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Flashcards

Unit 9 - Myers for AP Flashcards

8816806510	Developmental Psychology	a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span	0
8816806511	Zygote	a fertilized egg	1
8816806512	Fetus	the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth	2
8816806513	Embryo	stage in prenatal development from 2 to 8 weeks	3
8816806514	teratogens	agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm	4
8816806515	Attachment	The strong bond (social-emotional) a child forms with his or her primary caregiver.	5
8816806516	Maturation	the internally programmed growth of a child	6
8816806517	Assimilation	the process of assimilating new ideas into an existing cognitive structure	7
8816806518	Accommodation	in the theories of Jean Piaget: the modification of internal representations in order to accommodate a changing knowledge of reality	8
8816806519	Sensorimotor Stage	the first stage in Piaget's theory, during which the child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli	9
8816806520	Object Permanence	the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived	10
8816806521	Preoperational Stage	the second stage in Piaget's theory, marked by well-developed mental representation and the use of language	11
8816806522	Egocentrism	In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.	12
8816806523	Concrete Operational Stage	the third of Piaget's stages, when a child understands conversation but still is incapable of abstract thought	13
8816806524	Conservation	the principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects	14
8816806525	Theory of Mind	an awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one's own	15
8816806526	Temperament	individuals characteritc manner of behavior or reaction assumed to have a strong genetic basis	16
8816806527	Adolescence	the time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood	17
8816806528	Puberty	the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing	18
8816806529	Primary Sex Characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible	19
8816806530	Secondary Sex Characteristics	Physical features that are associated with gender but that are not directly involved in reproduction.	20
8816806531	Formal Operational Stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts	21
8816806532	Mary Ainsworth	developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment	22
8816806533	Albert Bandura	pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play	23
8816806534	Erik Erikson	neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"	24
8816806535	Carol Gilligan	Moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they scored different on Kohlberg's scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles.	25
8816806536	Harry Harlow	development, contact/creature comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort	26
8816806537	Lawrence Kohlberg	moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why?	27
8816806538	Konrad Lorenz	researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting; Lorenz' Geese	28
8816806539	Jean Piaget	Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation	29
8816806540	Mark Rosenzweig	demonstrated the consequences for being raised in an impoverished to enriched, complex environment	30
8816806541	Lev Vygotsky	child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research	31
8816806542	Fetal alcohol syndrome	a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant	32
8816806543	Habituation	a general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions (pic is Piaget)	33
8816806544	Cognition	the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning	34
8816806545	Schema	In observational learning, a generalized idea that captures the important components, but not every exact detail. Pertaining to memory and person perception, a generalized idea about objects, people, and events that are encountered frequently.	35
8816806546	Autism	a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind	36
8816806547	Stranger Anxiety	the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age	37
8816806548	Critical Period	an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development	38
8816806549	Basic Trust	according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers	39
8816806550	Self Concept	a sense of one's identity and personal worth	40
8816806551	Gender Typing	The process of developing the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with a particular gender.	41
8816806552	Social Learning theory	Bandura's view of human development; emphasizes interaction	42
8816806553	Gender	in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.	43
8816806554	X chromosome	the sex chromosome that is present in both sexes: singly in males and doubly in females	44
8816806555	Y Chromosome	the sex chromosome that is carried by men	45
8816806556	Testosterone	a potent androgenic hormone produced chiefly by the testes	46
8816806557	Role	the actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group	47
8816806558	Gender Identity	your identity as it is experienced with regard to your individuality as male or female	48
8816806559	menarche	the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman	49
8816806560	identity	the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known	50
8816806561	intimacy	a usually secretive or illicit sexual relationship	51
8816806562	emerging adulthood	For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to early twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood	52
