Puritans Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 4805605933 | blasphemous | deeply disrespectful of or sacrilegious against God or sacred things; profane | 0 | |
| 4805608148 | habeus corpus | legal document used to review the legality of the party's arrest, imprisonment, or detention | 1 | |
| 4805609956 | inscrutable | impossible to understand or interpret | 2 | |
| 4805611874 | magistrate | a civil officer or lay judge who administers the law | 3 | |
| 4805613806 | manifest | clear or obvious to the eye or mind | 4 | |
| 4805616006 | non-conformity | failure or refusal to follow a standard rule or practice | 5 | |
| 4805617426 | persecution | hostility and ill-treatment, especially because of race or political or religious beliefs | 6 | |
| 4805619211 | repression | the action of subduing someone or something by force | 7 | |
| 4805620287 | seditious | inciting or causing people to rebel against the authority of a state or monarch | 8 | |
| 4805623230 | theology | the study of the nature of God and religious belief | 9 | |
| 4805624455 | tolerant | showing willingness to allow the existence of opinions or behavior that one does not necessarily agree with | 10 | |
| 4805625885 | solace | comfort or consolation in a time of distress or sadness | 11 | |
| 4805628262 | profane | (of a person or their behavior) not respectful of orthodox religious practice | 12 | |
| 4805629522 | haughty | arrogantly superior and disdainful; really snobby | 13 | |
| 4805630931 | relent | become less severe or intense | 14 | |
| 4805631960 | posterity | all future generations of people; the descendants of a person | 15 | |
| 4805633089 | covenant | an agreement, especially by binding contract | 16 | |
| 4805635497 | commission | an instruction, command, or duty given to a person or group of people | 17 | |
| 4805636982 | conformity | compliance with standards, rules, or laws | 18 | |
| 4805638411 | perjure | willfully tell an untruth when giving evidence to a court; lie under oath | 19 | |
| 4805639455 | superfluous | unnecessary, especially through being more than enough | 20 |
Puritans Flashcards
The Puritans first came to America in 1620 on the Mayflower. The Pilgrims, as they were called, were separating from the Anglican church and escaping religious persecution in England by escaping to America. Other Puritans soon flocked to America hoping to "purify" the Anglican Church and develop a colony which would be a model to the world ("a city upon a hill")
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| 7055022169 | Calvinism | The teachings and doctrine of John Calvin, a leader in the Protestant Reformation. Believed that no actions taken during a person life would effect their salvation. The Puritan colonies were based on Calvinist doctrine. | 0 | |
| 7055022170 | Church of England | The established church in England that is also known as the Anglican church. The Church of England was founded in 1534 by Henry VIII after a dispute with the Roman Catholic church over the annulment of his marriage which culminated in the Act of Supremacy, declaring the King to be the head of the church. | 1 | |
| 7055022171 | Mayflower Compact | Agreement made by the Pilgrims in 1620 when they landed at Plymouth. The compact created the Plymouth colony and made a civil government under James I based on the will of the colonists. The Compact was important in the early organization and success of the colony. | 2 | |
| 7055022172 | William Bradford | The second governor of the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts, he was elected over John Carver in 1621 and was reelected thirty times. He was important in the organization and success of the colony and kept a history of the development of the Plymouth colony that was published in 1856. | 3 | |
| 7055022173 | Pilgrims | The original group of puritan separatists that fled religious persecution in England and found refuge in what is now Massachusetts. The Pilgrims sailed across the Atlantic and reached America in 1620 where they founded the Plymouth colony and organized a government based on the Mayflower compact. | 4 | |
| 7055022174 | Puritans | Reform movement in the Anglican church in the 16th and 17th centuries and came to America in 1629. The movement aimed at purifying the church of corruption split into separatists, who wanted to end ties with the established church and non-separatists. Seeking religious freedom was a strong motivation for colonies in America. | 5 | |
| 7055022175 | Pilgrims vs. Puritans | Pilgrims and Puritans were extremely similar in most practices and beliefs, but Pilgrims were a distinct group of Puritans who were not only against the Anglican church but called for total separation from the church, a dangerous belief in religiously tense England. | 6 | |
| 7055022177 | Massachusetts Bay Colony | Colony created by the Massachusetts Bay Company. Under the leadership of John Winthrop, the colony was created to provide the world with a model Christian society. The colony was created in 1630 and it was governed through a General Court selected by church members. | 7 | |
| 7055022178 | City Upon a Hill | Name given to the Puritan society that was to be created in the New World. The leader of the Puritan migration, John Winthrop planned to create a utopian society based on Puritanism that would have no class distinction and would stress the importance of community and church. | 8 | |
| 7055022181 | John Winthrop | The first governor and one of the founders of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and a member of the Massachusetts Bay Company. He played a key role in the puritan migration and intended to create a utopian society in America. He was elected governor twelve times and pursued a conservative religious and governmental policy. | 9 | |
| 7055022182 | saints | High standing members of the church who gained recognition and were put on a council that governed the congregation. Under Puritan doctrine, to become a saint the person had to be a member of the congregation and have been chosen by the church council. | 10 | |
