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AP Biology Chapter 8 Flashcards

7288964700	Metabolism	the totality of an organisms chemical reactions that result from interactions between molecules within the cell	0
7288964701	metabolic pathway	a sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound in a living organism, start with substrate end with product	1
7288964702	catabolic	breaking a complex molecule down into its simpler parts, releasing energy. ie. cellular respiration	2
7288964703	anabolic	using energy to build complex molecules from simpler molecules. ie. protein synthesis	3
7288964704	Bioenergetics	the study of how organisms manage their energy resources	4
7288964705	energy	capacity to cause change, do work	5
7288964706	kinetic energy	energy of motion	6
7288964707	heat(thermal energy)	kinetic energy associated with random movement of molecules	7
7288964708	potential energy	energy of position	8
7288964709	chemical energy	potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction, energy within bonds	9
7288964710	thermodynamics	study of energy transformations	10
7288964711	closed system	isolated from surroundings, no energy transfer, cant work at equilibrium bc its exhausted its ability to do work. free energy at a min	11
7288964712	open system	not isolated, energy and matter can be transferred between system and surroundings, ie. cells	12
7288964713	1st law of thermodynamics	energy of the universe is constant, cannot be created or destroyed, can only be transferred or transformed, conservation of energy	13
7288964714	2nd law of thermodynamics	during every energy transfer, some energy is unusable and often lost, every energy transfer or transformation increases the total entropy of the universe	14
7288964715	entropy	disorder, randomness	15
7288964716	free energy	delta G, energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are constant, related to change in enthalpy(delta H), change in entropy(delta S) and temperature in Kelvin(T). delta G = delta H - T delta S	16
7288964717	exergonic reaction	a reaction with a net release of free energy, negative free energy, spontaneous	17
7288964718	endergonic reaction	a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings, non-spontaneous, positive free energy	18
7288964719	coupled reactions	the use of exergonic processes to drive endergonic ones, the energy given off from the exergonic is absorbed by the endergonic	19
7288964720	ATP	adenosine triphosphate, composed of ribose (5 carbon sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate groups. Phosphate tail can be broken through hydrolysis to produce energy, ADP, and an inorganic phosphate	20
7288964721	phosphorylation	how ATP drives endergonic reactions, covalently bonding a phosphate with another molecule, such as as reactant	21
7288964722	catalyst	a chemical agent that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction	22
7288964723	enzymes	a catalytic protein, speeds up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy, very specific, reusable, unchanged by reaction	23
7288964724	activation energy	initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction, free energy for activating reaction, given off by heat	24
7288964725	induced fit	brings the chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction, makes the enzyme more effective	25
7288964726	cooperativity	another type of allosteric activation, binds to one active site but locks ALL active sites open, allowing products to be constantly produced	26
7288964727	Substrate	the REACTANT that an enzyme acts on	27
7288964728	Enzyme-Substrate Complex	enzyme and substrate	28
7288964729	Active Site	region on the enzyme where substrate binds	29
7288964730	Hydrogen and Ionic Bonds	substrate held in active site by WEAK interactions	30
7288964731	Lock and Key	active site on enzyme fits substrate exactly	31
7288964732	If reaction doesnt need energy to start (exergonic)	How do you know if a reaction is spontaneous?	32
7288964733	3 kinds of cellular work done by ATP	Shuttle renewable and nonrenewable ENERGY, provide ENERGY for cellular functions, provide ENERGY for catabolic reactions	33
7288964734	Ways enzymes lower activation energy	can do this by having a favorable environment, straining substrate molecules, orienting substrates correctly	34
7288964735	hydrolysis	happens when phosphate leaves ATP to give energy to something else. This causes ATP to become ADP, produces water	35
7288964736	cofactors	non-protein enzyme helpers ex. zinc, iron, copper	36
7288964737	coenzymes	organic enzyme helpers ex. vitamens	37
7288964738	Denature	above a certain temp activity declines, protein unwinds	38
7288964739	Renature	coils it back to normal after temp gets too high and the activity decreased	39
7288964740	Gene Regulation	cell switches on or off the genes that code for specific enzymes	40
7288964741	Feedback inhibition	end product of a pathway that continues to produce product (positive) and then turns off (negative)	41
7288964742	negative feedback inhibition	accumulation of end product slows the process that produces that amount -stop production	42
7288964743	positive feedback inhibition	end product speeds up production (less common)	43
7288964744	Allosteric Regulation	can accelerate or inhibit production and enzyme activity by attaching to another part of the protein. this changes the shape of the active site which inhibits substrates from bonding and producing more products	44