8816806563	menopause	the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends	53
8816806564	cross-sectional study	a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another	54
8816806565	longitudal study	Research in which the same people are restudies and retested over a long period	55
8816806566	crystallized intelligence	one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age	56
8816806567	fluid intelligence	one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood	57
8816806568	social clock	the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement	58
8816806569	alzheimers disease	an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning	59
8816806570	aggression	violent action that is hostile and usually unprovoked	60
8816806571	gender role	the overt expression of attitudes that indicate to others the degree of your maleness or femaleness	61
8816806572	imprinting	the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period	62
8816806573	temperament	a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity	63
8816806574	role	a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave	64
8816806575	gender identity	our sense of being male or female	65
8816806576	social learning theory	the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished	66
8816806577	gender typing	the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role	67
8816806578	transgender	an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs form that associated with their birth sex	68
8816806579	adolescence	the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independenceid	69
8816806580	social identity	the "we" aspect of out self concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group membership	70
8816806581	sexual orientation	an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex, to other sex, or both sexes	71

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AP Biology Biomolecules Flashcards

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7685698316	Hydroxyl	Polar, alcohol	0
7685698317	Carbonyl	Polar, Found in sugar, responsible for sugars being so easily dissolved in water	1
7685698318	Carboxyl	Acts as an acid, charge of 1-	2
7685698319	Amino	Acts as a base, charge of 1+	3
7685698320	Sulfhydryl	Cross-linking covalent bonds help stabilize protein structures	4
7685698321	Phosphate	Potential to react with water, releasing energy	5
7685698322	Methyl	Affects expression of genes	6
7685698323	ATP	Primary energy-transferring molecule in the cell	7
7685698324	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks	8
7685698325	Monomer	Small building block molecules	9
7685698326	Dehydration Reaction	Occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule -Builds polymers	10
7685698327	Hydrolysis	Reverse of the dehydration reaction, breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water -Disassembles polymers	11
7685698328	Monosaccharide	(single sugars) have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O Classified by: - Location of the carbonyl group - Number of carbons in the skeleton	12
7685698329	Polysaccharide	Polymers of sugars that have storage and structural roles	13
7685698330	Glycosidic Linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction	14
7685698331	Starch	A storage polysaccharide of plants, consists of entirely glucose monomers; The simplest form is amylase	15
7685698332	Glycogen	A storage polysaccharide in animals (stored mainly in liver and muscle cells)	16
7685698333	Cellulose	A structural polysaccharide comprising plant cell walls (glucose polymer with different glycosidic linkages - beta glucose)	17
7685698334	Lipid	One class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers, have little or no affinity for water, main function is energy storage	18
7685698335	Saturated Fatty Acid	Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds	19
7685698336	Unsaturated Fatty Acid	Have one or more double bonds	20
7685698337	Ester Linkage	How three fatty acids are joined to glycerol, creating a triacylglycerol	21
7685698338	Phospholipid	Two hydrophobic fatty acids and a hydrophilic phosphate group are attached to glycerol	22
7685698339	Steroid	Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings	23
7685698340	Polypeptide	Unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids	24
7685698341	Amino acid	Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups	25
7685698342	Peptide bond	The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction.	26
7685698343	Primary structure	The sequence of amino acids in a protein, is like the order of letters in a long word Determined by inherited genetic information	27
7685698344	Secondary structure	Coils and folds result from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone Ex: alpha helix, beta pleated sheet	28
7685698345	Tertiary structure	Determined by interactions between R groups, rather than interactions between the backbone constituents	29
7685698346	Quaternary structure	Results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule	30
7685698347	Denaturation	Loss of a protein's native structure, biologically inactive protein	31
7685698348	Nucleotide	Monomers of polynucleotides	32
7685698349	Polynucleotide	Chain of nucleotides that alone or with another such chain makes up a nucleic acid	33
7685698350	Phosphodiester linkage	The connection in a nucleic acid strand, formed by covalently bonding two nucleotides together	34
7685698351	Metabolism	The totality of an organism's chemical reactions	35