| 7055022183 | New England Way | The Puritan dominance of New England and their desire to create a utopian society based on their doctrine created a distinct society in New England. Unlike other colonies, Puritans were guided by their religion and created a government and society tied to the church. | 11 | |
| 7055022184 | Covenant Theology | Christian Theology that stressed that a agreement was made by God with humans with the death of Jesus for the salvation of mankind. The theology differs from sect to sect, some assert that salvation is granted to all, some that its is earned and others that it can be achieved by faith alone. | 12 | |
| 7055022185 | conversion relation | Part of the Massachusetts Puritans practice, it was a requirement of new members. The Relation required that any member of the congregation must go through an examination before the congregation. Because of its unpleasantness, later generations did not go accept it and the half-way covenant was adopted. | 13 | |
| 7055022186 | Congregationalism | Protestant organizational system based on the freedom of each church to control its affairs. An offshoot of the separatist, it was continued by the pilgrims in America where it was adopted by the new churches as a way to maintain local independence. Congregationalism was part of the strong independence of the colonies. | 14 | |
| 7055022187 | Cambridge Platform | Agreement and plan formed by Puritans before they landed in 1629. The platform was the source for the Puritans of the government and organization for their colony, and it established a government under the authority of the King of England. | 15 | |
| 7055022188 | Contrast Puritan Colonies with others | Because most colonies were created with financial or political gains in mind, puritan colonies had a special distinction from them. The puritans came to American seeking religious freedom and had a strong work ethic enabling them to achieve a success not seen in other colonies. | 16 | |
| 7055022189 | dissenters | People objected to the accepted doctrine of the established church. The puritans who migrated to America were dissenters from the Church of England who created a new church in the colonies. Religious outcasts from the puritan church such as Ann Hutchinson and Roger Williams were also dissenters. | 17 | |
| 7055022190 | Anne Hutchinson, antinomianism | Early New England religious leader who founded the doctrine of antinomianism, the belief that the Gospel frees Christians from required obedience to laws. She was banished to Rhode Island in 1637 for her belief in antinomianism and her insistence on salvation by faith and not works. | 18 | |
| 7055022191 | Roger Williams, Rhode Island | Early colonial clergyman who founded the religiously tolerant colony of Rhode Island in 1636. Williams was banished from Massachusetts for his belief in religious freedom, he established a colony at Providence in 1636 that tolerated all dissenters and was in good relations with the Natives. | 19 | |
| 7055022192 | Massachusetts School Law | Law also Known as the Old Deluder Act of 1647, that replaced home education by creating a system in which small towns would have a person capable of teaching the children and every town of over one hundred homes would have a school. The law was a step towards creating a universal education system. | 20 | |
| 7055022193 | town meetings | The center of Colonial America political life especially in New England. Town Meetings were gatherings where all the voters in the town or nearby countryside would all congregate and go over issues that most interested them, such as town officers, and taxes for the following season. | 21 | |
| 7055022194 | Voting Granted to Church Members | The New England puritans developed a more democratic system of government than in England that gave the power to elect the governor to all male saints. The idea was furthered in 1644 when it adopted a bicameral court with elected delegates. | 22 | |
| 7055022196 | Brattle Street Church | Church located in Boston, Mass. Completed in 1699. Thomas Brattle, a wealthy merchant and official of Harvard College organized the church against the will of Cotton Mather because of its closeness to the Church of England. The Church was strongly opposed to the Salem Witchcraft trials in 1692. | 23 | |
| 7055022197 | Salem Witch Trials | The fear of witchcraft that came to a head in the 1691-1963, especially boiling over in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. This fear ended with the death of many innocent women. Most of the women were middle aged wives or widows. Many implicated others for fear of their lives. The Salem Witch Trials pinpointed the underlying tension that was coming to head in many colonies due to religion and social standings. | 24 | |
| 7055022198 | Puritan Ethic | Term that characterizes the strong sense of purpose and discipline that Puritans had. Part of the work ethic also resulted from a belief that wealth and success were a sign of saintliness and that idleness was a sin. This work ethic also helped the Puritans find success in the colonies and translated to an American colonial work ethic. | 25 |
Biochemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5943450252 | Endergonic | -Absorbs energy from surrounding environment -Not spontaneous |  | 0 |
| 5943455761 | Exergonic | -Energy is released -Spontaneous |  | 1 |
| 5943474688 | Anabolic | -Energy is put in to make simple substances combined into complex structures |  | 2 |
| 5943480480 | Catabolic | -Energy is released when the breakdown of complex material turns into simple substances |  | 3 |
| 5943487109 | Spontaneous Chemical Reaction | -Potential energy of the reactants is greater than that of the products |  | 4 |
| 5943506841 | 4 Major Biological Macromolecules | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids | 5 | |
| 5943525037 | Carbohydrates | -Provides energy for the body -3 subtypes: monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide | 6 | |
| 5943538930 | Lipids | -Hydrophobic, nonpolar, store energy, provide insulation, make up cell membranes, building block for hormones -Examples: fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids | 7 | |
| 5943564385 | Nucleic Acids | -Storing genetic material -Nucleotides, DNA, RNA | 8 | |