7288964745	Activator	one of the allosteric regulators, stabilizes and keeps active site open for production, wedges open	45
7288964746	Inhiibitor	one of the allosteric regulators, doesnt allow active site to work or produce, wedges closed	46
7288964747	Competitive Inhibitor	inhibitor that mimics original substrate by blocking the original substrate	47
7288964748	Noncompetetitive Inhibitor	bind to another part of enzyme to change shape and block substrate from producing	48
7288964749	ways enzymes are affects	environment, pH, temp, salinity, chemicals that infuse enzyme, increase activity by increasing substrate concentration	49
7288964750	exergonic	what reaction is spontaneous (-G)	50
7288964751	endergonic	what reaction is not spontaneous (positive G)	51

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AP Biology Chapter 17 Flashcards

From Gene to Protein

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6583619318	Gene Expression	process by which DNA directs synthesis of proteins	0
6583619319	Transcription	-synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA -DNA serves as template for assembling complementary RNA molecule -resulting RNA molecule faithful transcript of gene's protein-building instructions -occurs in nucleus	1
6583619320	Messenger RNA (mRNA)	RNA molecule that carries genetic message from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery of cell	2
6583619321	Translation	-synthesis of polypeptide -occurs under direction of mRNA -change in language-cell must translate base sequence of mRnA molecule into amino acid sequence of polypeptide -occurs in cytoplasm	3
6583619322	Ribosomes	-sites of translation -complex particles that facilitate orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains	4
6583619323	Primary Transcript	initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those coding for RNA that is not translated into protein	5
6583619324	Triplet Code	genetic instructions for polypeptide chain written in DNA as series of non-overlapping, 3 nucleotide words	6
6583619325	Template Strand	DNA strand that provides pattern/template for sequence of nucleotides in RNA transcript	7
6583619326	Codons	mRNA base triplets written 5'-3' direction	8
6583619327	Reading Frame	grapings w/ symbols w/ message that needs to be translated to written language	9
6583619328	RNA Polymerase	-pries 2 strands of DNA apart -joins RNA nucleotides as they base pair along DNA template -assemble polynucleotides 5' -> 3' -can start chain from scratch-no primer needed	10
6583619329	Promoter	DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription	11
6583619330	Terminator	sequence that signals end of transcription in bacteria	12
6583619331	Transcription Unit	stretch of DNA transcribed into RNA molecule	13
6583619332	Transcription Factors	proteins that mediate binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription	14
6583619333	Transcription Initiation Complex	complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to promoter	15
6583619334	TATA Box	crucial promoter DNA sequence	16
6583619335	RNA Processing	enzymes in eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA in specific ways before genetic messages dispatched to cytoplasm	17
6583619336	5' Cap	modified form of guanine added onto 5' end after transcription 1. facilitates export of mature mRNA from nucleus 2. helps protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. helps ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA once mRNA reaches cytoplasm	18
6583619337	poly-A Tail	-50-250 more A nucleotides added to 3' end by enzyme 1. facilitates export of mature mRNA from nucleus 2. helps protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. helps ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA once mRNA reaches cytoplasm	19
6583619338	RNA splicing	removal of large portions of RNA molecule initially synthesized	20
6583619339	Introns	noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions	21
6583619340	Exons	nucleotide regions that are expressed, usually translated into amino acid sequences	22
6583619341	Spliceosome	interacts w/ certain sites along introns, releasing intron and joining together 2 exons that flanked intron	23
6583619342	Ribozymes	RNA molecules that function as enzymes, can b/c: 1. RNA single stranded, region of RNA molecule may base-pair w/ complementary region elsewhere in same molecule-gives molecule particular 3D structure-essential to catalytic function of ribozymes, just like in enzymatic proteins 2. some RNA bases have functional groups that may participate in catalysis 3. ability of RNA to hydrogen bond w/ other nucleic acid molecules-adds specificity to catalytic activity	24
6583619343	Alternative RNA Splicing	many genes can give rise to 2+ polypeptides, depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA processing -# different protein products > # genes	25
6583619344	Domains	functional regions part of protein architecture	26
6583619345	Transfer RNA (tRNA)	transfer amino acids from cytoplasmic pool of AA to ribosome	27
6583619346	Anticodon	nucleotide triplet that base pairs of complementary codon of mRNA	28
6583619347	Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases	-able to bind to different tRNAs that code for specific amino acid -catalyzes covalent attachment to tRNA -> aminoacyl tRNA released from enzyme -available to deliver AA to growing polypeptide chain of ribosome	29
6583619348	Wobble	flexible base pairing at codon position	30