7685698352	Catabolic pathway	Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds	36
7685698353	Anabolic pathway	Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones	37
7685698354	First law of thermodynamics	Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.	38
7685698355	Free energy	Energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell	39
7685698356	Exergonic reaction	Proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous	40
7685698357	Endergonic reaction	Absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous	41
7685698358	Phosphorylation	The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule, how ATP drives endergonic reactions	42
7685698359	Enzyme	Protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions	43
7685698360	Activation energy	The initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction	44
7685698361	Induced Fit	Brings groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction	45
7685698362	Cofactor	Non-protein enzyme helpers	46
7685698363	Competitive Inhibition	Bind to the active site of an enzyme, competing with the substrate	47
7685698364	Noncompetitive Inhibition	Bind to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective	48
7685698365	Allosteric Regulation	May either inhibit or stimulate activity, interaction in a site away from the active site which activates or deactivates a protein	49

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AP Biology Mitosis and Meiosis Flashcards

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8319418728	two	How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis?	0
8319418729	genome	-consists of all the DNA in a cell -holds specific genetic traits	1
8319418730	chromosomes	-packages in a cell which contain DNA molecules -humans have 46 -each species has a specific number	2
8319418731	chromatin	-makes up chromosomes -complex of DNA and protein	3
8319418732	somatic cells	-have two sets of chromosomes -go through mitosis -nonreproductive	4
8319418733	gametes	-have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells -go through meiosis -reproductive cells	5
8319418734	sister chromatids	-each duplicated chromosome has two -separate during cell division -should be exactly identical	6
8319418735	centromere	-narrow waist of the duplicated chromosome -where the two chromatids are most closely attached	7
8319418736	cytokinesis	-division of the cytoplasm	8
8319418737	interphase	-where 90% of a cell's life is spent -cell growing and chromosomes copying -3 subphases: -G1 -Synthesis (S) -G2	9
8319418738	S	In which subphase of interphase are the chromosomes duplicated?	10
8319418739	prophase	-first stage of mitosis -chromosomes condense -spindle fibers start to form -nuclear envelope starts to break down	11
8319418740	prometaphase	-second stage of mitosis -the nuclear envelope fragments -the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes	12
8319418741	metaphase	-third phase of mitosis -chromosomes line up end to end in the center of the cell -spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of each sister chromatid	13
8319418742	anaphase	-fourth phase of mitosis -sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell	14
8319418743	telophase	-fifth and final stage of mitosis -genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell -nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap and push each other elongating the cell	15
8319418744	mitotic spindle	-apparatus of microtubules that control chromosome movement during mitosis	16
8319418745	centrosome/centrioles	-microtubule organizing center -replicates, each set goes to opposite ends -spindle fibers grow out from them	17
8319418746	kinetochores	-protein complexes that assemble on sections of DNA at centromeres -where spindle fibers and microtubules attach	18
8319418747	metaphase plate	-midway point between the spindles two poles -where chromosomes line up in metaphase	19
8319418748	cleavage furrow	-formed during late telophase and cytokinesis in animal cells	20
8319418749	cell plate	forms in plant cells during cytokinesis	21
8319418750	binary fission	-prokaryotic method of reproduction and cell division -chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes actively more apart	22
8319418751	cell cycle control system	-directs sequential event of the cell cycle -regulated by internal and external force -receives signals from the cytoplasm	23
8319418752	checkpoints	-where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received	24
8319418753	G0	-the nondividing stage of the cell if it does not pass the G1 checkpoint	25
8319418754	growth factors	proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide, one of the most well-studied is Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)	26
8319418755	density dependent inhibition	crowded cells stop dividing	27
8319418756	cancer cells	-cells that exhibit neither density dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence -escape the usual control system -do not need growth factors to divide	28
8319418757	tumors	-masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue -formed by cancer cells	29
8319418758	benign tumor	-lump of abnormal cells remaining only at the original site of the cancer	30
8319418759	malignant tumor	invade surrounding tissue	31
8319418760	metastasize	exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form secondary tumors	32
8319418761	46	What is the chromosome number for humans?	33
