absorbs wavelengths in the visible light spectrum	13
8870136887	Carotenoid	Group of pigments that absorb blue and blue-green wavelengths, appear orange, yellow, and red	14
8870136888	Light Reactions	Occur in thylakoid membrane and are also called light dependent reactions	15
8870136889	Photosystem	Consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes which split water to create electrons that get transferred to NADP+ to create NADPH and H+ which are used to create ATP	16
8870136890	Light-Harvesting Complex	Contains chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids (within the photosystem) that will trap light energy for use in the light reactions	17
8870136891	Photosystem 1	Has P700 chlorophyll a in reaction-center complex, thought to have evolved first because it can work alone to create primary acceptors, 2nd of the photosystems	18
8870136892	Photosystem 2	Has P680 chlorophyll a in reaction-center complex, first of the photosystems. splits water into electrons, oxygen, and hydrogen ions	19
8870136893	Cytochrome	Protein in the electron transport chain of the photosystems that transfers the electrons to create NADPH	20
8870136894	Calvin Cycle	Light-Independent reactions Occurs in stoma, does not use light directly. Uses the enzyme Rubisco to create 2 molecules of G3P which is then either used to create glucose or recycled back into RuBP to restart the cycle	21
8870136895	Rubisco	The most abundant protein on Earth Carbon Fixation is catalyzed by Rubisco	22
8870136896	Reduction	The carbon molecules made in Carbon Fixation are reduced into to G3P by adding the negative phosphate from a NADPH that can be used to make glucose or perform other processes	23
8870136897	1 Cycle of Calvin Cycle	1 CO2 is fixed 3 ATP are used 2 NADPH are used 1 RuBP is regenerated 6 cycles needed to make 1 glucose molecule	24
8870136898	C4 Photosynthesis	A method that bypasses photorespiration Happens in corn, sugarcane, and other plants in hot, dry environments Converts carbon dioxide to a 4-carbon intermediary which is then stored in bundle-sheath cells	25
8870136899	C3 Plant	Plants that use the Calvin Cycle without creating carbon intermediaries, take in carbon dioxide through stomata. An enzyme called RuBisCO helps the carbon dioxide combine to make sugar.	26
8870136900	chlorophyll b	Pigment that absorbs light in the blue and orange light spectrum. Second major pigment used in plants.	27
8870136901	CAM Plants	Plants that only open stomata at night. They convert carbon dioxide to malic acid which is then converted back into carbon dioxide during the day for the Calvin cycle	28

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Flashcards

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AP Biology Photosynthesis Flashcards