6583619349	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	made in nucleolus, make up ribosomal subunits	31
6583619350	P Site (peptidyl-tRNA site)	holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain	32
6583619351	A Site (aminoacyl-tRNA site)	holds tRNA carrying next AA to be added in chain	33
6583619352	E Site (exit site)	where discharged tRNAs leave ribosome	34
6583619353	Release Factor	protein that binds to stop codon @ A site	35
6583619354	Polyribosomes	-strings of ribosomes trailing along mRNA -enables cells to make many copies of polypeptide quickly	36
6583619355	Signal Peptide	-targets protein to ER -marks if polypeptide of proteins destined for endomembrane system or for secretion	37
6583619356	Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)	brings ribosome to receptor protein into ER membrane	38
6583619357	Signal Mechanism for Targeting Proteins to ER	1. polypeptide synthesis begins on free ribosome in cytosol 2. SRP binds to signal peptide, halting synthesis momentarily 3. SRP binds to receptor proteins in ER membrane (receptor is part of protein complex w/ membrane and signal cleaving enzyme) 4. SRP leaves, and polypeptide synthesis resumes w/ simultaneous translocation across membrane (signal peptide stays attached to translocation complex) 5. signal cleaving enzyme cuts off signal peptide 6. rest of complexed polypeptide leaves ribosome and folds into final conformation	39
6583619358	Mutations	-change into genetic information of cell -responsible for huge diversity of genes found along organisms	40
6583619359	Point Mutations	-chemical changes in a single base pair of a gene -if occurs in a gamete, can be transmitted to offspring and future generations	41
6583619360	Base Pair Substitutions	replacement of one nucleotide and its partner w/ another pair of nucleotides	42
6583619361	Missense Mutations	-change one amino acid to another -new amino acid may have properties similar to replaced amino acid, or may be in region where exact sequence of amino acids not essential to proteins functions	43
6583619362	Nonsense Mutation	-change codon for amino acid into stop codon -causes translation to be terminated prematurely -resulting polypeptide shorter than polypeptide encoded by normal gene	44
6583619363	Insertions	additions of nucleotide pairs in gene	45
6583619364	Deletion	losses of nucleotide pairs in gene	46
6583619365	Frameshift Mutations	-# nucleotides inserted/deleted NOT multiple of 3 -may alter reading frame of genetic message	47
6583619366	Mutagen	physical and chemical agents that interact w/ DNA that cause mutations	48
6583619367	rRNA	makes up 60% of the ribosome; site of protein synthesis	49
6583619368	gene	equals one RNA molecule	50
6583619369	snRNA	small nuclear RNA	51
6583619370	srpRNA	signal recognition particle that binds to signal peptides	52
6583619371	RNAi	Interference RNA	53
6583619372	ribozyme	RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme	54

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Unit 3 AP Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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7436098437	biological psychologists	the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes.	0
7436098438	neuron	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.	1
7436098439	dendrites	the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.	2
7436098440	axon	the neuron extension that passes and electrical messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.	3
7436098441	myelin sheath	a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.	4
7436098442	action potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.	5
7436098443	refractory period	a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired.	6
7436098444	threshold	the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.	7
7436098445	all-or-nothing response	a neuron's reaction of either firing or not firing.	8
7436098446	synapse	the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.	9
7436098447	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.	10
7436098448	reuptake	a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.	11
7436098449	endorphins	"morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.	12
7436098450	Agonist	A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.	13
7436098451	Antagonists	Chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters.	14
7436098452	nervous system	the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.	15
7436098453	Central nervous system (CNS)	the brain and the spinal cord	16
7436098454	Peripheral nervous system (PNS)	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body	17
7436098455	nerves	bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.	18
7436098456	sensory (afferent) neurons	neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.	19
7436098457	motor (efferant) neurons	neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.	20
7436098458	interneurons	neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.	21
7436098459	Somatic nervous system	the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles (skeletal nervous system)	22
7436098460	Autonomic nervous system	the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. It's sympathetic system arouses and parasympathetic calms.	23
7436098461	Sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. (If you get scared)	24
7436098462	Parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy (Your PARents come home and calm you down)	25