8319418762	homologous chromosomes	-2 chromosomes in each pair(one from mom, one from dad) -same length and shape -carry genes controlling the same inherited characters, but may have different alleles (versions of the gene), so not exactly idenitical	34
8319418763	diploid cell	-has two sets of chromosomes -human # is 46 -2n	35
8319418764	haploid	-gamete -contains a single set of chromosomes -n	36
8319418765	fertilization	the union of gametes (sperm and egg)	37
8319418766	zygote	-fertilized egg -one set of chromosomes from each parent -diploid cell produces somatic cells by mitosis	38
8319418767	prophase I	-stage of meiosis -occupies more than 90% of the time required for meiosis -chromosomes condense -tetrads form, synapse and crossing over	39
8319418768	synapsis	-homologous chromosomes loosely pair up in meiosis -align gene by gene -get together with homologous pair	40
8319418769	crossing over	nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments in meiosis	41
8319418770	metaphase I	-stage of meiosis -homologous pairs line up side by side in the middle of the cell and the spindle fibers attach to them	42
8319418771	anaphase I	-stage of meiosis -chromosomes move toward each pole -sister chromatids move as one unit toward the pole (centromere does not split)	43
8319418772	telophase I	-stage of meiosis -beginning: each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes -each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids	44
8319418773	prophase II	-stage of meiosis -spindle apparatus forms	45
8319418774	metaphase II	-stage of meiosis -chromosomes line up end to end at metaphase plate -kinetochores of sister chromosomes attach to microtubules extending from opposite poles	46
8319418775	anaphase II	-stage of meiosis -sister chromatids of each chromosome move as two newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles	47
8319418776	telophase II	-stage of meiosis -chromosomes arrive at opposite poles -nuclei form and the chromosomes begin decondensing	48
8319418777	independent assortment of chromosomes	-mechanism contributing to genetic variation -homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly -metaphase I -each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs -the number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is 2^n where n is the haploid number	49
8319418778	crossing over	-mechanism contributing to genetic variation -produces recombinant chromosomes -begins in early prophase I -homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene -homologue portions of two nonsister chromatids trade places -combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome	50
8319418779	random fertilization	-any sperm can fuse with any ovum -the fusion of two gametes produces a zygote with any of about 70 trillion diploid combinations -each zygote has a unique genetic identity	51
8319565767	Cyclin-Dependent Protein Kinases	Through phosphorylation, signal the cell that it is ready to pass into the next stage of the cell cycle. As their name suggests, dependent on cyclins, another class of regulatory proteins. Cyclins bind to Cdks, activating the Cdks to phosphorylate other molecules.	52
8319588108	p53	A protein that senses DNA damage and can halt progression of the cell cycle in G1 (by blocking the activity of Cdk2). Is considered a tumor suppressor gene. Also a key player in apoptosis, forcing "bad" cells to commit suicide. So if the cell has only mutant versions of the protein, it can live on — perhaps developing into a cancer. More than half of all human cancers do, in fact, harbor p53 mutations and have no functioning p53 protein.	53
8319603044	Proto-oncogene	The genes that code for positive cell cycle regulators. Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that, when mutated in certain ways, become oncogenes: genes that cause a cell to become cancerous.	54
8319619712	G1 checkpoint	checks for cell size, enough nutrients, growth factors	55
8319625438	G2/M checkpoint	check for cell size, proper DNA replication	56
8319629737	spindle checkpoint	check for chromosome attachment to spindle	57
8319636630	nondisjunction	when chromosomes in meiosis do not separate properly in anaphase I or anaphase II, leading to gametes that have too few or too many chromosomes	58

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AP Psych - Unit 6 AP Psych Flashcards

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5705600539	learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
5705600540	habituation	an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it	1
5705600541	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning	2
5705600542	classical conditioning	a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events	3
5705600543	behaviorism	the view that psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)	4
5705600544	unconditioned response (UR)	in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth	5
5705600545	unconditioned stimulus (US)	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response	6
5705600546	conditioned response (CR)	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	7
5705600547	conditioned stimulus (CS)	in classical conditioned, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response	8
5705600548	acquisition	in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response	9
5705600549	higher-order conditioning	a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. (For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone.) (Also called Second-Order Conditioning)	10
5705600550	extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant condition when a response is no longer reinforced	11
