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Level B Unit 12 Synonyms Flashcards

Synonyms

6063140240	abound	burst with, overflow with, teem with	0
6063140241	braggart	bigmouth, blowhard	1
6063140242	cache	stockpile, hoard, store	2
6063140243	clarification	elucidation, explication	3
6063140244	despondent	dejected, depressed, forlorn	4
6063140245	embezzle	swindle, defraud	5
6063140246	heartrending	moving, sad, heartbreaking, poignant	6
6063140247	leisurely	slow, relaxed	7
6063140248	lethargic	lazy, sluggish, listless	8
6063140249	malady	ailment, indisposition	9
6063140250	mellow	dulcet, creamy	10
6063140251	nomadic	roving, roaming, vagrant, migratory, itinerant	11
6063140252	piecemeal	bit by bit	12
6063140253	quest	pursuit, venture	13
6063140254	random	haphazard, arbitrary	14
6063140255	rant	rave, fume, spout, harangue	15
6063140256	reinforce	strengthen, bolster, prop up, support	16
6063140257	seclusion	aloneness, solitariness	17
6063140258	status	situation, recognition	18
6063140259	turmoil	upheaval, tumult, chaos	19

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Spanish B 12 analogies Flashcards

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7703182807	Reportero	Periodista	0
7703182808	Hacer	Realizar	1
7703182809	Birome	Boligrafo	2
7703182810	Crónica (cronical)	Reportaje	3
7703182811	Canicas	Bolitas	4
7703182812	Enfatizarse que (to emphasize)	Hacer hicapié en	5
7703182813	Fortuito	Casual	6
7703182814	Venderse	Comercializarse	7

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English 12 B FINAL REVIEW 100% ALL CORRECT Flashcards

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Biochemistry Flashcards

Remember the basic structure and nomenclature of each amino acid, understand their chemical properties and classification,

Hello! This is an amino acid set by Fadil Nohur, aka fiddle_n. Here are a list of the 20 amino acids coded in the genome. Amino acids vary in their difficulty for learning. Some amino acids are easy to learn, whilst some defy memorisation (yes, tryptophan, I'm looking at you!). All amino acid pictures have been painstakingly edited and uploaded by none other than me, for your learning pleasure! Have fun learning, and maybe give me a high five if you feel like it ;)