7436098463	Reflexes	simple, automatic responses to sensory stimuli, such as the knee-jerk response	26
7436098464	Endocrine system	the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream	27
7436098465	Hormones	chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues	28
7436098466	Adrenal glands	a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress	29
7436098467	Pituitary gland	"THE MASTER GLAND" the endocrine system's most influential gland under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands	30
7436098468	Lesion	tissue destruction. It can occur naturally or experimentally by the caused distruction/remove of brain tissues	31
7436098469	Electroencephalogram (EEG)	An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.	32
7436098470	CT (computed tomography) scan	a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representaion of a slice through the body. Aslo called a CAT scan	33
7436098471	(PET) Positron emission tomography scan	A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.	34
7436098472	MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)	a TECHNIQUE THAT USES MAGNETIC FIELDS AND RADIO WAVES TO PRODUCE COMPUTER generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissues.	35
7436098473	fMRI (functional MRI)	A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.	36
7436098474	Brainstem	the oldest part and central core of brain. AKA reticular formation, or reticular activating system. In charge of automatic survival functions	37
7436098475	Medualla	The base of the brainstem. Controls heartbeat and breathing.	38
7436098476	Pons	sleep and arousal	39
7436098477	Thalamus	the brains 'sensory switch board' Located at top of brainstem; directs messages to the sensory areas and transmits them to cerebellum and medulla.	40
7436098478	Reticular Formation	Plays an important role in controlling arousal.	41
7436098479	Cerebellum	"little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions including processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.	42
7436098480	Limbic system	A system of neural structures at the border of brainstem. Associated with emotions like fear, agression, and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the Hippocampus, Amygdala and hypothalamus.	43
7436098481	Amygdala	2Lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system, linked to emotion. Includes rage and fear.	44
7436098482	Hippocampus	Limbic system. Learning and memory matcher.	45
7436098483	hypothalamous	A neural structure lying below the thalamus, it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.	46
7436098484	Cerebral cortex	Fabric of interconnected neuron cells. Higher order thinking. Takes meaning and puts it to focus. The body's ultimate control and information-processing center.	47
7436098485	Glial Cells	Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.	48
7436098486	Frontal Lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.	49
7436098487	Parietal lobes	The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; includes the sensory cortex. Receives sensory input for touch and body position.	50
7436098488	Occipital lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual info from the opposite visual feild.	51
7436098489	Temporal lobes	The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughyl above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which revieves aditory info primarily from the opposite end.	52
7436098490	motor cortex	an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.	53
7436098491	somatosensory cortex	the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.	54
7436098492	association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking	55
7436098493	Plasticity	The brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.	56
7436098494	Neurogenesis	Formation of new neurons	57
7436098495	Corpus Callosum	Large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.	58
7436098496	Split Brain	A conditioning resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them.	59
7436098497	Consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment.	60
7436098498	Cognitive Neuroscience	The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition. (including perception, thinking, memory and language.)	61
7436098499	Dual Processing	a phenomenon can occur in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes, The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks	62
7436098500	behavior genetics	the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior	63
7436098501	environment	every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.	64
7436098502	chromosomes	threadlike structure made of DNA molecules that contain the genes	65
7436098503	DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) .	(deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes	66
7436098504	genes	the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein	67
7436098505	genome	the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes	68
7436098506	identical twins (monozygotic)	twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms	69
7436098507	fraternal twins (dizygotic)	twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs; no genetically closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment	70
7436098508	molecular geneticists	subfield of biology that study the molecular structure and function of genes	71