5705600551	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	12
5705600552	generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit responses	13
5705600553	discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	14
5705600554	learned helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events	15
5705600555	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	16
5705600556	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished followed by a punisher	17
5705600557	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	18
5705600558	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by faborable consequences become more like, that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	19
5705600559	operant chamber	in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking	20
5705600560	shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	21
5705600561	discriminative stimulus	in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)	22
5705600562	reinforce	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	23
5705600563	positive reinforcement	increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforce in any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response	24
5705600564	negative reinforcement	increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforce is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (negative reinforcement is not punishment)	25
5705600565	primary reinforce	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	26
5705600566	conditioned reinforcer	a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce; also known as a secondary reinforce	27
5705600567	continuous reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	28
5705600568	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	29
5705600569	fixed-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	30
5705600570	variable-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	31
5705600571	fixed-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	32
5705600572	variable-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	33
5705600573	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	34
5705600574	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it)	35
5705600575	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	36
5705600576	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	37
5705600577	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake	38
5705600578	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment	39
5705600579	observational learning	learning by observing others (also social learning)	40
5705600580	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	41
5705600581	mirror neurons	frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath	42
5705600582	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	43
5705600583	little albert	subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear	44
5705600584	Albert Bandura	researcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment	45
5705600585	John Garcia	Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.	46
5705600586	Ivan Pavlov	Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)	47
5705600587	Rosalie Rayner	graduate student of Watson and co-researcher for the famous Little Albert demonstration of classically conditioned emotion	48
5705600588	Martin Seligman	researcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology	49
5705600589	B.F. Skinner	pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.	50
5705600590	Edward Thorndike	Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.	51
5705600591	John Watson	behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat	52
5705600592	biofedback	Biofeedback is a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.	53
5705600593	observational learning	learning by observing others	54
5705600594	aversion theory	Aversion therapy is a form of behavior therapy in which an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.	55

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AP Biology Cells Review Flashcards

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9021767677	endergonic reaction	reaction where energy is stored in chemical bonds	0
9021782164	exergonic reaction	reaction where energy is released from chemical bonds	1
9021789857	Prokaryotic Cells	Bacteria; no nucleus or organelles	2
9021793472	Eukaryotic cells	complex; have organelles	3
9021798469	Ribosome	2 subunits of rRNA; responsible for protein synthesis	4
9021805814	Golgi Body	Part of the endomembrane system; cis face receives materials, so that they can be modified and packaged; trans face releases vesicles	5
9021829320	Rough ER	aids in protein synthesis by altering the structure of proteins; contains ribosomes	6
9021842865	Smooth ER	site of lipid synthesis; involved in detoxification of cells	7
9021850959	Vacuoles	storage vesicles found within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells	8
9021855086	Central Vacuole	When filled with water it maintains turgor pressure of plant cells; not found in animal cells	9
9021875238	Chloroplast	site of photosynthesis; only in plant cells; appear green due to the pigment chlorophyll which reflects green light	10
9021886077	mitochondria	found in BOTH plant and animal cells; site of cellular respiration whereby ATP is made	11
9021898722	lysosome	a vesicle that contains digestive enzymes to break down cellular food and/or waste	12
9021925682	nucleus	home of the genetic information (DNA)	13