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8721614164	alanine	Methyl R-group	0
8721614165	valine	2 Methyl R-group	1
8721614166	leucine	4 extra C	2
8721614167	isoleucine	Methyl moved to beta C	3
8721614168	glycine	H instead of R	4
8721614169	proline	Cyclic Shape	5
8721614170	cysteine	-SH R-group (thiol)	6
8721614171	methionine	Only one with -S	7
8721614172	phenylalanine	Benzene as R group	8
8721614173	tryptophan	Pentene-benzene R group	9
8721614174	tyrosine	phenol as R	10
8721614175	asparagine	Amide 1 C away	11
8721614176	glutamine	Amide 2 C away	12
8721614177	serine	Hydroxy as R	13
8721614178	threonine	Methyl and Hydroxy as R	14
8721614179	lysine	Amine 4 Cs away	15
8721614180	histidine	Imidazole (ring), under very acidic conditions both H get deprotonated	16
8721614181	arginine	4 N's, 3 Cs away	17
8721614182	aspartic acid	Carboxyl 1 C away, found deprotonated in cells	18
8721614183	glutamic acid	Carboxyl 2 C away, found deprotonated in cells	19
8721614184	S configuration	R/S configuration of Amino Acids	20
8721614185	L- enantiomer	The amino group is to the left	21
8721614186	R- enantiomer	The amino group is to the right	22
8721614187	Glycine	Only amino acid that is achiral	23
8721614188	Peptides	Covalent bond chain of amino acid residue. Requires condensation of two amino acids, forming H20	24
8721614189	Dipeptide	2 Amino Acids linked	25
8721614190	Oligopeptide	2-20 amino acid residue chain	26
8721614191	Polypeptides	Over 20 peptide chain, but less than 50	27
8721614192	Protein	Over 50 amino acids linked together	28
8721614193	The C=N bond has delocalization of electrons due to resonance, making it very stable.	The peptide bond is rigid because...	29
8721614194	Break a Polypeptide Bond	Requires 1 water molecule and hydrolytic enzymes to... (This process is commonly found in the digestive system)	30
8721614195	linear	The primary structure of a protein is...	31
8721614196	from amino to carboxy	In the primary structure of proteins the sequence is read...	32
8721614197	Hydrogen bonding between the oxygen of the carboxy and N of the amino group	In secondary structures the alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets are stablilized by by...	33
8721614198	strengthen the helix shape because of the repulsive interactions with the surrounding environment	The R groups in the secondary structure alpha-helix...	34
8721614199	pointing up, while the other half point down	Half of the R groups in the beta-pleated sheets are..	35
8721614200	it contains kinks in its peptide	Proline affects tertiary structure of proteins because...	36
8721614201	Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Proline	Non Polar and Non Aromatic Side Chain	37
8721614202	Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine	Aromatic Side Chain	38
8721614203	Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, Glutamine, Cysteine	Polar Side Chain	39
8721614204	Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid	Negatively Charged Side Chain and Acidic	40
8721614205	Arginine, Lysine, Histidine	Positively Charged Side Chain and Basic	41
8721614206	Alanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine, Phenylalanine	Hydrophobic and found inside of proteins	42
8721614207	Histidine, Lysine, Arginine, Glutamate, Aspartate	Hydrophilic and found on the surface of proteins because charge	43
8721614208	Zwitterion	Neutral Amino Acid because has negative and positive charges on it.	44
8721614209	Amphoteric	Can be protonated or deprotonated	45
8721614210	Isoelectric point (pI)	Average 2 pka values below/above neutral (if more than 2 pka values, the average the ones that are closest together until you have two). Half protonated and other half is deprotonated at this point.	46
8721614211	Tertiary Structures	3D shape of 1 polypeptide chain that is stabilizied by hydrophobic interactions (hydrophobic amino acids inside protein and hydrophilic amino acids on the surface), acid-base interactions (salt bridges), H-bonding within protein between amino and carboxyl end of proteins, Disulfide bonds (oxidation of cysteine to cystine)	47
8721614212	Quartenary Structures	Interactions between peptides in a protein that has many subunits	48
8721614213	Lyases, Isomerase, Ligase, Hydrolase, Oxidoreductase, Transferase	Lil Hot	49
8721614214	Lyases	They cleave molecules into two molecules without water	50
8721614215	Isomerase	They help change molecules from 1 isomer to another, such as a constitutional to stereoisomer	51
8721614216	Ligase	They help add molecules together, usually large biomolecules that are the same	52
8721614217	Hydrolase	They use water to break molecules apart	53
8721614218	Oxidoreductase	Aid in the facilitation of oxidation-reduction reactions	54
8721614219	Transferase	They aid in the movement of functional groups from one molecule to another	55
8721614220	Lock and Key	Substrate and enzyme are complimentary and fit with one another.	56
8721614221	Induced- Fit	The Active site of the enzyme changes to compliment the substrate	57
8721614222	Co-factors	Metal cations used to aid in enzyme activity	58
8721614223	Saturation Kinetics	As substrates increases so does the reaction rate, until it reaches a point where it no longer does	59
8721614224	Temperature, pH, Salinity	Factors affecting Enzyme Activity	60
8721614225	Competitive Inhibition	Inhibitor competes with substrate for the active site of the enzyme. Adding more substrate overcomes this type of inhibition.	61
8721614226	Non Competitive Inhibition	Inhibitor has same affinity for enzyme and enzyme-substrate complex. It binds to the allosteric site of the enzyme.	62
8721614227	Km increases, while the Vmax stays the same, adding more substrate	In Competitive inhibition the inhibitor causes the km to ________ and vmax_________. Can overcome effects by____________	63
8721614228	Stays the same, decreases	In Non Competitive inhibition the km _____, while the Vmax ________	64
8721614229	Mixed Inhibition	Inhibitor has unequal affinity for the enzyme and enyzyme-substrate complex.	65
8721614230	Uncompetitive Inhibition	Inhibitor only binds to enzyme-substrate complex. Works best when theres more ES and more enzyme.	66
8721614231	Deprotonation	pH > pka	67
8721614232	Protonation	pka > pH	68
8721614233	Alanine	A	69
8721614234	Asparagine or Aspartic Acid	B	70
8721614235	Alanine	Ala	71
8721614236	Cysteine	C	72
8721614237	Cysteine	Cys	73
8721614238	Aspartic Acid	D	74
8721614239	Aspartic Acid	Asp	75
8721614240	Glutamic Acid	E	76
8721614241	Glutamic Acid	Glu	77
8721614242	Phenylalanine	F	78
8721614243	Phenylalanine	Phe	79
8721614244	Glycine	Gly	80
8721614245	Glycine	G	81
8721614246	Histidine	His	82
8721614247	Histidine	H	83
8721614248	Isoleucine	I	84
8721614249	Isoleucine	Ile	85
8721614250	Lysine	Lys	86
8721614251	Lysine	K	87
8721614252	Leucine	Leu	88
8721614253	Leucine	L	89
8721614254	Methionine	Met	90
8721614255	Methionine	M	91
8721614256	Asparagine	Asn	92
8721614257	Asparagine	N	93
8721614258	Proline	P	94
8721614259	Proline	Pro	95
8721614260	Glutamine	Gln	96
8721614261	Glutamine	Q	97
8721614262	Arginine	Arg	98
8721614263	Arginine	R	99
8721614264	Serine	Ser	100
8721614265	Serine	S	101
8721614266	Threonine	Thr	102
8721614267	Threonine	T	103
8721614268	Valine	Val	104
8721614269	Valine	V	105
8721614270	Tryptophan	W	106
8721614271	Tryptophan	trp	107
8721614272	Tyrosine	Tyr	108
8721614273	Tyrosine	Y	109
8721614274	Glutamine or Glutamic Acid	Z	110
8721614275	Oxidation	More Oxygen bonds are added, and less Hydrogen bonds	111
8721614276	Reduction	Less Oxygen bonds, and more Hydrogen bonds	112
8721614277	Transition Metals	Metals that change colors when they are oxidized	113
8721614278	Hemoglobin	This protein can hold 4 Oxygen molecules in total, and after the first Oxygen molecule has binded its conformation shifts to increase the affinity for more Oxygens	114
8721614279	Protonated	Amino Acids in low pH are found _____	115
8721614280	deprotonated	Amino Acids in high pHs are found ________	116