| 5943575268 | Proteins | -Enzymes, Hormones, Amino Acids | 9 | |
| 5943606946 | Dehydration Synthesis | -One monomer forms a covalent bond to another monomer, releasing a water molecule in the process. -Generally require energy |  | 10 |
| 5943617352 | Hydrolysis | -A bond is broken, or lysed, by addition of a water molecule -Generally release energy |  | 11 |
| 5943860240 | Peptide bond | Forms between carboxyl group (COOH) of one amino acid and the amino group (NH2) of the next, with an H2O molecule | 12 | |
| 5943873024 | Glycosidic Bond | Type of covalent bond joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group |  | 13 |
| 5943878834 | Ionic Bond | Complete transfer or electrons |  | 14 |
| 5943880399 | Covalent Bond | Sharing of electrons |  | 15 |
| 5943885383 | Ester Linkage | Compound formed from an alcohol and an acid by removing H2O |  | 16 |
| 5943894288 | Amino Acids | -Contain: R group, amino group, alpha carbon, and carboxylic acid group -Attached by peptide bonds |  | 17 |
| 5943937134 | Starch | -Stored form of sugars in plants -Made of two polysaccharides (amylose and amylopectin) |  | 18 |
| 5943949806 | Triglycerides | -Primarily stored in specialized fat cells (adipocytes) |  | 19 |
| 5943956188 | Saturated | The fatty acid has only single bonds between neighboring carbons in a hydrocarbon chain |  | 20 |
| 5943961916 | Unsaturated | The fatty acid has a hydrocarbon chain h a double bond |  | 21 |
| 5943969399 | Monounsaturated | One double bond in a fatty acid |  | 22 |
| 5943973648 | Polyunsaturated | Multiple double bonds in a fatty acid |  | 23 |
| 5943982963 | Phospholipids | -Major component of plasma membranes -Fatty acids chains attached to backbone of glycerol |  | 24 |
| 5944017687 | Chemiosmosis/ATP Production | Production of ions across a semipermeable membrane down concentration gradient | 25 |
Biochemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8397515946 | Cytosine | Pyrimidine; DNA and RNA |  | 0 |
| 8397536393 | Uracil | Pyrimidine; RNA only |  | 1 |
| 8397549465 | Thymine | Pyrimidine; DNA only |  | 2 |
| 8397559334 | Adenine | Purine; DNA and RNA |  | 3 |
| 8397570578 | Guanine | Purine DNA and RNA |  | 4 |
| 8397583595 | Purine | double-ring nitrogenous base; Adenine and Guanine |  | 5 |
| 8397590071 | Pyrimidine | Single ring; Thymine, Uracil, and Cytosine |  | 6 |
| 8406912674 | 3-deoxyfructose-5-phosphate | 7 |
Biochemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8397648660 | Covalent Bond | 2 non-metals, electrons are shared | | 0 |
| 8397655748 | Ionic Bond | Metal + Nonmetal, 1+ electron is transferred | | 1 |
| 8397664590 | Ion | When 2 atoms are attracted together due to an unequal number of electrons | 2 | |
| 8397672314 | Hydrogen Bonds | A weak bond between 2 molecules |  | 3 |
| 8397686182 | Cohesion | Attraction between 2 like things |  | 4 |
| 8397695155 | Adhesion | Attraction between 2 different things | | 5 |
| 8397708636 | Capillary Action | The tendency of a liquid to rise or fall due to surface tension | 6 | |
| 8397717719 | Hydrophilic | Can dissolve in water | 7 | |
| 8397721524 | Hydrophobic | Can not dissolve in water | 8 | |
| 8397729128 | Acid | An acid is a substance which when dissolved in water, releases protons (hydrogen ion) | 9 | |
| 8397740690 | Dissociation | Amount of H-ions released compared to the total amount of a compound, this is a measure of the strength of the acid | 10 | |
| 8397754982 | pH | The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration |  | 11 |
| 8397764210 | Important pH Equations | pH = -log[H+] pOH = -log[OH-] pH + pOH = 14 [OH-] [H+] + 10^-14 | 12 | |
| 8397903307 | Buffer | A solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base (or vice versa) that resists changes in pH | 13 | |
| 8397972608 | Buffering Capacity | The maximum concentration of Hydrogen ions that a buffered solution can neutralize | 14 | |
| 8397979132 | Titration | Method for determining the concentration of a solute in a solution | 15 | |
| 8397987577 | Carbohydrate | A type of biological molecule that occurs naturally in organisms |  | 16 |
| 8398005590 | What atoms form a carbohydrate? | Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen | 17 | |
| 8398018476 | Monosaccharide | C6 H12 O6 | 18 | |
| 8398037893 | Name The Kinds of Monosaccharides | Glucose, Fructose, Galactose | 19 | |
| 8398057154 | Polymer | More than 1 monomers work together | 20 | |
| 8398061367 | Dehydration Synthesis Reaction | Removing water (occurs when 2 carbohydrates bond together) | 21 | |
| 8398068095 | Disaccharide | C12 H22 O11 |  | 22 |
| 8398088904 | Polysaccharide | Chemical formulas vary | 23 | |
| 8398098757 | Protein | Organic molecules consisting of chains of amino acids bonded together | 24 | |
| 8398106599 | Amino acids | Building blocks of proteins (20 common amino acids) |  | 25 |
| 8400830250 | Primary Protein |  | 26 | |
| 8400835927 | Secondary Protein | (Refer to image) |  | 27 |
| 8400840257 | Tertiary Protein | (Refer to image) |  | 28 |
| 8400846911 | Quaternary Protein | (Refer to image) |  | 29 |
| 8401654120 | Roles of proteins | 1. Enzymes 2. Cellular Defense 3. Cellular Transport 4. Inter/intra cellular structure 5. Motion (Actin) 6. Regulation | 30 | |
| 8401670657 | Lipid | Fats and Oils | 31 | |
| 8401759403 | Enzyme | Biological Catalysts (chemicals that affect the rate of a chemical reaction) |  | 32 |
| 8401767158 | Substrate | Molecules upon which an enzyme act | 33 | |
| 8401777030 | Active Site | Part of the enzyme that fit with the substrate | 34 | |
| 8401782372 | End with the letters "ase" | enzymes | 35 | |
| 8401787884 | Enzymes are ______________. | proteins | 36 | |
| 8401793462 | Activation energy | The minimum amount of energy that must be present at the start of a reaction (Enzymes lower the activation energy) |  | 37 |
| 8401818160 | Denatured | Change in shape | 38 | |
| 8401826484 | When we break down a log of sugar in a short period of time, ___________ is created. | heat | 39 |
Biochemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5910106831 | Organic Compounds | Contains carbon (C) bonded with other elements, especially C, O, H, N Biologically "living" things | 0 | |