7436098509	heritability	the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes; this may vary depending on population range and the environment being studied	72
7436098510	interaction	the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)	73
7436098511	epigenetics	The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.	74
7436098512	evolutionary psychologists	The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.	75
7436098513	natural selection	the principle that, among range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations	76
7436098514	mutations	A random error in gene replication that leads to a change	77

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AP Renaissance Europe Flashcards

Ethel wood book

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7275645767	Alberti, Leon Battista	Wrote a theory of architecture that summed up the Renaissance ideal of perfection. architectural beauty is the result of the correct observation and application of rules of proportion that create harmony and order	0
7275645768	Brunelleschi, Filippo	(1377 - April 15, 1446) was one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. He is perhaps most famous for his studies of linear perspective and engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral.	1
7275645769	Bruni, Leonardo	Florentine who first gave the name humanitas (humanity) to the learning of grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, and moral philosophy based on the Greek and Latin classics.	2
7275645770	Burgundians	Part of French Royal House acting as the head of an independent kingdom through acquisition of land , primarily in the Netherlands building their armies, and commanding a great deal of loyalty from their subjects. When the Burgundian Duke Charles the Bold died with out an heir in 1477, Louis XI took advantage of the temporary weakness by seizing large pieces of Burgundian territory.	3
7275645771	Castiglione, Baldassare	In 1528, he published The Book of the Courtier, which many consider to be the most influential work on education of the Renaissance. The idea of the "Renaissance Man" was described by him to be virtuous, refined, and a student of the liberal arts - perfectly well suited to artistic, written and spiritual pursuits.	4
7275645772	city-states	these trade rich cities of Italy in the 13th and 14th century expanded to become powerful city-states that dominated the political and economic life of the surrounding countryside.Lacked a central control and became independent states. By the 15th century, five states-Milan, Florence, Venice, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples overshadowed the other smaller states and were in fierce competition with one another for economic and political power.	5
7275645773	the Courtier	(1528), by Castiglione, it described the ideal courtier, or attendant at a court, as someone who had mastered the classics and several languages, and who could paint, sing, write poetry, advise and console his prince, as well as run, jump, swim, and wrestle.	6
7275645774	David	18 foot sculpture by Michelangelo that stood for many years in the great square of Florence, and it has been one of the most popular sculptures in the world.	7
7275645776	Durer, Albrecht	Leading northern artist, a German who blended the northern and southern styles. He made two trips to Venice, where he studied the southern styles, but his work clearly re	8
7275645777	Erasmus, Desiderius	Dutch scholar. Began writing career with dialogues that he prepared for his students. These dialogues were intended to teach them how to speak and live well, and to exhibit good manners worthy of the gentlemen he wanted them to become. Wrote in Praise of Folly. Was a Catholic but his works were placed on the Index of Forbidden Books.	9
7275645778	Ferdinand and Isabella	A king and queen of Spain in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. They united their country and sponsored the exploration of the New World by Christopher Columbus. Reduced the power of the great nobles when they filled the political bureaucracy including the royal council-with hidalgos, lesser aristocrats who owed their positions to the throne.	10
7275645779	Gutenberg, Johann	German goldsmith and printer of Mainz, Germany. Developed movable type (although it had been invented in China and Korea) his printing press printed the bible.	11
7275645780	Heretics	Christian judged to be non-believers or false believers were persecuted by the Catholic Church	12
7275645781	Humanism	A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements.Most new works by Petrarch and Boccaccio were written in the vernacular and expressed the accomplishments of the individual.	13
7275645782	Inquisition	tribunal originally set up to monitor the sincerity of former Muslims and Jews who had converted (often by force) to Christianity.	14
7275645783	Italian Renaissance	..., A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. From roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century followed by this movement spreading into the Northern Europe during 1400-1600	15
7275645784	Louis XI	of the Valois family and did a lot to centralize power during his reign from 1461-1485.	16
7275645785	Machiavelli, Niccolo	(1469-1527) Author of The Prince(16th century): emphasized realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; one of the most influential authors of the Italian Renaissance	17
7275645786	Medici, Cosimo de'	Head of Medici family-supported by a few patrician families who helped to banish prominent members of the most powerful rival clans.	18