Chapter 10 Vocabulary for AP Biology

Terms : Hide Images

5334790670	Chlorophyll	Green Pigment Main photosynthetic pigmnet Absorbs primarily violet-blue and red wavelengths	0
5334790675	Thylakoids	dense interconnected membranous sacs where the light reactions occur	1
5334790678	Grana	stacks of thylakoid	2
5334790679	Granum	singular of grana	3
5334790680	Chloroplast	sites of photosynthesis	4
5334790681	Photosynthesis	conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules	5
5334790682	Photosynthesis Equation	6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2	6
5334790683	Carbon Dioxide	source of inorganic carbon used in photosynthesis	7
5334790684	Electromagnetic Spectrum	Electromagnetic energy which travels in waves	8
5334790685	Colors	Light we see is reflected off objects and light we don't see is absorbed by objects	9
5334790686	White	All colors reflected	10
5334790687	Black	All colors absorbed	11
5334790688	Chlorophyll a	main photosynthetic green pigment, absorbs primarily violet-blue and red wavelengths	12
5334790689	Pigment	a molecule that absorbs wavelengths in the visible light spectrum	13
5334790690	Carotenoid	Group of pigments that absorb blue and blue-green wavelengths, appear orange, yellow, and red	14
5334790691	Light Reactions	Occur in thylakoid membrane and are also called light dependent reactions	15
5334790693	Photosystem	Consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes which split water to create electrons that get transferred to NADP+ to create NADPH and H+ which are used to create ATP	16
5334790694	Light-Harvesting Complex	Contains chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids (within the photosystem) that will trap light energy for use in the light reactions	17
5334790695	Photosystem 1	Has P700 chlorophyll a in reaction-center complex, thought to have evolved first because it can work alone to create primary acceptors, 2nd of the photosystems	18
5334790696	Photosystem 2	Has P680 chlorophyll a in reaction-center complex, first of the photosystems. splits water into electrons, oxygen, and hydrogen ions	19
5334790697	Cytochrome	Protein in the electron transport chain of the photosystems that transfers the electrons to create NADPH	20
5334790700	Calvin Cycle	Light-Independent reactions Occurs in stoma, does not use light directly. Uses the enzyme Rubisco to create 2 molecules of G3P which is then either used to create glucose or recycled back into RuBP to restart the cycle	21
5334790701	Rubisco	The most abundant protein on Earth Carbon Fixation is catalyzed by Rubisco	22
5334790702	Reduction	The carbon molecules made in Carbon Fixation are reduced into to G3P by adding the negative phosphate from a NADPH that can be used to make glucose or perform other processes	23
5334790703	1 Cycle of Calvin Cycle	1 CO2 is fixed 3 ATP are used 2 NADPH are used 1 RuBP is regenerated 6 cycles needed to make 1 glucose molecule	24
5334790704	C4 Photosynthesis	A method that bypasses photorespiration Happens in corn, sugarcane, and other plants in hot, dry environments Converts carbon dioxide to a 4-carbon intermediary which is then stored in bundle-sheath cells	25
5334790706	C3 Plant	Plants that use the Calvin Cycle without creating carbon intermediaries, take in carbon dioxide through stomata. An enzyme called RuBisCO helps the carbon dioxide combine to make sugar.	26
7856816320	chlorophyll b	Pigment that absorbs light in the blue and orange light spectrum. Second major pigment used in plants.	27
7856823352	CAM Plants	Plants that only open stomata at night. They convert carbon dioxide to malic acid which is then converted back into carbon dioxide during the day for the Calvin cycle	28

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AP Biology Chapter 1 Flashcards

Vocabulary: evolution, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), emergent properties, biosphere, ecosystems, community, population, organism, organs and organ systems, tissues, organelles, cell, molecule, eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, gene, genome, negative feedback, positive feedback, adaptation, inductive reasoning, data, hypothesis, deductive reasoning, controlled experiment, dependent variable, independent variable, theory
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define biology.
2. List and explain the characteristics of life.
a. Define metabolism.
b. Define adaptation.
3. Distinguish between types of organisms by describing the differences between and
give examples of:
a. unicellular and multicellular organisms; and,
b. prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.
4. List and explain the levels of biological organization.
5. Relating to major concepts in biology, explain what is meant by:
a. "the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living things";
b. "the continuity of life depends on the inheritance of biological information";
c. "form fits function";
d. "the unity and diversity of life"; and,
e. "life forms change".
6. Explain why DNA is considered the molecule of inheritance in all organisms.
7. Define evolution.
a. Define population and give examples of characteristics of populations.
b. Explain evolution through natural selection.
c. Explain how adaptations come about through natural selection.
d. Explain why evolution is a central theme in biology.
8. Define science and explain why biology is a science.
9. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning and explain how these
processes of logic are used in science.
10. List in order and explain the logical relationship between the steps of the
scientific method.
11. Explain the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law.
12. Explain the "if . . .

