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AP Spanish Literature Exam Review Flashcards

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8774851449"De lo que acontecío a un mancebo que se casó con una mujer muy fuerte y muy brava."It is a medieval text in Spain and it is a collection of stories. After a man and a woman get married, the man feels like he has all of the power and feels like the wife cannot serve him just like the animals cannot serve him. He treats the position of the woman as if she was one of the animals as well. She has a reputation of not listening to her husband either. The story is very chauvinistic and it shows the TRADITIONAL gender roles at the time. One of the major themes to take away from this story is that if you cannot show what you want or who you are at the beginning, then you will never be able to show that feeling later in the long run. The story is in a modern perspective.0
8774851450"Hombres Necios que acusaís"This work is a satire that takes place and written around the time period of New Spain. This was a very pro-feminist period in a very modern perspective. It says hows stupid men accuse women for things that they didn't do or that are not true. It is an argument sticking up for women and is against men, ALL men. Also gives some of the types of women and how men perceive them such as prostitutes versus angels of the house. Brings up the argument of which is worse... A women who sells herself for money or the man who gives his money for sex. Controversial situation and a very critical work.1
8774851451"Peso Ancestral"This work relates to the weight that women are carrying on their shoulders. This weight is known to the reader as an "emotional" weight and the stress of the men that they are carrying. The work contains images of being heavy to relate to the idea of the weight. For example, the tears of men are venomous and quite heavy to women. The work is feminist and the author is critiquing society.2
8774851452"Mujer Negra"This poem takes place during the time of the slave trade and during the end of the Cuban Revolution which is modern Cuba. This poem has many voices going on beginning with a woman who is working on a plantation. She has sex with a white land owner and her baby is taken away from her because she is not only a woman, but she is african american. This poem ties together the prejudice of non-white races and women. At the end she is freed which is a hope for the future.3
8774851453"Dos Palabras"This a short story about a poor family who doesn't deserve their own names. There is no escape for these people due to their lack of purpose, food, or financial needs. The mother tries to find a job and she starts by reading a dictionary. She begins to sell the words of the dictionary to people and later she is kidnapped by a colonel. The colonel is a candidate for the president and he needs her help to give a two word title for his speech. We find out, based on the title, that he later falls in love with her and vice versa. This story is an example of Magical Realism. This a feminist story about a woman who goes out to take the role of the head person in the family in order to survive.4
8774851454"Visiones de los vencidos"This story is about the Aztecs and their fear of the Spanish attack on their city in the mere future. They account several omens that make them believe that the Spanish are near. Some of these omens are the column of fire, lightning, eclipse, blazing sun, and the screams of women. This story relates to the different societies in contact. The clash between the Aztecs and the Spanish country.5
8774851455"Segunda Carta de Relación"The story is written by Cortes and he is writing about the king of Spain. He describes his plan for taking over the Aztec city of Tenochtítlan. He describes how he entered the city giving the king many gifts and he promised him he would find all the gold in the city. He also promised he would convert the Aztecs to christians "Peacefully." This wasn't true when he and his Spanish army attacked the city killing several Aztecs and torturing them violently. Cortes used a lot of Euphemism in order to water down the situation that happened in the city. This narrative is also an example and a representation of the clash between different societies in contact (Aztecs Versus Spain).6
8774851456"Lazarillo de Tormes"This story is a comedy and is known as being a picaresque piece of literature. It is a broad comedy that satirizes the different types of social roles in a society. It is about a young boy named Lazaro who lives with his mother. His mother is found with a black who steals and is a thief leading Lazaro to be taken a better, or they say, place to live. He is first given over to a blind man who is very mean and abusive. Lazaro doesn't have any food, so tricks the blind man into running into a pole leading him to get food and run away. Lazaro then runs into a cleric. He is very stingy and he has a box that contains bread just in case he runs out of food. The man has an over abundance of food, but being stingy, he saves food in a wooden box with a key. Lazaro gets a hold of the key and puts it in his mouth, so he won't get caught. Lazaro falls asleep with the key in his mouth causing his mouth to make a hissing sound. The cleric thinks it's a snake. At the end, he is caught. He is then with a squire who is from a rich family, but is very poor. He is in trouble because he hasn't payed the rent. Lazaro said the squire was going to get the money when really he was running away and never coming back. In the last chapter, Lazaro works as an important public figure. She is a good woman (doesn't matter since she is a woman and he is rich) The end makes the story a modern perspective.7
8774851457"Nuestra America"This essay is about the unification of Latin American and the idea of how one defines an "American." The essay states the prejudice that the United States has on other parts of America and how they state things and rights for all Americans, even though some people who are Americans don't receive those rights, such as Latin Americans. The United States poses lots of threats on other parts of America and because they have to much power, other countries cannot control them nor have any say in anything. Martí suggests a unification but isn't possible due to United States' imperialistic power. A theme in this essay relates to the prejudices other American races face and how one society under the American branch controls all the other parts.8
8774851458"A Roosevelt"This poem is about expansionism and the idea that Roosevelt has a lot of power. The author is a strong critic and he represents Roosevelt as a strong hold for money and power (Imperialism). Roosevelt controls many parts of the world and modernism is seen in his essay. Again, a theme in this essay relates to the prejudices other American races face and how one society (United States) under the American branch controls all the other parts.9
8774851459"Prendimiento de Camborio de Antoñito"This poem is about gypsies and how their culture is abused in the society that they are living in. A group of gypsies are imprisoned for taking lemons off of a tree in an area where nobody owns those trees. They are blamed for being thieves and sent to prison. The cops take the lemons they picked and make lemonade out of it. This poem shows the abuse of power in the United States and how one group can be ostracized due to their social status in a society. This a Romance poem, contemporary, and takes place during the first part of the twentieth century.10
8774851460WHAT TYPE OF POEM IS THIS? Imperio tuve un tiempo, pasajero, sobre las ondas de la mar salada; del viento fui movida y respetada y senda abrí al Antártico hemisfero. Soy con larga vejez tosco madero; fui haya, y de mis hojas adornada, del mismo que alas hice en mi jornada, lenguas para cantar hice primero. Acompaño esta tumba tristemente, y aunque son de Colón estos despojos, su nombre callo, venerable y santo, de miedo que, de lástima, la gente tanta agua ha de verter con tiernos ojos, que al mar nos vuelva a entrambos con el llanto.SONNET11
8774851461Author of "Dos Palabras"Allende12
8774851462Author "Romance de la pérdida de Alhama"Anonymous13
8774851463Author of "Lazarillo de Tormes"Anonymous14
8774851464Author of "Volverán de las oscuras golondrinas"Becquer15
8774851465Author of "Borges y yo"Borges16
8774851466Author of "El Sur"Borges17
8774851467Author of "A Julia de Burgos"Burgos18
8774851468Author of "Don Quijote"Cervantes19
8774851469Author of "La Noche Boca Arriba"Cortázar20
8774851470Author of "Segunda Carta de Relación"Cortés21
8774851471Author of "Hombres necios que acusaís"de la Cruz22
8774851472Author of "A Roosevelt"Darío23
8774851473Author of "De lo que acontecío a un mancebo que se casó con una mujer muy fuerte y muy brava."Don Juan Manuel24
8774851474Author of "El hombre que se convirtió en perro"Dragún25
8774851475Author of "Chac Mool"Fuentes26
8774851476Author of "La casa de Bernarda Alba"Lorca27
8774851477Author of "Prendimiento de Antoñito el Camborio en el camino de Sevilla"Lorca28
8774851478Author of "El ahogado más hermoso del mundo"Marquez29
8774851479Author of "La siesta del martes"Marquez30
8774851480Author of "en tanto que de rosa y azucena"Vega31
8774851481Author of "Mientras por competir con tu cabello"Góngora32
8774851482Author of "Balada de los dos abuelos"Guíllen33
8774851483Author of "En una tempestad"Heredia34
8774851484Author of "Visión de los Vencidos"Portilla35
8774851485Author of "He andado muchos caminos"Machado36
8774851486Author of "Nuestra América"Martí37
8774851487Author of "Como la vida misma"Montero38
8774851488Author of "Mujer Negra"Moréjon39
