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Biochemistry Flashcards

8976256876	histone: charge	+ from lysine arginine	0
8976256877	C -> U	deamination	1
8976256878	orotic acidurea: inheritance, gene, labs, Tx	AR UMP synthase increased orotic acid normal ammonia megaloblastic anemia - not responsive to B12 B9 uridine	2
8976256879	Purine salvage: diseases	Lesch-Nyahan XR HGPRT Gout MR Aggressive self mutilation allopurinol SCID - Adenosine deaminase deficiency infections diarrhea failure to thrive no thymic shadow	3
8976256880	Rate limiter for: purine, pyrimidine, sources of nitrogen/carbon	PRPP aminotransferase glycine, THF, CO2 - Carbon glutamine, aspartate - Nitrogen CPS 2 aspartate, CO2 - carbon glutamine - nitrogen	4
8976256881	DNA Replication: prokaryotes	Helicase - unwind DNA Topoisomerase - relieve supercoils Primase - RNA primer DNA Polymerase 1 - replace RNA primer with DNA DNA Polymerase 3 - leading, lagging DNA ligase - link okazaki fragments	5
8976256882	DNA Replication: eukaryotes	DNA Poly gamma - mitochondrial DNA DNA poly delta - leading strand DNA Poly beta - repair DNA Poly alpha - make primer, build okazaki of lagging strand DNA polymerase 3 - leading, lagging	6
8976256883	Types of DNA repair: process, Dx	Mismatch - wrong base HNPCC Nucleotide excision - pyrimidine dimer, bulk damage endonucleases -> DNA polymerase -> DNA ligase Xeroderma pigmentosum bloom syndrome - no helicase Base excision repair - single nucleotide damage glycosolases(remove base) -> endonucleases(remove sugar) -> DNA polymerase -> DNA ligase Non-homologous end joining - broken ataxia-telangiectasia BRCA	7
8976256884	RNA: creator, type, location	RNA Poly 1 - rRNA - nucleolus RNA Poly 2 - mRNA - nucleoplasm (alpha amanatin) RNA Poly 3 - tRNA - nucleoplasm hnRNA - remove introns (splicasome), 5' cap, poly A	8
8976256885	Termination of transcription: prokaryote	Rho factor - energy to knock off hairpin - CG bonds tightly and pulls off uracil rich portion	9
8976256886	lac operon: CAP, lac repressor	CAP - present when no glucose Repressor (on operon) - present when no lactose	10
8976256887	tRNA: enzyme + location	aminoacyl tRNA synthetase - binds CCA(3')-AA	11
8976256888	rRNA	initiation factor (IF) - 30S/40S bind (P site) tRNA-Met and use ATP to bind 50S/60S aminoglycosides - prevent 30S binding to 50S tetracyclines - prevent tRNA to A site Elongation factor (EF) - tRNA bind to A site peptidyltransferase - chloramphenicol translocation inhibited for clidamycin, macrolides, lincomycin, linezolid EF-2 in eukaryotes EF-G in prokaryotes release factor (RF) - UGA UAA UAG - use energy	12
8976256889	AD diseases:	ADPKD Achondroplasia FAP Familial hypercholesterolemia OWR hereditary spherocytosis huntington marfan MEN NF1/2 Tuberous Sclerosis VHL	13
8976256890	AR diseases:	albinism ARPKD cystic fibrosis glycogen storage diseases hemochromatosis mucopolysaccharidoses PKU sickle cell disease sphingolipidoses thalassemia	14
8976256891	XR diseases:	ocular albinism fabry wisckott-aldrich G6PD hunter bruton hemephilia AB lesch-nyhan duchenne	15
8976256892	pleiotropy:	single gene with multiple effects	16
8976256893	locus heterogeneity:	different mutations cause similar phenotype	17
8976256894	Prader-Willi Angelman	paternal deleted 15 maternal inactivated obesity, MR, hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, osteoporosis limit food, GH if short ---------------- maternal deleted paternal inactivated seizures, ataxia, laughter	18
8976256895	Tumors to brain:	Lung Breast Skin Kidney GI "lots of bad stuff kills glia"	19
8976256896	Blots:	southern - DNA (DNA probe) northern - RNA (DNA probe) western - protein (Ab probe) southwestern - DNA binding protein (oligonucleotide probe) ELISA - known Ab to identify antigen (direct) known antigen to identify Ab (indirect) - HIV to check for Ab FISH - DNA/RNA probe to look for gene	20
8976256897	glucokinase/hexokinase	glucokinase - high Km Vmax (liver beta cells) - induced by insulin hexokinase - low Km Vmax	21
8976256898	pyruvate kinase deficiency	AR nomocytic hemolytic anemia	22
8976256899	glycolysis: enzymes gluconeogenesis: enzymes	glucokinase/hexokinase PFK1 - (F6P - PFK2 -> F26BP) pyruvate kinase pyruvate carboxylase (biotin B7) PEP carboxykinase F16Pase G6Pase	23
8976256900	Glycogenesis	glycogen synthase	24
8976256901	Glycogenolysis:	McArdle - glycogen phosphorylase rhabdomyolysis - renal failure muscle cramping VonGierke - G6Pase liver, enterocytes, kidney hypoglycemia - hepatosplenomegaly feed frequently - cornstarch at night Cori - alpha 1,6 glucosidase mild hypoglycemia Pompe - alpha 1,4 glucosidase in lysosome infant - cardiomegaly - HF adult - diaphram weakness	25
8976256902	pyruvate: fates	oxaloacetate - pyruvate carboxylase acetyl-CoA - pyruvate dehydrogenase lactate alanine	26
8976256903	pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency	XR or (garlic breath) arsenic -\| lipoic acid or B1235 deficiency tx: diet high in ketones and fat	27
8976256904	TCA cycle:	pyruvate dehydrogenase isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase succinate->fumarate = FADH2 (complex 2/succinate dehydrogenase)	28
8976256905	Electron transport chain: complex inhibitors, uncoupling agents	1(NADH dehydrogenase) - MPP, rotenone (fish poison) 4 (cytochrome c) - CN sodium azide CO H2S thermogenin asprin 2,4-DNP	29
8976256906	Alanine cycle	alanine + glutamine are nitrogen carriers alpha-ketoglutarate (+amino) -> glutamate (+NH3) -> glutamine ALT + B6 alanine (+ alpha-ketoglutarate) -> pyruvate (+glutamate) AST glutamate (+oxaloacetate) -> alpha-ketoglutarate (+aspartate)	30
8976256907	HMP shunt	G6p -G6PD-> R6P + NADPH -> PRPP	31
8976256908	Oxidative burst:	NADPH oxidase - CGD catalase + organism superoxide dismutase myeloperoxidase	32
8976256909	antioxidation: pathway, insults	glutathione peroxidase antimalarial nitrofurantoin dapsone sulfonamides isoniazid naphthalene fava beans ibuprofen asprin	33
8976256910	Fructose: diseases	Essential fructosuria - fructokinase Don't make F1P so hexokinase makes F6P which gets extreted in urine Fructose intolerance - aldolase B build up F1P - hypoglycemia after fruit, sucrose	34
8976256911	Galactose: disease	Galactokinase deficiency increased galactitol infantile cataracts Classic glactasemia - Gal-1-P uridyltransferase hepatomegaly, MR, FtT, cataracts no galactose, lactose	35
8976256912	Starvation	gluconeogenesis - 5-18 hours glucose, FA, ketones - 2 day glucose (RBC), FA (muscle), ketones (brain) - 5 days	36
8976256913	Ketogenesis	FA -> Acetoacetate -> B hydroxybuterate (urine) acetoacetate -> acetone (fruity as in DKA) HMG-CoA Synthase	37
8976256914	Ethanol metabolism	pyruvate -> lactate + NAD oxaloacetate -> malate + NAD liver can't perform gluconeogenesis	38
8976256915	Kwashiorkor:	kwashiorkor protein malnutrition no ApoB100 so fatty liver Fatty Liver Anemia Malnutrition Edema Marasmus total energy malnutrition	39
8976256916	Refeeding syndrome	decreased Mg, Phosphate, K depletion of ATP as cells trap things inside	40
8976256917	LDL, HDL, Chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL: purpose	LDL - cholesterol to tissue hepatic TG lipase (HTGL) - liver takes FF (IDL->LDL) can be oxidized to athroma clatherin endocytosis to cell (LDLr-ApoB100) HDL - cholesterol to liver Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) - takes cholesterol from cell cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) - give cholesterol to LDL, VLDL Scavenger receptor B1 - liver takes cholesterol Chylomicrons - TG transport ApoB48 - thoracic duct lipoprotein receptor protein (LRP) - absorbed in liver VLDL - TG to tissue ApoB100 - leave liver IDL - byproduct of VLDL cholesterol/TG to liver Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) - cells take FA	41
8976256918	Apolipoproteins: list, function	ApoB48 - chylomicron ApoB100 - VLDL IDL LDL to leave liver ApoE - extra remnant uptake ApoA1 - on HDL to activate LCAT ApoC2 - cofactor for LPL	42
8976256919	Lipid diseases	A beta lipoproteinemia AR decreased ApoB48 ApoB100 decreased chylomicrons, VLDL steatorrhea, ADEK (night blindness), swollen enterocytes, acanthocytosis Tx: vitamin E type 1 hyperchylomicronemia AR decreased LPL OR ApoC2 pancreatitis from TG Xanthomas, hepatosplenomegaly NO risk of heart attacks! type 2a hypercholesterolemia AD decreased LDLr xanthomas atherosclerosis - MI! type 4 hypertriglyceridemia AD increased VLDL pancreatitis	43
8976256920	Cholesterol synthesis	use Acetyl-CoA with HMG-CoA reductase	44
8976256921	Fatty Acid Metabolism	generation in cytosol Acetyl-CoA -Acetyl-CoA carboxylase-> FA breakdown in mitochondria FA -carnitine acyltransferase/carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1-> if deficient than can't get FA to mitochondria	45
8976256922	Essential Amino acids, Basic AA, Acidic AA	Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Leucine Lysine lysine arginine histidine aspartate glutamate	46
8976256923	Derivatives of AA	Phenylalanine tyrosine dopa ----- melanin dopamine ----- HVA NE ----- VMA EPI ----- metanephrine ----- VMA arginine -> creatine, urea, NO	47
8976256924	synthesized with: B6	Tryptophan --> niacin, serotonin->melatonin Histidine --> histamine Glycine --> porphyrin -> heme glutamate --> GABA, glutathione	48
8976256925	Urea cycle	CPS1 Ornithine transcarbamylase increased orotic acid increased ammonia -> decreased BUN present like hepatic encephalopathy Tx: low protein diet	49
8976256926	Phenylketonuria: enzyme, Sx,	phenylalanine hydroxylase, BH4 tyrosine becomes essential MR, seizures, fare skin, eczema, musty body odor Toxic to fetus	50
8976256927	Alkaptonuria	tyrosine -> homogentisic acid -homogentisic acid oxidase-> fumarate black joints, urine arthritis	51
8976256928	Albinism	tyrosinase melanocytes - neural crest melanoma - thymine dimers	52
8976256929	Homocystinuria	cystathionine synthase B6 homocysteine methyltransferase B12 MR, tall, osteoporosis, downward subluxation Tx: B6 B12 cysteine	53
8976256930	S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM)	NE -> EPI ATP + methionine B12, folate needed to regenerate methionine	54
8976256931	Cystinuria	defect in renal AA transporter Cysteine Ornithine Lysine Arginine Tx: acetazolamine to Alk urine to protect from cysteine kidney stones	55
8976256932	MSUD	branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex isoleucine leucine valine MR	56
8976256933	Hartnup	AR neutral AA transporter in Renal/intestine no tryptophan transport -> niacin deficiency	57
8976256934	Iron poisoning: location, Sx	stored in liver, spleen, bone marrow GI bleeding - abdominal pain - free radical damage Met Acidosis	58
8976256935	Zinc	zinc fingers - healing state suppliment carbonic anhydrase lactate dehydrogenase deficiency: impaired night vision	59
8976256936	Lead poisoning	decreased IQ wrist/foot drop lead lines - bones, gums Anemia - basophilic stippling, ringed sideroblasts succimer EDTA dimercaprol - child	60
8976256937	Mercury poisoning	kidney and brain! peeling of fingertips - acrodynia abdominal pain big fish consumption	61
8976256938	Vitamin A	retinol retinal beta- carotene - orange retinoic acid tretinoin, isotretinoin - acne, teratogenic measles, AML M3 too little: night blindness, corneal ulcerations too much: increased ICP, joint pain, alopecia, polar bear	62