| 5910107022 | Inorganic Compounds | Everything else, ex. H2O, O2 |  | 1 |
| 5910109251 | Water | Inorganic, Chemical structure dictates properties and biological functions Properties of _____: Polar molecule; -overall neutral but slight charge end to end -dissolves other molecules, therefore an effective solvent |  | 2 |
| 5910114326 | Adhesion | Attractive force between unlike substances -Results in Capillarity: water moves through/up narrow tube or pores against gravity | 3 | |
| 5910114445 | Cohesion | Attractive forces between like substances -Causes H2O to change its temperature very slowly | 4 | |
| 5910119169 | Carbon | Has 4 outer shell electrons (e-): wants 8 electrons Shares its 4 electrons (e-) with 4 more e-of adjacent atoms (often C, O, H, and/or P/N) As each carbon atom creates 4 covelant bonds around itself a variety of sizes and shapes of molecules result: -chains -rings -networks (or branches) | 5 | |
| 5910119170 | Monomer | basic molecule, a building block, containing C, O, H (1 brick) | 6 | |
| 5910121303 | Polymer | created from 2 or more monomer that link together |  | 7 |
| 5910123650 | Macromolecule | very large polymer (1000's monomer) | 8 | |
| 5910129355 | Condensation (Dehydration) Reaction | reaction linking monomers together to form polymer (to build larger molecules) |  | 9 |
| 5910134429 | Hydrolysis | reaction breaking bonds in polymer to form monomers (breaking down large molecules) | | 10 |
| 5910134430 | Organic Compound Groups | 4 major groups: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids | 11 | |
| 5910140142 | Carbohydrates | Consists or C : H : O in a 1 : 2 : 1 ratio Importance: QUICK energy (starch), structural support in plants, product of photosynthesis |  | 12 |
| 5910142109 | Monosaccharide | Monomer of the Carbohydrate (simple sugars - ex: glucose, fructose, galactose) Chemical formula: C6H12O6 ring | | 13 |
| 5910143598 | Disaccharide | 2 monosaccharides | | 14 |
| 5910147118 | Polysaccharide | 3+ monomers of carbohydrates Starch found in plants, Glycogen found in animals, Cellulose found in plant cell walls |  | 15 |
| 5910542431 | Isomer | Different physical arrangements of the same numbers and types of atoms | 16 | |
| 5910149662 | Lipids (fats) | Consists of lots of C and H, a little O Do not dissolve in water (Hydrophobic) Importance: Plants; cuticle, waxy coating on plant leaves prevents dehydration, Earwax; in animals serves as waterproof, insect repellent, Lipids store lots of energy in many C-H bonds, Forms cell membranes |  | 17 |
| 5910161388 | Fatty Acid | Monomer of Lipids in the form of a chain |  | 18 |
| 5910189155 | Triglyceride | Fat polymer, 3 fatty acids and a glycerol At room temperature, fats generally are liquid in plants, solid in animals |  | 19 |
| 5910198634 | Proteins | Consist of C, H, O, N Importance: -found in skin and muscles of animals -found in milk, soy products, meat, nuts, eggs -creates enzymes which run chemical reactions inside of cells, help to run metabolism, act as intermediary catalysts in metabolism -speed up, reactions help chemical reactions to occur but they don't get used up in the reaction | 20 | |
| 5910201371 | Amino Acids | Monomer of the protein, 20 different are possible each had a similar basic structure |  | 21 |
| 5910201372 | Dipeptide | 2 amino acids bonded together |  | 22 |
| 5910204685 | Polypeptide | 3+ amino acid bonded together |  | 23 |
| 5910206481 | Peptide Bond | Covelant bond between individual amino acids in a polypeptide | 24 | |
| 5910211994 | Nucleic Acids | Consists of C, O, N, H, P Importance: 1 gene is the code (instructions) for 1 protein |  | 25 |
| 5910211995 | Nucleotide | Monomer of Nucleic Acids N-bases >>> pair up | A-T G-C |  | 26 |
| 5910214831 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid Contains genetic material = chromosomes = many genes each strand of ___ contains many genes |  | 27 |
| 5910214832 | RNA | Ribonuleic Acid Messenger between DNA and the rest of the cell Transfers genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm to build proteins | 28 |
Biochemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8230356910 | Neutrons charge is... | none | 0 | |
| 8230360323 | Protons charge is... | positive | 1 | |
| 8230379152 | Electrons charge is... | negative | 2 | |
| 8230381929 | element | -a pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means -own set of unique properties |  | 3 |
| 8230429970 | compounds | a pure substance composed of 2 or more elements that are chemically bonded | 4 | |
| 8230437606 | chemical bonds | energy is required to put together compounds and energy is released when bonds are broken | 5 | |
| 8230448209 | ATP | -made by cells for fuel -when we brake the bond in between the phosphates we get our energy |  | 6 |
| 8230484567 | organic compounds | -must contain both carbon and hydrogen - Ex) glucose (C6H12O6) | 7 | |
| 8230500795 | inorganic compound | -everything else -produced by non-living natural processes in a laboratory -these compounds are needed in plants and animals in order to perform all important reactions such as photosynthesis, respiration, and digestion -Ex) carbon dioxide (CO2) water (H2O) salt (NaCI) oxygen (O2) | 8 | |
| 8230588475 | polarity of water | uneven distribution or charges | 9 | |
| 8230594910 | cohesion | water sticks to water | 10 | |
| 8230598967 | adhesion | water sticks to other things | 11 | |
| 8230608304 | surface tension | an effect within the surface layer of a liquid that cause that layer to behave as an elastic sheet | 12 | |
| 8230623189 | capillary action | tendency of water to rise in a thin tube | 13 | |
| 8230632932 | pH scale | -measures the amount or concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution -hydrogen ions = H+ -hydroxide or hydroxyl group = OH |  | 14 |
| 8230682245 | 4 types or organic compounds are | -carbohydrates -lipids -nucleic acids -protiens | 15 | |
| 8230704644 | carbohydrates | -sugars that provide organisms with immediate energy -glucose is used in cells to make ATP during cellular respiration | | 16 |
| 8230728447 | what is another term for sugar | saccharide | 17 | |