8774851489Author of "Walking Around"Neruda40
8774851490Author of "Las Medias Rojas"Bazán41
8774851491Author of "Miré los muros de la patria mía"Quevedo42
8774851492Author of "El Hijo"Quiroga43
8774851493Author of "y no se lo trago la tierra"Rivera44
8774851494Author of "No oyes ladrar los perros"Rulfo45
8774851495Author of "Peso Ancestral"Storni46
8774851496Author of "El Burlador de Sevilla y Convidado de Piedra"Molina47
8774851497Author of "Mi Caballo Mago"Ulibarri48
8774851498Author of "San Manuel Bueno, mártir"Unamuno49
8774851499alegoríaallegory: is a rhetorical device in which characters or events in a literary, visual, or musical art form represent or symbolize ideas and concepts.50
8774851500Alejandrinoa 14 syllable verse divided into two 7 syllable lines.51
8774851501AliteraciónAlliteration pero pepe piensa un plan de preparar un dinero.52
8774851502AlusiónAllusion: in literature, an implied or indirect reference to a person, event, or thing or to a part of another text.53
8774851503Renacimiento (Renaissance)-A rebirth or revival. -The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe. -The period of this revival, roughly the 14th through the 16th century, marking the transition from medieval to modern times.54
8774851504Baroque (Barroco)-Relating to, or characteristic of a style in art and architecture developed in Europe from the early 17th to mid-18th century, emphasizing dramatic, often strained effect and typified by bold, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. --Fluidity and over the top -Extravagant, complex, or bizarre, especially in ornamentation.55
8774851505Surrealism (Surrealismo)A 20th-century literary and artistic movement that attempts to express the workings of the subconscious and is characterized by fantastic imagery and incongruous juxtaposition of subject matter. Many random images clashed together as striking and Bizarre to understand the mentality of the author, poet, or writer.56
8774851506Modernism (Modernismo)-Modern thought, character, or practice. -Sympathy with or conformity to modern ideas, practices, or standards.57
8774851507Picaresque (Picáro)-Of or involving clever rogues or adventurers. -Of or relating to a genre of usually satiric prose fiction originating in Spain and depicting in realistic, often humorous detail the adventures of a roguish hero of low social degree living by his or her wits in a corrupt society. (Lazarillo de Tormes).58
8774851508Estrofastanza59
8774851509Eufemismo (Euphemism)watering down harsh situations with "kinder" words60
8774851510Vistazo RetrospectivoFlashback61
8774851511Figura retorica(figure of speech)62
8774851512Exposición (exposition)The portion of a story that introduces important background information to the audience.63
8774851513EstribilloA phrase or verse recurring at intervals in a song or poem, especially at the end of each stanza; chorus.64
8774851514Epítetoadding unnecessary adjectives for aesthetic purposes65
8774851515EnumeraciónA collection of items that is a complete, ordered listing of all of the items in that collection.66
8774851516Épicaepic poetry.67
8774851517EncabalgamientoIt is when the ideas in on verse continue over into the next verse of the.68
8774851518ElipsisDenotes a time or omission of one's thought and pondering. The omission from a sentence or other construction of one or more words that would complete or clarify the construction.69
8774851519EcoCreated by repetition of words or parts of words.70
8774851520DramaLess violent than a tragedy and composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story involving conflict or contrast of character.71
8774851521CuartetoFour line stanzas, 11 syllables each ABBA72
8774851522CuartetaFour line stanzas, 8 syllables each ABAB73
8774851523CromatismoThe use of colors to express ideas and feelings.74
8774851524Copla (couplet)Two verses (usually joined by a rhyme)75
8774851525ComposiciónAn analysis of the structure, verses, and stanzas of a poem.76
8774851526Comedia (comedy)Is any sort of performance intended to cause laughter or the emotions associated with laughter.77
8774851527Climaxculmination (highest peak of the story where all unfolds)78
8774851528Carpe DiemSeize the day, and the enjoyment of the pleasures of the moment without concern for the future. Live ever day like it is your last. Non-religious.79
8774851529AsíndetonThe omission of connecting words such as -and -but -more80
8774851530Arte menorVerses that have 8 or fewer syllables81
8774851531Arte MayorVerses of more than 8 syllables82
8774851532ArquetipoThe original pattern or model of which all things of the same type are representations or copies. Perfect**83
8774851533Argumento (resumen)Plot or storyline.84
8774851534Apostrofe (apostrophe)The addressing of a usually absent person or a usually personified thing rhetorically.85
8774851535AparteAn aside where other characters do not hear or know it.86
8774851536AntítesisThe juxtaposition of two opposing ideas, contrast, contradiction.87
8774851537AntihéroeLike the antagonist, but not have the qualities of an antagonist since he/she is not heroic enough.88
8774851538AntagonistaAgainst the protagonist89
8774851539AnalogíaA comparison of two things based on their being alike in some way.90
8774851540AnáforaRepetition of a word or expression at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect.91
8774851541Bildungs RomanThe horse escapes and that the kid cannot hold onto these fantasies. This is the idea of the coming of age.92
8774851542"Mi Caballo Mago"They are west of the United States. They are trying to capture the white horse. They think the horse is very magical and has many powers, Actually, the horse not have these powers or they don't know that it has these kinds of powers. The author realizes that he does not need to capture the horse. It is Bildungs Roman and relates to the coming of age and how one has the ability to be okay with letting go of fantasies.93
8774851543CircunlocuciónUse other words to go around that word to build suspense or intensity.94
8774851544DesdoblamientoSplitting or doubling identities.95
8774851545"Don Quijote"-realidad versus fantasía -Identity (Got there by all books he read). -Cervantes saying he translated it. Labryinth.96
8774851546"Volverán las oscuras golondrinas"Romantic movement and it is a poem that is about a couple that broke up and the woman went with another guy. The guy is saying that she will regret it and that the guy isn't as good as he was when they were together. The swallows in the title represent the time passed between the man and the woman in the relationship, carpe diem. The opportunity of love between them is going away and the golondrinas show that moving away happening.97
8774851547"Las Medias Rojas"A girl that is a prostitute for her dad and she goes out to buy red stockings with her father's money. Once she gets the tights, her father, Tío Cladio, beats her and her beauty is lost. She doesn't have anymore beauty anymore not making her able to move to the United States anymore. Her ticket to go to the US was her beauty. The literary movement is naturalism because it shows the life of poor people and of a poor woman. The color red represents sex and prostitution.98
8774851548"El Hijo"A kid goes hunting with his father in the forest. His father then lets him go off into the wilderness solo leading to the son's death at the end of the story. The father has a hallucination asking why his son was so late in return while in reality his son was dead in a barbed wire fence. The literary movement is naturalism and one could make the argument of the theme as time and reality versus fantasy. The pistol and the gun represent violence, teaching, maturity, and most importantly foreshadow danger.99
8774851549"La Casa de Bernarda Alba"A play in spain where the head of the house is a tyrant mother named Bernarda who takes care of her daughters who are nuns. The mother is very strict and controls every aspect in the household and in the lives of the daughters. The literary movement is naturalism and modernism.100
8774851550"No Oyes Ladrar los perros"Realism. This story is about a father who is taking his dying son to a town called Tonanya. This story represents the hope for Ignacio,son to become a better person, but ends up dying. Ignacio was not noble and he was ready to die due to his lack of honor.101
8774851551"Como la vida misma"It is a short story that puts the reader in the driver seat of a traffic jam taken place in a parking lot. The second person puts the reader into the stressful and tiring situation of traffic in an anonymous city. The narrator is talking to us making us, the readers, the protagonists. Car 1 (protagonist) wants the parking space, he got the space because he drives like a crazy person. Car 2 got out of the space because he was leaving and car 1 almost hit car 2. Car 1 gets mad saying all are bad drivers when he is really the bad driver since he almost hit car 2. Irony. Realistic.102
8774851552"La siesta del Martes"A mother and a daughter take a train ride into a city during the time of a siesta. It is very hot and the mother and daughter have little to no money. They went to go see Carlos who is the mother's son who was caught stealing money for the survival of his family. He was a good guy but did abad action in order to survive. Nobody socializes with them when they show up because 1) they are poor, and 2) nobody wants to mess around with a thief. The hotness represents the poorness of the mother and daughter. If they had the money, they could sit on the train where air conditioning was present.103
