| 4428706860 | Portugal | Kingdom that spawned a lot of exploration. Located on the Iberian Peninsula. Home to many skilled seamen who explored the islands near them | | 0 |
| 4428711782 | Philippines | Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Magellan sailed there while circumnavigating the globe. Unfortunately, he was killed there while in a political dispute. | | 1 |
| 4428725701 | Java | Island eventually controlled by the Dutch. Important trade area. | | 2 |
| 4428728175 | Siberia | Northern European area. Russia tried to (and eventually, sort of did) conquer it. | | 3 |
| 4428738155 | Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer. Sailed all the way from Portugal, around Africa, to India. First person to do so. | | 4 |
| 4428744406 | Prince Henry | Portuguese princes. Called "Henry the Navigator", who encouraged expeditions to west Africa. He wanted to trade, form alliances with Muslim leaders, and spread Christianity. | | 5 |
| 4428751047 | Marco Polo | Venetian traveler that traveled across Eurasia and spent time in China under Khubilai Khan's rule. | | 6 |
| 4428756014 | Captain James Cook | Pacific explorer. Deeply interested in Pacific culture, and charted Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Hawaii, putting them on European maps. | | 7 |
| 4428763194 | Sternpost Rudder | Chinese invention. It was a rudder built into the stern of a ship that increased maneuverability. | | 8 |
| 4428767787 | Lateen Sail | Indian invention. More able to catch crosswinds than square sails. Helped make ships more efficient. | | 9 |
| 4428772423 | Compass and Astrolabe | Navigational tools used to determine direction and location. Hugely important to trade and exploration by sea. | | 10 |
| 4428777228 | Volta do Mar | Portuguese concept of following wind currents rather than going against the wind. Faster, safer, and more reliable | | 11 |
| 4428784645 | Circumnavigation | Sailing around the world. First done by Magellan and his crew. | | 12 |
| 4428787541 | Joint Stock Company | People invested money in trading companies. Made trade more efficient. | | 13 |
| 4428790888 | Seven Years War | Global conflict mainly between Europeans and their allied indigenous peoples in an attempt to gain hegemony. | | 14 |
| 4428797601 | Columbian Exchange | Diffusion of biological, demographical, and cultural aspects that began after European exploration. | | 15 |
| 4428801164 | Spanish Galleons | Types of ships used along trade and exploration. Efficient and safe. They could carry larger cargoes. | | 16 |
| 4428806299 | English East India Co. and Dutch VOC | Part of joint stock companies that facilitated trade and encouraged investment in trade. | | 17 |
| 4428813779 | Martin Luther | Priest against indulgences. Led a movement that eventually led to the reformation by starting his own branch of Christianity | | 18 |
| 4428817961 | Protestants | People who protested the corruption of the Roman Catholic church. | | 19 |
| 4428820950 | Anglicans | People belonging to the Church of England | | 20 |
| 4428822314 | Henry VIII | King of England. Split away from Catholic Church and began Anglican Church. | | 21 |
| 4428825921 | John Calvin | Began Protestant community in Geneva, sent out missionaries, gained followers. | | 22 |
| 4428829380 | St. Ignatius Loyola | Founder of Society of Jesus. He and followers were dedicated to the Catholic church. | | 23 |
| 4428834028 | Jesuits | Members of Society of Jesus that were dedicated to the catholic church. Acted as missionaries and defenders of their faith. | | 24 |
| 4428838439 | Charles V | Inherited Habsburg's authority, had a lot of places he controlled. Mostly dealt with the Lutheran rebellions, didn't establish lasting empire. Originally HRE. | | 25 |
| 4428845556 | Habsburg | Family that married into a lot of royal positions, had a lot of influence in Europe | | 26 |
| 4428852570 | Cardial Richeliue | Minister to King Luis XIII of France. Began building absolutism in France. | | 27 |