8976256939	Vitamin D	cholecalciferol converted to 25 OH in liver by 25-hydroxylase Ca needed in infants exclusively breast fed (+K) sarcoidosis - macrophages express too 1-alpha hydroxylase activity	63
8976256940	Vitamin E	alpha tocopherol antioxidant - protect RBC from free radical too little: hemolytic anemia, ataxia, peripheral neuropathy	64
8976256941	Vitamin K	synthesized by gut bacteria - infants at risk of deficiency so suppliment with injection (+D) 2 7 9 10 deficiency causes: phenytoin, antibiotics, warfarin	65
8976256942	Vitamin C	ascorbic acid hydroxylation of proline, lysine in collagen dopamine -> NE antioxidant helps absorb iron so take iron with OJ	66
8976256943	Eosinophilia: DDx	Drugs Neoplasm Atopic Addison's AIN Collagen vascular diseases Parasites	67
8976256944	B1	thiamin pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase HMP shunt too little: alcoholism damage mammillary bodies wernicke - acute, encephalopathy, ataxia korsakoff - chronic, memory loss, confabulation, apathy dry beriberi - wrist/foot drop wet beriberi - VD, cardiomegaly give glucose with thiamine	68
8976256945	B2	riboflavin FAD - dehydrogenase angular cheilosis	69
8976256946	B3	niacin NAD from tryptophan hartnup disease pellagra - dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia Isoniazid increase HDL, decrease LDL - take asprin for flushing	70
8976256947	B5	pantothenate dermatitis adrenal insufficiency	71
8976256948	B6	pyridoxine heme niacin histamine GABA dopamine NE EPI angular cheilosis convulsions - GABA peripheral neuropathy isoniazid	72
8976256949	B7	biotin carboxylation to add CO2 avidin in egg whites prevent absorption of biotin	73
8976256950	B9	folate DNA repair and synthesis megaloblastic anemia - hypersegmented neutrophils	74
8976256951	B12	cobalamin homocysteine MT to make THF, methionine megaloblastic anemia + hypersegmented neutrophils increased MMA - myelin, homocysteine neurological - ataxia vegans can be deficient IF from parietal, absorbed in terminal ilium pernicious anemia, gastric bypass, crohn's Schilling test - radiolabeled B12 and see how much shows up in urine	75
8976256952	Nuclear localization signal	lysine arginine proline	76
8976256953	Cell phases	G0 - no divide G1 - ---(cyclin D->CDK4 -> phos- Rb releasing E2F -> cyclin E+CDK2) Rb, p53 S - DNA G2 - cyclin A - CDK2 - prophase cyclin B - CDK1 - breakdown nuclear envelope M -	77
8976256954	Cell regions	RER (nissl in dendrites) - exported proteins free ribosomes - cytosolic proteins smooth ER - steroid, detox trafficking proteins - coat protein 2 (ER -> cis-golgi) coat protein 1 (golgi -> ER) clatherin - trans-golgi to lysosomes Golgi - transport, modify protein mannose 6 phosphate - lysosome tag Chaperones - folding peroxisome - B oxydation of VLC-FA plasmalogens - myelin oxidase, catalase sarcoplasmic reticulum - store Ca	78
8976256955	I cell disease	no mannose 6 phosphate tagged proteins get trafficked out of cell instead of to the lysosome corneal clouding, MR, dead by 8	79
8976256956	homeobox (HOX) genes	make sure skeleton arranged properly altered by vitamin A	80
8976256957		homeobox (HOX) genes make sure skeleton arranged properly altered by vitamin A SHH - holoprosencephaly FGF - mutation-short limbs	81
8976256958	Cytoskeleton	microfilaments - actin, cell motility intermediate filaments - -vimentin -connective tissue, sarcoma -desmin - muscle, myosarcoma -cytokeratin - epithelial cells -GFAP - astrocytes, glioblastoma -peripherin - neurons neurofilaments - axons, neuroblastoma nuclear lamins - nuclear envelope ----progeria - rapid aging myosin microtubules - flagella kinesin - anterograde dynein - retrograde gap junctions - coordinated movement -vincristine -vinblastine -paclitaxel -griseofulvin -colchicine	82
8976256959	kartagener syndrome	infertility bronchiectasis sinus inversus	83
8976256960	clatherin	adaptin bind something the cells wants clathrin bind adaptin dynamin helps vesicles pinch off mutant LDL receptor can't interact with clathrin!	84
8976256961	arachidonic acid	leukotrienes endoperoxides -PGI2 (prostacyclin) VD no platelet aggre -prostaglandin - VD, increase uterine tone, gastric mucus -TXA - VC platelet aggre	85
8976256962	Apoptosis		86
8976256963	Necrosis	coagulative necrosis - low oxygen liquefactive - brain, pleural effusions caseous - TB Fatty - pancreas fibrinoid - immune vascular damage gangrenous - bacterial	87
8976256964	Neural Crest structures in: Ear Eye adrenal mouth heart digestive thyroid skin	ear- middle ear bone eye - anterior structures adrenal - chromaffin mouth - odontoblasts heart - AP septum digestive - enteric NS thyroid - parafollicular C cells skin - melanocytes	88
8976256965	Inflammation	IL1 IL6 TNF-alpha VD - histamine serotonin bradykinin fibrosis - collagen (Vit C) - remodeled with metalloproteinase (zinc)	89

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8944758616	Water molecules stick together allowing items that are more dense than water to walk or float on the water. This called __________________ ____________________.	Surface Tension	0
8944763238	Water sticks to other molecules	Adhesion	1
8944766864	Water stick to other water molecules	Cohesion	2
8944774782	Water acts as an _________________because frozen water is less dense than liquid water	Insolator	3
8944782875	Water is a _________ molecule, meaning that it has a slight negative end and a slight positive end.	Polar	4
8944793384	Enzymes act as a ________________ because they speed up chemical reactions	Catalyst	5
8944804232	Enzymes reduce the _______________ _________________ required to start a chemical reaction.	activation energy	6
8944845745	An example of an enzyme is ________which is found in Salavia and helps break down starch and sugar	Amylase	7
8944852679	Enzymes are disrupted by changes in ______________ and ______________	Ph and temperature	8
8944865809	The unfolding or breaking down of enzymes is referred to as _________________	Denaturing	9
8944872711	Enzymes are _____________ used up	Never	10
8944878901	Enzymes fit a substance like a ___________ and _________	Lock and Key	11
8944898784	Enzymes join the substance they are working on at a location known as the _______________ site.	Activation	12
8944915030	Carbon contains _____ electrons in its outer shell	4	13
8944927425	Carbons shares electrons which is called	covalent bonds	14
8945052339	Water form _______________ bonds with adjacent water molecules	hydrogen	15
8945057458	CArb		16
8945077508	Nucleic Acid		17
8945089033	Protein		18
8945094011	Lipid		19
8945097853	Nucleic Acids		20
8945105012	monomer is a fatty acid	Lipid	21
8945138860	Contains CHON	Protein	22
8945146076	Its Monomers are many Amino acids arranged into a chain	Proteins	23
8945150296	CHONP	Nucleic Acids	24
8945167751	Provides long term energy storage	Lipid	25
8945170826	The NCC Backbone	Protein	26
8945187286	Found in the cell membrane in the form of a "Phospho-Lipid"	Lipid	27
8945190512	Often forms ring structures	Carbohydrates	28
8945196121	Found in the cell membrance, helps with transport across the membrance	Protein	29
8945207021	Contains phosphate groups, sugars, and nitrogen bases.	Nucleic Acids	30
8945236303	Long chains of carbon	Lipids	31
8945239415	1:2:1 Ratio	Carbohydrates	32
8945243330	Hydrophobic	Lipids	33
8945252048	Stores DNA	Nucleic Acids	34
8945261312	Monomer is monosaccharide	Carbohydrate	35
8945264035	Short Term energy storage	carbohydrate	36

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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9048265614	Organic	Scientifically, referring to compounds containing bonds between carbon atoms.	0
9048274523	4	How many valence electrons does carbon have?	1
9048282353	Bonding (carbon's 4 valence electrons allow it to form strong bonds with many other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, and nitrogen - together, these elements form the molecules of life)	What is the importance of carbon and its number of valence electrons?	2
9048298371	Functional Group	The group of atoms that give a molecule its functions and which participate in a chemical reaction.	3
9048307906	Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, and Proteins	What are the four types of organic molecules?	4
9048311188	Monomer	Smaller units of macromolecules that come together to form polymers.	5
9048324758	Polymer	Large compounds of macromolecules which consist of more than one monomer. Formed through dehydration and split up through hydrolysis.	6
9048334447	Dehydration	The process by which water is removed from a group of monomers, causing them to join and form a polymer. (water is an individual product)	7
9048340997	Hydrolysis	The process by which water is added to a polymer, causing it to divide into smaller units of monomers. (water is a reactant)	8
9048354633	Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen	Which three elements compose carbohydrates?	9
9048368487	1:2:1	In carbohydrates, what is the ratio between the composing elements? (carbon : hydrogen : oxygen)	10
9048372134	Glucose	A monosaccharide that is found in blood sugar.	11
9048374561	Fructose	A monosaccharide that is found in fruits.	12
9048377137	Sucrose	A disaccharide that is created by joining together two simple sugars. Found in table sugar.	13
9048385014	Lactose	A disaccharide found in milk sugar.	14
9048391141	Starch	A polysaccharide used by plants to store excess sugar and energy.	15
9048394599	Glycogen	A polysaccharide that usually stores excess sugar. Broken into glucose when levels are low, stored in muscles, and provides energy for movement IN HUMANS.	16
9048408335	Cellulose	A flexible polysaccharide that gives plants strength and rigidity. A major component of wood and paper. Found in the plant cell wall.	17
9048419418	Chitin	A polysaccharide found in exoskeletons such as crab shells and insect coverings.	18
9048432835	Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen	Which three elements compose lipids?	19
9048441376	Lipids have far more than 2 hydrogen atoms for every atom of carbon or oxygen.	In terms of the ratio between composing elements, what sets lipids apart from carbohydrates?	20
9048463906	Lipids	Used to store energy in the long term, compose most of the cell membrane, compose waxy and waterproof coverings, and compose steroids such as hormones.	21
9048477123	Triglyceride	A typical fat and the monomer of lipids.	22
9048488491	Consists of a glycerol head and 3 fatty acid tails.	What is the structure of a triglyceride?	23
9048503482	Saturated	Referring to compounds or fatty acids in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.	24
9048503483	Unsaturated	Referring to compounds or fatty acids in which at least one carbon-carbon bond is a double bond.	25
9048533780	Straight	If a triglyceride is saturated, its tails will be...?	26
9048539657	Not Straight (squiggly)	If a triglyceride is unsaturated, its tails will be...?	27
9048546456	Solid	The state of a saturated fat at room temperature. (ex. butter)	28
9048549694	Liquid	The state of an unsaturated fat at room temperature. (ex. corn oil)	29
9048563688	Animal	Type of organism in which saturated fats are found.	30
9048570042	Plant	Type of organism in which unsaturated fats are found.	31
9048576780	Cell Membrane	In which part of the cell are phospholipids found?	32
9048585899	Consists of a hydrophilic (likes water) phosphate head and 2 hydrophobic ("afraid of water") fatty acid tails.	What is the structure of a phospholipid?	33