8774851553"El hombre que se convirtió en perro"This a short play that takes place during the reign of Perón so it's a modern work. There aren't any names only actors and it is a satire. The play is a meta-drama (meta-fiction) which is a play within a play. The main actor begins to feel bad because he doesn't have a job because there is an economic crisis and there isn't enough money to go around. He looks for a job and gets one as a watch man. He cannot be human and he accepts the job. His wife Maria is scared for him because he is like a dog and she is scared her son that she has is going to be a dog as well. He kisses the hand then bites it off (satire). This play satirizes the time of Perón and how the workers were treated and the roles they all played in society at the time.104
8774851554"Y no se tragó la tierra."This a story about illegal immigrants who come to America (United States) to try to find a job and they cannot get one successfully. The women cannot work for sure and the terrible heat conditions in the fields cause heat strokes and they do not have the money to get one to a hospital. They also don't have documents even if they did have the money for hospitals. The narrator is the fictional person of the author. This story is related to the social interactions of societies.105
8774851555"Noche Buena"A mother goes to the store to buy her children christmas presents. She has never done this before and she gets really scared when she walks in. Her anxiety takes over and she runs out of the store with they toys without purchasing them. She is found guilty for stealing. She is an illegal immigrant and she told her kids they will get toys on Dia de los reyes magos isntead. The kids know what was going on and accepted the fact that toys weren't everything about the holiday of christmas.106
8774851556"En tanto que de rosa y azucena"Carpe Diem. It is a poem about a man describing the beauty of his woman and how it won't last forever. She has a relationship between herself and nature. This a very Renaissance styled poem.107
8774851557"Mientras por competir con tu cabello"Carpe Diem. It is a poem Baroque styled poem describing how beauty doesn't last very long but this poem has lots of fluidity and is over the top.108
8774851558"Mire los muros de la patria mía"A man walks through his city describing the current state that it is in. He is in Spain and describing how it is decaying. He says how his house is stained and how he has a walking stick and how his sword (youth) is overcome with age. Carpe Diem (Memento Mori). This city is making him older as well. It is Baroque and a sonnet poem.109
8774851559"En una tempestad"This a work that is between Neoclassicism and Romanticism. Neoclassicism is returning the the original greek and roman classics and Romanticism deals with emotions. The language of the poem is CLASSIC and the romantic part of the poem focuses on the feeling and power of nature itself. The perspective is the man who is tortured by this powerful god. This person is talking to god in this massive hurricane and the poem is strongly religious (catholicism). The feeling is very overwhelming.110
8774851560"He andado muchos caminos"Describes two groups of people in the poem. Group one are a group of poor people who are the ones that do all the work and are known as the ideal people. Group two are the ones who are rich and don't have to work, but get money through inheritance. Very general society and at the end, doesn't matter if you are good or bad, all end up in the same place. Memento Mori. Live your life the way you want to but know all go to the same place at the end. Very pessimistic.111
8774851561"Walking Around"He is sick of being a man and being alive. He doesn't want to see anything anymore. Sexual and psychological things are going on in his mind. This is a very surreal poem. The elements he sees and describes have no significance. Pessimistic.112
8774851562"Chac Mool"The literary movement is fantasy and the story related to circular time. A guy on a train is reading a story about a man named Filiberto who is the house that the reader is visiting. Filiberto finds this statue of Chac Mool in the basement, who is the god of water. The statue is fake, polished and is alive. The statue comes to life and takes the place of Filiberto at the end. He is wearing his clothes. Filiberto ends up drowning (se algó) in the ocean.113
8774851563"Balada de los dos Abuelos"A man talks about both of his grandfathers. One is black and one is white. They are both similar and both guerreros. The black grandfather (facundo) is owned by the white grandfather (Federico). The tambores give the poem rhythm at the end. Theme is the idea of Mezcla or Mestizaje (mix of races). He is present in both of his grandfathers.114
8774851564"A julia de Burgos"Very personal poem. Two types of Julia, one is the public one and the other is the private one. She is a cold hearted doll full of social lies. They are both fighting each other, nobody is "winning" over the other. The voice of the poem is the private Julia.115
8774851565"Borges y yo"This short essay has no form. There is a public and private Borges as well. One wins, and there is not any fight. Borges points out that his writing belongs to the other Borges, by the end, we do not know who the real Borges is. Borges not able to separate his identities.116
8774851566"El sur"We don't know if Dahlmann died in the hospital or not. He is very similar to both his grandpas. At the beginning he represents his cleric grandpa as a librarian and later a guerrero when he fights the man in the fields with the knife. This story is a fantasy and has to do with reality versus dreaming. His family lived in the south, so there is repetition to spark further confusion. The cafe is pink like his house when he grew up there.117
8774851567"La Noche Boca Arriba"A man gets into a motorcycle accident. The persons cannot be divided, running from the aztecs which is the knife of the surgeon.118
8774851568"El Ahogado mas hermosa del mundo"Magical Realism Very weird The washed up body (presence) brings purpose to the people on the island. Put him back in ocean for respect. He never "rots"119
8774851569"San Manuel Bueno Martir"The novela tells the story of the local Catholic Priest (Don Manuel) in fictional Valverde de Lucerna, Spain as told through the eyes of Angela, one of the townspeople. Throughout the course of the story Manuel is adored by the people of the town. He is constantly in the service of the townspeople. He refrains from condemning anyone and goes out of his way to help those whom the people have marginalized. Instead of refusing to allow the holy burial of someone who committed suicide, don Manuel explains that he is sure that in the last moment, the person would have repented for their sin. Also, instead of excommunicating a woman who had an illegitimate child, as the Catholic Church would have done, don Manuel arranges a marriage between the woman and her ex-boyfriend, so that order will return to the town, and the child will have a father figure. The people of the town consider him their "Saint" because of all of the good deeds he does. Angela, after a brief stint away for education, returns to the town to live with her mother where she continues to be amazed at Manuel's devotion. Later, Lazarus, Angela's brother returns from the New World, disgusted with the mental and physical poverty he finds in the town. He too is amazed at Manuel's devotion but believes that "He is too intelligent to believe everything he teaches." It is clear that Lazarus does not have a sense of faith. Angela's and Lazarus's mother passes away. On her death bed she makes Lazarus promise to pray for her—he swears he will. Her dying wish is that Manuel can convert him. Lazarus begins following don Manuel "to the lake" where Manuel is known to walk and think. Time passes and Lazarus takes Communion—to the townspeople, he appears to be converted. In reality, Lazarus is only praying for his mother's sake because it was her wish, not because he has faith. Immediately following the Communion, Lazarus sits down with Angela and tells her that he has something he must tell her: Both Manuel and Lazarus have no faith in God, specifically no belief in an after-life. Angela is upset and incredulous but confronts Manuel about what Lazarus has said. In their conversation it becomes obvious that what Lazarus has said is accurate. Manuel believes that religion and the preaching of religion is the only way for the people to live contentedly—Lazarus through their talks had come to admire Manuel's determination to do what he thought was right despite his lack of belief in the veracity of what he taught. To that end, Lazarus felt it best to continue in the same way by returning to the fold. Although Angela questions the goodness of such a deed, Lazarus insists that don Manuel is a saint for the things he has done all his life for the town. Manuel grows increasingly weak. He is unable to bear the weight of teaching the resurrection when he does not believe it is real. He falls further and further into a depression, the towns people see this as a reflection of Christ in their local priest. When Manuel dies he chooses to do so in public in the center of the town, and the people see him as their "second Christ." Lazarus takes on Manuel's role until his own death. Angela moves out of town. She finishes her narration by explaining that Manuel is being considered for beatification and that he is being held up as the ideal and exemplar priest.120