8721614281	cDNA	DNA that only contains the exons of a strand and made from reverse transcription of RNA. Purpose is to sequence specific genes, identify disease causing mutations, produce recombinant proteins or produce transgenic animals.	117
8721614282	Hill Coefficient	Tells you if protein exhibits cooperativity. If it is greater than 1 yes, if at 1 no.	118
8721614283	Gel Electrophoresis	Uses to separate macromolecules, such as proteins (kDa) and DNA (#base pairs, kilobases), based on size and charge. For DNA, use agarose gels because it weeds out large molecules because larger pores. Negative ions to cathodes, while positive ions to anode. Shows bands with smaller sizes farther away and larger sizes closer.	119
8721614284	Michaelis Menten Experiment	Keep enzyme concentration level, manipulate substrate concentration (by adding usually) to get Km and Vmax in the presence or absence of inhibitor.	120
8721614285	Sense, coding, non-template strand	DNA strand that RNA polymerase II doesnt bind to during transcription. But is the same as the mRNA made	121
8721614286	Antisense, noncoding, template strand	DNA strand that RNA polymerase II binds to during transcription. Complements mRNA strand.	122
8721614287	km increases, and the vmax decreases	In Mixed inhibition if the inhibitor favors the Enzyme more than the enzyme substrate the km_________ and the vmax__________	123
8721614288	km decreases and the vmax decreases	In Mixed Inhibition if the inhibitor favors the enzyme substrate more than the enzyme the km_______ and the vmax ___________	124
8721614289	km decreases and the vmax decreases	In uncompetitive inhibition the km________ and the vmax_________	125
8721614290	Competitive inhibition	The lineweaver burke plot shows km gets larger (line shifts to right of non inhibitor), but crosses the same point on the y axis (vmax)	126
8721614291	Noncompetitive Inhibition	The lineweaver burke plot shows the inhibitor present and inhibitor not present lines intersect at x axis and for the inhibitor present line it is higher than the inhibitor not present line (vmax gets smaller)	127
8721614292	Mixed Inhibition	The lineweaver burke plot shows an intersection somewhere in the plot not on an axis	128
8721614293	Uncompetitive Inhibition	The lineweaver burke plot shows no intersection only parallel lines.	129
8721614294	Km	at 1/2vmax it is the substrate concentration at which half of the enzymes active sites are full. High km means that theres more substrate not bound to enzyme, so enzyme has low affinity for substrate. At low km means there is not a lot of substrate unbound to enzyme so the enzyme must really like the enzyme.	130
8721614295	Enzyme Saturation Kinetics	At substrate concentrations below km adding more substrate greatly increases the rate of the raction, but at concentration higher than km the reaction rate does not increase that much faster as it reaches vmax.	131
8721614296	SDS PAGE	It is a way of separating proteins due to only their mass. It uses SDS a detergent to denature the protein. It is best for determining small size differences in proteins. We expect smaller protein fragments to travel farther (might be considered more compact)	132
8721614297	Native PAGE	It is a protein isolation technique that analyzes proteins in their native states. Separation is based off of charge and mass. Smaller/more charged/more compact proteins are more mobile than larger/not charged/less compact proteins.	133
8721614298	mutarotation	It is the rapid conversion of different anomers of a sugar. So in glucose it goes from alpha to beta.	134
8721614299	Tollens Reagent	Uses Ag(NH3)2 to detect reducing sugars by using the aldehyde of the sugar to reduce Ag+ to a metallic silver	135
8721614300	Benedicts Reagent	used to detect reducing sugars by oxidizing the aldehyde, which is indicated by a red precipitate.	136
8721614301	Terpenes	Precursors to steroid hormones. (C5H8) are units of isopropene.	137
8721614302	Triterpenes	Precursors to cholesterol	138
8721614303	Steroids	3 cyclohexanes and 1 cyclopentane	139
8721614304	2	pka of carboxylic group on amino acid	140
8721614305	9	pka of amino group on amino acid	141
8721614306	10	pka of side chain of lysine	142
8721614307	12	pka of side chain of arginine	143
8721614308	6	pka side chain of histidine	144
8721614309	4	pka of glutamic and acidic acid	145
8721614310	Triglyceride	Storage form of fatty acid	146
8721614311	Fatty Acid	Fuel source for the body that consist of carboxylic head and hydrocarbon tail. Synthesis (from Acetyl CoA) occurs in the liver and in the cytoplasm of those liver cells. They are oxidized in the mitochondria to provide energy.	147
8721614312	Beta oxidation	Is the reverse of fatty acid synthesis. Occurs in the liver in the mitochondria of cells. Purpose is to make Acetyl coA that will drive gluconeogenesis.	148
8721614313	Chromatography	Used to separate proteins and other macromolecules, like nucleic acids. Forms bands of different compounds in column	149
8721614314	High Performance Liquids Chromatography (HPLC)	used to separate proteins based on polarity for small amounts. Stationary phase is silica beads and mobile phase is organic solvent. Compound will stick to silica/aluminum if polar, will move quickly down if nonpolar with organic solvent.	150
8721614315	Size Exclusion	Chromatography where proteins are separated based on size. The beads (stationary phase) have pores in them to let small proteins go through, so less retention rate, while larger proteins get stuck higher up the stationary phase.	151
8721614316	Ion exclusion	Chromatography where proteins are separated based on charge. Beads are charged, and so compounds with opposite charge are attracted to them, while those with the same charge are repelled and move down column quickly	152
8721614317	Affinity	Chromatography where beads are coated with antibody or enzyme that has high affinity for a protein, so compound gets lodged in the stationary phase and the rest of the mixture goes down the column.	153
8721614318	Peptide Hormones	Type of hormone that does not require transport proteins to remain soluble in the blood stream because they are hydrophilic and soluble in blood.	154
8721614319	Positive control	Controls where a phenomenon is expected.	155
8721614320	Lactose	Hemiacetal that can be further reduced. in Beta position. Galactose + glucose	156
8721614321	epimer	diastereoisomer that is different at one chiral center	157
8721614322	Maltose	2 glucose. Hemiacetal. Alpha position. Hemiacetal	158
8721614323	Sucrose	Glucose + furctose. Acetal. Alpha position.	159
8721614324	D-Fructose	Ketohexose	160
8721614325	D-mannose	Aldohexose. Man with gun	161
8721614326	D-galactose	Aldohexose	162
8721614327	D-ribose	Aldopentose. Everythings All Right	163
8721614328	Denaturing Gel	For mRNA and DNA that are large and single stranded, this type of gel causes them to move like long rods (like double stranded DNA) instead of their clumped 3D structures.	164
8721614329	melting temperature	temperature at which a protein is 50% denatured or unfolded	165
8721614330	Nuclear Localization	Signaling that tells proteins (such as nuclear factors) that they can enter the nucleus of the cell	166
8721614331	Transcription Factors	Also known as nuclear factors that have a DNA-binding site, so bind to response elements or specific nucleotide sequences. Also have activation domain, which is also known as the protein binding domain because they bind to other transcription factors.	167
8721614332	DNA Binding Site	Site in transcription factors that bind to response elements	168
8721614333	Activation Domain	Site that allows transcription factors to bind to other proteins or transcription factors	169
8721614334	Signal sequence domain	Its the sequence that tells the cell that a protein will be secreted out of the cell. This sequence makes ribosomes translating in the cytoplasm to move to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.	170
8721614335	Hydrophobic	Types of amino acids that are best for protein-protein interactions, such as dimerization.	171