9021935601	nucleolus	site of ribosome synthesis; found in the center of the nucleus	14
9021943532	chromatin	the form in which DNA is found within the nucleus during the majority of the cell cycle	15
9021959879	nuclear envelope	surrounds the nucleus and contains pores to allow for communication with the rest of the cell, as well as, allowing for ribosomes to exit the nucleolus	16
9021976547	animals, plants, fungi, protista	eukaryotic	17
9021979266	bacteria	prokaryotic	18
9021984230	bacillus (plural: bacilli)	rod shaped bacteria	19
9021992142	coccus (plural: cocci)	round shaped bacteria	20
9022007937	spirillum (spirilla)	spiral shaped bacteria	21
9022015484	cell membrane	found in ALL cell types surrounding the cytoplasm and maintaining selective permeability	22
9022023654	cell wall	Found in plant, fungal, bacterial, and some prostist cells; rigid wall for protection and shape; regulates the cell's volume	23
9022044120	turgor pressure	exerted onto the cell wall in order to maintain rigid, upright, and erect plant cells and leaves (maximizing photosynthesis)	24
9022067018	photosynthesis	uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen (which is given off as a byproduct)	25
9022102548	cellular respiration	conversion of glucose into ATP, water, and CO2; occurs in the mitochondria	26
9022119713	cytoskeleton	composed of protein filaments and microtubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm and allow for cellular movement and structure	27
9022129753	centrioles	small structures composed of microtubules that organize the cytoskeleton during cell division	28
9022157435	flagella	long whip-like tails that allow for cell movement; found in sperm cells	29
9022160892	cilia	short hair-like extensions of the cell membrane that wave back and forth allowing for cell movement; found within cells of the respiratory system	30
9022184291	pseudopodia	"false-feet;" extensions of the cytoplasm that move the cell membrane allowing for slow movement of cells; found in amoeba (protists)	31
9022206351	catabolic reactions	chemical reaction whereby large molecules are broken down (ex: glycogen converted into many glucose monosaccharides)	32
9022221387	anabolic reactions	chemical reaction whereby small molecules come together (as water is removed) to build large molecules (ex: amino acids coming together to create a protein)	33
9022238151	Gibbs Free Energy	Available energy to use for chemical reactions	34
9022248067	enthalpy	the total energy within a system	35
9022260652	entropy	a measure of the disorder within a system	36
9022272130	high entropy	A great amount of disorder; low available energy as it has been released from chemical bonds	37
9022280308	low entropy	a large amount of stored energy; an anabolic reaction has occurred	38
9022286305	osmosis	movement of water from high to low concentration through aquaporins	39
9022290532	diffusion	movement of solutes from high to low concentration across the phospholipid bilayer	40
9022296484	facilitated diffusion	movement of large and/or polar solutes from high to low concentration through a channel or carrier protein within the cell membrane	41
9022315274	carrier protein	allow for specific molecules to bind and cross the cell membrane	42
9022331055	channel protein	a ligand attaches to its binding site, modifying its shape allowing for the diffusion of molecules across the cell membrane	43
9022357037	ligand	chemical signals that begin the process of signal transduction	44
9022365084	amphipathic	molecules containing a polar and non-polar region; example: phospholipids	45
9022384720	phospholipid tails	the non-polar region of the cell membrane	46
9022388661	phospholipid heads	the polar regions of the cell membrane (facing the extracellular and intracellular areas)	47
9022426476	hydrophilic	polar	48
9022429259	hydrophobic	nonpolar	49
9022432071	cytoplasm	gel-like matrix in which organelles are suspended	50
9022439984	organelles	contain their own phospholipid bilayers within the cell	51
9022452839	passive transport	movement of molecules along or with the concentration gradient (high to low)	52
9022458359	active transport	movement of molecules against the concentration gradient (low to high)	53
9022465197	endocytosis	a vesicle forms along the cell membrane and pinches off within the cell - allowing for substances to enter	54
9022474316	phagocytosis	large, solid molecules brought into the cell via cell membrane pockets (called vesicles)	55
9022493298	pinocytosis	small, liquid molecules brought into the cell via cell membrane pockets (called vesicles)	56
9022507108	receptor-mediated endocytosis	receptors along the surface of the cell membrane allow for the binding of specific molecules, then causing a vesicle to form around them, bringing them into the cell	57
9023433709	protein kinase receptors	ligand binding causes a change in shape of the receptor protein, causing its catalytic domain to hydrolyze ATP, and then phosphorylate a target molecule. The target molecule then triggers other molecules within the cell to respond	58
9023453984	Cell signaling pathway	ligand binding(Reception) - stimulation of receptor(Transduction) - cellular response	59
9023469738	Ion channels	allow movement of charged molecules to diffuse across the cell membrane following the binding of a ligand	60
9023496277	ATP	Adenosine triphosphate	61
9023498591	isotonic environment	solute concentrations inside and out of the cell are equal	62
9023512738	hypertonic environment	solute concentration outside of the cell is higher than inside the cell	63