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8397643229	Evolution	Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth	0
8397643230	DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix	1
8397643231	Biology	The scientific study of life	2
8397643232	Emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	3
8397643233	Systems Biology	An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts.	4
8397643234	Eukaryotic Cell	A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes.	5
8397643235	Prokaryotic Cell	A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes.	6
8397643236	Gene	A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses).	7
8397643237	Gene expression	The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs.	8
8397643238	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.	9
8397643239	Biosphere	The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.	10
8397643240	Ecosystems	All the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them	11
8397643241	Community	All the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction.	12
8397643242	Population	A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.	13
8397643243	Organism	a creature such as a plant, animal or a single-celled life form, or something that has interdependent parts and that is being compared to a living creature	14
8397643244	Organs	A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.	15
8397643245	Organ Systems	A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.	16
8397643246	Tissues	An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both.	17
8397643247	Organelles	Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells.	18
8397643248	Cell	The part of a neuron that houses the nucleus and most other organelles.	19
8397643249	Molecule	Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.	20
8397643250	Negative Feedback	A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change.	21
8397643251	Positive Feedback	A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change.	22
8397643252	Adaptation	Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.	23
8397643253	Inductive Reasoning	Induction moves from a set of specific observations (humans require organic molecules, fish require organic molecules) to reach a general conclusion (all animals require organic molecules	24
8397643254	Data	Recorded observations.	25
8397643255	Hypothesis	A testable explanation for a set of observations based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope than a theory.	26
8397643256	Deductive Reasoning	A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.	27
8397643257	Controlled Experiment	An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested.	28
8397643258	Dependent Variable	It is something that depends on other factors.	29
8397643259	Independent Variable	It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.	30
8397643260	Theory	An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.	31
8397643261	What are the 7 Characteristics of Life?	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	32
8397643262	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manage the material and energy resources of the organism.	33
8397643263	Why is Biology a Science?	Biology is a science since it takes care to interpret the nature, according to the scientific method, which establishes the resolution of hypotheses raised by the researcher, by means of using different techniques for the creation of representative models of nature.	34
8397643264	Distinguish between Inductive and Deductive Reasoning	Inductive reasoning derives generalizations from specific cases and deductive reasoning predicts specific outcomes from general premises.	35
8397643265	What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?	1. Observe 2. Research 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Test the hypothesis 5. Analyze results and draw conclusions 6. Report your findings 7. Conduct more research	36
8397643266	What is the difference between hypothesis, theory and law?	The Difference between a Hypothesis a Theory and a Law there are very distinct. A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested. A theory is a statement that has not been tested. A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	37
8397643267	What is the difference between observational and experimental investigations?	Observational investigations do not manipulate data	38
8397643268	What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?	Quantitative data includes recorded measurements which can be organized into tables or graphs and qualitative data would include observations	39
8397643269	What is the relationship between the conclusion and the hypothesis?	The conclusion is a statement about the experiment's results. As a report of your data, it can't be considered wrong even if the results don't support your hypothesis. You have learned that your hypothesis does not answer your original research question.	40
8397643270	What are the three domains by which all living organisms are classified?	Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya	41
8397643271	What are the 4 kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya?	Plantae Animalia Fungi Protista	42
8397643272	What are Bacteria?	All unicellular prokaryotic (no nucleus) organisms with peptidoglycan in their cell walls	43
8397643273	What is the Theory of Natural Selection?	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	44
8397643274	How do we distinguish between results(data) and conclusions?	Results are measurable data and a conclusion is a report about what you learned based on w the results	45
8397643275	Concept 1.2: Why is evolution considered the core theme of biology?	Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life and it explains the most fundamental aspects of all life on earth. It accounts for the common features shared by all forms of life due to the descent from a common ancestor.	46
8397643276	Concept 1.3: How could natural selection have led to the evolution of adaptations such as the thick, water conserving leaves of the mother of pearl plant?	Ancestors of this plant may have exhibited variation in how well their leaves conserved water. Because not much soil is present in the crevices where these plants are found, the variant plans that could conserve water may hav survived better and been able to produce more offspring.	47
8397643277	Define Biology? What is the definition of Biology	Biology is the scientific study of life	48
8397643278	What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life?	DNA	49
8397643279	What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area?	A Population	50
8397643280	How would you define a Eukaryotic cell?	A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus	51
8397643281	How would you define a prokaryotic cell?	A prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles	52
8397643282	What is deductive reasoning?	Deductive reasoning uses general premises to make specific predictions	53
8397643283	What are the 7 Properties/Characteristics of Life	1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Evolutionary Adaptation 5. Response to the Environment 6. Reproduction 7. Growth and Development	54
8397643284	What is reductionism?	The approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.	55
8397643285	What are the 10 levels of Biological Organization?	1. Biosphere 2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Organisms 6. Organs and Organ Systems 7. Tissues 8. Cells 9. Organelles 10. Molecules	56
8397643286	Cell	The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life	57
8397643287	What is a theory?	A theory is a statement that has not been tested	58
8397643288	What is a law?	A Law is a statement that is relevant and is true.	59
8397643289	What is a hypothesis?	A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested	60
8397643290	What are data?	Data are recorded observations or items of information	61
8397643291	Of the three domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, which one is prokayotic?	Archaea	62
8397643292	The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from....	The sun	63
8397643293	Eukaryotic organisms that decompose dead organisms and absorb the nutrients are generally found in which kingdom?	Fungi	64
8397643294	All the organisms on a campus make up...	a community	65