| 8230733135 | monosaccharide | -one sugar molecule ( simple sugar) -the building blocks, or subunits of all carbs -ring structure | 18 | |
| 8230759441 | disaccharide | 2 sugars combined | | 19 |
| 8230764145 | polysaccharide | -sometimes called starches -many sugars combined |  | 20 |
| 8230778711 | hydrolysis | to add water and break something apart | 21 | |
| 8230789071 | nucleic acids | -makes up DNA -subunit or building block of nucleotides | 22 | |
| 8230802932 | the 4 nitrogen bases found in nucleotides are | -adenine -thymine -guanine -cytosine | 23 | |
| 8230850805 | nucleotide structure | phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and base |  | 24 |
| 8230863271 | lipids | -source of stored energy -makes up a part of the cell membrane -lipids = fats and oils -oils, nuts, butter | 25 | |
| 8230890073 | fatty acids | building blocks of lipids | 26 | |
| 8230895760 | lipids make up the | cell membrane |  | 27 |
| 8230910157 | proteins | make up most every structure of every organism, hair ,muscles , enzymes | 28 | |
| 8230934072 | amino acids | proteins building blocks or subunits | 29 | |
| 8230920041 | enzymes | in your saliva, stomach, and small intestine are protiens that help you digest your food | 30 | |
| 8230945280 | food sources of protiens | meat, lentils, tofu, beans | 31 | |
| 8230951259 | amino acid structure | 1. amino group 2. carboxyl group 3.hydrogen group 4. functional or variable group (R group) | | 32 |
| 8230973438 | monopeptide | One single amino acid | 33 | |
| 8230992813 | dipeptide | two amino acid | 34 | |
| 8230995799 | polypeptide | many amino acids | 35 | |
| 8231022121 | what is a carbohydrates function | immediate energy | 36 | |
| 8231039165 | carbs picture |  | 37 | |
| 8231043642 | lipids function | stored energy and cell membrane | 38 | |
| 8231050265 | lipids building block | fatty acid | 39 | |
| 8231053383 | lipids picture |  | 40 | |
| 8231058718 | nucleic acids funtion | DNA and genetic material | 41 | |
| 8231062758 | nucleic acids building block | nucleotide | 42 | |
| 8231067950 | nucleotides picture | | 43 | |
| 8231072099 | proteins function | hair , nails , muscles, enzymes, etc | 44 | |
| 8231079980 | proteins building block | amino acids | 45 | |
| 8231033748 | whats a carbs building block | monosaccharide | 46 | |
| 8231082468 | Enzymes | Proteins that speed up the rate of chemical reactions inside the cell that are sometimes called biological catalysts | 47 | |
| 8237958084 | activation energy | Energy needed to get a chemical reaction started | 48 | |
| 8237958085 | synthesis | Enzymes that put things together | 49 | |
| 8237958086 | Digestion | Enzymes break things apart | 50 | |
| 8237958087 | What are enzymes made up of | Amino acids | 51 | |
| 8238001260 | How many types of amino acids are there | 20 | 52 | |
| 8238001261 | What does the order of amino acids determine | The function or job of an enzyme | 53 | |
| 8238001262 | Homeostasis | Internal balance | 54 | |
| 8238001263 | Most enzymes end in | ase | 55 | |
| 8238001264 | Maltese breaks down | Maltose | 56 | |
| 8238001265 | Protease breaks down | Proteins | 57 | |
| 8238001266 | Lipase breaks down | Lipids | 58 | |
| 8238001267 | Individual enzymes are | Highly specific | 59 | |
| 8244708896 | lock and key model | | 60 | |
| 8244723955 | 61 |
Biochemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7801373420 | Cohesion | An attraction between molecules of the same substance. | 0 | |
| 7801373421 | Adhesion | An attraction between molecules of different substances. | 1 | |
| 7801373422 | Hydrophobic | Doesn't mix with water | 2 | |
| 7801376199 | Hydrophilic | Will mix with water | 3 | |
| 7801376200 | Carbohydrate | Sugar and starch | 4 | |
| 7801376201 | Lipid | Fat and oil | 5 | |
| 7801379520 | Protein | Made of chains of amino acids | 6 | |
| 7801381615 | Nucleic Acid | DNA | 7 | |
| 7801381616 | Atom | Smallest particle of matter | 8 | |
| 7801381617 | Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds | 9 | |
| 7801383774 | Covalent Bond | A strong chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule. | 10 | |
| 7801383775 | Hydrogen Bond | A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another stronger atom like oxygen or nitrogen. | 11 | |
| 7801385687 | Carbon | Element who's atomic symbol is C | 12 | |
| 7801385688 | Hydrogen | Element who's atomic symbol is H | 13 | |
| 7801387868 | Oxygen | Element who's atomic symbol is O | 14 | |
| 7801387869 | Sulfur | Element who's atomic symbol is S | 15 | |
| 7801387870 | Phosphorous | Element who's atomic symbol is P | 16 | |
| 7801398259 | Nitrogen | Element who's atomic symbol is N | 17 |
Biochemistry Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8335411448 | Universe | The system and its surroundings together. | 0 | |
| 8335411449 | System | All the reactants and products, solvent, and immediate atmosphere >> everything within a defined region of space. | 1 | |
| 8335411450 | Isolated system | If the system exchanges neither matter not energy with its surroundings. | 2 | |
| 8335411451 | Closed system | If the system exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings. | 3 | |
| 8335411452 | Open system | If system exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings. | 4 | |
| 8335411453 | Two ways in which living organisms derive energy from their surroundings? | 1. They take up chemical fuels(glucose) from the environment and extract energy by oxidizing them. 2. They absorb energy from sunlight. | 5 | |
| 8335411454 | First law of thermodynamics | In any physical or chemical change, the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant, although the form of the energy may change. | 6 | |
| 8335411455 | Photosynthetic cells | Absorb light energy and use it it to drive electrons from water to carbon dioxide, forming energy-rich products such as glucose, starch, and sucrose. And releasing O2 into the atmosphere. | 7 | |
| 8335411456 | Nonphotosynthetic cells/organisms | Obtain energy by oxidizing the energy-rich products of photosynthesis and then passing electrons to atmospheric O2 to form water, carbon dioxide, and other end products. | 8 | |