8774851570"romance de la perdida de alhama"The narrator does not want to believe that their city has been destroyed. He mounts his horse and goes to the king catillo to explain what happened. Then sounds the trumpet to call all the people and explain the news. When the narrator says "Woe to my Alhama!" Shows the feelings of all the people. This phrase repeats for emphasis and tone of sadness in the village. The second voice is an old Moor, who wonders why the king has called on the people. The third voice is that of the king, who explains that Christians have won the city of Alhama. The fourth voice is the faqih, respecting the king. The king said to have killed a blackberry family, which represents a flower, and the heart of the Moors.121

Biochemistry Flashcards

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5047573248disaccharideA double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.0
5047573249alpha-helixthe coiled structural arrangement of many proteins consisting of a single chain of amino acids stabilized by hydrogen bonds.1
5047573250biuretsused to test solutions for protein; if it is a positive, the color changes from blue to purple; (stays the same for a negative test)2
5047573251glucoseA sugar that's the major source of energy for the body's cells. It is produced during photosynthesis and can be used to make carbohydrates.3
5047573252nucleotideA building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.4
5047573253celluloseA large polysaccharide -provides structural support in plant cell walls.5
5047573254glycogenAn extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.6
5047573255keratinA fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails7
5047573256structuralThe physical shape of a molecule as a result of atoms bonding.8
50475732571-2-1 ratioCarbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a consistent ratio.9
5047573258central carbonthe carbon atom of an amino acid that the other amino acid groups (corboxyl group, amino group, etc.) all connect to10
5047573259inhibitionsomething that interferes with enzymatic activity11
5047573260benedictsIndicator used to test for simple sugars and most disaccharides (not sucrose), changes from blue to orange in the presence of sugars, when heated12
5047573261phospholipidA lipid made up of a glyerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; has two hydrophobic tails and a polar, hydrophilic head13
5047573262R-groupused to represent one of 20 possible side chains found in amino acids of living systems14
5047573263glycerol backboneit is the molecule that the fatty acids connect to to form a lipid such as a triglyceride (as well as the phosphate group in a phospholipid)15
5047573264unsaturatedis a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond16
5047573265phosphate group-this molecule forms the hydrophilic head on a phospholipid - also one of the 3 parts of a nucleotide17
5047573266sucroseA disaccharide made of glucose + fructose; Table sugar18
5047573267transparency testthe "paper bag" test used in the lab to test for lipids19
5047573268starchA storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.20
5047573269monosaccharideA single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, All monosaccharides have the same chemical formula21
5047573270iodineused to test for polysaccharides in the lab. It turns purplish black when positive22
5047573271cholesterola type of lipid.23
5047573272enzymesFunctional proteins; their names usually end in - ase Catalyze Reactions (speed it up)24
5047573273nitrogen baseone of the 3 parts of a nucleotide25
5047573274polysaccharideCarbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides26
5047573275dehydration synthesisA chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.27
5047573276fatty acidsA building block of lipids, it is a long carbon skeleton, with usually 16-18 carbons, at the end has a carboxyl group attached to a hydrocarbon.28
5047573277saturatedFats with the maximum number of hydrogens. Usually animal fats and solid at room temperature29
5047573278amylaseAn enzyme that digests starch into disaccharides. It is secreted by salivary glands and by the pancreas.30
5047573279carboxyl groupA functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.31
5047573280peptide bondThe covalent bond between two amino acids, joining them into a peptide or protein.32
5047573281dipeptideTwo amino acids bonded together33
5047573282polypeptideA polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.34
5047573283primary (protein)-first level of protein structure - linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. -held together by covalent bonds such as peptide bonds35
5047573284secondary (protein)Level of protein structure that is formed by the hydrogen bonds between the polar side groups of the main chain. Can be alpha helix or beta pleat sheet36
5047573285tertiary (protein)third level of protein structure; the 3-D shape the molecule assumes, as a result of twisting, bending, and folding caused by various types of bonding between R groups (H bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds) in large proteins37
5047573286quaternary (protein)Relationship among multiple polypeptides of a protein.38
5047573287maltoseA disaccharide made of glucose + glucose.39
5047573288beta-pleated sheetpolypeptide chain folds back and forth; stabilized by hydrogen bonding40
5047573289fructoseA 6-carbon monosaccharide in the form of a ring structure. The sweetest of all natural sugars.41
5047573290functional protein-Proteins that cause chemical changes in the molecules, -control cell activities42
5047573291triglycerideA molecule made up of three fatty acids covalently bonded to glycerol; Does energy storage, thermal insulation, binds and cushions organs, fills space43
5047573292amino groupA functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms44
5047573293collagenFibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength45
5047573294photosynthesisPlants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars46
5047573295insulationa material that reduces or prevents the transmission of heat47
5047573296enzyme-substrate complexA temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).48
5047573297hydrolysisA chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.49
5047573298activation energyEnergy needed to get a reaction started50
5047573299lactaseA digestive enzyme that breaks lactose into glucose and galactose.51
5047573300reusableable to be used again52
5047573301denatureA change in the shape of a protein (such as an enzyme) that can be caused by changes in temperature or pH (among other things).53
5047573302catalystA substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction.54

AP English Literature Terms Flashcards

sources of definitions are The Princeton Review (TPR) and Barron's AP study guides. and class notes that Mr. Enns distributed :)

Terms : Hide Images
7145515998abstractan abbreviated synopsis of a longer work of scholarship or research0
7145515999adagea saying/proverb containing a truth based on experience and often couched in metaphorical language1
7145516000allegorya story in which the narrative/characters carry an underlying symbolic, metaphorical or possibly an ethical meaning2
7145516001alliterationthe repetition of one or more initial consonant in a group of words or lines of poetry or prose. writers use this for ornament or for emphasis3
7145516002allusiona reference to a person, place, or event meant to create an effect or enhance the meaning of an idea4
7145516003ambiguitya vagueness of meaning; a conscious lack of clarity meant to evoke multiple meanings and interpretation5
7145516004anachronisma person, scene, event, or other element in literature that fails to correspond with the time/era in which the work is set6
7145516005analogya comparison that points out similarities between two dissimilar things7
7145516006annotationa brief explanation,summary, or evaluation of a text or work of literature8
7145516007antagonista character or force in a work of literature that, by opposing the protagonist produces tension or conflict9
7145516008antithesisa rhetorical opposition or contrast of ideas by means of a grammatical arrangement of words, clauses, or sentences10
7145516009aphorisma short, pithy statement of a generally accepted truth or sentiment11
7145516010Apollonianin contrast to Dionysian, it refers to the most noble, godlike qualities of human nature and behavior12
7145516011apostrophea locution that addresses a person/personified thing not present13
7145516012archetypean abstract or ideal conception of a type; a perfectly typical example; an original model/form14
7145516013assonancethe repetition of two or more vowel sounds in a group of words or lines in poetry and prose15
7145516014ballada simple narrative verse that tells a story that is sung or recited; a long narrative poem, usually in very regular meter and rhyme, typically has a naive folksy quality16
7145516015barda poet, in olden times, a performer who told heroic stories to musical accompaniment17
7145516016bathosthe use of insincere or overdone sentimentality18
7145516017belle-lettresthe French term for the world of books, criticism, and literature in general19
7145516018bibliographya list of works cited or otherwise relevant to a subject or other work20
7145516019Bildungsromana German word referring to a novel structured as a series of events that take place as the hero travels in quest of a goal21
7145516020blank versepoetry written in iambic pentameter, the primary meter used in English poetry and the works of Shakespeare and Milton. its lines generally do not rhyme22
7145516021bombastinflated, pretentious language used for trivial subjects23
7145516022burlesquea work of literature meant to ridicule a subject; a grotesque imitation; a broad parody and exaggerates it into ridiculousness24
7145516023cacophonygrating, inharmonious sounds25