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BIOCHEMISTRY Flashcards

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8976385734	What is biochemistry?	The branch of science concerned with the chemical and physico-chemical process and substances which occur within living organisms	0
8976385735	Most are important macromolecules	Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids and Polysaccharides	1
8976385736	Primary Structures of Nucleic Acids	Organic Nitrogenous Base, Pentose Sugar and Phosphate Group	2
8976385737	Organic Nitrogenous Base	Derivation of Purine and Pyrimide	3
8976385738	Purine	Adenine and Guanine	4
8976385739	Pentose Sugar	Ribose (RNA) Deoxyribose (DNA)	5
8976385740	Phosphodiester Bond + Ester Bonds (Phosphorous)	Nucleosides= Nitrogenous bases with a ribose Nucleotides= Nitrogenous bases w/ a ribose and a phosphate	6
8976385741	Genotype	The genetic constitution of an individual organism	7
8976385742	Phenotype	the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.	8
8976385743	Amino Acids	Organic Compound containing -COOH and a amino (-NH2) group End product of a protein	9
8976385744	Number of Standard Amino Acids	20	10
8976385745	Non-Polar, Aliphatic residues	Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline	11
8976385746	Aromatic Residues	Phenylanine, Tyrosine, Tryptophan	12
8976385747	Polar, Non-Charged Residues	Serine, Theonine, Cysteine, Methionine, Asparagine, Glutamine	13
8976385748	Negatively Charged Residues	Asparate, Glutamate	14
8976385749	Positively Charged Residues	Lysine, Arginine, Histidine	15
8976385750	Function of Nucleic Acids	Storage and Transmission of Biological Info	16
8976385751	Pyramide	Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil	17
8976385752	Phosphodiester Bond	Strong Covalent bonds between a phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrate (Pentose sugar) The backbone of DNA strands	18
8976385753	Secondary Structure	Set of interactions between bases	19
8976385754	Watson-Crick Model Base pairs	A-T G-C	20
8976385755	A-T pair (Watson-Crick Model)	2 Hydrogen Bonds	21
8976385756	G-C pair (Watson-Crick Model)	3 Hydrogen Bonds	22
8976385757	What does Secondary Structure do?	Responsible for the shape that nucleic acid assumes	23
8976385758	Possible Models of Replication	Conservative Semi-Conservative Dispersive	24
8976385759	Conservative Model of Replication		25
8976385760	Semi-Conservative Model of Replication		26
8976385761	Dispersive Model of Replication		27
8976385762	Two major forms of polynucleotides	A and B	28
8976385763	Which form is DNA in?	B form	29
8976385764	Alpha Form (Rotation per Residue (=360/n))	33 Degrees	30
8976385765	Beta Form (Rotation per Residue (=360/n))	36 Degrees	31
8976385766	Tertiary Structure	The three-dimensional shape of a nucleic acid polymer.	32
8976385767	Characteristic of Tertiary Structure	Linear vs. Circular Relaxed vs. Supercoiled	33
8976385768	Conformation of Single-Stranded Nucleic Acid	Random Coil Stacked Base Structure Hairpin Formation	34
8976385769	Random Coil	Single Strand Flexibility of rotation No specific structure	35
8976385770	Stacked base structure (Single-Strand Helix)	Single strand Bases stacks pull the chain into the helix NO H-Bonding	36
8976385771	Hairpin Formation (Double-Strand Helix)	Double Stranded Chain folds back on itself to make stem loop structure Hydrogen bonds link the strands together	37
8976385772	Histones	Proteins found in the nuclei which package the DNA into units called NUCLEOSOMES. They are the chief component of chromatin	38
8976385773	Role of Histones	Acts as a poole which words the DNA and regulates the genes. W/o it the the DNA would unwound and be extremely long	39
8976385774	Solenoids	Structure of chromatin	40
8976385775	Chromosomes	Structures located inside the nucleus. Made up of protein and a single DNA	41
8976385776	α-Amino acid	A molecule containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group that are separated by one carbon	42
8976385777	Zwitterion	a molecule or ion having separate positively and negatively charged groups.	43
8976385778	Amphiphilic	having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.	44
8976385779	L-Amino Acids	amino acids found in proteins during translation in the ribosome	45
8976385780	D-Amino Acids	proteins produced by enzyme posttranslational modifications after translation and translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum	46
8976385781	Quaternary Structure	Complex of protein Molecules	47
8976385782	Stereoisomers	isomers that differ only in how their atoms are oriented in space	48
8976385783	Oligopeptide	A few amino acids joined by peptide bonds.	49
8976385784	Polypeptide	long chain of amino acids that makes proteins	50
8976385785	Protein	A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.	51
8976385786	Peptone	a soluble protein formed in the early stage of protein breakdown during digestion.	52
8976385787	F(filamentous)-Protein	insoluble in water, weak acids and weak bases but soluble in strong acids and alkalis	53
8976385788	G(globular)-Protein	are soluble in water, acids and bases	54
8976385789	N-terminus	the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group located at the end of a polypeptide	55
8976385790	C-Terminus	the end of an amino acid chain, terminated by a free carboxyl group.	56
8976385791	Peptide Bond (Amide Bond)	covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a peptide or protein chain	57
8976385792	Monomer	a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.	58
8976385793	Polymer	a large molecule, or macromolecule, composed of many repeated subunits.	59
8976385794	Post-translational modification (PTM)	the covalent and generally enzymatic modification of proteins during or after protein biosynthesis	60
8976385795	Lipids	substances of biological origin that are soluble in nonpolar solvents.	61
8976385796	Function of Lipids	Energy Production Heat production Insulation	62
8976385797	Types of Lipids	Fatty Acids Fats (Triacylglycerols) Waxes Phospholipids (Diacylglycerol)	63
8976385798	Lipids in General	Insoluble molecules Form: Micelles, Vesicles, Bilayers	64
8976385799	Fatty Acids	Consist Hydrocarbon chain and a a terminal carboxyl group Contain one or more double bonds	65
8976385800	Cholesterol	consisting of four linked hydrocarbon rings forming the bulky steroid structure.	66
8976385801	Cis- Configuration	a polar molecule	67
8976385802	Trans- Configuration	a non-polar molecule	68
8976385803	Fats (Triacylglycerol)	Trimester of Fatty acids long-term energy storage molecule in many organism	69
8976385804	Glycerol		70
8976385805	Fats (Triacylglycerol) Behavior	Hydrogenation Fat Hardening	71
8976385806	Hydrogenation Fat Hardening	Conversion of liquid oils into semi-solid Changing the degree of saturation of the fat changes important physical properties (Melting range)	72
8976385807	Waxes	Lipid that is an ester of a long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid Made up of 12-32 carbon atoms	73
8976385808	Phospholipids (Diacylglycerol)	component of all cell membrane Amphiphilic Most natural occurring fat	74
8976385809	Bilayer		75
8976385810	Monolayer		76
8976385811	Micelle		77
8976385812	Vesicles		78
8976385813	Liposome		79
8976385814	Carbohydrate	Chemical compound which contains oxygen, hydrogen and carbon. Also known as Saccharides Important storage and transport form of energy C₆H₁₂O₆	80
8976385815	Four Types of Carbohydrates	Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides	81