| 4428857127 | Louis XIV | King of France. Solidified absolutist reign in France. Built Versailles, kept nobles happy with wealth and entertainment. | | 28 |
| 4428862778 | Adam Smith | Scottish philosopher that was concerned with efficiency of labor. Considered to be the father of modern economics. | | 29 |
| 4428868205 | Ptolmey | Greek scholar. His theory of the universe (that it revolved around the earth) was what people believed for a long time. | | 30 |
| 4428875200 | Copernicus | Believed that the Earth revolved around the sun, not the other way around. People didn't like his idea that much. | | 31 |
| 4428878146 | Galileo | Italian scientist. Observed the heavens with a telescope, proved heavenly bodies were not perfect, saw new stars | | 32 |
| 4428882183 | Kepler | German scientist. Proved planetary orbits were elliptical. | | 33 |
| 4428884717 | Newton | English mathematician. Did a TON in physics. Defined gravity. | | 34 |
| 4428887755 | Locke | Studied political laws and promoted constitutional government. English. | | 35 |
| 4428893312 | Montesquieu | French. Wanted to establish political science and liberty. | | 36 |
| 4428896104 | Voltaire | Believed in personal freedom. Wrote a lot. Made fun of church and French monarchy. | | 37 |
| 4428899141 | Romanovs | Russian ruling family for 300+ years. Contributed tons to the Russian government, culture, and society. | | 38 |
| 4428903885 | Peter I | Russian King. Wanted to have a strong army. Super important. | | 39 |
| 4428906736 | Catherine II | Successor to Peter I. Helped contribute a lot to government. Split Russia into 50 provinces. Wanted to make Russia a great power. | | 40 |
| 4428914338 | Pugachev | Russian guy. Started a rebellion, killed thousands of people. | | 41 |
| 4428917011 | Ninety Five Theses | Document written by Martin Luther that spoke out against indulgences. | | 42 |
| 4428919787 | Protestant Reformation | Movement in Europe to protest the corruption of the catholic church, resulted in new Christian churches. | | 43 |
| 4428922980 | Catholic Reformation | Response to Protestant Reformation. made changes to catholic church by clarifying doctrine, etc. | | 44 |
| 4428928394 | Council of Trent | Assembly of church officials that met to clarify certain doctrines and do away with certain practices. | | 45 |
| 4428933534 | Spanish Armada | Fleet of Spanish warships. Very powerful navy. | | 46 |
| 4428937164 | 30 Years War | Conflict between most of Europe that was really a cumulative effect of tension between countries. | | 47 |
| 4428942808 | Inquisition | Founded by Ferdinand and Isabel of Spain to question Muslims, Jews, and anybody considered a threat to their country. Very harsh punishments. | | 48 |
| 4428951657 | Constitutional States | England, Netherlands. Had limited powers as rulers. Had some form of representative institution, written constitution. | | 49 |
| 4428958814 | Absolutism | Monarch has all power. No representation, believed rulers had divine right from God. Included Russia, France, and Spain. | | 50 |
| 4428963796 | Capitalism | Private businesses producing their own goods and services. | | 51 |
| 4428966773 | Putting-Out System | Business people gave raw materials to peasants who did the work, and then merchants sold the goods. | | 52 |
| 4428970256 | Scientific Revolution | Period of time where scientists delved deeper and questioned some of the previous scientific ideas. | | 53 |
| 4428975075 | Enlightenment | Followers wanted to discover natural laws to provide answers. Centered in France. | | 54 |
| 4428978586 | Philosophe | French philosophers that dedicated their time to Enlightenment. | | 55 |
| 4428982540 | Deism | The belief that there was some powerful god that created the universe, but doesn't take interest in its people. Very rational, organized. | | 56 |
| 4428987982 | Tsar | Russian king. Had absolute power, and a divine right to rule. | | 57 |