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AP World Chapter 15 Flashcards

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8001522651	African Diaspora	Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade	0
8001529680	Banda Islands	Infamous case of the Dutch forcibly taking control of the spice trade; nearly the entire population of these nutmeg-producing islands was killed or enslaved and then replaced with Dutch planters.	1
8001545440	Benin	West African kingdom(in what is now Nigeria)whose strong kings sharply limited engagement with the slave trade	2
8001552610	British/Dutch East India companies	Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; the were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and to rule conquered peoples.	3
8001568805	cartaz	A pass that the Portuguese required of all merchant vessels attempting to trade in the Indian Ocean.	4
8001575216	Dahomey	West African kingdom that became strong through its rulers' exploitation of the slave trade.	5
8001583585	daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who ruled with virtual independence thanks to their bands of samurai warriors	6
8001592329	Hurons	Native American people of northeastern North America who were heavily involved in the fur trade.	7
8001602733	Indian Ocean commercial network	The massive, interconnected web of commerce in pre-modern times between the lands that bordered on the Indian Ocean (including East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia); the network was badly disrupted by Portuguese intrusion beginning around 1500.	8
8001631365	Little Ice Age	A period of cooling temperatures and harsh winters that lasted for much of the early modern era.	9
8001635325	Ferdinand Magellan	Portuguese mariner who commanded the first European (Spanish) fleet to circumnavigate the globe (1519-1521)	10
8001643697	Manila	Capital of the Spanish Philippines and a major multicultural trade city that already had a population of more than 40,000 by 1600.	11
8001651390	Middle Passage	Name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas.	12
8001657804	piece of eight	Standard Spanish coin that became a medium of exchange in North America, Europe, India, Russia and West Africa as well as in the Spanish Empire; so called because it was worth 8 reales.	13
8001669851	Potosi	City that developed high in the Andes (in present-day Bolivia) at the site of the world's largest silver mine and that became the largest city in the Americas, with a population of some 160,000 in the 1570s.	14
8001680275	samurai	The warrior elite of medieval Japan.	15
8001683612	shogun	In Japan, a supreme commander	16
8001687012	silver drain	Term often used, along with "specie drain" to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay for the luxury products of the East, a process exacerbated by the fact that Europe had few trade goods that were desirable in Eastern markets; eventually the bulk of the world's silver supply made its way to China	17
8001717979	soft gold	Nickname used in the early modern period for animal furs, highly values for their warmth and as symbols of elite status; in several regions, the fur trade generated massive wealth from those engaged in it.	18
8001727669	Spanish Philippines	An archipelago of Pacific islands colonized by Spain in a relatively bloodless process that extended for the century or so after 1565, a process accompanied by a major effort at evangelizaton; the Spanish named them the Philippine Islands in honor of King Philip II of Spain	19
8001745089	Tokugawa shogunate	Military rulers of Japan who successfully unified japan politically by the early 17th century and established a "closed door" policy toward European encroachments.	20
8001758367	trading post empire	Form of imperial dominance based on control of trade rather than on control of subject peoples.	21
8001774105	Atlantic Slave Trade	Lasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western African to the Americas. One part of the three-part economical system known as the Middle Passage of the Triangular Trade	22
8001793772	Vasco da Gama	Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.	23
8001799538	Calicut	A city of southwest India on the Malabar Coast, southwest of Bangalore. It was the site of Vasco da Gama's first landfall in India (1498) and was later occupied by Portuguese, British, French and Danish trading colonies	24
8001816067	Tropical Spices	Cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, and pepper. Spices that Europeans wanted to flavor rotten meat and preserve foods.	25
8001822716	Prester John	A mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom supposedly had been cut off from Europe by the Muslim conquests; some thought he was Chinggis Khan	26
8001832726	Mindanao	Southern island of the Philippines; a Muslim area able to successfully resist Spanish conquest.	27
8001838974	Bombay	A port city on India's west coast colonized by the British.	28
8001845815	Wang Dayue	18th century Chinese poet who bemoaned the ecological devastation that deforestation brought to southern China	29
8001855837	Algonquians	North American people that lived in southern New York State, in what is now Long Island and the Hudson River Valley.	30
8001864058	Wage Labor	A system of payment whereby workers are compensated on the bases of a wage not tied to the quality of the raw materials, accidents, or other needs in the production process.	31
8001870282	Chattel Slavery	Ownership of human beings; a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property.	32
8001880040	Indentured Servitude	An agreement to exchange labor for travel expenses an/or job training for a certain amount of time.	33
8001885454	Plantation system	A system of agricultural production based on large-scale land ownership and the exploitation of labor and the environment. This system focused on the production of cash crops and utilized slave labor.	34
8001895838	Kongo	Central African state that began trading with the Portuguese around 1500; although their kings, such as King Alfonso I(r. 1506-1543), converted to Christianity, they nevertheless suffered from the slave trade.	35
8001913305	Manioc	The most important American crop introduced into Africa in the 16th century.	36
8001924522	Vice royalty of New Spain	The North American section of Spain's colonies established as a governing district by the Spanish king in the 1500s.	37
8001929503	Vice royalty of Peru	A Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America; governed from the capital of Lima	38