| 8335411459 | Potential Energy (energy in cells) | •nutrients in environment •sunlight | 9 | |
| 8335411460 | Cellular work | •chemical synthesis •mechanical work •osmotic and electrical gradients •light production •genetic information transfer | 10 | |
| 8335411461 | Oxidation-reduction reactions | One reactant is oxidized(loses electrons) as another is reduced(gains electrons) | 11 | |
| 8335411462 | Entropy(S) | The randomness or disorder | 12 | |
| 8335411464 | Negative DeltaG | process is spontaneous | 13 | |
| 8335411465 | endergonic reactions | requires energy | 14 | |
| 8335411466 | exergonic reacctions | give off energy | 15 | |
| 8335411467 | Which of the following statements are true about peptide bonds: 1. peptide bonds are amide linkages. 2. peptide bond formation is a hydrolysis reaction. 3. a tetrapeptide contains five amino acid residues. 4. peptides are polymers of proteins. 5. peptide bonds form from ncleophilic attack by an electron pair on an alpha amino nitrogen atom on an alpha caboxyl carbon atom of another amino acid. | 1 and 5. | 16 | |
| 8335411468 | which of the following are functions of amino acids: 1.hormones 2.metabolic intermediates 3. neurotransmitters. 4. carriers of gentetic information. 5. protein components. | 1, 2, 3, 5 | 17 | |
| 8335411469 | glycine | Glycine Gly G Nonpolar |  | 18 |
| 8335411470 | glycine (3 letter) | gly | 19 | |
| 8335411471 | G (1 letter) | G | 20 | |
| 8335411472 | Alanine | Alanine Ala A nonpolar |  | 21 |
| 8335411473 | Alanine (3 letter) | Ala | 22 | |
| 8335411474 | Alanine (1 letter) | A | 23 | |
| 8335411475 | Valine | Valine Val V nonpolar |  | 24 |
| 8335411476 | valine(3 letter) | Val | 25 | |
| 8335411477 | valine (1 letter) | V | 26 | |
| 8335411478 | leucine | leucine leu L nonpolar |  | 27 |
| 8335411479 | leucine 3 | leu | 28 | |
| 8335411480 | leucine 1 | L | 29 | |
| 8335411481 | Isoleucine | isoleucine ILE I nonpolar |  | 30 |
| 8335411482 | isoleucine 3 | ILE | 31 | |
| 8335411483 | isoleucine 1 | I | 32 | |
| 8335411484 | methionine | methionine met m nonpolar |  | 33 |
| 8335411485 | methionine 3 | met | 34 | |
| 8335411486 | methionine 1 | M | 35 | |
| 8335411487 | phenylalanine | phenylalanine phe F aromatic |  | 36 |
| 8335411488 | phenylalanine 3 | PHE | 37 | |
| 8335411489 | phenylalanine 1 | F | 38 | |
| 8335411490 | tyrosin | tyrosine tyr y aromatic |  | 39 |
| 8335411491 | tyrosin 3 | tyr | 40 | |
| 8335411492 | tyrosin 1 | Y | 41 | |
| 8335411493 | tryptophan | tryptophan trp W aromatic |  | 42 |
| 8335411494 | tryptophan 3 | trp | 43 | |
| 8335411495 | tryptophan 1 | W | 44 | |
| 8335411496 | serine | serine ser S polar uncharged |  | 45 |
| 8335411497 | threonine | threonine THR T polar uncharged |  | 46 |
| 8335411498 | threonine 3 | thr | 47 | |
| 8335411499 | threonine 1 | T | 48 | |
| 8335411500 | asparagine | asparagine asn N polar uncharged |  | 49 |
| 8335411501 | asparagine 3 | asn | 50 | |
| 8335411502 | asparagine 1 | N | 51 | |
| 8335411503 | glutamine | glutamine GLN Q polar uncharged |  | 52 |
| 8335411504 | glutamine 3 | GLN | 53 | |
| 8335411505 | glutamine 1 | Q | 54 | |
| 8335411506 | cysteine | cysteine cys C polar uncharged |  | 55 |
| 8335411507 | lysine | lysine lys K polar charged (+) |  | 56 |
| 8335411508 | lysine 3 | lys | 57 | |
| 8335411509 | lysine 1 | K | 58 | |
| 8335411510 | arginine | arginine arg R polar charged (+) |  | 59 |
| 8335411511 | histidine | histidine his H polar charged(+) basic |  | 60 |
| 8335411512 | histidine 3 | his | 61 | |
| 8335411513 | histidine 1 | H | 62 | |
| 8335411514 | glutamic acid | glutamic acid glu E polar charged (-) acidic |  | 63 |
| 8335411515 | glutamic acid 3 | GLU | 64 | |
| 8335411516 | glutamic acid 1 | E | 65 | |
| 8335411517 | Aspartic Acid | Aspartic Acid ASP D polar charged(-) |  | 66 |
| 8335411518 | arpartic acid 3 | ASP | 67 | |
| 8335411519 | aspartic acid 1 | D | 68 | |
| 8335411528 | amino pka | about 9 | 69 | |
| 8335411531 | which of the following statements about amino acids are true: 1.asn and gln are polar amino acids. 2.lysine has one stereocenter. 3.the ala side chain does not form hydrogen bonds with other amino acids. 4.the form of glycine used by the human body is d-glycine. 5.proline has an overall charge at pH seven. 6.phe can undergo oxidation to form tyr. 7.methionine is a thiol. | 1,2,3,6. | 70 | |
| 8335411532 | zwitterion form of an amino acid |  | 71 | |
| 8335411533 | archaea | most inhabit extreme environments | 72 | |
| 8335411534 | bacteria | e coli | 73 | |
| 8335411535 | eukarya | -cells have a nucleus -cells have membrane-bound organelles -many are multicellular -plants -eukaryotes | 74 | |
| 8335411536 | archaea and bacteria | -cells do not have a nucleus -prokaryotes | 75 | |
| 8335411537 | bacteria, eukarya, archae | cells contain genetic material | 76 | |
| 8335411552 | ketone |  | 77 | |
| 8335411557 | carboxyl group |  | 78 | |
| 8335411558 | carbonyl group |  | 79 | |
| 8335411565 | aldehyde |  | 80 | |
| 8335411574 | translation | rna >> protein | 81 | |
| 8335411575 | transcription | dna >> rna | 82 | |
| 8335411576 | reverse transcription | rna >> dna | 83 | |
| 8335411577 | replication | dna >> dna | 84 | |
| 8335411582 | acid | hydrogenated | 85 | |
| 8335411583 | conjugate base | dehydrogenated |  | 86 |
| 8335411585 | titration curve |  | 87 | |
| 8335411586 | pka vs pka relation | whatever has the lower Ka value is favored. | 88 | |
| 8335411588 | how does a buffer resist change in pH upon addition of a stong acid | the stong acid reacts with the weak base in the buffer to form a weak acid, which produces few H+ ions in solution and therefore only a little change in pH. | 89 | |
| 8335411589 | what accurately describes the blood buffering system in humans | bicarbonate buffer system | 90 | |
| 8335411590 | how does hyperventilation affect pH | it decreases CO2 and H+ in the blood, increasing pH. | 91 | |
| 8335411591 | which three of the statements are true: 1. hydrophobic molecules are individually hydrated in water, increasing the entropy of the system. 2. amphipathic(amphiphilic) lipids are the structural basis of biological bilayer membranes. 3. the tendency of water to minimize its contact with nonpolar substances is called the hydrophobic effect. 4. hydrophobic molecules do not readily dissolve in water in part because water molecules involved in hydration cannot participate in normal hydrogen bonding with one another. | 2, 3, 5 | 92 | |