9023516855	hypotonic environment	solute concentration outside of the cell is lower than inside the cell	64
9023526921	result of a hypotonic environment	cytolysis (splitting of a cell)	65
9023671091	result of a hypertonic environment	plasmolysis (release of cytoplasm; cell shrinking)	66
9023685564	equilibrium	concentrations of water inside and outside of cell are equal	67
9023690517	effect of a cell being in equilibrium	water flows into and out of the cell in equal amounts	68
9023707469	peripheral proteins involved in cellular recognition	glycoproteins	69
9023713802	cholesterol	a lipid that helps to maintain the fluidity of the cell membrane	70
9023723873	hypertonic		71
9023738073	hypotonic		72
9023741973	isotonic		73
9023750883	responsible for turgor pressure	hypotonic environment	74
9023759930	#2 in the picture	gap junctions; tunnels that allow for the transport of molecules between adjacent cells	75
9023772201	tight junctions	allow for NO transport of molecules between adjacent cells	76
9023785247	#3 in the picture	desmosomes; anchor adjacent cells together in order to create tissue	77
9023804319	plasmodesmata	cytoplasmic channels that allow for movement of molecules between adjacent PLANT cells	78
9023881127	autocrine signals	signals that only affect the cell from which it was released	79
9023895595	juxtacrine signals	affect cells in direct contact with one another; occurring only over short distances; important during embryonic development	80
9024002979	paracrine signals	affect cells nearby; involved in the inflammatory response (ex. when you cut or smash your finger it gets red, due to increased blood flow to the area)	81

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AP Biology - Cell Organelles Flashcards

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7979032668	Chloroplast	Site of photosynthesis Converts solar energy into potential energy in the glucose molecule plant cells only	0
7979032669	Peroxisomes	makes hydrogen peroxide to detoxify alcohol or convert lipids to be used for energy plant and animal cells	1
7979032670	Amyloplast	Stores starch amylose and turns in into glucosec some plant cells	2
7979032671	Chromoplast	Responsible for the colors in plant 4 to 5 um plant cells only	3
7979032672	Plasmodesmata	holes and channels in the cell wall that connect adjacent cells; allows stuff to pass through plant cells only	4
7979032673	Tight Junctions	Establish barriers that prevents leakage between cells animal cells only	5
7979032674	Desmosomes	Joins two cells together by the cytoskeleton joins by rivets into strong sheets animal cells only	6
7979032675	Gap Junctions	Connects two adjacent cells, allows subjects to pass through tunnels; animal cells only	7
7979032676	Contractile Vacuole	Osmoregulation Takes water from cell then pushes the water out through cell membrane or wall Protists and algae	8
7979032677	Cell Membrane	Protects cell from surroundings Allows certain substances in, keeps others out Phospholipid bilayer with proteins plant and animal	9
7979032678	Nucleus	Brain of cell contains dna plant and animal	10
7979032679	Nucleolus	Non-membranus structure involved in production of ribosomes; located in the nucleus plant and animal	11
7979032680	Centrioles	Small microtubles arranged in specific ways aids in cell division Animal only	12
7979032681	Ribosomes	complexes that makes proteins; free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope plant and animal	13
7979032682	Golgi Apparatus	organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products Plant and animal	14
7979032683	Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough+Smooth	network of membranous sacs and tubes active in making and transporting proteins and lipids Plant and animal	15
7979032684	Mitochondria	organelle where cellular resperation occurs and most ATP is generated plant and animal	16
7979032685	Lysosomes	digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed (broken down); autophagy; apoptosis animal only	17
7979032686	Cytoskeleton	reinforces cell's shape;functions in cell movement; components are made of protein plant and animal	18
7979032687	Microtubles	chromosome movement, cell division processes, and maintains cell shape MOVING CELL PARTS plant and animal	19
7979032688	Microfilaments	helps with cell movement, gives shape,cytoplasmic streaming Thinnest filament thin, solid rods actin, myosin INVOLVED in MUSCLE CONTRACTION animal and plant	20
7979032689	Intermediate Filaments	shape cell, maintains positions of some organelles proteins (keratin) in coils	21
7979032690	Central Vacuole	Largest organelle in plant cell; maintains turgor pressure because it is inflated with water. plant only	22
7979032691	Cell Wall	outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects from damage made of cellulose and other polysachrides, and proteins Plant only	23
7979032692	Cilia	located on outside of cell. pushes cell forward; short, numerous, and hair-like plant and animal	24
7979032693	Flagellum	located on the outside of a cell; used for locomotion whip like structure made of microtubles; 9 pair ring outside, 1 pair inside	25
7979032694	centrosome	made of two centrioles; helps rearrange the cytoskeleton for cell division	26
7979032695	Prokaryote	no membrane bound organelles, no nucleus, free ribosomes and cell wall, single circular DNA	27
7979032696	Eukaryote	membrane bound organelles, multiple linear DNA, histones on DNA	28
7979032697	Eukaryotic plant cells only	chloroplasts, cell wall	29
7979032698	Eukaryotic animal cells only	lysosomes, centrioles	30