8976385816	Monosaccharides	1 monomer single sugar ex. Fructose, Glucose	82
8976385817	Disaccharides	2 monomers 2 saccharides ex. Sucrose	83
8976385818	Oligosaccharides	3-10 monomers linked to a.a or lipids ex. Raffinose	84
8976385819	Polysaccharides	>10 monomers complex carbohydrates, w/ linear chains ex. Starch, Amylose, Cellulose	85
8976385820	Distinguishing Criteria of Carbohydrates	Consist ONLY of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Hydrogen/ Oxygen atom ratio 2:1	86
8976385821	Three Different Characteristics of Carbohydrates	Placement of its carbonyl group Number of carbon atom it contains Its chirality (= asymmetric)	87
8976385822	Cellulose	An insoluble substance A polysaccharide consisting of chains of glucose monomers	88
8976385823	Chitin	a fibrous substance consisting of polysaccharides The major constituent in the exoskeleton of arthropods and the cell walls of fungi.	89
8976385824	Glycogen	A substance deposited in bodily tissues as a store of carbohydrates. It is a polysaccharide which forms glucose on hydrolysis.	90
8976385825	Starch	A polysaccharide which functions as a carbohydrate store and is an important constituent of the human diet.	91
8976385826	Aldehydes	A functional group with the structure −CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain	92
8976385827	Ketones	is an organic compound with the structure RCR', where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents	93
8976385828	Fischer's Projection	a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule	94
8976385829	Formaldehyde	a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula CH₂O.	95
8976385830	Glycolaldehyde	the organic compound with the formula HOCH₂-CHO.	96
8976385831	Inositol	a chemical compound with formula C₆H₁₂O₆ or (-CHOH-)₆, a six-fold alcohol of cyclohexane	97
8976385832	Biochemistry of Carbohydrate	4 Carbons	98
8976385833	Deoxyribose	a sugar derived from ribose by replacement of a hydroxyl group by hydrogen.	99
8976385834	Function of Carbohydrates	Generating and Storing Biological Energy Molecular Recognition (Immune System) Cellular Protection (bacterial and plant cell wall) Cell Signaling Cell Adhesion Maintaining Biological Structure (Cellulose) Biological Lubricants	100
8976385835	Sugar	any of the class of soluble, crystalline, typically sweet-tasting carbohydrates found in living tissues and exemplified by glucose and sucrose.	101
8976385836	NucleoSIDES	Nitrogenous base w/ ribose	102
8976385837	NucleoTIDES	Nitrogenous base, ribose and phosphate	103
8976385838	Adenine (DNA/RNA)		104
8976385839	Uracil (RNA)		105
8976385840	Guanine (DNA/RNA)		106
8976385841	Cytosine (DNA/RNA)		107
8976385842	Thymine (DNA)		108
8976385843	Types of Transport	Non Mediated Transport Transport by Vesicles Mediated Transport	109
8976385844	Non Mediated Transport	Diffusion	110
8976385845	Transport by Vesicles		111
8976385846	Mediated Transport	Facilitated Transport (Ion Channels) Active Transport (ATP)	112
8976385847	Facilitated Transport (Ion Channels)		113
8976385848	Active Transport (ATP)		114
8976385849	The Role of Enzyme Chemical Reactions	Synthesis Decomposition Single Displacement Double Displacement	115
8976385850	Low Reaction Speed (Enzyme Chemical Reaction)	A+B ==> A-B	116
8976385851	High Reaction Speed (Enzyme Chemical Reaction)	A+B =(synthesis)=> A-B	117
8976385852	Roles of Enzymes	Rates Sufficient for life Selective for their Substance Most Enzymes are Proteins Assist in Catalysis	118
8976385853	Building Blocks for Enzymology	Substrates (S) Enzymes (E) Products (P)	119
8976385854	Cholesterol Functions	Build & Maintain Membranes Hormone Production Vitamin D Production Bile Production	120
8976385855	Lab Techniques for Protein Analyse	Photometry Electrophoresis Chromatography Bradford-assay Absorbance of wavelength	121
8976385856	Photometry	Measurement of Light Shows Intensity of a beam of light after passing through a sample	122
8976385857	Chromatography	technique for the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components move at different rates.	123
8976385858	Electrophoresis	technique in order to separate macromolecules based on size. The technique applies a negative charge so proteins move towards a positive charge. This is used for both DNA and RNA analysis.	124
8976385859	Bradford-Assay	spectroscopic analytical procedure used to measure the concentration of protein in a solution	125
8976385860	Rosalind Franklin dates	(1920-1958)	126
8976385861	Francis Crick	(1916-2004)	127
8976385862	James Watson	(1928- )	128
8976385863	Tautomerization	A formal isomers of the nitrogenous based	129
8976385864	Enzyme inhibition	molecule that binds to an enzyme and lowers its activity. (can kill pathogens or correct metabolic imbalances)	130
8976385865	Competitive inhibition	binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice-versa	131
8976385866	Non-competitive Inhibition	where the inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme and binds equally well to the enzyme whether or not it has already bounded to the substrate	132
8976385867	Uncompetitive Inhibition	Does not compete for the active site but affects the catalytic event	133
8976385868	Number of human genomes	51	134
8976385869	Human chromosomes	23 Pairs	135
8976385870	Replisome	complex of enzymes work on replication of DNA	136
8976385871	Genome	the haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.	137
8976385872	Hormones in General	Signal Transduction Hormone Action Membrane Receptors	138
8976385873	Signal transduction	Involves cell to cell communication via: Neurotransmitters Hormones Growth factors Pheromones	139
8976385874	Pheromones	Chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal or insect affecting its physiology or behavior	140
8976385875	Hormone Action	influences and controls: Enzyme Activity Synthesis of specific proteins Membrane permeability to ions or small metabolites	141
8976385876	Membrane Receptors	includes: proteins that influence second-messenger synthesis Ion channels Proteins with intrinsic enzyme activity	142
8976385877	What is a hormone	any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.	143
8976385878	Systemic	Glands Hormones Nerves	144
8976385879	Cellular	Neurotransmission GPCR (G-protein coupled receptors)	145
8976385880	Classification of Glands	Exocrine Gland Endocrine Gland	146
8976385881	Exocrine Gland	Excretes its product mostly via ducts inside the body	147
8976385882	Endocrine Gland	Signals target distant cells, secrets its product directly into the bloodstream or by diffusion	148
8976385883	Exocrine Gland (Diagram)		149
8976385884	Endocrine Gland (Diagram)		150
8976385885	Types of intercellular Communication	Direct Indirect	151
8976385886	Direct Intercellular Communication	Gap Junctions	152
8976385887	Indirect Intercellular Communication	Autocrine & Paracrine Secretion Neurotransmitter Secretion Neurohormone Secretion	153
8976385888	Autocrine & Paracrine Secretion		154
8976385889	Neurotransmitter Secretion		155
8976385890	Neurohormone Secretion		156
8976385891	Juxacrine	Signals target adjacent (touching cells)	157
8976385892	Autocrine	signals are produced by the target cell, secreted and effect the target cell itself via receptors	158
8976385893	Paracrine	signals target cell in the vicinity of the emitting cell. NEUROTRANSMITTERS	159
8976385894	Lipophilic	tending to combine with or dissolve in lipids or fats	160
8976385895	Lipophobic	tending to repulse compounds therefore not soluble in lipids or other non-polar solvents.	161