7275645787	Medici Family	A wealthy merchant family that ruled over Florence as uncrowned rulers. Great patrons of the arts. Includes Cosimo and Lorenzo.	19
7275645788	Medici, Lorenzo de'	Politician and promoted the family's power with his extravagant patronage of the arts	20
7275645789	Mona Lisa	A painting by Leonardo da Vinci of a woman with a mysterious smile. It is now of the most readily recognized paintings in the world. Reflects the humanist interest in individual facial expressions and in painting realistic landscapes as backgrounds	21
7275645790	More, Thomas	..., the author of "Utopia", believed that society, not people, needed improving. Was a minister of King Henry VIII, but because he had conflicting views he was executed.	22
7275645791	"new monarchs"	The term applied to Louis XI of France, Henry VII of England, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, who strengthened their monarchical authority often by Machiavellian means.Emphasized royal majesty and authority over their subjects, and they suppressed opposition and rebellion. Still continued some middle age practices.	23
7275645792	oligarchies	rule of merchant aristocracies, controlled much of Italy by 1300	24
7275645793	Papal States	ruled by the pope and formed another important power during Renaissance Italy	25
7275645794	patriarchs , patriarchies	Male heads of the family in 15th century Italy. Patriarchies are societies dominated by men	26
7275645795	perspective	An artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface.	27
7275645796	Petrarch	(1304- 1374) He was the first great humanist thinker and a scholar of Latin. He used writing to consider the ebb and flow of his life and the human condition itself. He is known as the "Father of Humanism". Instrumental in standardizing the Florentine vernacular. Admired Cicero and valued St. Augustine. Also famous for his Italian verse, short sonnets.	28
7275645798	The Prince	A short political treatise about political power how the ruler should gain, maintain, and increase it. Machiavelli explores the problems of human nature and concludes that human beings are selfish and out to advance their own interests. He believed it was better to be feared than loved.	29
7275645799	principalities	areas ruled by hereditary despots called signori who had absolute power.	30
7275645800	Raphael	(1483-1520) Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens. famous for his madonnas. Died young	31
7275645801	Reconquista	Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.	32
7275645803	Renaissance	1. the time period which Europe flourished and the rebirth the love of the classics 2. The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history began in Italy	33
7275645804	"Renaissance Man"	multi-talented, skilled in many areas: Arts, Math/Science, Music, Architecture. Example: Leonardo Da Vinci	34
7275645805	republics	in Italy during the Renaissance Italian states were divided into two categories. these were base on the old medieval communes. or associations with free men who sought complete political and economic independence from local nobles	35
7275645806	rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing and speaking effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	36
7275645807	The School of Athens	Raphael - Italian Renaissance fresco wall painting of Greek philosophers drawn to scale in accordance with the vantage point of the viewer. The placement, in the center of the archway, of Plato and Aristotle emphasizes the importance of these two central figures. Raphael shows his style of basic one-point perspective converging in a single vanishing point just behind Plato and Aristotle. The exception is the cube in the foreground which gives a two-point perspective. It easy to see, that with the removal of the figures, the building is symmetrically balanced.	37
7275645808	scholasticism	attempt to reconcile the beliefs and values of Christianity with the logical reasoning of Greek philosophy.	38
7275645809	secularism	An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civic affairs and public education	39
7275645811	Tudors	The House of Lancaster and the House of York feuded over the throne for more than twenty years, until finally a compromis was reached when a new royal house-------emerged in 1485 by intermarriage between two warring families. Henry VII, the first of this dynasty. This dynasty would dominate England throughout the 16th century	40
7275645812	Utopia	A work that presents a revolutionary view of society and describes an ideal socialistic community on an island somewhere off the mainland of the New World. He created the name utopia as a good place which is no place. Book by Thomas More	41
7275645813	Van Eyck, Jan	An important painter of the Northern Renaissance. He is credited with the first use of the oil glazing technique of painting. He is also known for the great detail in his work. His most famous work was the Arnolfini Wedding.	42
7275645815	Vernacular	Everyday language of ordinary people.	43
7275645816	Vinci, Leonardo da	"Renaissance Man"- great artist, engineer, scientist, and inventor. He created the Mona Lisa.	44
7275645817	War of the Roses	1455-1485; A war between the York family and Lancaster family of England for the crown. This struggle was ended when Henry Tudor, who was on the Lancaster side, won. He became Henry VII, the first Tudor king.	45