7145516024caesuraa pause somewhere in the middle of a verse, often (but not always marked by punctuation)26
7145516025canonthe works considered most important in national literature or period; works widely read and studied27
7145516026caricaturea grotesque likeness of striking qualities in persons and things; a portrait that exaggerates a facet of personality28
7145516027carpe diem"seize the day"29
7145516028catharsisa cleansing of the spirit brought about by the pity and terror of a dramatic tragedy30
7145516029classica highly regarded work of literature or other art form that has withstood the test of time, similar to canon31
7145516030classicismderiving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture; implies formality, objectivity, simplicity and restraint32
7145516031climaxthe high point, or turning point, of a story/play33
7145516032novela tale in which a young protagonist experiences an introduction to adulthood. the character may develop understanding via disillusionment, education, doses of reality, or any other experiences that alter his/her emotional/intellectual maturity. e.g. Invisible Man34
7145516033conceita witty or ingenious thought; a diverting or highly fanciful idea, often stated in figurative language; a startling or unusual metaphor, or a metaphor developed and expanded upon several lines35
7145516034anticlimaxthis occurs when an action produces far smaller results than one had been led to expect, it is frequently comic in effect36
7145516035antiheroa protagonist who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities37
7145516036asidea speech (usually just a short comment) made by an actor to the audience, as though momentarily stepping outside of the action on stage38
7145516037aspecta trait of characteristic, as in "an aspect of the dew drop"39
7145516038atmospherethe emotional tone or background that surrounds a scene40
7145516039black humorthis is the use of disturbing themes in comedy. e.g. two tramps comically debating over which should commit suicide first, and whether the branches of a tree will support their weight41
7145516040cadencethe beat or rhythm of poetry in a general sense42
7145516041cantois a divider in long poems, much like chapters in a novel43
7145516042coinagea.k.a. neologism, inventing a word44
7145516043colloquialismthis is a word or phrase used in everyday conversational English that isn't a part of accepted "schoolbook" English45
7145516044controlling imagewhen an image dominates and shapes the entire work46
7145516045metaphysical conceita type of conceit that occurs only in metaphysical poetry47
7145516046connotationthe suggest or implied meaning of a word/phrase48
7145516047consonancethe repetition of two or more consonant sounds within a group of words or a line of poetry49
7145516048coupleta pair of lines that end in rhyme50
7145516049heroic couplettwo rhyming lines in iambic pentameter are called this51
7145516050denotationthe literal, dictionary definition of a word52
7145516051denouementthe resolution that occurs at the end of a play or work or fiction53
7145516052deus ex machinain literature, the use of an artificial device or gimmick to solve a problem54
7145516053Dionysianas distinguished from Apollonian, the word refers to sensual, pleasure seeking impulses55
7145516054dictionthe choice of words in oral and written discourse56
7145516055syntaxthe ordering and structuring of the words in a sentence57
7145516056dirgea song for the dead, its tone is typically slow, heavy, and melancholy58
7145516057dissonancethe grating of incompatible sounds59
7145516058doggerelcrude, simplistic verse, often in sing-song rhyme60
7145516059dramatic ironywhen the audience knows something that the characters in the drama do not61
7145516060dramatic monologuewhen a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience62
7145516061elegya poem or prose selection that laments or meditates on the passing/death of something/someone of value63
7145516062elementsthe basic techniques of each genre of literature. IN SHORT STORY: characters, irony, theme, symbol, plot, setting. IN POETRY: figurative language, symbol, imagery, rhythm, rhyme. IN DRAMA: conflict, characters, climax, conclusion, exposition, rising action, falling action, props. IN NONFICTION: argument, evidence, reason, appeals, fallacies, thesis.64
7145516063ellipsisthree periods (...) indicating the omission of words in a thought or quotation65
7145516064empathya feeling of association or identification with an object/person66
7145516065end stoppeda term that describes a line of poetry that ends with a natural pause often indicated by a mark of punctuation67
7145516066enjambmentthe continuation of a syntactic unit from one line or couplet of a poem to the next with no pause68
7145516067epican extended narrative poem that tells of the adventures and exploits of a hero that is generally larger than life and is often considered a legendary figure69
7145516068mock epica parody form that deals with mundane events and ironically treats them as worthy of epic poetry70
7145516069epitaphlines that commemorate the dead at their burial place. usually a line or handful of lines, often serious or religious, but sometimes witty and even irreverent71
7145516070epigrama concise but ingenious, witty and thoughtful statement72
7145516071euphonywhen sounds blend harmoniously; pleasing, harmonious sounds73
7145516072epithetan adjective or phrase that expresses a striking quality of a person or thing74
7145516073eponymousa term for the title character of a work of literature75
7145516074euphemisma mild or less negative usage for a harsh or blunt term76
7145516075exegesisa detailed analysis or interpretation of a work of literature77
7145516076exposea piece of writing that reveals weaknesses, faults, frailties, or other short comings78
7145516077explicitto say or write something directly and clearly79
7145516078explicationthe interpretation/analysis of a text80
7145516079extended metaphora series of comparisons between two unlike objects that occur over a number of lines81
7145516080fablea short tale often featuring nonhuman character that act as people whose actions enable the author to make observations or draw useful lessons about human behavior. i.e Orwell's "Animal Farm"82
7145516081falling actionthe action in a play or story that occurs after the climax and that leads to the conclusion and often to the resolution of the conflict83
7145516082fantasya story containing unreal, imaginary features84
7145516083farcea comedy that contains an extravagant and nonsensical disregard of seriousness, although it may have a serious, scornful purpose85
7145516084figurative languagein contrast to literal language, this implies meanings. It includes devices such as metaphors, similes, and personification, etc.86
7145516085foila secondary character whose purpose is to highlight the characteristics of a main character, usually by contrast87
7145516086first person narrativea narrative told by a character involved in the story, using first-person pronouns such as "I" and "we"88
7145516087flashbacka return to an earlier time in a story or play in order to clarify present actions or circumstances i.e. Invisible Man89
7145516088foreshadowingan event or statement in a narrative that suggests, in miniature, a larger event that comes later90
7145516089footthe basic rhythmic unit of a line in poetry. it is formed by a combination of two or three syllables, either stressed or unstressed91
7145516090framea structure that provides premise or setting for a narrative92
7145516091free versea kind of poetry without rhymed lines, rhythm or fixed metrical feet93
7145516092genrea term used to describe literary forms, such as novel, play, and essay94
7145516093Gothic novela novel in which supernatural horrors and an atmosphere of unknown terror pervades the action. i.e. "Frankenstein"95
7145516094haranguea forceful sermon, lecture, or tirade96
7145516095hubristhe excessive pride/ambition that leads to the main character's downfall97
7145516096hyperboleexaggeration/deliberate overstatement98
7145516097humanisma belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity99
7145516098implicitto say or write something that suggests and implies but never says it directly or clearly100
7145516099in medias resLatin for "in the midst of things"; a narrative that starts not at the beginning of events but at some other critical point101
7145516100idylla lyric poem or passage that describes a kind of ideal life or place102
7145516101imagea word or phrase representing that which can be seen, touched, tasted, smelled or felt103
7145516102inversionswitching customary order of elements in a sentence or phrase. when done badly it can give a stilted, artificial look-at-me-I'm-poetry feel to the verse. type of syntax104
7145516103ironya mode of expression in which the intended meaning is the opposite of what is stated, often implying ridicule or light sarcasm105
7145516104invectivea direct verbal assault; a denunciation. i.e. Candide106
7145516105kenninga device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions/qualities, as in "ring-giver" for king and "wale-road" for ocean107
7145516106lamenta poem of sadness or grief over the death of a loved one or over some other intense loss108
7145516107lampoona satire109
7145516108light versea variety of poetry meant to entertain or amuse, butt sometimes with a satirical thrust110
7145516109loose sentencea sentence that is complete before its end. follows customary word order of English sentences i.e. subject-verb-object111
7145516110periodic sentencea sentence not grammatically complete until it has reached its final phrase; sentence that departs from the usual word order of English sentences by expressing its main thought only at the end112