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7743678675	Molecule	A combination of atoms held together by chemical bonds.	0
7743758433	Macromolecule	A very large molecule made up of smaller building blocks .	1
7743806374	Amino acids	The building blocks of proteins and there is also 20 diffirent forms of amino acids.	2
7743877754	Enzyme	Enzymes are special protiens that speed up chemical reactions.	3
7743900366	Carbohydrates	A short term energy source .	4
7751560306	Enzyme	Are special proteins that speed up chemical reaction .	5
7751615617	Lipids	Fatty acids that provide long term energy storage .	6
7751700584	Digestion	The break down of molecules.	7
7751734554	Synthesis	The build up of molecules.	8
7751756862	substrate	A molecule that only enzymes can work on.	9
7751776841	Denature	When a protein unfolds .	10
7751794269	Atom	The smallest unit of an element .( has certain properties)	11

8091403600	endothermic	a chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than i release;products have a higher bond energy than reactants	0
8091410506	hydrogen bond	an attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom,such as oxygen and nitrogen	1
8091426663	nucleic acid	the type of molecule that stores genetic information in living things; such as DNA and RNA. Made up of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen base	2
8091440319	bond energy	the amount of energy needed to break a chemical bond;the amount of energy released when a bond forms	3
8091447525	solution	a certain type of mixture; formed when one substance, such as water, dissolves other substances	4
8091453695	enzyme	allows chemical reactions to take place under the tightly controlled conditions in living things. in almost all cases-protein	5
8091467886	compound	chemical bonds hold together; always contain atoms of more than one element	6
8091472797	fatty acid	carbon chain found in many lipids; can be either saturated or unsaturated	7
8091484090	ion	has a positive charge if loses an electron or a negative charge when loses an electron	8
8091493874	substrate	a reactant an enzyme acts on; bind to an enzyme's active site	9
8091504823	protein	many different types have many different functions in living things; made of amino acids	10
8091511251	pH	the measure of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution; low solution is very acidic	11
8091516537	activation energy	the amount of energy that is needed for a chemical reaction to start; after added, the reaction can take place on its own	12
8091521165	molecule	held together by covalent bonds; can be made of atoms of just one element	13
8091525304	isotope	an atom of the same element that has the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons	14
8091528041	what charge do protons have?	positive charge	15
8091529144	what charge do electrons have?	negative charge	16
8091530304	what charge do neutrons have?	neutral charge	17
8091531859	polarity	unequal sharing of electrons	18
8091533953	atom	the smallest unit of matter	19
8091537860	valence shell	the outermost shell	20
8091544483	what are the elements commonly found in organisms?	carbon and nitrogen	21
8091546742	atomic mass	the sum total of protons and neutrons	22
8091548788	covalent bond	non-metal elements share electrons to complete outer shells	23
8091554080	ionic bond	metal and nonmetal elements lose/gain electrons to complete outer shells	24
8091557921	properties of water (7)	1. polar 2. cohesion 3. surface tension 4. expands when frozen 5. adhesion 6. capillary action 7. resists temperature changes	25
8091576290	polar covalent bond	bond between oxygen and hydrogen atoms in water	26
8091578439	cohesion	the ability of a molecule to stick to other molecules of the same kind (water molecules stick to other water molecules)	27
8091585924	surface tension	a "skin" on water ex: insects on water paperclip on water	28
8091589730	adhesion	the ability of a molecule to stick to another different molecule ex: water on the sides of a straw	29
8091597380	capillary action	a liquid moving upward and defying gravity ex: water molecules moving up a plant	30
8091601007	why can ice float in water?	ice is less dense than water due to hollow spaces in ice	31
8091603688	mixture	two or more elements combined	32
8091606593	solvent	part that is doing the dissolving ex: water	33
8091607373	solute	part being dissolved ex: kool aid powder	34
8091613814	monomer for protein	amino acid	35
8091614751	function of a lipid	used to store energy in living things	36
8091616289	pH of 7	neutral	37
8091620790	an example of a nucleic acid	DNA and RNA	38
8091622631	molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen	carbohydrates	39
8091624488	pH greater than 7 (OH-)	base	40
8091628807	made up of nucleotides	nucleic acid	41
8091630088	function of a carbohydrate	main source of short-term energy for living things	42
8091632762	monomer of a lipid	3 fatty acids and glycerol	43
8091633405	function of a protein	helps transport substances into or out of cells	44
8091635680	function of nucleic acids	store/transmit hereditary information	45
8091643586	molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur	protein	46
8091647257	has a pH of 0-7 (H+)	acid	47
8091651298	example of carbohydrate	sugar (-ose)	48
8091652973	example of a lipid	olive oil	49
8091655793	monomer of carbohydrates	monosaccharides	50