5747014691	acceder	to gain access to/to agree to	0
5747014692	actualizar	to update	1
5747014693	el analfabeto	illiterate	2
5747014694	aprendizaje	learning/training period	3
5747014695	aprobar	to pass a subject in school/to approve	4
5747014696	aprovechar	to make the most of	5
5747014697	la asignatura	assignment/subject/subject matter	6
5747014698	la calificación	grade	7
5747014699	el comportamiento	behavior/conduct/performance	8
5747014700	las destrezas	skill	9
5747014701	la dicotomía	dichotomy	10
5747014702	el/la docente	teacher	11
5747014703	entrarse de	to inform oneself	12
5747014704	entrenar	to trian	13
5747014705	el entrancamiento	stagnation	14
5747014706	excluir	to exclude	15
5747014707	la formación	education/training	16
5747014708	el formento	promotion/forment	17
5747014709	las formulas	formula	18
5747014710	la guadería	nursery school	19
5747014711	el ingenuo	nieve/ingeneous	20
5747014712	el ingreso	entrance/income	21
5747014713	la licenciatura	undergraduate degree	22
5747014714	las materias	subject/subject matter	23
5747014715	la matrícula	registration/enrollment	24
5747014716	la mochila	backpack	25
5747014717	el optativo	optional	26
5747014718	otorgar	to authorize/grant/allow	27
5747014719	la pedagogía	pedagogy/teaching	28
5747014720	perspicaz	shrewd prespective	29
5747014721	la polémica	controversy	30
5747014722	la potencia	power	31
5747014723	la prueba	quiz	32
5747014724	las razones	reasons	33
5747014725	el reposo	rest/repose	34
5747014726	el taller	workshop/shop	35
5747014727	testarudo	stubborn	36
5747014728	el título	a degree as in type of diploma	37

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