7145516111lyricpersonal, reflective poetry that reveals the speaker's thoughts and feelings about the subject; the word is used to describe tone, it refers to a sweet, emotional melodiousness113
7145516112melodramaa form of cheesy theater in which the hero is very, very good, the villain mean and rotten, and the heroine oh-so-pure.114
7145516113litotesa form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity115
7145516114maxima saying or proverb expressing common wisdom or truth116
7145516115metaphora figure of speech that compares unlike objects117
7145516116metaphysical poetrythe work of poets, particularly those of 17th c., that uses elaborate conceits, is highly intellectual, and expresses the complexities of love and life118
7145516117meterthe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables found in poetry119
7145516118metonymya figure of speech that uses the name of one thing to represent something else with which it is associated. e.g. "The White House says..."120
7145516119modethe general form, pattern, and manner of expression of a work of literature121
7145516120montagea quick succession of images/impressions used to express an idea122
7145516121moodthe emotional tone in a work of literature123
7145516122nemesisthe protagonist's archenemy or supreme and persistent difficulty124
7145516123objectivitythis treatment of a subject matter is an impersonal/outside view of events125
7145516124subjectivitythis treatment of a subject matter uses the interior/personal view of a single observer and is typically colored with that observer's emotional responses126
7145516125onomatopoeiawords that sound like what they mean127
7145516126morala brief and often simplistic lesson that a reader may infer from a work of literature128
7145516127motifa phrase, idea, event that through repetition serves to unify or convey a theme in a work of literature.129
7145516128museone of the ancient Greek goddesses presiding over the arts. the imaginary source of inspiration for an artist or writer130
7145516129mythan imaginary story that has become accepted part of the cultural or religious tradition of a group/society. often used to explain natural phenomena.131
7145516130narrativea form of verse or prose that tells a story132
7145516131naturalisma term often used as a synonym for "realism"; also a view of experiences that is generally characterized as bleak and pessimistic133
7145516132non sequitura statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before134
7145516133novel of mannersa novel focusing on and describing the social customs and habits of a particular social group135
7145516134odea lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful and exalted feelings toward the subject.136
7145516135omniscient narratora narrator with unlimited awareness, understanding, and insight of characters, setting, background, and all other elements of the story137
7145516136oxymorona phrase composed of opposites; a contradiction. juxtaposition of contradictory element to create a paradoxical effect138
7145516137oppositionone of the most useful concepts in analyzing literature. it means that you have a pair of elements that contrast sharply.139
7145516138ottava rimaan eight-line rhyming stanza of a poem140
7145516139parablelike a fable or an allegory, it's a story that instructs; a story consisting of events from which a moral or spiritual truth may be derived141
7145516140paradoxa statement that seems self-contradictory yet true142
7145516141parallelismrepeated syntactical similarities used for effect143
7145516142parodyan imitation of a work meant to ridicule its style and subject144
7145516143paraphrasea version of a text put into simpler, everyday, words145
7145516144pastorala work of literature dealing with rural life146
7145516145pathetic fallacyfaulty reasoning that inappropriately ascribes human feelings to nature or nonhuman objects147
7145516146pathosthat element in literature that stimulates pity or sorrow148
7145516147pentametera verse with five poetic feet per line149
7145516148personathe role/facade that a character assumes or depicts to a reader, viewer, or the world at large; the narrator in a non-first-person novel150
7145516149personificationgiving an inanimate object human like qualities or form151
7145516150plotthe interrelationship among the events in a story, including exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution152
7145516151picaresque novelan episodic novel about a roguelike wanderer who lives off his wits. e.g. "Don Quixote", "Moll Flanders"153
7145516152plainta poem or speech expressing sorrow154
7145516153point of viewthe perspective from which the action of a novel in presented.155
7145516154omniscient narrator3rd person narrator who sees like God into each character's mind and understands all the action going on.156
7145516155limited omniscient narrator3rd person narrator who generally reports only what one character (usually the main) sees, and who only reports the thoughts of that one privileged character.157
7145516156objective narrator3rd person narr. who only reports on what would be visible to a camera, doesn't know what the character is thinking unless the character speaks of it.158
7145516157first person narratorthis is a narrator who is a character in the story and tells the tale from his/her POV. when the narrator is crazy, a liar, very young, or for some reason not entirely credible, the narrator is "unreliable"159
7145516158prosodythe grammar of meter and rhythm in poetry160
7145516159protagonistthe main character in a work of literature161
7145516160preludean introductory poem to a longer work of verse162
7145516161punthe usually humorous use of a word in such a way to suggest two or more meanings163
7145516162pseudonymalso called "pen name", a false name or alias used by writers. i.e Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) George Orwell (Eric Blair)164
7145516163quatriana four-line poem or a four-line unit of a longer poem165
7145516164refraina line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem166
7145516165requiema song of prayer for the dead167
7145516166realismthe depiction of people, things, and events as they really are without idealization or exaggeration for effect168
7145516167rhetoricthe language of a work and its style; words, often highly emotional, used to convince or sway an audience169
7145516168rhetorical questiona question that suggests an answer. in theory, the effect is that it causes the listener to feel they have come up with the answer themselves170
7145516169rhapsodyan intensely passionate verse or section of verse, usually of love or praise171
7145516170rhymethe repetition of similar sounds at regular intervals, used mostly in poetry172
7145516171rhyme schemethe patterns of rhymes within a given poem i.e. abba173
7145516172rhythmthe pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables that make up a line of poetry. similar to meter174
7145516173romancean extended narrative about improbable events and extraordinary people in exotic places175
7145516174sarcasma sharp, caustic expression or remark; a bitter jibe or taunt176
7145516175satirea literary style used to poke fun at, attack or ridicule an idea, vice, or foible, often for the purpose of inducing change. great subjects for this include hypocrisy, vanity and greed, especially if those characteristics have become institutionalized in society177
7145516176similefigurative comparison using the words "like" or "as"178
7145516177settingthe total environment for the action in a novel/play. it includes time, place, historical milieu, and social, political and even spiritual circumstances179
7145516178sentimentala term that describes characters' excessive emotional response to experience; also nauseatingly nostalgic and mawkish180
7145516179sentimenta synonym for "view" or "feeling"; also refined and tender emotion in literature181
7145516180scansionthe act of determining the meter of a poetic line.182
7145516181sonneta popular form of verse consisting of fourteen lines and a prescribed rhyme scheme. two types: Shakespearean and Petrarchan183
7145516182soliloquya speech spoken by a character alone on stage. meant to convey the impression that the audience is listening to the character's THOUGHTS. unlike an aside, it is not meant to imply that the actor acknowledges the audience's presence184
7145516183stanzaa group of lines in verse, roughly analogous in function to the paragraph in prose; a group of two or more lines in poetry combined according to subject matter, rhyme, or some other plan185
7145516184stream of consciousnessa style of writing in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind, e.g. Ernest Hemingway186
7145516185stock charactersstandard or cliched character types: the drunk, the miser, the foolish girl, etc.187
7145516186suggestto imply, infer indicate. goes along with the concept of implicit188
7145516187stylethe manner in which an author uses and arranges words, shapes ideas, forms sentences and creates a structure to convey ideas189
7145516188subplota subordinate or minor collection of events in a novel or play, usually connected to the main plot190
7145516189subtextthe implied meaning that underlies the main meaning of a work of literature191
7145516190summarya simple retelling of what you've just read. what you DON'T want to do in the Open Essay section :)192
7145516191symbolisma device in literature where an object represents an idea193
7145516192synecdochea figure of speech in which a part signifies the whole or the whole signifies the part194
7145516193themethe main idea or meaning, often an abstract idea upon which a work of literature is built195