| 4428991143 | Hispaniola | Spanish base in Caribbean- modern-day Haiti and Dominican Republic. Established by Christopher Columbus. | | 58 |
| 4428998242 | Mexico City | Spanish capital of Mexico (New Spain). Rebuilt over Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. Merged Aztec and Spanish culture. | | 59 |
| 4429044441 | Lima | Spanish capital of Peru. Accessible port for Spanish ships. On coast of Peru. | | 60 |
| 4429049563 | Quebec | Located in Canada. Established by French settlers. | | 61 |
| 4429053930 | New Amsterdam | Dutch settlement that quickly fell to English control. Renamed New York. | | 62 |
| 4429056672 | Guam and Marina Islands | Islands in the Pacific. Explored/dealt with by Spanish. | | 63 |
| 4429060636 | Australia | Southern continent mainly left alone by Europeans for a long time until British established a penal colony there after limited exploration. | | 64 |
| 4429066890 | Tainos | People living natively in the Caribbean. First American people to have contact with Europeans. Used as laborers, virtually wiped out as a society. | | 65 |
| 4429071228 | Cortes | Spanish conquistador that led conquests of Aztec Kingdoms. Fathered Doña Maria's son, killed a bunch of rulers. Took down the Aztec Empire. | | 66 |
| 4429078299 | Montezuma | Aztec emperor that was killed by Spanish forces. | | 67 |
| 4429080834 | Pizarro | Another Spanish conquistador that helped establish Spanish rule in S. America. He toppled the Incan empire, raided their treasury, and killed the emperor. | | 68 |
| 4429085959 | Atahualpa | Inca emperor that was killed by Spanish conquistadors. His murder brought an end to the Inca's empire. | | 69 |
| 4429089847 | Cabeza de Vaca | Spanish Adventurer. | | 70 |
| 4429093596 | Encomienda | Institution in the Caribbean that gave Spanish settlers the right to coerce Taino into labor. Settlers were then responsible for their workers' health and salvation through Christianity. | | 71 |
| 4429097547 | Conquistadors | Spanish conquerors that went to the Americas in search of more opportunities for exploitation. | | 72 |
| 4429102165 | Viceroys | Administrators appointed by the Spanish king to rule under his command over Spanish colonies in S. America and Mesoamerica. | | 73 |
| 4429107403 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Divided S. America between Spain and Portugal. Separated by Catholic church to prevent Spanish and Portuguese from fighting. | | 74 |
| 4429114349 | Mestizo | "mixed"- in S. America, people from all cultures mixed with each other. Mestizo in particular were of Spanish and indigenous descent. | | 75 |
| 4429120421 | Peninsulare | Migrants that were born in Europe, particularly the Iberian peninsula. Top of Spanish social hierarchy. | | 76 |
| 4429126666 | Mulattoes | Mix of Portuguese and Africans. Contributed to mixed society. Originally not part of society, gradually mixed even more. | | 77 |
| 4429131221 | Zambo | Indigenous and African descent. Interracial marriage and relations were common. | | 78 |
| 4429134563 | Creoles | People born in the Americas from Iberian parents. Below Peninsulare in social status | | 79 |
| 4429138057 | Quinto | 1/5 of the silver mined in the Americas that was reserved for the Spanish crown. Helped world-wide economy and brought a ton of wealth to Spain. | | 80 |
| 4429145116 | Hacienda | Spanish estate in the Americas that produced goods and foodstuffs for its own inhabitants, as well as nearby miners. | | 81 |
| 4429149916 | Repartimiento | Replaced encomienda in Spanish America. Still a labor system, but natives were paid. | | 82 |
| 4429155782 | Engenho | Sugar mill. Later, term was used to encompass the whole compound on which sugar was farmed and produced. Used in Brazil | | 83 |
| 4429159897 | Smallpox | Deadly disease brought to the Americas by conquerors/settlers. Since Native Americans were not immune to smallpox, populations were wiped out drastically by outbreaks of the disease. | | 84 |