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AP Psychology- Unit 11 Flashcards

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6684593249	reification	viewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing.	0
6684593250	intelligence test	a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.	1
6684593251	intelligence	mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations)	2
6684593253	general intelligence (g)	a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.	3
6684593255	Thurston's primary mental abilities	our intelligence may be broken down into seven factors: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory.	4
6684593256	factor analysis	a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score.	5
6684593259	savant syndrome	a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.	6
6684593260	Gardner's Eight Intelligences	linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal (self), interpersonal (other people), naturalist (p. 525)	7
6684593262	Sternberg's Three Intelligences	analytical (academic problem-solving) intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence	8
6684593265	emotional intelligence	the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.	9
6684593268	neural plasticity	ability during childhood and adolescence to adapt and grow neural connections in response to their environment.	10
6684593273	Francis Galton	English scientist with a fascination of measuring human traits. When his cousin Charles Darwin proposed that nature selects successful traits through the survival of the fittest, Galton wondered if it might be possible to measure "natural ability" and to encourage those of high ability to mate with one another. His quest failed, but he gave us the technique of nature vs. nature. (	11
6684593274	Alfred Binet	With his collaborator, Théodore Simon, they began by assuming that all children follow the same course of intellectual development but that some develop more rapidly. On tests, therefore, a "dull" child should perform as does a typical younger child, and a "bright" child as does a typical older child. Thus, their goal became measuring each child's mental age.	12
6684593275	mental age	a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.	13
6684593276	Stanford-Binet	the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.	14
6684593277	intelligence quotient (IQ)	defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.	15
6684593279	eugenics	a much-criticized nineteenth-century movement that proposed measuring human traits and using the results to encourage only smart and fit people to reproduce.	16
6684593281	achievement tests	tests designed to assess what a person has learned.	17
6684593282	aptitude tests	tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.	18
6684593283	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)	most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.	19
6684593285	standardization	defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.	20
6684593286	normal curve	(normal distribution) a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.	21
6684593287	reliability	the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting.	22
6684593288	validity	the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.	23
6684593289	content validity	the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.	24
6684593290	predictive validity	the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity.)	25
6684593291	validity	the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.	26
6684593293	The stability of intelligence test scores increases with age.	By age 4, scores fluctuate somewhat but begin to predict adolescent and adult scores. At about age 7, scores become fairly stable and consistent.	27
6684593295	intellectual disability	(formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.	28
6684593296	down syndrome	a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.	29
6684593307	ethnic similarities and differences	Racial groups differ in their average intelligence test scores. High-scoring people (and groups) are more likely to attain high levels of education and income.	30
6684593312	stereotype threat	a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.	31

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AP biology Chapter 7 Flashcards

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7288807607	plasma membrane	seperates the living cell from its surroundings. Contros traffic in and out of the cell. Is selectively permeable.	0
7288807608	selectively permeable	allows some substances to cross more easily than others.	1
7288807609	phospholipids	most abundant lipids	2
7288807610	lipids and proteins	main macromolecules in membranes	3
7288807611	amphipatic molecules	have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions	4
7288807612	fluid mosaic model	The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes is described by the...	5
7288807613	freeze-fracture	preparation technique that splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer	6
7288807614	transmembrane proteins	the integral protein completely spans the membrane as...	7
7288807615	integral proteins	proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer	8
7288807616	peripheral proteins	proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer	9
7288807617	cell-cell recognition	the ability of a cell to disitnguish one type of neighboring cell from another.	10