6455453775	Satire	mockery, irony, humor to attack a person in society to be considered wrong to promote change	0
6455453776	Verbal irony	when people uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning	1
6455453777	Exaggeration	to think of or describe something as larger or greater than it really is	2
6455453778	Understatement	a statement that makes something seem smaller than what it is	3
6455453779	Implicit	it's something not directly stated but can be understood	4
6455453780	Parody	a piece of writing that is mock a serious work in an amusing way	5
6455453781	Inversion	reversal in the position order of things so that they are the opposite of what they had been.	6

4974438409	What two groups are chemical compounds divided into?	Inorganic and Organic	0
4974445801	Inorganic Compounds DO NOT contain:	carbon bonded to hydrogeon	1
4974472088	Water is a _______ compound	inorganic	2
4974480833	Adhesion-	attraction between unlike molecules	3
4974485399	Capillarity-	ability of water to spread upward through pores	4
4974491150	Cohesion-	attraction between like molecules	5
4974496341	___ causes surface tension	Cohesion	6
4974499059	Surface Tension-	cohesive force of water at the surface	7
4974520388	Organic Compounds contain..	Carbon bonded to hydrogeon	8
4974528972	How is carbon unique?	-contains 4 strong and stable covalent bonds. -Bonds can be single double or triple. -Forms long carbon chains;bonds with self. -Chains can be straight or form rings.	9
4974579233	study single, double, and triple bonds.		10
4974593692	Functional group:	Group of atoms that influence molecular characteristics.	11
4974610645	Water is like a..	magnet	12
4974614001	Water is...	charged	13
4974617085	When molecules become polar, the compound becomes...	charged	14
4974624789	hydroxyl gp (-OH);	makes molecules polar	15
4974800761	Polymerization:	process where large compounds are formed by joining smaller compounds.	16
4974809061	Small compounds=	Monomers	17
4974811456	Large Compounds=	Polymers	18
4974814457	Polymers are made up of _____ monomers	5 or more	19
4974817125	Giant Polymers=	Macromolecules	20
4974825156	Dehydration Synthesis aka "Condensation Reaction" is...	the process of removing water to join together monomers	21
4974838521	Glucose+Fructose yield>>>	Sucrose+water	22
4974843519	Hydrolysis:	water added back in to split apart monomers	23
4974855574	What are the 4 important groups of macromolecules?	Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids	24
4974866168	Carbs are...	starches, sugars, and fibers	25
4974869019	Carbs are made up of ...	Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen	26
4974881559	The ratio for carbs is:	1:2:1	27
4974886076	3 types of carbs are:	Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides	28
4974896699	Carbs are the primary source of:	energy for living things	29
4974903389	3 examples of monosaccharides:	Glucose, Galactose, Fructose	30
4974906389	Glucose-	sugar plants produce; blood sugar	31
4974912216	Galactose-	sugar in milk	32
4974914039	Fructose-	fruit sugar	33
4974928982	Formula for all 3:	C6H12O6	34
4974935238	Isomers-	differ in arrangement of atoms	35
4974949724	Disaccharides-	formed from 2 monosaccharides	36
4974955393	3 examples of disaccharides:	Sucrose Maltose Lactose	37
4974965927	Sucrose-	table sugar	38
4974968318	Maltose-	malt sugar	39
4974970240	Lactose-	milk sugar (disaccharide in milk)	40
4974984223	This is how sugar is stored:	Polysaccharides	41
4974988643	Polysaccharides:	largest carbs; many monomers	42
4974993503	3 examples of polysaccharides:	Starch (plants) Cellulose (trees/plants) Glycogen (animals)	43
4975003342	Starch (plants):	potatoes, grain	44
4975006765	Cellulose (plants/trees)	wood, paper	45
4975009084	Glycogen (animals)	stored in liver and muscles	46
5025817174	Proteins contain what elements?	Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen	47
5025838837	Proteins are polymers of?	Amino Acids	48
5025845309	Amino Acids have what two ends on their structure?	Amine Group, Carboxyl Group	49
5025852926	Protein=	1 or more polypeptide chains	50
5025856387	What is a peptide?	a covalent bond that joins 2 amino acids	51
5025875658	2 a.a. (joined by 1 peptide bond)=	dipeptide	52
5025879674	3 a.a. (2 peptide bonds)=	tripeptide	53
5025888368	Many a.a.	polypeptides	54
5025909790	What reaction forms a dipeptide?	condensation reaction	55
5026067440	4 roles of proteins:	Enzymes Membrane pumps Cell Movement Structure: muscles, hair	56
5026088841	True or false: Enzymes are involved in most body reactions	True	57
5026092457	Enzymes act as a ______ in most things	catalyst	58
5026125317	A catalyst is:	any factor that speeds up a chemical reaction	59
5026130021	Catalysts speed reactions by...	binding to substrate at the active site	60
5026142766	"enzyme specificity"	each enzyme catalyzes a specific reaction	61
5026150547	True or false: Enzymes CANNOT be reused	false	62
5026154840	Enzymes _____ the activation energy required to start a reaction	reduce	63
5026159180	Lipids; compounds that are...	waxy or oily	64
5026161645	Are lipids polar or nonpolar?	nonpolar	65
5026163293	Nonpolar:	cannot dissolve in water; only in other lipids	66
5026167638	Lipids ___________ than carbs	store more energy	67
5026170846	3 roles of lipids:	Store Energy Function as chemical messengers Form Cell membranes	68
5026180199	Lipids are formed from...	fatty acids (monomer)	69

8737922383	What are the four Organic Molecules?	Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids	0
8737922384	monomer	A building block of polymer?	1
8737922385	monosaccharide	What is the monomer for carbohydrates?	2
8737922386	Fatty Acid and Glycerol	What are the building blocks for lipids?	3
8737922387	Amino Acids	What is the monomer of proteins?	4
8737922388	Nucleotides	What is the monomer of nucleic acids?	5
8737922389	Polypeptide	What is another name for a protein?	6
8737922390	Enzyme	Something that speeds up a reaction	7
8737922391	Energy, Cell Walls	What are the functions of carbohydrates?	8
8737922392	Cell membrane, energy storage, insulation	What are the functions of lipids?	9
8737922393	control, regulate, fight, build, transport	Functions of Proteins?	10
8737922394	Store genetic information	What are the functions of nucleic acids?	11
8737922395	Fats, oils, waxes	What are examples of lipids?	12
8737922396	DNA and RNA	What are examples of nucleic acids?	13
8737922397	peptide bonds	What bond connects amino acids?	14
8737922398	Denatured	When an enzyme changes shape due to high heat	15
8737922399	Nucleotide picture	What is this monomer?	16
8737922402	Protons, Neutron	What particles are in the nucleus?	17
8737922403	Positive	What is the charge of a proton?	18
8737922404	8	How many electrons to be stable?	19
8737922405	Nucleus	The center of the atom	20
8737922406	Covalent	The type of bond that shares.	21
8737922407	Hydrogen	The attraction bond between Hydrogen and another molecule.	22
8737922408	2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen	What makes up water?	23
8737922409	Cohesion	The property of water that causes droplets	24
8737922410	Surface Tension	Caused by COHESION, bug walk on water	25
8737922411	Adhesion	When water sticks to other things	26
8737922412	Meniscus	Caused by Adhesion, the curved surface of water	27
8737922413	Capillary Action	When water is drawn up through adhesion against the force of gravity.	28
8737922414	POLAR	When an atom has a partial positive and a partial negative charge.	29
8737922415	Hydrogen Bonding	What gives water all of its properties.	30
8737922416	Carbon	The element all ORGANIC, living molecules contain.	31
8737922417	saturated fat	Single bonded, straight, unhealthy	32
8737922418	Reactants	What comes before the arrow in a chemical reaction.	33
8737922419	Products	What comes after the arrow in a chemical reaction.	34
8737922420	Substrate	What we call the reactant the substrate bonds to.	35
8737922421	Activation Energy	The energy needed to start the reaction.	36
8737922422	Active Site	The area of the enzyme where the substrat bonds	37