| 4429167852 | Audiencias | Panels of judges appointed by the Spanish king to act as a check on the viceroys' power. These judges observed and monitored viceroy's behavior to ensure that they remained loyal to their king. | | 85 |
| 4429177061 | Gao | Trading city and capital of the Songhay empire. Participated in Trans-Saharan. | | 86 |
| 4429181916 | Timbuktu | City along Trans-Saharan trade route. Participated in gold/salt/slave trade. | | 87 |
| 4429185279 | Fulani | In West Africa. People practiced strict Islam, gained a lot of power. | | 88 |
| 4429189337 | Congo (Zaire) River | River in Africa around the kingdom of Kongo | | 89 |
| 4429198156 | Kongo | Kingdom in Subsaharan Africa. Had a lot of contact with Portuguese. | | 90 |
| 4429206469 | Ndongo (Angola) | Subsaharan African city-state. Colony established by Portuguese. Active participants in slave trade. | | 91 |
| 4429210110 | Capetown | Trading post built by Dutch in South Africa. Colony. | | 92 |
| 4429215565 | Dahomey | Tribe of Africans that actively participated in the slave trade. They raided villages and assisted in enslaving fellow Africans. | | 93 |
| 4429221942 | Haiti | Home to a successful slave revolt. Slaves simply declared themselves independent from France and sectioned off part of the Caribbean island and called it Haiti | | 94 |
| 4429228420 | Sunni Ali | Songhay ruler that conquered land around him and solidified Songhay rule. Established strong army. Good admin. | | 95 |
| 4429236367 | King Alfonso I | Kongolese king who converted to Christianity and was a devout Roman Catholic. Wanted to convert the rest of his kingdom. | | 96 |
| 4429273226 | Queen Nzinga | Angolan queen. Seriously awesome. Often cross-dressed to establish dominance. Resisted Portuguese conquest. Rallied a lot of central Africa against the Portuguese. | | 97 |
| 4429283821 | Dona Beatriz | Kongolese woman that performed miracles and began the Antonian movement. She blended a lot of African beliefs with Christianity | | 98 |
| 4429295198 | Olaudah Equinano | West African slave that later became free and published an autobiography. Helped rally for the abolition of slavery. | | 99 |
| 4429300019 | Diaspora | Forced migration and distribution of Africans to the Caribbean and the Americas. | | 100 |
| 4429304254 | Antonian Movement | Christianity as taught by Dona Beatriz, taught that Jesus was black and that heaven was for Africans. Had a large following. | | 101 |
| 4429310528 | Triangular Trade | Merchants sailed from Europe to Africa, exchanging goods for slaves, then sailed to the Americas where slaves were exchanged for sugar/molassas | | 102 |
| 4429319195 | Middle Passage | Journey from Africa to the Americas with human cargo. Terrible, filthy conditions. 25% of enslaved Africans didn't make the journey and died along the way. | | 103 |
| 4429327900 | Indigo | Cash crop cultivated mainly by slave labor on plantations in the Americas. | | 104 |
| 4429330877 | Plantation System | Farms primarily for the cultivation of cash crops, inhabited by African slaves and European overseers. | | 105 |
| 4429335337 | Maroons | Runaway slaves that started communities and helped organize additional slaves' escapes. | | 106 |
| 4429340517 | Nanjing | Mongol capital of China during Quan Dynasty. | | 107 |
| 4429345535 | Macau | City visited by Matteo Ricci | | 108 |
| 4429348250 | Edo (Tokyo) | Capital of Japan. Shoguns inspired daimyos to live alternating years (or so) to keep them under control. | | 109 |
| 4429351939 | Manchuria | Land north of China. Manchus invaded China, began Qing dynasty. | | 110 |
| 4429355285 | Matteo Ricci | Roman catholic missionary. Introduced mechanized clocks to China. | | 111 |
| 4429359072 | Ming | "Brilliant" dynasty in China. Brought Chinese identity back after Mongol rule. | | 112 |
| 4429362149 | Kangxi | Confucian scholar, Qing ruler, conquered Taiwan, parts of eastern Asia, very scholarly. | | 113 |