9048602398	Cholesterol, Estrogen, and Testosterone	What are three examples of steroids?	34
9048624263	This allows the head to interact with water while the tails cannot, hence allowing the phospholipid to orientate itself and form a bilayer.	Why are the heads of a phospholipid hydrophilic while the tails are hydrophobic?	35
9048645407	Nucleotides	The monomers of nucleic acids.	36
9048649391	DNA and RNA	The two polymers of nucleic acids.	37
9048651983	DNA	A nucleic acid whose function is to store and transmit genetic information.	38
9048655811	RNA	A nucleic acid whose function is to produce and synthesize proteins.	39
9048667086	A sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen base.	What are the three components of a DNA nucleotide (components of any nucleic acid)?	40
9048688276	Adenine	In a DNA molecule, thymine links with...?	41
9048690735	Guanine	In a DNA molecule, cytosine links with...?	42
9048696339	ATP	A nucleic acid that plays an important role in capturing and transferring chemical energy and driving chemical reactions in the body.	43
9048720377	Amino Acid	The monomer of proteins.	44
9048734501	Support	First function of proteins that involves composing body structures such as hair, nails, ligaments, etc.	45
9048734503	Enzymes	Second function of proteins that involves speeding up the chemical reactions in the body.	46
9048738404	Transport	Third function of proteins that involves moving materials in and out of cells.	47
9048738405	Defense	Fourth function of proteins that involves fighting disease with the use of antibodies.	48
9048738406	Hormones	Fifth function of proteins that involves keeping the body under control with the use of such material as insulin.	49
9048741250	Motion	Sixth function of proteins that involves supporting muscles and movement.	50
9048768877	Peptide Bonds	The type of bonds that are formed among amino acids.	51
9048774555	Polypeptide(s)	Another term for proteins referring to a long chain of amino acids.	52
9048792909	Amino Group, Carboxyl Group, and R Group	What are the three components of an amino acid (groups)?	53
9048796274	R(emainder) Group	Component of amino acids consisting of a certain element.	54
9048814035	Amino Group	Component of amino acids consisting of a nitrogen atom linked to two hydrogen atoms.	55
9051488819	Carboxyl Group	Component of amino acids consisting of a carbon atom linked to a compound of oxygen and hydrogen and an atom of oxygen.	56
9051501683	It distinguishes the amino acid from other amino acids.	What is the importance of the R group in an amino acid?	57
9051510359	20	How many different amino acids exist that are used to build proteins in organisms?	58
9051518368	The protein changes in shape and function (becomes another protein!).	What happens when the order of amino acids in a protein is changed?	59
9053207685	Carbohydrates	Examples include pasta, bread, starch, sugars, and cell walls.	60
9053211061	Proteins	Examples include meat, fish, peanut butter, nuts, milk, eggs, muscles, and enzymes.	61
9053220902	Fats, Oils, and Waxes	What are the three types of lipids?	62
9053236032	To provide a source of immediate energy and compose some plant and animal structures.	What is the primary function of carbohydrates?	63
9053249179	To provide a source of long term energy, compose some membranes and waxy coverings, and make up steroid hormones in the body.	What is the primary function of lipids?	64
9053257231	Carbohydrates	Note the presence of a carbon atom at each corner of the hexagon.	65
9053257232	Lipids		66
9053257233	Nucleic Acids		67
9053259496	Proteins		68
9153152354	Simple Sugar(s)	The monomers/building blocks of carbohydrates.	69
9153161665	Substrate	A molecule upon which the enzyme acts.	70
9153163681	Enzyme	A substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.	71
9153168758	Temperate, pH, and Concentration (of Substrate and Enzyme)	What three factors influence the rate of a reaction when using enzymes?	72
9153171598	Activation Energy	The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction that is lowered by an enzyme.	73
9153173578	Metabolism	All of the physical and chemical reactions in an organism used to obtain and use energy.	74
9153184294	Catalyst	Substances used to speed up the rate of a chemical reaction which are not used up themselves.	75
9153186991	Denaturation	When the 3-dimensional molecular structure of the active site is modified and misfolded, especially by heat or pH, so as to destroy some of the original properties (shape) and biological activity and prevent the enzyme from further bonding with the substrate or carrying out its function.	76
9153198377	Nucleic Acids	Macromolecules consisting of CHONP (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous).	77
9153201770	Proteins	Macromolecules consisting of CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen).	78
9153209514	Proteins	Enzymes are this type of macromolecule.	79
9153221332	Carbohydrates	Functions include short-term energy storage, composing exoskeletons, and composing the plant cell wall.	80
9153229351	Nucleic Acids	Functions include storing and transmitting genetic information (DNA) and producing proteins (RNA).	81
9153237597	As enzyme concentration increases, the rate of reaction increases proportionally until the amount of substrate limits further increase in the reaction speed.	How does enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction?	82
9153246144	At very low temperatures, the rate of reaction is very slow as molecular movement is little and there is a lack of connection and contact between the enzyme and substrate. The rate of reaction peaks at about 35 degrees Celsius. At very high temperatures, the rate of reaction is slow if existent at all because the enzyme is denatured.	How does temperature affect rate of reaction/enzyme activity?	83
9153265386	Generally, the rate of reaction is very low if existent at all at very high and low levels of pH because the enzyme is denatured. However, every enzyme is unique and has a different optimal pH at which its function is maximized.	How does pH affect the rate of reaction/enzyme activity?	84
9153277922	Acidic	At what level of pH do the enzymes in your stomach function the best?	85
9153277923	Neutral	At what level of pH do the enzymes in your mouth function the best?	86
9153277924	Basic	At what level of pH do the enzymes in your liver and other organs function the best?	87
9153288646	Active Site	The unique empty space in an enzyme which is filled by a substrate in order to start a chemical reaction.	88
9153294813	Each enzyme has a differently shaped active site that can only bind with a specific, similarly shaped substrate.	Why are enzymes very specific?	89
9161918776	Water, Glucose, Sucrose, Protein	Order the following from smallest to largest: sucrose, protein, water, and glucose.	90
9161930564	There are at least 20 types of amino acids that can compose proteins, offering significant variety.	Why are there millions of proteins?	91
9161943898	Slow metabolism by blocking the enzyme's active site.	What will a molecule do that has the same shape as the substrate of an enzyme?	92
9161955499	Our bodies do not produce the enzymes that have the necessary active sites to bind to cellulose and break it down.	Why can't we digest cellulose?	93

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AP World History Period 2 Flashcards

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7574500858	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	0
7574500859	Aryans	Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	1
7574500860	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	2
7574500861	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	3
7574500862	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	4
7574500863	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	5
7574500864	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.	6
7574500865	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	7
7574500866	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the Han ruled China for more than 400 years.	8
7574500867	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	9
7574500868	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.	10
7574500869	hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.	11
7574500871	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	12
7574500872	Battle of Marathon	Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.	13
7574500873	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	14
7574500874	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	15
7574500875	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	16
7574500876	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	17
7574500878	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	18
7574500879	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	19
7574500880	Punic Wars	Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.	20
7574500881	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	21
7574500882	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	22
7574500884	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	23
7574500886	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	24
7574500889	Brahman	The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.	25
7574500890	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	26
7574500891	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	27
7574500892	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	28
7574500893	Confucius	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	29
7574500894	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	30
7574500896	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	31
7574500897	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	32
7574500899	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	33
7574500901	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	34
7574500902	Yahweh	A form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.	35
7574500903	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	36
7574500904	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	37
7574500905	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	38
7574500907	Moksha	In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.	39
7574500908	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	40
7574500909	Plato	A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.	41
7574500911	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	42
7574500912	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	43
7574500914	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	44
7574500915	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	45
7574500916	Warring States Period	Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.	46
7574500917	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	47
7574500919	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	48
7574500921	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	49
7574500922	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	50
7574500925	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	51
7574500929	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	52
7574500934	Silk Road	Trade route stretching from China into Europe.	53

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AP Language and Composition Vocabulary Flashcards