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7077005329	His children picked mangoes near the military cemetery and sold them to soldiers' wives for a few pennies—real pennies this time—and his wife started making breakfast akara balls for neighbours in a hurry to start life again. With his family earnings he took his bicycle to the villages around and bought fresh palmwine which he mixed generously in his rooms with the water which had recently started running again in the public tap down the road, and opened up a bar for soldiers and other lucky people with good money. Which statement best describes the theme conveyed in these lines? A man can make more money with the help of his family. Each villager has different needs during times of war. Successful people are always creative and hardworking. You can find opportunities for success even in bleak times.	You can find opportunities for success even in bleak times.	0
7077006042	Read the excerpt from chapter 1 of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Mr. Utterson the lawyer was a man of a rugged countenance that was never lighted by a smile; cold, scanty and embarrassed in discourse; backward in sentiment; lean, long, dusty, dreary and yet somehow lovable. Which best explains why this excerpt is part of the plot's exposition? It helps to develop the central conflict of the story. It provides background information about a character. It hints at what is going to happen to Mr. Utterson. It describes Mr. Utterson as a man not to be trusted.	It provides background information about a character.	1
7077009400	For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. Which statement most accurately describes this excerpt? This excerpt shows influences of the Romantic movement because it hints at the speaker's contempt toward the Industrial Revolution. This excerpt shows influences of the Enlightenment period because it uses formal language to describe the speaker's experience. This excerpt shows influences of the Romantic movement because it focuses on the awe-inspiring power of nature. This excerpt shows influences of the Enlightenment period because it contains highly technical language.	This excerpt shows influences of the Romantic movement because it focuses on the awe-inspiring power of nature.	2
7077011051	What would be the first step to take in summarizing the excerpt from The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde? Identify the main events of Lanyon receiving the letter and Lanyon traveling to Hyde's house to get the drawer. Identify the details of Hyde's physical appearance at Lanyon's house and the contents of the drawer Lanyon retrieves. Identify the characters of Jekyll, Hyde, and Lanyon and the settings of Hyde's house and Lanyon's house. Identify the details in the letter that was sent to Lanyon and Lanyon's reaction to the request in the letter.	Identify the characters of Jekyll, Hyde, and Lanyon and the settings of Hyde's house and Lanyon's house.	3
7077012472	My spirit is too weak—mortality Weighs heavily on me like unwilling sleep, And each imagined pinnacle and steep Of godlike hardship, tells me I must die Like a sick eagle looking at the sky. Now, read the passage from "Ode on Intimations of Morality," another poem from the romantic period. The rainbow comes and goes, And lovely is the rose; The moon doth with delight Look round her when the heavens are bare; Waters on a starry night Are beautiful and fair; The sunshine is a glorious birth; But yet I know, where'er I go, That there hath past away a glory from the earth. What theme do both passages share? Life is bleak. Life is precious. Death is inevitable. Death is an illusion.	Death is inevitable.	4
7077015278	Read the passage from "Ode on a Grecian Urn." Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss, Though winning near the goal—yet, do not grieve; She cannot fade, though thou hast not thy bliss, For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair! The word from the passage that best defines the topic is "youth." "song." "kiss." "love."	love.	5
7077016589	What he told me in the next hour, I cannot bring my mind to set on paper. I saw what I saw, I heard what I heard, and my soul sickened at it; and yet now when that sight has faded from my eyes, I ask myself if I believe it, and I cannot answer. My life is shaken to its roots; sleep has left me; the deadliest terror sits by me at all hours of the day and night; and I feel that my days are numbered, and that I must die; and yet I shall die incredulous. As for the moral turpitude that man unveiled to me, even with tears of penitence, I can not, even in memory, dwell on it without a start of horror. How does the point of view affect how information is revealed in the excerpt? The narration directly reveals Lanyon's feelings. The readers learn something that Lanyon does not know. Lanyon's thoughts are revealed through his actions. Hyde's thoughts are revealed through his actions.	The narration directly reveals Lanyon's feelings.	6
7077017291	"Awright! We know say you no get plenty money. But we sef no get even anini. So derefore make you open dis window and give us one hundred pound and we go commot." Which statement best summarizes the message conveyed in this dialect? "We know you are saying you will have money later, but we don't have much to do, so we need your money now." "We know you say you have a lot of money, so give us just a little and we will leave you alone." "We know you say you don't have money, but we don't have any, so give us yours and we'll leave." "We know you are saying you don't have much money, but you should share what you have."	"We know you say you don't have money, but we don't have any, so give us yours and we'll leave."	7
7077018562	Here's a snatch of the letter from the president of the United States that Perry delivered to the Japanese emperor: Many of the large ships-of-war destined to visit Japan have not yet arrived in these seas, and the undersigned, as an evidence of his friendly intentions, has brought but four of the smaller ones, designing, should it become necessary, to return to Edo in the ensuing spring with a much larger force. But it is expected that the government of your imperial majesty will render such return unnecessary, by acceding at once to the very reasonable and pacific overtures contained in the president's letter . . . This was textbook gunboat diplomacy, and it worked. Japanese resistance melted, and very quickly the Japanese embraced the new economic model, becoming energetic players in the international markets they had been forced to join. They began to think differently about the sea that surrounded them, and their awareness of the possible opportunities in the world beyond grew fast. What is the purpose of the outside source used in this excerpt? to show how strongly the American president insisted Japan participate in international trade to show how the Japanese government isolated the country from trade with other nations to educate readers about traditional art in Japan to educate readers about American ships near Japan	to show how strongly the American president insisted Japan participate in international trade	8
7077018984	A summary of an informational text must show the relationship between the author's viewpoint and the insignificant details. information presented. illustrations provided. important characters.	information presented.	9
7077020309	He got a destitute carpenter with one old hammer, a blunt plane and a few bent and rusty nails in his tool bag to turn this assortment of wood, paper and metal into door and window shutters for five Nigerian shillings or fifty Biafran pounds. He paid the pounds, and moved in with his overjoyed family carrying five heads on their shoulders. The setting causes Jonathan to feel overwhelmed with everything he has to do. upset about everything he and his family have lost in the war. grateful that his family is intact and has shelter. annoyed with how much he has to pay the carpenter.	grateful that his family is intact and has shelter.	10
7077020899	To summarize a text means to succinctly state the supporting details of the text in the author's words. central ideas of the text using the author's words. descriptions of the main characters in one's own words. central ideas of the text using one's own words.	central ideas of the text using one's own words.	11
7077021419	A reader who studies Keats's word choice in "Ode on a Grecian Urn" is studying the author's .	diction	12
7077021986	Read the excerpt from chapter 3 of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. "Well, but since we have touched upon this business, and for the last time I hope," continued the doctor, "there is one point I should like you to understand. I have really a very great interest in poor Hyde. I know you have seen him; he told me so; and I fear he was rude. But I do sincerely take a great, a very great interest in that young man; and if I am taken away, Utterson, I wish you to promise me that you will bear with him and get his rights for him. I think you would, if you knew all; and it would be a weight off my mind if you would promise." How does the conflict in this excerpt create suspense? It makes the reader wonder how Mr. Utterson came to know Dr. Jekyll. It makes the reader wonder how Mr. Utterson and Dr. Jekyll are connected. It makes the reader wonder why Dr. Jekyll has such an interest in Hyde. It makes the reader wonder why Mr. Utterson is suspicious of Mr. Hyde.	It makes the reader wonder why Dr. Jekyll has such an interest in Hyde.	13
7077022562	Keats's poem is titled "Ode on a Grecian Urn." What does the choice of the word ode tell the reader about the poem? Check all that apply. The poem is written in a formal style. The poem includes a theme. The poem is addressed to something. The poem expresses emotions. The poem explores a serious topic.	x - x - x	14
7077023111	Setting is the time, place, and environment in which the events of a text take place.	Setting	15
7077023654	An author's viewpoint is the way in which he or she .	perceives a topic	16
7077024934	Read the excerpt from "Early Victorian Tea Set." Among the upper classes, tea had been popular since before 1700. It received celebrity endorsement from Charles II's queen, Catherine of Braganza, and from Queen Anne. It came from China, it was expensive, refreshingly bitter and drunk in tiny cups without milk or sugar. People kept their tea in locked tea caddies, as if it were a drug; for those who could afford it, it often was. In the 1750s Samuel Johnson confessed himself a happy addict: A hardened and shameless tea drinker, who has for twenty years diluted his meals with only the infusion of this fascinating plant, whose kettle scarcely has time to cool, who with Tea amuses the evening, with Tea solaces the midnights, and with Tea welcomes the morning. Which is the best summary of this excerpt? The author explains how tea was popular among the upper class. He quotes Samuel Johnson to illustrate its popularity. The author explains how addictive tea can become. He quotes Samuel Johnson to warn against tea addiction. Tea is bitter but can be improved with milk and sugar. Tea should be locked in caddies for a longer shelf life.	The author explains how tea was popular among the upper class. He quotes Samuel Johnson to illustrate its popularity.	17
7077025534	Read this sentence from a report on Oscar Wilde. Oscar Wilde uses humor to critique society and show that there is too much concern about coming from a proper family. Which line from The Importance of Being Earnest best makes this point? "Where did the charitable gentleman who had a first-class ticket for this seaside resort find you?" "Yes, Lady Bracknell. I was in a hand-bag—a somewhat large, black leather hand-bag, with handles to it—an ordinary hand-bag in fact." "To be born, or at any rate bred, in a hand-bag, whether it had handles or not, seems to me to display a contempt for the ordinary decencies of family life . . ." "May I ask you then what you would advise me to do? I need hardly say I would do anything in the world to ensure Gwendolen's happiness."	"To be born, or at any rate bred, in a hand-bag, whether it had handles or not, seems to me to display a contempt for the ordinary decencies of family life . . ."	18
7077025911	Read the excerpt from chapter 4 of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. This last, however, was not so easy of accomplishment; for Mr. Hyde had numbered few familiars—even the master of the servant maid had only seen him twice; his family could nowhere be traced; he had never been photographed; and the few who could describe him differed widely, as common observers will. Only on one point were they agreed; and that was the haunting sense of unexpressed deformity with which the fugitive impressed his beholders. This excerpt creates suspense by making the reader wonder how Mr. Hyde had managed to be seen by so few people. why people who had seen Mr. Hyde could only agree on one point. when Mr. Hyde would see any of his family members again. what people would do if they actually got a long look at Mr. Hyde.	how Mr. Hyde had managed to be seen by so few people.	19
7077026257	Read the lines from "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud." The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: I gazed—and gazed—but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought What is the connotation of the word wealth as it is used in this context? a large amount of money a powerful man or woman pretty flowers great beauty	great beauty	20
7077027570	A comedy of manners is a type of dramatic comedy that the rules and behaviors of a society.	humorously critiques	21
7077028513	Read the excerpt from Act III of The Importance of Being Earnest. Lady Bracknell. [With a shiver, crossing to the sofa and sitting down.] I do not know whether there is anything peculiarly exciting in the air of this particular part of Hertfordshire, but the number of engagements that go on seems to me considerably above the proper average that statistics have laid down for our guidance. I think some preliminary inquiry on my part would not be out of place. Mr. Worthing, is Miss Cardew at all connected with any of the larger railway stations in London? I merely desire information. Until yesterday I had no idea that there were any families or persons whose origin was a Terminus. [Jack looks perfectly furious, but restrains himself.] How can Lady Bracknell asking Miss Cardew (Cecily) if she is "at all connected with any of the larger railway stations in London" be seen as a reflection of Victorian social codes? Knowing that Jack was found as a baby in a railway station, she is excited that Cecily may also be connected to a railway family because it suggests wealth. Since she already knows about Jack's background, she is angry that Algernon may marry someone who is not as educated as he is. Knowing that Jack was found as a baby in a railway station, she is concerned that Algernon wants to marry someone who may be of a lower social ranking. Since she already knows about Jack's background, she is curious to know about Cecily's because it is considered mannerly to show interest in others.	Knowing that Jack was found as a baby in a railway station, she is concerned that Algernon wants to marry someone who may be of a lower social ranking.	22
7077029235	Read the excerpt from Act III of The Importance of Being Earnest. Cecily. Gwendolen, your common sense is invaluable. Mr. Moncrieff, kindly answer me the following question. Why did you pretend to be my guardian's brother? Algernon. In order that I might have an opportunity of meeting you. Cecily. [To Gwendolen.] That certainly seems a satisfactory explanation, does it not? Gwendolen. Yes, dear, if you can believe him. Cecily. I don't. But that does not affect the wonderful beauty of his answer. What does this excerpt most clearly convey about Cecily? She values truth over creativity. She values romance over truth. She values logic over romance. She values creativity over logic.	She values romance over truth.	23
7077030066	Read the excerpt from Act III of The Importance of Being Earnest. [Gwendolen and Cecily are at the window, looking out into the garden.] Gwendolen. The fact that they did not follow us at once into the house, as any one else would have done, seems to me to show that they have some sense of shame left. Cecily. They have been eating muffins. That looks like repentance. What do you learn about Gwendolen and Cecily from this excerpt? They value honesty and are angry that the men have lied to them. They value romance and are willing to make excuses for the men they love. They value wisdom and refuse to admit that they were wrong. They value commitment and are willing to marry anyone who will marry them.	They value romance and are willing to make excuses for the men they love.	24

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