7288807618	supramolecular structure	many molecules ordered into a higher level of organization with emergent properties than those of the individual molecules.	11
7288807619	transport proteins	proteins that span the membrane.	12
7288807620	channel proteins	transport proteins that have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel though the membrane.	13
7288807621	aquaporins	channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water	14
7288807622	carrier proteins	transport proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane.	15
7288807623	diffusion	movement of molecules of any substance to spread out in available space	16
7288807624	concentration gradient	the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases.	17
7288807625	passive transport	transport that requires no energy from the cell to make it happen	18
7288807626	osmosis	the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane	19
7288807627	tonicity	the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.	20
7288807628	isotonic (animal cell)	if a cell with no cell wall is immersed in an enviroment where there is no net movement of water across the plasma membrane. Stays the same.	21
7288807629	hypertonic (animal cell)	when the cell is immersed in a solution where it loses water to its environment, shrivels and probably dies.	22
7288807630	hypotonic (animal cell)	when a cell is immersed in a solution, water enters the cell faster than it leaves, it swells and lyses (explodes) like an overfilled water balloon.	23
7288807631	osmoregulation	the control of water balance	24
7288807632	Paramecium	is a protist that is hypertonic to the pond water in which it lives.	25
7288807633	turgid	when the plant cell is very firm, which is a healthy state for most plant cells.	26
7288807634	hypotonic (plant cell)	when a plant cell is immersed in a __________ solution the cell contents swell due to osmosis until the elastic cell wall exerts turgor pressure on the cell that opposes further water outake.	27
7288807635	isotonic (plant cell)	when a plant cell is immersed in a _______ solution; there is no net movement. The cell becomes flaccid and the plant may wilt.	28
7288807636	flaccid	limp, not firm or strong (If a plant is not watered enough, its leaves become droopy and flaccid.)	29
7288807637	hypertonic (plant cells)	the plant cell loses water, its volume shrinks. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall, this is plasmolysis. It is lethal to the cell.	30
7288807638	plasmolysis	This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall.	31
7288807639	facilitated diffusion	the passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins.	32
7288807640	ion channels (gated channels)	Channels that open or close depending on the presence or abscence of an electrical, chemical, or physical stimulus.	33
7288807641	cystinuria	human disease characterized by the absence of a carrier protein that transports cysteine and other amino acids across the membranes of kidney cells.	34
7288807642	active transport	transport that requires the cell to expend metabolic energy and enables a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules. Requires energy.	35
7288807643	ATP	supplies energy for most active transport	36
7288807644	sodium-potassium pump	transport protein that, translocating the bound solute across the membrane. Exchanges sodium ions (Na) for potassium ions (K) across the plasma membrane of animal cells.	37
7288807645	membrane potential	voltage across a membrane. Ranges form -50 to -200 millivolts. The inside of the cell is negative to the outside.	38
7288807646	electrochemical gradient	2 combined forces drive the diffusion of ions across the membrane.	39
7288807647	electrogenic pumps	special transport proteins that generate the voltage gradient across a membrane. Ex. sodium potassium pump and proton pumps.	40
7288807648	sodium-potassium pump	major electrogenic pump in animals. Restores the electrochemical gradient by setting up a concentration gradient. It pumps 2 K ions for every 3 Na ions that it moves out, it generates a voltage.	41
7288807649	proton pumps	the major electrogenic pump. Transports protons out of the cell and transfers positive charge form the cytoplasm to the extracellular solution.	42
7288807650	cotransport	single ATP-powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes in a mechanism.	43
7288807651	exocytosis	transport vesicle budded from the Golgi apparatus is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. When the 2 membranes come in contact, the bilayers fuse spill the contents.	44
7288807652	endocytosis	a cell brings in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane. 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis.	45
7288807653	phagocytosis	a cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole. The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle.	46
7288807654	pinocytosis	molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles.	47
7288807655	receptor-mediated endocytosis	endocytosis that enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific materials that may be in low concentrations in the environment.	48
7288807656	lipoproteins	complexes of proteins and lipids. Cholesterol travels in low density _______	49
7288807657	ligands	A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.	50
7288807658	dialysis	movement of particles in a solution through permeable membranes. The diffusion of small solutes through a selectively permeable membrane.	51