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6585986360	Expletive	noun, a profane or obscene expression usually of surprise or anger	0
6585986361	Asyndeton	noun, the omission of conjunctions like "and" or "but" where they would normally be used to make a speech more dramatic and effective by speeding up its rhythm and pace. This is a rhetorical device.	1
6585986362	Polysyndeton	noun, using several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted (as in `he ran and jumped and laughed for joy'), a rhetorical device opposite to asyndeton.	2
6585986363	Understatement	noun, a statement that is restrained in ironic contrast to what might have been said. You make an understatement when you say a lot less than you could. If you say "We didn't do our best" when your team loses 56 to 0, that's quite an understatement.	3
6585986364	Litotes	noun, understatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary). "He's not the brightest bulb in the lamp," meaning "He's dumb" Or "She's no beauty queen" meaning "She's ugly"	4
6585986365	Parallelism	noun, similarity by virtue of corresponding. Parallelism is used in sentence construction to give matching structure. In the sentence, "I like to read, dancing, and fighting off Zombie attacks," the parts of the list are not parallel. You can revise the sentence for parallelism: "I like to read, to dance, and to fight off Zombie attacks."	5
6585986366	Chiasmus	noun, inversion in the second of two parallel phrases, a rhetorical technique that involves a reversal of terms, such as "It's good to be lucky, but it's lucky to be good."	6
6585986367	Zeugma	noun, rhetorical use of a word to govern two or more words though only one of the two thoughts should make literal or grammatical sense. For example, you could use the zeugma, "I lost my keys and my temper." In Greek, zeugma means "a yoking," as in yoking one word to two ideas.	7
6585986368	Antithesis	noun, exact opposite, An antithesis wouldn't exist without a thesis because it works as a comparison. Though the counterculture was strong in America in 1968, voters elected Richard Nixon, the antithesis of a hippie.	8
6585986369	Anaphora	noun, repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. Used to show emphasis in speech or writing, anaphora is a popular tool for politicians, religious leaders, lyricists, and poets.In Martin Luther King Jr's most famous speech, he said "I have a dream" eight different times.	9
6585986370	Epistrophe	noun, repetition of the ends of two or more successive sentences, verses, etc. Similar to Anaphora but at the end of sentences, you can use epistrophe as a rhetorical device when you give a speech, to emphasize your ideas. One example is President Barack Obama's repetition, at the end of sentence after sentence, of the phrase "Yes, we can."	10
6585986371	Anadiplosis	noun, repetition of the final words of a sentence or line at the beginning of the next. Part of another figure of speech Chiasmus, every anadiplosis does not necessarily reverse its structure like it is done in chiasmus. "Forget what you want to remember, and remember what you want to forget," is an example of chiasmus (as it involves a reversal of structure in the second clause) and anadiplosis as word "remember" marks the end of one clause and the start of the subsequent clause. "The land of my fathers and my fathers can have it." is an example of anadiplosis involving a typical repetition of the word "my father" but, unlike chiasmus, the structure of the final clause is not reversed.	11
6585986372	Conduplicatio	noun, Figure of repetition in which the key word or words in one phrase, clause, or sentence is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases; repetition of a key word over successive phrases or clauses. ex. "I answered their questions truthfully, including questions about my private life -- questions no American citizen would ever want to answer."	12
6585986373	Epanalepsis	noun, rhetoric, a repetition of a word or a phrase with intervening words setting off the repetition, sometimes occurring with a phrase used both at the beginning and end of a sentence, as in Only the poor really know what it is to suffer; only the poor.	13
6585986374	Hypophora	Hypophora is a figure of speech in which a writer raises a question and then immediately provides an answer to that question. Commonly, a question is asked in the first paragraph and then the paragraph is used to answer the question. In hypophora, the writer first poses a question and then answers that question immediately such as in this example, "What should young people do with their lives today? Many things, obviously. But the most daring thing is to create stable communities in which the terrible disease of loneliness can be cured." while in Rhetorical question, the answer is not provided by the writer since it does not require an answer. Such as, ".....For if we lose the ability to perceive our faults, what is the good of living on?"	14
6585986375	Rhetorical Question	A rhetorical question is asked just for effect or to lay emphasis on some point discussed when no real answer is expected. A rhetorical question may have an obvious answer but the questioner asks rhetorical questions to lay emphasis to the point. In literature, a rhetorical question is self-evident and used for style as an impressive persuasive device. "O Wind, If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?", "It's too hot today. Isn't it?", "The actors played the roles well. Didn't they?"	15
6585986376	Procatalepsis	Procatalepsis is a figure of speech which is also known as prebuttal or prolepsis in which the speaker or writer gives response to the objection of an opponent in his speech by repeating his objection. It could also be that he responds to his own objection in order to strengthen his argument by using counterarguments. Once the speakers bring attention to a possible rebuttal, they immediately refute or discredit it, for the fear that people may get confused. "I know what you're going to say...'That if they look at it properly they'll see that it wasn't our fault. But will they look at it properly? Of course they won't. You know what cats they are...", "I can think of no one objection that will possibly be raised against this proposal, unless it should be urged that the number of people will be thereby much lessened in the kingdom. This I freely own, and it was indeed the principal design in offering it to the world."	16
6585986377	Metabasis	A transition or change from one subject to another. Consists of a brief statement of what has been said and what will follow. It might be called a linking, running, or transitional summary, whose function is to keep the discussion ordered and clear in its progress: ex. Now that I have made this catalogue of swindles and perversions, let me give another example of the kind of writing that they lead to. --George Orwell	17
6585986378	Distinctio	Figure of explication in which an introductory reference to a word's meaning is made (e.g., "by x I mean", "which is to say that", "that is") followed by a further elaboration of that word's meaning; explicit definition of or elaboration upon the meaning or meanings of a particular word or set of words. "A team of Minot airmen was dispatched to the base Weapons Storage Area to pick up and transport two pylons to a Barksdale B-52 aircraft. For those of you unfamiliar with the term "pylon," for our purposes today, a pylon is a self-contained package of six cruise missiles that can be quickly mounted to the wing of a B-52."	18
6585986379	Amplification	A rhetorical device used to embellish a sentence or statement by adding further information. Increase readability and worth of the statement or sentence. It is usually used when a simple sentence is abrupt and cannot convey the desired implications. Writers then use amplification to make structural additions and give further meanings by describing and repeating a certain statement or idea. "Mr. and Mrs. Veneering were bran-new people in a bran-new house in a bran-new quarter of London. Everything about the Veneerings was spick and span new. All their furniture was new, all their friends were new, all their servants were new, their place was new, . . . their harness was new, their horses were new, their pictures were new, they themselves were new, they were as newly-married as was lawfully compatible with their having a bran-new baby..."	19
6585986380	Scesis Onomaton	Figure of repetition in which a set of two or more different words having the same (or very nearly the same) meaning occurs within the same sentence; a successive series of words or phrases whose meanings are generally equivalent. "America is all about opportunity. That's why my parents came to America more than 40 years ago. And that's why most of your parents came here generations ago in search of an opportunity, a chance, a fair shake."	20
6585986381	Apophasis	Rhetoric. denial of one's intention to speak of a subject that is at the same time named or insinuated, as "I shall not mention Caesar's avarice, nor his cunning, nor his morality.", mentioning something by saying it will not be mentioned (as in "we won't discuss his past crimes")	21
6585986382	Metanoia (correctio)	A self-correction. It's when a writer or speaker deliberately goes back and modifies a statement that they just made, usually either to strengthen it or soften it in some way. Metanoia involves correcting a statement just made - when an author corrects a much earlier statement, it isn't metanoia. "To help or, at least, to do no harm.", "I have my shortcomings, through my own fault and through my failure to observe the admonitions of the gods - and I may almost say, their direct instructions."	22
6585986383	Aporia	An expression of insincere doubt. When the writer or speaker pretends, briefly, not to know a key piece of information or not to understand a key connection. After raising this doubt, the author will either respond to the doubt, or leave it open in a suggestive or "hinting" manner. When an aporia is phrased in the form of a question, it's called a rhetorical question. "You see, we believe that 'We're all in this together' is a far better philosophy than 'You're on your own.' So who's right?" We all know that he believes the Democratic philosophy is better, and he goes on to make his argument for that position. The aporia is a way of setting up the argument.	23
6585986384	Simile	noun, a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with `like' or `as'). Use a simile when describing a comparison between two fundamentally different things, such as: "His voice was smooth, like butter in a warm pan."	24
6585986385	Analogy	noun, drawing a comparison in order to show a similarity in some respect. When you draw an analogy between two things, you compare them for the purpose of explanation. The movie character Forest Gump made a silly analogy famous: "Life is like a box of chocolates." If a scientist explains that the earth's forests function as its lungs, we understand the analogy to mean that both trees and lungs take in important elements from the air.	25
6585986386	Metaphor	A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable, used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity. You make an analogy between two things to show how one resembles the other in some way. When a character from Shakespeare calls the world his oyster, that's his boastful way of saying that all the riches of the world are his for the taking, like plucking a pearl from an oyster shell.	26