| 8335411602 | Hydrogen bonding | -90% electrostatic in nature -10% quantum mechanical -easily broken and reformed -stronger when in linear formation | 93 | |
| 8335411604 | amphipathic | polar head and nonpolar tail | 94 | |
| 8335411608 | enzymes | biocatalyst enhance the rate of reaction without being consumed by lowering the activation energy. | 95 | |
| 8335411609 | transition state | first the distortion of existing bonds, highest point in reaction diagram | 96 | |
| 8335411610 | activation energy | difference in reactants and transition state | 97 | |
| 8335411611 | catabolism | degradative, free energy yielding reactions | 98 | |
| 8335411612 | anabolism | reactions that require energy | 99 | |
| 8335411613 | metabolism | the overall pathway. | 100 | |
| 8335411614 | deoxyribonucleotides | basic unit of DNA linear polymer of 4 different monomeric subunits | 101 | |
| 8335411615 | native conformation | the precise 3D structure | 102 | |
| 8335411616 | micelles | all hydrophobic groups are sequestered from water. ordered shell of h2O molecules is minimized and entropy is increased. the nonpolar is on the outside. |  | 103 |
| 8335411618 | pH optimum | enyzmes usually show maximum catalytic activity. | 104 | |
| 8336265700 | phosphate buffer system | a reversible reaction that resists pH changes at each pKa that is created by conjugate acid-base equilibrium from the 3 possible hydrogens coming off | 105 | |
| 8336306148 | FRET false negatives | spacial difficulties due to folding (greater than 5nm) or they really don't interact | 106 | |
| 8336350275 | affinity chromatography can separate by what factors? | charge, polarity | 107 | |
| 8336391197 | hydration shell | the hydrogen bonds that form with ions causing salts to dissolve | 108 | |
| 8336415973 | osmolarity | water to solute ratio must be equal in and outside of cells. | 109 | |
| 8336444679 | pH is less than pKa | more acid than base | 110 | |
| 8336456926 | pI | combined pKa, not stable | 111 | |
| 8336464658 | alpha carbon | one carbon from carbon double bonded to O | 112 | |
| 8336494561 | protein-protein interactions | increase entropy, many chemical forces to keep together | 113 | |
| 8336509257 | intracellular buffer | phosphate and histadine | 114 | |
| 8336525005 | spontaneous | don't require energy | 115 | |
| 8336552854 | SDS page | seperation based on size | 116 | |
| 8336562278 | UV spectroscopy | seperation based on aromoticity | 117 | |
| 8336571628 | IEF | seperation based on pI | 118 | |
| 8336579948 | gas chromatography | seperation based on size | 119 | |
| 8336596725 | alpha helix formation | H-bonds in backbone | 120 | |
| 8336608946 | subunit association | R-group to Rgroup or backbone | 121 | |
| 8336639087 | serine protease | break peptide bonds ex trypsin | 122 | |
| 8336702111 | native contact | must be close but not already connected | 123 | |
| 8336729597 | helix-turn helix | DNA binder | 124 | |
| 8336716818 | coiled coil domain | DNA binder | 125 | |
| 8336729598 | BAR domain | homodimer | 126 | |
| 8336789405 | center of membrane residues | hydrophilic | 127 | |
| 8336872786 | liposome | more specific than a pill, a pill can do everything but be as specific | 128 | |
| 8336899529 | Residues most likely to be phosproylated | S, T, Y | 129 | |
| 8336925000 | Prosthetic groups | ions, carbohydrates, cofactors | 130 | |
| 8336941216 | lipid metabolism | high energy release | 131 | |
| 8336947283 | antiport | moves ions in opposite directions | 132 | |
| 8336953936 | symport | moves ions in same direction | 133 | |
| 8336962674 | triglycerides | not in plasma membrane | 134 | |
| 8336980383 | membrane rigidity | impacts the amount of protein protein interactions within the membrane | 135 | |
| 8337004230 | shuttle vectors require | both species origin of rep., restriction sites, selection genes for both species | 136 | |
| 8337027793 | double displacement | ping-pong, AE1 -> XE2 -> BE2-> YE1 | 137 | |
| 8337063446 | single displacement | AEB | 138 | |
| 8337087309 | lysozyme and bacteria | gram positive have peptidoglycan layer which is recognized and broken down by lysozyme. Gram negative is not. | 139 | |
| 8337124467 | alpha linkage | o bond down | 140 | |
| 8337134737 | numbering linkage | same as the carbon numbers that are linked | 141 | |
| 8337153427 | Reducing sugars | have H to give to reduce an oxidant. like in glucose | 142 | |
| 8337255339 | denealing | causes a spike in wavelength at 260nm | 143 | |
| 8337302728 | viability requires | origin of rep but only 1 | 144 | |
| 8337318023 | complementation | reverse and match | 145 | |
| 8337327523 | peptide bonds formed by | ribosomes | 146 | |
| 8337348485 | insertions | don't cut your genes. | 147 | |
| 8337354062 | sanger sequencing | bottom up to 3' | 148 | |
| 8337381724 | pyrosequencing | right to left is 5' to 3' | 149 | |
| 8337431940 | km/ kcat | efficiency, bigger is better | 150 | |
| 8337447761 | Km | constant for enzyme | 151 | |
| 8337460806 | kcat | affinity | 152 | |
| 8337745228 | vmax change | confirmation change, enzyme itself is changed | 153 | |
| 8337768567 | K change | affinity changed | 154 | |
| 8337785076 | competitive inhibition | same binding site | 155 | |
| 8337794082 | noncompetitive inhibition | different binding site | 156 | |
| 8337797246 | allosteric | favors one confirmation over another | 157 | |
| 8337813746 | steady state | the general linear pattern of the M&M graph | 158 | |
| 8337847986 | factor X | clotting by glycosylation of prothrombin to thrombin | 159 | |
| 8337929631 | lower curve | Favors T0 | 160 | |
| 8337945547 | gluconeogenesis | initiated by glycogen phosphorylase in phosphorylated form | 161 | |
| 8337980261 | CAR-T | integrated plasmid with V region and C region | 162 | |
| 8338030529 | Fixing mutations | most specific is Crisper-Cas | 163 | |
| 8338044159 | increase in kM | indicates inhibitor | 164 | |
| 8338059321 | increase vMax | cofactor | 165 | |