7145516194thesisthe main position of an argument. the central contention that will be supported196
7145516195tonethe author's attitude toward the subject being written about. it's the characteristic emotion that pervades a work or part of a work197
7145516196tragic flawin a tragedy, this is the weakness of a character in an otherwise good individual that ultimately leads to his demise198
7145516197tragedya form of literature in which the hero is destroyed by some character flaw and a set of forces that cause the hero considerable anguish, or even death199
7145516198travestya grotesque parody200
7145516199truisma way-too-obvious truth201
7145516200utopiaan idealized place. imaginary communities in which people are able to live in happiness, prosperity and peace. Sir Thomas More came up with this idea.202
7145516201verbal ironya discrepancy between the true meaning of a situation and the literal meaning of the written or spoken words203
7145516202versea synonym for poetry. also a group of lines in a song or poem; also a single line of poetry204
7145516203verisimilitudesimilar to the truth; the quality of realism in a work that persuades readers that they are getting a vision of life as it is205
7145516204versificationthe structural form of a line of verse as revealed by the number of feet it contains. i.e. monometer = 1 foot; tetrameter = 4 feet; pentameter = 5 feet, etc.206
7145516205villanellea French verse form calculated to appear simple and spontaneous but consisting of 19 lines and a prescribed pattern of rhymes207
7145516206voicethe real or assumed personality used by a writer or speaker. a verb is in the active voice when it expresses an action performed by its subject. a verb is in the passive voice when it expresses an action performed upon its subject or when the subject is the result of the action. Active: The crew raked the leaves. Passive: The leaves were raked by the crew.208
7145516207witthe quickness of intellect and the power and talent for saying brilliant things that surprise and delight by their unexpectedness; the power to comment subtly and pointedly on the foibles of the passing scene209
7145516208zeugmathe use of a word to modify two or more words, but used for different meanings. "He close the door and his heart on his lost love."210
7145516209anastropheinversion of the natural or usual word order211
7145516210parenthesisinsertion of some verbal unit in a position that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentence212
7145516211appositionplacing side by side two coordinate elements, the second of which serves as an explanation or modification of the first. "The mountain was the earth, her home."213
7145516212ellipsisdeliberate omission of a word or words which are readily implied by context214
7145516213asyndetondeliberate omission of conjunctions between a series of related clauses. used to produce a hurried rhythm in the sentence.215
7145516214polysyndetonthe deliberate use of many conjunctions. its effect is to slow down the rhythm of the sentence216
7145516215anaphorarepetition of the same words or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses. e.g. "I have a dream..."217
7145516216epistropherepetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses "When we first came we were very many and you were very few. Now you are many and we are getting very few."218
7145516217epanalepsisrepetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning of the clause. "Blood hat bought blood, and blows have answer'd blows"219
7145516218anadiplosisrepetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause. "The crime was common, common be the pain."220
7145516219climaxthe arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of importance221
7145516220antimetabolerepetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order. "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."222
7145516221chiasmusreversal of grammatical structures in successive phrases or clauses. "Exalts his enemies, his friends destroys."223
7145516222polyptotonrepetition of words derived from the same root. "But in this desert country they may see the land being rendered USELESS by OVERUSE."224
7145516223antanaclasisrepetition of a word in two different senses. "Your argument is sound, nothing but sound."225
7145516224paronomasiause of words alike in sound but different in meaning. "ask for me tomorrow and you will find me a GRAVE man."226
7145516225syllepsisthe use of a word understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it modifies/governs. "The ink, like our pig, keeps running out of the pen."227
7145516226anthimeriathe substitution of one part of speech for another "I'll UNHAIR they head."228
7145516227periphrasissubstitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name. "They do not escape JIM CROW; they merely encounter another, not less deadly variety."229
7145516228autobiographyan account of a person's own life230
7145516229dialecta way of speaking that is characteristic of a particular region/group of people231
7145516230epiphanyin a literary work, a moment of sudden insight/revelation that a character experiences232
7145516231essaya short piece of non-fiction prose that examines a single subject from a limited POV233
7145516232suspensethe uncertainty/anxiety we feel about what is going to happen next in a story234

Biochemistry Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6062243435Atomsmallest unit of an element0
6062243436Ionan atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.1
6062243437Isotopeeach of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic mass but not in chemical properties2
6062243438Moleculea group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.3
6062243439Enzymea protein produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.4
6062243440Catalysta substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.5
6062243441Substratea substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.6
6062243442Carbohydrateany of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars, starch, and cellulose. They contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) .7
6062243443Proteinany of a class of nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids and are an essential part of all living organisms, especially as structural components of body tissues such as muscle, hair, collagen, etc., and as enzymes and antibodies.8
6062243444Lipidany of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids.9
6062243445Nucleic acida complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.10
6062243447HydrolysisThe chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.11
6062243448Dehydration synthisisprocess of joining two molecules, or compounds, together following the removal of water.12
6062243449Nucleotidebasic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.13
6062243450DNAa self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.14
6062243451RNAa nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins15
6062243452Chemical Reactiona process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as opposed to a change in physical form16
6062243453ATPcomposed of adenosine and three phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes17
6062243454Saturated Fata type of fat containing a high proportion of fatty acid molecules without double bonds, considered to be less healthy in the diet than unsaturated fat.18
6062243455Unsaturated Fata type of fat containing a high proportion of fatty acid molecules with at least one double bond, considered to be healthier in the diet than saturated fat.19
6062243456Covalent bonda chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.20
6062243457Ionic bondA chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges.21

Biochemistry Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7346278242PrimaryAmino acid sequence0
7346278243Secondaryalpha helix, beta sheets, etc1
7346278844Tertiaryglobular, barrel, etc2
7346279242Quaternarymultiple units of peptides forming one protein3
7346280121degeneracythe amino acid sequence of a protein can change from species to species and still function in the same way4
7346281333Active site residues, contact sites to other proteinscertain areas of primary structure must remain the same5
7346282579secondary structure of proteinsthe delocalization of electrons along the peptide bond locks the O-C(alpha)-N bonds into a planar relationship -the planar nature of the peptide bond confers limits to protein folding6
7346292022Two of 3 bondshow many bonds in an amino acid can rotate (2 Degrees of freedom) ?7
73462961041. nucleation 2. Growth and coalescence to form regular secondary structure 3. readjustment for maximum overall stability 4. Quaternary associationSteps of protein Folding8
7346297131H-bonds between strandsB-sheets confer a great deal of strength due to9
7346300372-Antiparallel alpha helix -Parallel beta sheet with parallel alpha helices -antiparallel beta sheet -parallel beta sheetbroad categories of tertiary protein structure10
7346301420Globular protein Structuresurface alpha helices can be amphipathic: one side polar, the other nonpolar, aids in packing11
7346302186TrueTrue or False beta sheets can be amphipathic too12
7346302698enzymeamylase13
7346304550enzymeglutamine synthetase14
7346304929regulatory proteininsulin15
7346304930transport proteinhemoglobin16
7346305251transport proteinHDL,LDL17
7346305380transport proteinGlucose transporter18
7346305894storage proteinovalbumin19
7346306528storage proteincasein20
7346306685contractile and motile proteinactin21
7346306970contractile and motile proteinMyosin22
7346307251contractile and motile proteinTubulin23
7346307444Structural proteincollagen24