6585986387	Catachresis	Catachresis is a figure of speech in which writers use mixed metaphors in an inappropriate way to create rhetorical effect. Often, it is used intentionally to create a unique expression. Catachresis is also known as an exaggerated comparison between two ideas or objects. "Tis deepest winter in Lord Timon's purse; that is, one may reach deep enough, and find little", "A man that studies revenge keeps his own wounds green...."	27
6585986388	Synecdoche	Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which you use a part of something to stand for the whole thing (or vice versa). If your parents buy you a car and you say that you just got a new set of wheels, you're using synecdoche — you're using the wheels, which are part of a car, to refer to the whole car. The word "bread" refers to food or money as in "Writing is my bread and butter" or "sole breadwinner". The phrase "gray beard" refers to an old man, The word "sails" refers to a whole ship, The word "suits" refers to businessmen, The word "boots" usually refers to soldiers.	28
6585986389	Metonymy	It is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. Synecdoche refers to a thing by the name of one of its parts. In a metonymy, on the other hand, the word we use to describe another thing is closely linked to that particular thing, but is not a part of it. For example, "Crown" which means power or authority is a metonymy. "Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears."	29
6585986390	Personification	Personification is a figure of speech in which a thing, an idea or an animal is given human attributes. The non-human objects are portrayed in such a way that we feel they have the ability to act like human beings. Look at my car. She is a beauty, isn't it so?, The wind whispered through dry grass, The flowers danced in the gentle breeze, Time and tide waits for none.	30
6585986391	Hyperbole	Hyperbole is a figure of speech, which involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis. Praising your favorite sports team is one thing, but if you call the team the most incredible group of humans ever to walk the earth, then you're going overboard and indulging in hyperbole.	31
6585986392	Allusion	Allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance. It does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers. It is just a passing comment and the writer expects the reader to possess enough knowledge to spot the allusion and grasp its importance in a text. The main thing to remember is that an allusion is a brief hint or a quick mention. It's meant to bring to mind a particular subject, but it always avoids getting into it in great depth.	32
6585986393	Eponym	Eponym is a name of a legend or real person that writers associate with some other person, object, institution or thing. Simply, we can define it as a famous person whose name is given to someone else, such as Homer has derived the name of ancient epic "The Odyssey" from a major character, Odysseus. Saxophone was given the name of Sax, a surname of family from Belgium, which was skilled at making musical instruments.	33
6585986394	Oxymoron	Oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect. The common oxymoron phrase is a combination of an adjective proceeded by a noun with contrasting meanings, e.g. "cruel kindness" or "living death". However, the contrasting words/phrases are not always glued together. The contrasting ideas may be spaced out in a sentence, e.g. "In order to lead, you must walk behind." "the shackles of love straiten'd him His honour rooted in dishonored stood And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true"	34
6585986395	Epithet	Epithet is a descriptive literary device that describes a place, a thing or a person in such a way that it helps in making the characteristics of a person, thing or place more prominent than they actually are. Also, it is known as a by-name or descriptive title. The noun epithet is a descriptive nickname, such as "Richard the Lionhearted," or "Tommy the Terrible."	35
6585986396	Hyperbaton	Hyperbaton has been derived from a Greek word that means inversion in the arrangement of common words. It can be defined as a rhetorical device in which the writers play with the normal position of words, phrases and clauses in order to create differently arranged sentences, but which still suggest a similar meaning. "Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall..."	36
6585986397	Parenthesis	Parenthesis is a qualifying or explanatory sentence, clause or word that writers insert into a paragraph or passage. However, if they leave it out, even then grammatically the it does not affect the text that is correct without it. Writers mark them off by round and square brackets or by commas, dashes, little lines and brackets. As far as its purpose is concerned, this verbal unit provides extra information, interrupts syntactic flow of words, and allows the readers to pay attention on explanation. you must sympathize with the reader's plight (most readers are in trouble about half the time) but never seek to know the reader's wants. "you must sympathize with the reader's plight (most readers are in trouble about half the time) but never seek to know the reader's wants."	37
6585986398	Alliteration	A stylistic device in which a number of words, having the same first consonant sound, occur close together in a series. An important point to remember here is that alliteration does not depend on letters but on sounds. So the phrase not knotty is alliterative, but cigarette chase is not. But a better butter makes a batter better, A big bully beats a baby boy, Dunkin' Donuts, Best Buy, "The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free; We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea."	38
6585986399	Onomatopoeia	A word, which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting. In addition to the sound they represent, many onomatopoeic words have developed meanings of their own. For example, "whisper" not only represents the sound of people talking quietly, but also describes the action of people talking quietly. "Hark, hark! Bow-wow. The watch-dogs bark! Bow-wow. Hark, hark! I hear The strain of strutting chanticleer Cry, 'cock-a-diddle-dow!'"	39
6585986400	Apostrophe	In literature, apostrophe is a figure of speech sometimes represented by exclamation "O". A writer or a speaker, using an apostrophe, detaches himself from the reality and addresses an imaginary character in his speech. Apostrophe used in literature is an arrangement of words addressing a non-existent person or an abstract idea in such a way as if it were present and capable of understanding feelings. "Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee! I have thee not, and yet I see thee still." Macbeth has a strange vision of a dagger and talks to it as if it were another person.	40
6585986401	Enthymeme	An argumentative statement in which the writer or the speaker omits one of the major or minor premises, does not clearly pronounce it, or keeps this premise implied. The omitted premise in enthymeme remains understandable even if is not clearly expressed. For instance, "Where there is smoke, there is fire." (The hidden premise: The smoke causes fire.) This is known as truncated or rhetoric syllogism. Its purpose is to influence the audience and allow them to make inferences. They can be easily recognized, as these statements comes after "because." "[M]y parents decide to buy my brothers guns. These are not 'real' guns. They shoot 'BBs,' copper pellets my brothers say will kill birds. Because I am a girl, I do not get a gun."	41
6585986402	Climax	As a stylistic device, the term climax refers to a literary device in which words, phrases and clauses are arranged in an order to increase their importance within the sentence. "This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the unalienable Rights of Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." OR Climax is that particular point in a narrative at which the conflict or tension hits the highest point. Climax is a structural part of a plot and is at times referred to as a crisis. It is a decisive moment or a turning point in a storyline at which the rising action turns around into a falling action. Thus, a climax is the point at which a conflict or crisis reaches its peak that calls for a resolution or conclusion.	42
6585986403	Diacope	This literary device is a repetition of a phrase or word broken up by other intervening words. For instance, a very popular example of diacope is in William Shakespeare' Hamlet, "to be, or not to be!" In this line, you can notice that the speaker has repeated a phrase "to be" which is separated by another phrase "or not." "You held me down, but I got up,You hear my voice, you hear that sound... You held me down, but I got up Get ready 'cause I've had enough I see it all, I see it now."	43
6585986404	Antimetabole	Antimetabole is a literary term or device that involves repeating a phrase in reverse order. You like it; it likes you" and "Fair is foul and foul is fair." When a sentence is repeated after reversing it so as to convey an idea or stress on a point, it is called chiasmus. In an antimetabole the words and grammatical structure is also reversed because just reversing the meaning is not enough. All the antimetaboles are chiasmus, but not all instances of chiasmus are antimetaboles. "You stood up for America, now America must stand up for you."	44
6585986405	Antiphrasis	Antiphrasis is a figurative speech in which a phrase or word is employed in a way that is opposite to its literal meaning in order to create an ironic or comic effect. It is the use of phrases or words in their opposite sense than the real meaning. "Yes, I killed him. I killed him for money-and a woman-and I didn't get the money and I didn't get the woman. Pretty, isn't it....." (Double Indemnity by Billy Wilder and Raymond). Here, the speaker is making ironic statement by using opposite sense of the word pretty. He has committed murder, yet he describes his act "pretty".	45
6585986406	Epizeuxis	It is defined as a rhetorical device in which the words or phrases are repeated in a quick succession after each other for emphasis. It is also called diacope. Epistrophe is the repetition of the words at the end of successive sentences such as "Where now? Who now? When now...,". Whereas, anaphora is the reverse of epistrophe; it is a repetition of the words and phrases at the beginning of successive sentences. Epizeuxis, is less refined but, it makes a very strong impact. Epizeuxis is the repetition of words in succession within a same sentence such as "The horror, the horror." "And my poor fool is hanged! No, no, no life! Why should a dog, a horse, a rat have life, And thou no breath at all? Thou'lt come no more, Never, never, never, never!"	46