| 8338078065 | alphaKG-> glutamate | PPD aminotransferase | 166 | |
| 8338125006 | glutamate with GS | becomes glutamine (gln) | 167 | |
| 8338143388 | pIIa | causes adenylation of GS to turn it off | 168 | |
| 8338149445 | pIId | causes deadenylation of GS to turn it on | 169 | |
| 8338171466 | carbamoyl-P | inhibits glutamine production, made by carbamoyl-p synthetase | 170 | |
| 8338226498 | nucleic acid degradation | produces a lot of Uric acid | 171 | |
| 8338265119 | goal of amino acid degradation | produce 1 of 7 intermediates for energy production | 172 | |
| 8338280291 | R5P-> PRPP | pyrophosphokinase | 173 | |
| 8338302773 | PRPP-> PRamine | amidotransferase | 174 | |
| 8338319339 | IMP | common purine intermediate | 175 | |
| 8338331424 | IMP dehydrogenase | pathway to G | 176 | |
| 8338335837 | adenylosuccinate synthetase | pathway to A | 177 | |
| 8338389155 | UMP | common pyrimidine intermediate | 178 | |
| 8338397616 | CPSII | eukaryotic regulation for pyrimidine synthesis | 179 | |
| 8338410159 | ATCase | prokaryotic regulation for pyrimidine synthesis | 180 | |
| 8338437303 | ribonucleotide reductase | reduces RNA to DNA | 181 | |
| 8338452759 | How many subunits does RNR have | 4 | 182 | |
| 8338456647 | Domains of RNR | A- activation, S- specificity, C-catalytic | 183 | |
| 8338467387 | ATP in S produces | dCTP and dTTP | 184 | |
| 8338489699 | dTTP in S produces | dGTP | 185 | |
| 8338506747 | dGTP in S produces | dADP | 186 | |
| 8338523319 | how to make dTTP | dCDP-> dUMP | 187 | |
| 8338541301 | dCDP-> dUMP | dCMP deaminase | 188 | |
| 8338591834 | EC | energy charge | 189 | |
| 8338594497 | EC of 1 | all ATP | 190 | |
| 8338598431 | EC of 0 | all AMP | 191 | |
| 8338607930 | high EC | favors U reactions | 192 | |
| 8338612679 | U reactions | anabolic, use ATP, like gluconeogenesis | 193 | |
| 8338623865 | R reactions | catabilic, produce ATP like glycolysis | 194 | |
| 8338637911 | brain | most U reactions | 195 | |
| 8338644713 | liver | most R reactions | 196 | |
| 8338694865 | processivity | time from enzyme attaches to when it dissociates | 197 | |
| 8338710156 | Pol1 | medium in all but processivity, has 5'-3' exonuclease, removes primer | 198 | |
| 8338730795 | Pol2 | small in all, but number, for repair | 199 | |
| 8338744710 | Pol3 | biggest in all but number, main replicator | 200 | |
| 8338756056 | all Pol | Mg cofactor | 201 | |
| 8338957937 | Why is RNR a target of cancer drugs? | If you don't have enough dNTPs you cant replicate | 202 | |
| 8338986330 | Mutations | Can cause problems in intron or exon (create alternative splicing) | 203 | |
| 8339032282 | BRACO1 domains | ring finger, BRCT, RAD51 (recombinase) | 204 | |
| 8339063304 | excision | really bad damage is replaced | 205 | |
| 8339080463 | SOS | survival not correct | 206 | |
| 8339086090 | RecBDC | for restarting replication, 1 break, 3' overhang, can have 2 holiday junctions | 207 | |
| 8339133538 | telomere | important for protection | 208 | |
| 8339139694 | cancer | has telomerase, uncontrolled growth, p53 is not active | 209 | |
| 8339169475 | eukaryotes | most regulation of expression | 210 | |
| 8339180049 | capping | guanyly-transferase | 211 | |
| 8339188035 | polyA tail | PAP | 212 | |
| 8339210900 | splicing | intron removed by lariat formed and cut off | 213 | |
| 8339223652 | what removes lariat | transesterifaction | 214 | |
| 8339238539 | interferance | many forms, lncRNA can have multiple functions | 215 | |
| 8339247842 | tRNA | coordination between anticodon and amino acid | 216 | |
| 8339272288 | protein synthesis | ribosome only translates | 217 | |
| 8339282633 | initiation inhibition | eIF2 form a tight complex by phosphorylation | 218 | |
| 8339296691 | regulation of phosphorylation | can be by cofactors or amount of RNA | 219 | |
| 8339330465 | eIF4 | recognizes cap | 220 | |
| 8339334413 | folding process | can be regulated to ensure proper proteins are formed. | 221 | |
| 8339374053 | snap shot | degradation and metabolism are in a ratio at that moment and you can affect one to see the rate of the other | 222 | |
| 8339402893 | misregulations | the opposite of what is supposed to happen | 223 | |
| 8339413207 | glycogen phosphorylase | starts gluconeogenesis | 224 | |
| 8339447135 | gluconeogenesis process regulation | makes glucose or pyruvate is increased in diabetes | 225 | |
| 8339473542 | hemoglobin A1C | amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin | 226 | |
| 8339498720 | Qn site | releases UQ, no electron | 227 | |
| 8339506258 | Qp | releases electron to FeS and UQ to Qn | 228 | |
| 8339531416 | protein kinase | keeps glycolysis going | 229 | |
| 8339540224 | when glucose metabolism is messed up | lipid metabolism increases | 230 | |
| 8339549150 | TPP | made from vitamin B, important cofactor in metabolism | 231 | |
| 8339560090 | lipid metabolism equation | molecules( (cuts+1*10 +cuts (4))-2) | 232 | |
| 8339603831 | pyruvate oxidation | 3 enzymes, 5 cofactors, 1 NADH | 233 | |
| 8339645876 | major minerals | CPPSSCM | 234 | |
| 8339690380 | C4 plants | only have carboxylase in mesophyll cells | 235 | |
| 8339739935 | malate shuttle | NADH to NADH or to citrate or OOA or to CO2 and electron | 236 | |
| 8339766562 | liver PFK | increases gluconeogenesis | 237 | |
| 8339794044 | Treat Diabetes | inhibit glucagon and gluconeogenesis | 238 | |
| 8339832176 | inhibiting gluconeogenesis causes weakness because | turns off pyruvate carboxylase | 239 | |
| 8339850940 | too much ATP | increases glycolysis | 240 | |
| 8339864384 | deficiency in an enzyme | causes all after it to decrease, all before to increase | 241 | |
| 8339898657 | low G6PDH activity | caused by G6P being used for glycolysis, less glucose uptake, and increases ROS | 242 | |
| 8339929372 | cyto C reduction | Complex 3 | 243 | |
| 8339929373 | cyto C oxidation | complex 4 | 244 | |
| 8339943521 | cyanide | complex 3 | 245 | |
| 8339947840 | DCCD | ATP synthase | 246 | |
| 8339956867 | Antimycin | complex 2 | 247 | |
| 8339983112 | demoral | complex1 | 248 | |
| 8340065189 | citrate transport | induces gluconeogenesis | 249 |
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