7346307617protective proteinimmunoglobulin25
7346308006protective proteinThrombin26
7346309026protective proteinFibrinogen27
7346309268protective proteinFibrin28
7346311109Conjugated proteinscontain chemical groups other than amino acids29
7346311797conjugated proteinhemoproteins30
7346312031conjugated proteinGlycoproteins31
7346312032conjugated proteinLipoproteins32
7346312220conjugated proteinNucleoproteins33
7346312326conjugated proteinPhosphoproteins34
7346312477conjugated proteinMetalloproteins35
7346312478conjugated proteinFlavoproteins36
7346312900Alzheimer's DiseaseMisfolded b-amyloid peptides form neuritic plaques37
7346313560Cancerp53 (the guardian of the genome) activates DNA repair proteins. Some mutations of p53 result in its misfolding and consequent degradation38
7346313719Creutzfeldt-Jacob DiseaseA normal (water soluble) cellular protein, PrPc is converted to a variant form, PrPSc a prion capable of aggregation due to greater hydrophobicity, forms amyloid plaques in affected cells, causing cell death39
7346313856Cystic Fibrosismisfolding of CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) due to single amino acid change. CFTR never makes it to the cell membrane to conduct chloride.40
7346315428Transcriptionfrom one type of nucleic acid to other41
7346315601Translationfrom nucleic acid to protein42
7346316524??What two bonds in an amino acid can rotate ?43
7346329125sugar moleculescarbohydrates are made out of44
7346329650glycoconjugatesgycolipids and glycoproteins45
7346331323glycolipidscarbs linked to lipids form a major component of biological membranes46
7346331997glycoproteinslinked to proteins, important for cell signaling and recognition47
7346332991monosaccharideone molecule, like glucose48
7346335364arabinosepectin49
7346335365xyloseembryo of edible plants50
7346335559alloseisolated from the leaves of the african shrub51
7346335793protearubropilosa52
7346335944altroseunnatural53
7346335945mannoseD-mannose, which appears in some fruits including cranberry, may help prevent the adhesion of bacteria to tissues of the urinary tract and bladder54
7346340775guloseunnatural55
7346341091idosenot found in nature, uronic acid56
7346343510iduronic acidcomponent of dermatan sulfate and heparin sulfate which are glycosaminglycans57
7346344037taloseunnatural58
7346344745different chemical identitiesthe classification of carbohydrates is based on..59
7346347535glucose,galactose,ribose,fructosecommon monosaccharides60
7346347834glucosealdohexose: aldehyde-containing 6-carbon sugar61
7346348479galactosealdohexose: aldehyde- containing 6 carbon sugar62
7346352129ribosealdopentose: aldehyde containing 5-carbon sugar63
7346352340Fructoseketohexose: ketone-containing 6-carbon sugar64
7346355708levorotarywhat enantiomer predominates for amino acids65
7346357837dextrorotarywhat enantiomer predominates for sugars66
7346359318intramolecular reaction where the carbon 5 attacks to carbonylhow do sugar molecules convert from linear to cyclic forms67
7346360101anomeric carbonisomer where the difference is only the orentation of one hydroxyl are called anomers, and the carbonyl carbon is called the...68
7346363339sugar alcoholssorbitol and mannitol69
7346364042laxativessugar alcohols (sorbitol and mannitol) also act as70
7346366560amino sugarsmonosaccharides that have amine groups attached71
7346367238amino sugarglucosamine72
7346369139oligosaccharideschains of sugar molecules73
7346377268polymerization of the individual moleculessugar storage in higher organisms is accomplished through74

Biochemistry Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7430258993PolarMolecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.0
7430786278SoluteA substance that is dissolved in a solution.1
7430788130SolutionTypically consists of the dissolved material called the solute and the dissolving agent called the solvent.2
7430791373OrganicAny foods that is organically grown without using or applying synthetic pesticides.3
7430794358Lipidmacromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes4
7430794359ProteinA three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.5
7430806234Nucleic AcidOne or two long chains of repeating units called nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogen base attached to a sugar phosphate.6
7430812842Active SiteA pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme.7
7430812843DenatureInvolves the breaking of many of the weak linkages, or bonds within a protein molecule that are responsible for the highly ordered structure of the protein in its natural state.8
7430823709SubstrateThe substance acted upon by an enzyme.9
7430832972PolymerMade from monomers linked by chemical bonds.10
7430836906MonomerA molecule that consists of one unit and can join with others.11
7430845455EmymeCatalysts which speed up chemical reactions, but remain unchanged themselves.12
7430848581CatalystCan speed up chemical reactions in cells.13
7430854372Specific Heat14
7430861087Carbohydrate15
7430868126Macronolecule16
7430873737Adhesion17
7430890326Surface Testent18
7430902482Cobesion19

Biochemistry Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8016421160atomsmallest unit of matter than still retains the properties of an element.0
8016427807moleculea group of atoms held together by covalent bonds1
8016434410compounda pure substance made of two or more elements chemically combined.2
8016438763elementpure substance made of one kind of atom3
8016457883atomic numberThe amount of protons an atom has.4
8016460180atomic massthe sum of the amount of protons and neutrons present in an atom.5
8016476735valence orbitouter most orbit in an atom6
8016479856octet rulethe valence orbit must have 8 electrons7
8016482458Ionan atom that has gained for lost valence electrons .8
8016483964BondEnergy that holds atoms together by movement of electrons.9
8016488714Polarityregions in the molecule that electrically charged10
8016542257polar moleculemolecule that has opposite ends with opposite electric charges.11
8016547058covalent bondschemical bonds that results from the sharing of valence electrons12
8016565222polar covalent bonda type of bond that forms when electrons are not shared equally13
8016568036non-polar covalent bonda type of bond that forms when electrons are shared equally or near equally.14
8016575718chemical bondthe force that holds two atoms together15
8016592910ionic bondbonding between 2 ions16
8016608791hydrogen bondhydrogen is attracted to a negatively charged atom on a neighboring molecule17
8016613583cohesionthe attraction of water molecules to each other18
8016615368surface tensioncohesive forces are strong enough to make water act as if there is a thin skin on its surface19
8016618063adhesionattraction between particles of different substances20

Biochemistry Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4987907007Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation0
4987202501Polar Positive AA- Histidine (His, H) - Arginine (Arg, R) - Lysine (Lys, K)1
4987212465Polar Negative AA- Aspartate (Asp, D) - Glutamate (Glu, E)2
4987311267Polar Uncharged AA- Glutamine (Gln, Q) - Tyrosine (Tyr, Y) - Asparagine (Asn, N) - Cysteine (Cys, C) - Threonine (Thr, T) - Serine (Ser, S)3
4987484387Non-polar AA- Glycine (Gly, G) - Alanine (Ala, A) - Valine (Val, V) - Leucine (Leu, L) - Isoleucine (Ile, I) - Methionine (Met, M) - Proline (Pro, P) - Tyrosine (Tyr, Y) - Phenylalanine (Phe, F) - Tryptophan (Trp, W)4
4987542695Non-polar Aliphatic AA- Valine (Val, V) - Alanine (Ala, A) - Glycine (Gly, G) - Leucine (Leu, L) - Isoleucine (Ile, I) - Methionine (Met, M) - Proline (Pro, P)5
4987189419Polar AA- Aspartate (Asp, D) - Glutamate (Glu, E) - Lysine (Lys, K) - Arginine (Arg, R) - Histidine (His, H) - Asparagine (Asn, N) - Glutamine (Gln, Q) - Cysteine (Cys, C) - Serine (Ser, S) - Tyrosine (Tyr, Y) - Threonine (Thr, T)6
4987544440Non-polar Aromatic AA- Tyrosine (Tyr, Y) - Phenylalanine (Phe, F) - Tryptophan (Trp, W)7

AP Literature: Genre (Poetry) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7446769227BalladA narrative folk song; it is traced back to the Middle Ages. These were usually created by common people and passed orally due to the illiteracy of the time. Subjects of these poems were often killings, feuds, important historical events, and rebellion0
7446780261Elegy (elegiac)A type of literature defined as a song or poem, written in couples of this type, that expresses sorrow or lamentation, usually for one who has died1
7446807935EpicA long poem in a lofty style about the exploits of heroic figures. These often come from an oral tradition of shared authorship or from a single, high-profile poet imitating the style2
7446815738LyricA song-like poem written mainly to express the feeling of emotions or thought from a particular person, thus separating it from narrative poems. These poems are generally short, averaging roughly twelve to thirty lines, and rarely go beyond sixty lines. These poems express vivid imagination as well as emotion and all flow fairly concisely.3
7446853479Narrative poemA poem that tells a story. It can come in many forms and styles, both complex and simple, short or long, as long as it tells a story. A few examples are epics, ballads, and metrical romances.4
7446861729OdeUsually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a serious subject, an elevated style, and an elaborate stanza pattern. It often praises people, the arts of music and poetry, natural scenes, or abstract concepts.5
7446869094SonnetA fixed form of fourteen lines, normally iambic pentameter, with a rhyme scheme conforming to or approximating one of two main types -- the Italian or the English6

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