6585986407	Aposiopesis	A rhetorical device that can be defined as a figure of speech in which the speaker or writer breaks off abruptly and leaves the statement incomplete, as if the speaker is not willing to state what is present in his mind due to being overcome by passion, excitement or fear. In a piece of literature, it means to leave a sentence unfinished so that the reader could determine his own meanings. "Well, I lay if I get hold of you I'll - She did not finish, for by this time she was bending down and punching under the bed with the broom, and so she needed breath to punctuate the punches with. She resurrected nothing but the cat...."	47
6585986408	Anacoluthon	A stylistic device defined as a syntactic deviation and interruption within a sentence from one structure to another. In this interruption, the expected sequence of grammar is absent. The grammatical flow of sentences is interrupted in order to begin more sentences. "I will have such revenges on you both, That all the world shall-I will do such things, What they are, yet I know not....." This excerpt can be considered as one of the good anacoluthon examples as there is interruption from one sentence to another and such interruption is done to attract the readers' attention.	48
6585986409	Enumeratio	Enumeration is a rhetorical device used for listing the details or a process of mentioning words or phrases step by step. In fact, it is a type of amplification or division in which a subject is further distributed into components or parts. The writers use enumeration to elucidate a topic to make it understandable for the readers. It also clarifies the ambiguity that may be created in the minds of the readers. "W]hen we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, 'Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"	49
6585986410	Antanagoge	(Rhet.) A figure which consists in answering the charge of an adversary, by a counter charge. Not being able to answer the accusation of an adversary, a person instead makes a counter allegation or counteracting an opponent's proposal with an opposing proposition in one's own speech or writing.	50
6585986411	Parataxis	A rhetorical term in which phrases and clauses are placed one after another independently, without coordinating or subordinating them through the use of conjunctions. It is also called additive style. Parataxis is sometimes used as asyndeton in which the phrases and clauses are coordinated without conjunctions. "Veni, vidi, vici" or, "I came, I saw, I conquered." There are no conjunctions or joining words used. The phrases are used equally. That means phrases are placed with equal status. Opposite of Hypotaxis	51
6585986412	Hypotaxis	Hypotaxis is subordination of one clause to another, or when the clauses are coordinated or subordinated to one another within sentences. Hypotaxis is defined as a grammatical arrangement of constructs that work in the same way, but they play unequal role in a sentence. It helps in defining the exact meaning of a clause. "One December morning near the end of the year when snow was falling moist and heavy for miles all around, so that the earth and the sky were indivisible, Mrs. Bridge emerged from her home and spread her umbrella." The remaining clauses explain the first/main clause. These subordinated clauses help in recounting the individual thought expressed in the beginning.	52
6585986413	Sententia	Figure of argument in which a wise, witty, or pithy maxim or aphorism is used to sum up the preceding material. "I think that if women aspired higher, took on the problems involved, that they might find surprising support from men. 'Time marches on.'"	53
6585986414	Exemplum	Exemplum is a rhetorical device that is defined as a short tale, narrative, or anecdote used in literary pieces and speeches to explain a doctrine or emphasize a moral point. They are generally in the forms of legends, folktales and fables. An exemplum clarifies and proves a point. "In Flaundres whylom was a company, Of yonge folk, that haunteden foley, As ryot, hasard, stewes, and tavernes, Wher-as, with harpes, lutes, and giternes,...." Talks about how greed can destroy everything and how it is the cause of all evil. In this story, nobody got to claim the most coveted treasure since the characters involved ended up killing each other. Can be real or fictional.	54
6585986415	Pleonasm	It is a rhetorical device which can be defined as the use of a second or more words (phrase) to express an idea. These words are redundant such as in the following examples of pleonasm, "burning fire" and "black darkness." Sometimes, pleonasm is also called tautology, which is the repetition of words. "Let me tell you this, when social workers offer you, free, gratis and for nothing..."	55
6585986416	Assonance	Takes place when two or more words close to one another repeat the same vowel sound but start with different consonant sounds. "Men sell the wedding bells." The same vowel sound of the short vowel "-e-" repeats itself in almost all the words excluding the definite article. The words do share the same vowel sounds but start with different consonant sounds unlike alliteration that involves repetition of the same consonant sounds.	56
6585986417	Dirimens Copulatio	A rhetorical term for a figure by which one balances one statement with a contrary, qualifying statement (sometimes conveyed by "not only ... but also" clauses). "But wait, there's more!"	57
6585986418	Symploce	Figure of repetition that combines Anaphora and Epistrophe in which the first and last word or words in one phrase, clause, or sentence are repeated in one or more successive phrases, clauses, or sentences; repetition of the first and last words in a clause over successive clauses. "Let us let our own children know that we will stand against the forces of fear. When there is talk of hatred, let us stand up and talk against it. When there is talk of violence, let us stand up and talk against it."	58
6585986419	Appositive	When a noun or word is followed by another noun or phrase that renames or identifies it. This is a literary device that appears before or after a noun or noun phrase. It is always used with commas. We can define it as a noun phrase or a noun that defines or explains another noun, which it follows. Writers place elements like noun phrases side by side where one element serves to define the other, and one is in apposition to the other. "We were waiting outside the condemned cells, a row of sheds fronted with double bars, like small animal cages." In this line, "the condemned cells" is a noun phrase, while "a row of sheds" is an appositive that explains this noun phrase. Restrictive Appositive- Gives essential information to identify the phrase or noun in apposition and clarifies the meaning of a phrase but if the appositive is removed, the meaning of the entire sentence changes. Commas are not necessarily used. Non-Restrictive Appositive- Gives non-essential or extra information, which is not important to identify the phrase or noun in apposition and is often used with commas. "Christmas Eve afternoon we scrape together a nickel and go to the butcher's to buy Queenie's traditional gift, a good gnawable beef bone." A restrictive appositive is clarifying and describing a noun "traditional gift of Queenie." Here this literary device has appeared after noun.	59

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7551112940	Allegory	A work that functions on a symbolic level	0
7551112941	Allusion	A reference contained in a work	1
7551112942	Antagonist	The force or character that opposes the main character, the protagonist	2
7551112943	Character	One who carries out the action of the plot in literature. Major,minor,static,and dynamic are types of characters	3
7551112944	Climax	The turning point of an action or character in a literary work, usually the highest moment of tension	4
7551112945	Conflict	A clash between opposing forces in a literary work	5
7551112946	Denouement	The conclusion or trying out of the lease ends in a literary work the resolution of the conflict and plot	6
7551112947	Diction	The authors choice of words	7
7551112948	Epic	A length, elevated poem that celebrates the exploits of a hero. Beowulf is a prime example	8
7551112949	Exposition	Background information presented in a literary work	9
7551112950	figurative language	The body of devices that enables the writer to operate on levels other than the literal one. It includes metaphor, simile, symbol, motif, hyperbole and other discussed in chapter 8	10
7551112951	Flashback	A Device that enables a writer to refer to pass thoughts events episodes	11
7551112952	Imaginary	The total effect of related sensory images in a work of literature	12
7551112953	Metaphor	A Direct comparison between the similar things your eyes are stars is an example	13
7551112954	Motif	The repetition or variations of an image or idea in a work which is used to develop theme or character	14
7551112955	Narrator	the speaker of a literary work	15
7551112956	Onomatopoeia	Works that sound like the sound they represent	16
7551112957	Oxymoron	An image of contradictory terms like bittersweet pretty ugly	17
7551112958	Parable	A story that operates on more than one level and usually teaches a moral lesson	18
7551112959	Personification	The assigning of human qualities to animate objects or concepts	19
7551112960	Plot	The sequence of events in literary work	20
7551112961	Point of view	The method of narration in awork	21
7551112962	Resolution	The denouement of a literary work	22
7551112963	Setting	The time and place of a literary	23
7551112964	Simile	And in direct comparison that uses the word like or as to link the differing items in the comparison	24
7551112965	Style	The unique way and author presents his ideas diction syntax imagery structure and content all contribute to a particular style	25
7551112966	Syntax	The grammatical structure of prose and poetry	26
7551112967	Tragic hero	According do you Aristotle, a basically good person of noble birth or exalted position who has a fatal flaw or commits an error in judgment which leads to his downfall the tragic hero must have a moment of realization and live and Suffer	27

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6018848990	Allegory	a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning. The Lord of the Flies is another allegorical text relating to the effects of war on society.	0
6018850730	Analogy	a similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them heart and pump analogie	1
6018853135	Antecedent	Antecedent is the grammatical term used to refer to the noun that a pronoun replaces. her= jenny	2
6018855497	Aphorism	aphorism is a short, witty statement that expresses a truth. Typically, these statements are stated bluntly, An apple a day keeps the doctor away.	3
6018857297	Conceit	A conceit is a comparison between two very unlike things, whose dissimilarity is very obvious. Marriage is like getting a root canal.	4
6018865281	Genre/ generic conventions	Traditions for each genre. These help to define each genre; they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing CowBoys mean midwet	5
6018873433	Oxymoron	When apparently contradictory terms are grouped together and suggest a paradox. . jumbo shrimp and cruel kindness	6
6018879163	Paradox	A seemingly contradictory statement which is actually true. A rich man is no richer than a poor man	7
6018880703	Synesthesia	a sensory stimulus that evokes the subjective experience of another. Ex. seeing red ants makes you itchy	8