| 4429370528 | Zheng He | Eunuch admiral from Qing dynasty. Led Chinese maritime explorations. | | 114 |
| 4429375174 | Tokugawa | Established unified military government "bakufu" in Japan. | | 115 |
| 4429380542 | Qianlong | Grandson of Kangxi. Also conquered places. Ruled during the height of the Qing dynasty. Very wealthy. Delegated stuff. Marked an era of prosperity. | | 116 |
| 4429392506 | Queue | Braided ponytail required by Qing emperors for subjects to wear. | | 117 |
| 4429398425 | Scholar Gentry | Group of highly educated men that made up the majority of the bureaucracy. | | 118 |
| 4429404222 | Neo-Confucianism | Began (sort of) by Zhu Xi, in Song dynasty. Combined confucian and buddhist ideas. | | 119 |
| 4429407931 | Bakufu | "Temporary government" in Japan, established by Tokugawa. Basically put shoguns in charge. | | 120 |
| 4429413403 | Daimyo | Basically ruling lords in Japan. Power was limited by the shoguns. | | 121 |
| 4429417405 | Native Learning | People who scorned learning from other cultures and promoted strictly Japanese knowledge. | | 122 |
| 4429424051 | Floating Worlds | Places of pleasure (teahouses, bath houses, brothels, theaters) prominent during the Tokugawa dynasty. | | 123 |
| 4429430654 | Ottoman Empire | Empire of Muslims. Mostly in the Middle East, parts of Europe, coast of northern Africa. | | 124 |
| 4429435693 | Goa | Portuguese colony in India, center for Christian mission. | | 125 |
| 4429447603 | Mughal Empire | Located mainly in India, southern Asia. | | 126 |
| 4429451616 | Fatehpur Sikri | City planned and built by Akbar, Mughal empire. | | 127 |
| 4429454162 | Shah Jahan | Emperor of Mughal India. Built Taj Mahal and Peacock Throne. | | 128 |
| 4429458795 | Babur | Founder of Mughal empire, wanted to have a powerful, wealthy empire in India. | | 129 |
| 4429461311 | Osman Bey | Founder of the Ottoman Empire, established ghazi to assist him in building an empire. | | 130 |
| 4429468411 | Hurrem Sultana (Roxelana) | Favored wife of Suleyman, had actual part in politics. Highly trusted by husband, ensured own child as heir. | | 131 |
| 4429473939 | Mehmed | Captured Constantinople | | 132 |
| 4429475815 | Akbar | Mughal ruler. Intelligent, no-nonsense, tolerant. | | 133 |
| 4429481532 | Suleyman the Magnificent | Ottoman empire. Reign marked peak of empire. Expanded territory, consolidated power, spread in SW Asia, Europe. | | 134 |
| 4429489178 | Aurangzeb | Expanded Mughal empire, stopped being tolerant of religions. | | 135 |
| 4429492020 | Peacock Throne | Expensive, fancy throne built by Shah Jahan. Showed how wealthy Mughal India was. | | 136 |
| 4429497378 | Ghazi | Muslim religious warriors. Supposed to help "purify" the earth. | | 137 |
| 4429501993 | Devshirme | Ottoman institution that required Christian boys of the Balkans to become the sultan's slaves and ultimately led to civil service/military. | | 138 |
| 4429508840 | Jainssaries | Military force (Ottoman) that was made up of enslaved boys. Immensely powerful, loyal, and innovative. | | 139 |
| 4429516113 | Siege of Vienna | Suleyman seized Vienna as he went along conquering everything. Terrifying, apparently. | | 140 |
| 4429524714 | Kanun | Legal edicts issued by Ottoman Sultans, laws. | | 141 |
| 4429528104 | Divine Faith | Syncretic religion encouraged by Akbar. | | 142 |
| 4429531173 | Dhimmi | "Protected people"- people living in Islamic empires, didn't need to convert to Islam, retained some rights. | | 143 |
| 4429538483 | Jizya | Tax required of non-Muslims (dhimmi) to pay. | | 144 |
| 4429541220 | Topkapi | Ottoman palace in Istanbul | | 145 |
| 4429543060 | Taj Mahal | Monument built by Shah Jahan for his late wife as well as his Islamic faith. | | 146 |
| 4429546101 | Wahhabi Movement | Islamic religious movement against Ottomans from Arabia, very conservative. Didn't think Turks were legitimate rulers. | | 147 |