6018895245	Zeugma	Using a single verb to refer to two different objects in an ungrammatical but striking way, or artfully using an adjective to refer to two separate nouns, even though the adjective would logically only be appropriate for one of the two. She dug for gold and for praise	9

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AP Literature Vocab Midterm Flashcards

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3747995919	Abject	(adj.) Degraded; base, contemptible; cringing, servile; complete and unrelieved	0
3748005271	Complicity	(n.) Involvement in wrongdoing; the state of being an accomplice	1
3748007399	Effigy	(n.) A crude image of a despised person	2
3748008817	Inane	(adj.) Silly, empty of meaning or value	3
3748010899	Indubitable	(adj.) Certain, not to be doubted or denied	4
3748012836	Neophyte	(n.) A new convert, beginner, novice	5
3748014096	Surveillance	(n.) A watch kept over a person; careful, close, and disciplined observation	6
3748014097	Sylvan	(adj.) Pertaining to or characteristic or forest; living or located in a forest; wooded, woody	7
3748015526	Testy	(adj.) Easily irritated; characterized by impatience and exasperation	8
3748020518	Acquisitive	(Adj.) Able to get and retain ideas or information; concerned with acquiring wealth or property	9
3748022438	Belabor	(V.) to work on excessively; to thrash soundly	10
3748024633	Coherent	(Adj.) holding or sticking together; making a logical whole; comprehensible, meaningful	11
3748026200	Congeal	(V.) to change from liquid to solid, thicken; to make inflexible or rigid	12
3748026211	Emulate	(V.) to imitate with the intent of equaling or surpassing the model	13
3748032026	Eschew	(V.) to avoid, shun, keep away from	14
3748033228	Germane	(Adj.) relevant, appropriate, apropos, fitting	15
3748040464	accost	(v.) to approach and speak to first; to confront in a challenging way	16
3748040465	avid	(adj.) desirous of something to the point of greed; intensely eager	17
3748042235	celerity	(n.) swiftness, rapidity of motion or action	18
3748043605	incendiary	(adj.) deliberately setting or causing fires; designed to start fires; tending to stir up strife or rebellion; (n.) one who deliberately sets fires, arsonist; one who causes strife	19
3748045418	overt	(adj.) open, not hidden, expressed or revealed in a way that is easily recognized	20
3748047496	talisman	(n.) an object that serves as a charm or is believed to confer magical powers, and amulet, fetish	21
3748048524	undulate	(v.) to move in waves or with a wavelike motion; to have a wavelike appearance or form	22
3748056634	Articulate	(v.) to pronounce distinctly; to express well in words; to connect by a joint or joints; (adj.) expressed clearly and forcefully; able to employ language clearly and forcefully; jointed	23
3748058245	Decry	(v.) to condemn, express strong disapproval; to officially depreciate	24
3748060055	Distraught	(adj.) very much agitated or upset as a result of emotion or mental conflict	25
3748061335	Exhume	(v.) to remove from a grave; to bring to light	26
3748062573	Nefarious	(adj.) wicked, depraved, devoid of moral standards	27
3748064444	Piquant	(adj.) stimulating to the taste or mind; spicy, pungent; appealingly provocative	28
3748065789	Verbiage	(n.) language that is too wordy or inflated in proportion to the sense or content, wordiness; a manner of expression	29
3748067454	Atrophy	(n.) the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; (v.) to waste away	30
3748069842	Bastion	(n.) a fortified place, stronghold	31
3748071050	Disarray	(n.) disorder, confusion; (v.) to throw into disorder	32
3748071051	Flotsam	(n.) floating debris; homeless; impoverished people	33
3748073502	Frenetic	(adj.) frenzied, highly agitated	34
3748074628	Glean	(v.) to gather bit by bit; to gather small quantities of grain left in a field by the reapers	35
3748075904	Incarcerate	(v.) to imprison, confine, jail	36
3748077730	Incumbent	(adj.) obligatory, required; (n.) one who holds a specific office at the time spoken of	37
3748077731	Jocular	(adj.) humorous, jesting, jolly, joking	38
3748079747	Ludicrous	(adj.) ridiculous, laughable, absurd	39
3748081427	Nettle	(n.) a prickly or stinging plant; (v.) to arouse displeasure, impatience, or anger; to vex or irritate severely	40
3748081439	Pusillanimous	(adj.) contemptibly cowardly or mean-spirited	41
3748083861	Recumbent	(adj.) in a reclining position, lying down, in the posture of one sleeping or resting	42
3748083862	Strategem	(n.) a scheme to outwit or deceive an opponent or to gain an end	43
3748089628	Acuity	(n.) sharpness (particularly of the kind or senses	44
3748089629	Depraved	(adj.) marked by evil and corruption, devoid of moral principles	45
3748091572	Enervate	(v.) to weaken or lessen the mental, moral, or physical vigor of; enfeeble, hamstring	46
3748092986	Fecund	(adj.) fruitful in offspring or vegetation; intellectually productive	47
3748094226	Fiat	(n.) an arbitrary order or decree; a command or act of will or consciousness	48
3748095587	Hallow	(v.) to set apart as holy or sacred, sanctify, consecrate; to honor greatly, revere	49
3748096921	Mundane	(adj.) earthly, worldly, relating to practical and material affairs; concerned with what is ordinary	50
3748096922	Penchant	(n.) A strong attraction or inclination	51
3748099104	Reputed	(Adj.) according to reputation or general belief; Having widespread acceptance and good reputation; (part.) alleged	52
3748100172	Ubiquitous	(adj.) present or existing everywhere	53

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AP Literature Exam Flashcards

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6743288183	allegory	a form of extended metaphor, in which objects, persons, and actions are equated with the meanings that lie outside the narrative; the underlying meaning has moral, social, religious, or political significance	0
6743308043	allusion	a direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art; can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical	1
6743318240	ambiguity	the multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage (lends a deeper meaning to the work)	2
6743324821	analogy	a similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them; can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar	3
6743378196	antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas, the direct opposite	4
6743380660	aphorism	a terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or moral principle; can be memorable summation of the author's point	5
6743387508	apostrophe	a figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction; an address to someone/something that cannot answer	6
6743392895	atmosphere	the emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described; even such elements as a description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere	7
6743420894	conceit	a fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made	8
6743431126	connotation	the non-literal, associative meaning of a word, the implied, suggested meaning; may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes	9
6743436904	denotation	the strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color	10
6743442346	diction	related to style, refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness	11
6743451235	didactic	from the Greek, literally means "teaching" and has the primary aim of teaching or instructing; especially the teaching of moral and ethical principles	12
6743471063	digression	to turn aside from the main subject	13
6743472924	extended metaphor	a metaphor developed at a great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work	14
6743476220	figurative language	writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid (imagery, simile, metaphor, alliteration, personification, onomatopoeia, hyperbole)	15
6743487968	homily	a sermon involving moral or spiritual advice	16
6743491554	hyperbole	exaggeration or overstatement; produces irony, comic effect, serious effect is passive	17
6743504214	imagery	the sensory details or figurative language used to describe, accuse emotion, or represent abstractions; can be used complexly which simultaneously employing other figures of speech	18
6743510059	invective	an emotional violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language	19
6743513559	litotes	a form of understatement that usually contains a double negative	20
6743516342	metonymy	means "changed label" or "substitute name," it is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it; linked to the concept	21
6743534265	paradox	a statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity	22
6743548004	personification	a figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions	23
6743552451	repetition	the duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern	24
6743558875	sarcasm	involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to built or ridicule someone or something, but is not an invective	25
6743565883	symbol	anything that represents itself and stands for something else; usually, something concrete that represents something more abstract	26
6743578686	synechdoche	a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, either by naming only some part of it or a group	27
6743585668	synestheia	when one kind of sensory stimulus evolves the subjective experience of another	28
6743599280	syntax	the way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences; groups of words that produce effects	29
6743603309	tone	similar to mood, describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both	30
6743606645	understatement	the ironic minimizing of fact, represents something as less significant than it is	31
6743616704	anaphora	repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row; deliberate form of repetition that makes writer's point more coherent	32
6743621707	anastrophe	the order of the noun and the adjective in the sentence is exchanged to crate a dramatic impacts	33
6743626951	asyndeton	commas used without conjunction to separate a series of words, thus emphasizing the parts equally	34
6743631817	bildungsroman	a novel of someone's growth from childhood to maturity	35
6743634383	polysyndeton	a sentence which uses a conjunction with NO commas to separate the items in a series	36
6745706013	alliteration	the repetition of initial sounds in neighboring words, it is used to catch the reader's eye and to focus attention	37
6745707668	apostrophe	an address to the dead as if living; to the inanimate as if animate; to the absent as if present; to the unborn as if alive	38
6745714585	assonance	the repetition of vowel sounds, but not consonants; used to add organization and keeps the readers interest	39
6745717492	aubade	poem written to celebrate the dawn	40
6745718205	ballad	normally refers to either a simple song or to a narrative poem (often with a tragic ending)	41
6745719449	cacophony	a harsh, unpleasant combination of sounds or tones; the author may use this to communicate or invoke negative emotions	42
6745721406	caesura	a pause in a line of verse dictated by sense or natural speech rhythm rather than by metrics; used to indicate when there is a pause in the poem	43
6745723174	cinquain	a five line poem based on japanese forms such as haiku; line one is one word (the title); line two is two words that describe the title; line three is three words that tell the action; line four is four words that express the feeling; and line five is one word that recalls the title	44
6745726304	conceit	very elaborate comparisons between unlikely objects	45
6745726853	consonance	the repetition of consonant sounds, but not vowels; used for emphasis and to attract attention to the subject	46
6745730890	elegy	a formal sustained poem lamenting the death of a particular person	47
6745731614	end rhyme	rhyme which occurs at the end of the sentence rather than the middle	48
6745733832	enjambment	the continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no pause; run on lines can form groups, or they can simply act to increase the fluidity of the poetry by decreasing the importance of the verse boundaries	49
6745736644	epigram	a very short, satirical and witty poem usually written as a brief couplet or quatrain	50
6745739289	euphony	a style in which combinations of words pleasant to the ear dominate; used to bring about pleasant, peaceful feelings in the reader	51
6745740908	euphemism	an inoffensive word used to replace a more vulgar or offensive word	52
6745742624	eye rhyme	a rhyme that appears as if it will rhyme based on spelling, but it is actually a half-rhyme or slant-rhyme due to pronunciation	53
6745743823	haiku	miniature japanese poem consisting of 17 syllables (five in first line, seven in second line, five in last line); no rhyme or meter scheme is employed when writing haiku	54
6745747089	iambic pentameter	a line of ten syllables using the pattern of unstressed/stressed	55
6745749316	idyll	either short poems depicting a peaceful, idealized country scene (farming, agriculture) or long poems that tell a story about ancient heroes	56
6745750776	internal rhyme	a rhyme that occurs within a line rather than at the end, used to link or connect similar concepts in poetry	57
6745752707	lyric	verses that were written to be sung; however, more recently the term has been used to refer to short poems where the poet expresses his or her feelings	58
6745756490	meiosis	the presentation of a thing with under emphasis especially in order to achieve a greater effect; intentionally understating something in order to lessen the effect of its largeness or acuteness	59
6745759605	ode	long poems which are serious in nature and written to a set structure	60
6745761483	onomatopoeia	a word that imitates the sound it represents, it is used to create a mood or to produce an effect to make a sentence more interesting	61
6745763339	pastoral	a poem that depicts rural life in a peaceful, idealized way for example of shepherds or country life	62
6745765582	posopopoeia	a form of personification in which an inanimate object gains the ability to speak	63
6745767545	pun	a form of word play, which proposes two or more meaning by utilizing multiple meanings of words; used to add a humorous effect	64
6745769691	rime royal	a seven-line stanza form invented by Chaucer in the fourteenth century; the stanzas are written in iambic pentameter in a fixed rhyme scheme	65
6745771950	sibilance	a special form of alliteration using the softer consonants that create hissing sounds, or sibilant sounds	66
6745773967	sonnet	a poetic form customarily of 14 line written in iambic pentameter	67
6745776295	synechdoche	a literal part of something is used to stand for the whole	68
6745777036	synesthesia	a sensation produced in one state when a stimulus is applied to another state, as when the hearing of a certain sound induces the visualization of a certain color	69
6745780694	villanelle	a poetic form in which the first and third lines of the first stanza come back in refrain, with a rhyme scheme of ABA for four tercets and ABAA in the final quatrain	70
6745782899	zeugma	the use of a word to govern two or more words, either in such a way that it applies to all in a different sense, or makes sense with only one	71
6752929514	sestet	six-line stanza	72
6752931751	tercet	stanza of three lines	73
6752934760	blank verse	literary device defined as un-rhyming verse written in iambic pentameter	74
6752942140	free verse	a literary device that can be defined as poetry that is free from limitations of regular meter or rhythm and does not rhyme with fixed forms	75
6752949452	verse	denotes a single line of poetry; refers to a stanza or other parts of poetry	76
6752951858	iamb	a foot containing unaccented and short syllables followed by a long and accented syllable in a single line of a poem	77
6752955696	pentameter	a literary device that can be define as a line verse or poetry that has five strong metrical feet or beats	78
6752964071	selection of detail	the authors choice of specific events, words, incidents, ect which are used to make or create a narrative/scene	79
6752968817	first person point of view	involves the narrator as part of the story, and usually features the following pronouns	80
6752984565	second person point of view	very rare in literature; treats the reader as the main character in the story; descriptions are based on what you would see if you were in that situation	81
6752995440	third person point of view	told by a narrator who is not part of the story and generally uses pronouns such as: he, she, it, they, them, him, her, its, ect	82
6753021657	third person omniscient	occurs when a story is told by a narrator who is not part of the story but knows the thoughts and feelings of all the characters in the story	83
6753026504	third person limited	the narrator only knows the thoughts and feelings of one character	84
6753036248	irony	referring to how a person, situation, statement, or circumstances is not as it would actually seem	85
6753047027	verbal irony	the use of words to mean something different from what a person actually says; overstatement exaggerates the character and understatement puts down the character	86
6753058393	dramatic irony	occurs when the audience is aware of something that the characters in the story are not aware of	87
6753072832	situation irony	when the exact opposite of what is meant to happen, happens	88
6753075639	cosmic irony	occurs when a situation, action, or event thought to have a positive outcome results in a negative outcome	89
6753091467	visual imagery	the most frequent type of imagery used to recreate a certain image	90
6753093440	auditory imagery	the mental representation of any sound and it is vital in imagining and feeling a situation	91
6753104666	kinesthetic imagery	a broader term used to describe the sense of movement or tension	92
6753107655	olfactory imagery	related to smell and this imagery helps summon and deliver the smells to the reader	93
6753111614	gustatory imagery	illustrates and recreates the tastes, of food or many other things	94
6753116258	tactile imagery	appeals to the sense of touch by presenting attributes like hardness, softness, or hot and cold sensations	95
6753128116	organic imagery	concentrates on recreating internal sensations like hunger, thirst, fear or fatigue	96
6753133799	vulgar diction	language deficient in taste and refinement; coarse, base (any swear word)	97
6753137195	slang diction	refers to a group of recently coined words; momentary and exclusive	98
6753148310	jargon diction	consists of words and expressions characteristic of a particular trade, profession, or pursuit	99
6753156890	cliche diction	figurative language used so often it has lost its freshness and clarity	100
6753159003	dialect diction	is a nonstandard subgroup of a language with its own vocabulary and grammatical features; elaborates the geographic and social background of any character of any character	101
6753170236	informal/standard diction	language grammatically correct, but conversational; used in casual situations, but still states accurate facts	102
6753174890	formal diction/elevated language	appropriate for more formal occasions; often more abstract and more figurative	103
6753185722	concrete diction	language tangible to our five senses	104
6753188708	abstract diction	language that is conceptual and philosophical	105
6753197114	active diction	conveys action; the person that performed the action will function as the subject of that sentence	106
6753207420	passive diction	will be construction using a verb of being	107
6753210796	objective diction	impersonal and unemotional	108
6753212503	subjective diction	personal and emotional language	109
6753215429	denotation diction	language with exact meaning	110
6753215488	connotation diction	suggested emotional meaning	111
6753217748	literal diction	accurate language without embellishment	112
6753219453	figurative diction	comparative language for a pictorial effect	113
6753224951	pedestrian diction	layman's terms	114
6753224952	pedantic diction	boring, inflated language intending to display importance	115
6753230673	lyric poetry	any poem with one speaker who expresses strong thoughts and feelings; typically modern poems	116
6753238165	narrative poem	any poem that tells a story; the structure resembles the plot line of a story	117
6753241226	descriptive poem	poem that describes the world that surround the speaker; elaborate imagery and adjectives	118
6753251321	marxist criticism	focuses on economic and cultural theories of karl marx, explains the literature by revealing economic class and how the author writes	119
6753276846	deconstruction criticism	criticizing with reason	120
6753278775	formalism criticism	anytime you use literary techniques to discuss literature	121
6753280451	reader response criticism	anytime you analyze a text by connection either text to text, text to self, or text to world	122
6753283480	feminist criticism	holds the belief that society is prejudice towards women, society is patriarchal, women lack strong roles in literature, highlights relationships between genders in literature, how inequality affects literature	123
6753304411	moral criticism	literature used to demonstrate morality and philosophical issues	124
6753308527	historical criticism	understanding the historical context of the setting of text and how it affects the text; effects overall disposition	125
6753319192	psychological criticism freud	psychological motivation, author uses text to express himself, expresses ego, all human behavior is motivated by sexuality	126
6753322059	psychological criticism jung	process of discovering what makes one unique, myhtical, parts of self, goal of all humans is to achieve individuation	127
6753329685	archetypal criticism	collection of symbols, images, characters, and motifs	128
6753350170	adage	a saying or proverb containing a truth based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language	129
6753353588	anachronism	a person, scene, event, or element in literature that fails to correspond with the time or era in which the work is set	130
6753358752	apollonian	refers to the most noble, godlike qualities of human nature and behavior	131
6753362903	bathos	the use of insincere or overdone sentimentality	132
6753366838	belle-lettres	french term for the world of books, criticism, and literature in general	133
6753370301	bombast	inflated, pretentious language used for trivial subjects	134
6753375345	chiasmus	a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect	135
6753380242	antimetabole	the word order in a sentence is reversed to contrast the meanings	136
6753383252	stichomythia	a technique in drama in which sequences of single alternating lines, or half-lines or two-line speeches are given to alternating characters; typically features repetition and antithesis	137

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