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AP Literature Vocab Flashcards

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7225909837Allegorya story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning0
7225909838Allusionsan indirect reference to a famous person, place, event, or literary work.1
7225909839Ambiguity (noun)The expression of an idea in such a way that more than one meaning is suggested.2
7225909840AnalogyA comparison between two things in which the more complex is explained in terms of the more simple.3
7404089736AnaphoraThe repetition of introductory words or phrases for effect.4
7404089737AnastropheDeparture from normal word order for the sake of emphasis. Normal syntax is violated.5
7404089738AnecdoteA short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person used to bring humor or to illustrate a particular characteristic or trait.6
7404089739AnthropomorphismThe attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities.7
7404089740AntithesisOpposition or contrast emphasized by parallel structure.8
7404089741ApostropheA strategy in which an absent person, inanimate object is addressed directly.9
7404089742AttitudeA settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically one that is reflected in a person's behavior.10
7404089743ConnotationImplied or suggested meaning of a word because of its association in the reader's mind.11
7404089744ColloquialismThe use of informal words or expressions not usually acceptable in formal writing.12
7404089745ConceitA juxtaposition that makes a surprising connection between two seemingly different things.13
7404089746DenotationThe dictionary definition of a word. The literal or obvious meaning of a word.14
7404089747DictionThe choice of words especially with regard to correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.15
7404089748Dramatic MonologueA poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while describing a particular situation or series of events.16
7404089749EuphemismThe use of a word or phrase that is less direct, but also less distasteful or less offensive than another.17
7404089750ExplicationThe art of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text.18
7404089751ForeshadowingThe use of a hint or clue to suggest a larger event that occurs later in the work.19
7404089752HyperboleDeliberate exaggeration in order to create humor or emphasis.20
7404089753ImageryLively descriptions which impress the images of things upon the mind using one or more of the five senses.21
7404089754IronyThe use of words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of its literal meaning. Or When something happens as a result of or in reaction to something else in a way that is contrary to what would be expected or acceptable.22
7404176592LitotesAn understatement23
7404176593MetaphorA figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by being spoken o as thought it was that thing.24
7404176594Mixed MetaphorA combination of two or more incompatible metaphors, which produces a ridiculous effect.25
7404176595MoodFeeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader.26
7404176596MotifA recurring theme, subject or idea27
7404176597MetonymyA figure of speech that replaced the name of an object, person, or idea with something with which it is associated.28
7404176598ParadoxA statement which seems self-contradictory, but which may be true in fact.29
7404176599ParodyA form of satire that imitate another work of art in order to ridicule it.30
7404176600Point of ViewThe perspective from which a story is told.31
7404176601PersonificationThe attribution of human qualities to a nonhuman or inanimate object.32
7404176602OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that sound like what they mean, such as "hiss," "buzz," and "boom."33
7404176603OxymoronA figure of speech in which contradictory terms or ideas are combined.34
7404176604SatireThe use of ridicule, sarcasm, irony, etc. to expose vices, abuses, etc.35
7404176605SimileComparing two things using "like" or "as"36
7404176606Stream of ConsciousnessLike a first person narrator, but placing the reader inside the character's head, making the reader privy to the continuous, chaotic flow of disconnected, half-formed thoughts and impressions in the character's mind.37
7404176607SymbolAnything that stands for or represents something else.38
7404176608SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent a whole.39
7404176609SyntaxThe grammatical structure of a sentence; the arrangement of words in a sentence.40
7404176610ThemeThe central idea or message of a literary work.41
7404176611ToneThe author's implied attitude toward the subject.42
7404176612UnderstatementA statement that says less than what it means.43
7404176613VernacularThe language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region.44

AP CHEMISTRY Flashcards

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4205895041John Dalton's atomic theory1. All matter is made up of atoms (T) 2. Atoms of a given element are identical in size and mass (F- isotopes) 3. Atoms can't be subdivided, created, or destroyed (F- protons, neutrons, and electrons) 4. Atoms combine in single whole-number ratios (T) 5. Atoms are combined, rearranged, or separated to form compounds (T)0
4205847184Henry Becquerel (1896)Accomplishment: observed radioactive decay of U Significance: atoms are not unchangeable1
4205849652J. J. Thompson (1897)Accomplishment: discovered electrons by experimenting with the Cathode Ray Tube Significance: atoms are not indivisible2
4205900363Goldstein (1886)While experimenting with Cathode Ray tube, he discovered the presence of protons3
4205851420Max Plank (1900)Accomplishment: studied blackbody radiation Significance: proposed the quantinization of energy4
4205852786Albert Einstein (1905)Accomplishment: examined light-metal interaction Significance: photoelectric effect: light behaves like particles5
4205854493Ernest Rutherford (1908; 1911)Accomplishment: studied radioactive emissions; used alpha radiation to bombard Au (gold) Significance: named alpha, beta, and gamma radiation; discovered nucleus6
4205856762Robert Milikan (1908)Accomplishment: measured electron charge Significance: determined an electron's mass (1/2000 of mass of a proton)7
4205862170Henry Moseley (1913)Accomplishment: studied x-ray spectra of atoms Significance: defined atomic number8
4205863309Neils Bohr (1913)Accomplishment: investigated atomic spectra Significance: proposed quantized levels9
4205865571Louis deBroglie (1924)Accomplishment: theoretician Significance: proposed matter exhibits wave-like behavior10
4205868125Werner Heisenberg (1927)Accomplishment: did theoretical work Significance: developed Uncertainty principle11
4205869572Erwin Schrodinger (1926)Accomplishment: did calculations on the H atom Significance: developed the wave equation12
4205871078James Chadwick (1932)Accomplishment: studied nucleus Significance: discovered the neutron13
4205876311atomic numberthe number of protons in the nucleus14
4205876322atomic massthe total number of protons and neutrons15
4205884137isotopeselements with the same atomic number but different atomic masses (different number of neutrons)16
4205892912average atomic weight of an element(exact weight of isotope #1)(abundance of isotope #1) + (exact weight of isotope #2)(abundance of isotope #2)17
4205888021mass spectrometrytechnique in which gaseous atoms are bombarded with high energy electrons which removes one or more electrons from an atom to form positive ions that can be separated according to their masses when subjected to a magnetic field18
4205910800Relationship between speed of light, wavelength, and frequencyc = λv (c- 2.998*10^8 m/s; λ- wavelength; v- frequency)19
4205913122Relationship between energy of photon and frequencyE = hv (E- energy of photon; h- Plank's constant (6.636*10^-34 Js); v- frequency)20
4205918767Coulomb's Lawcalculates the force between two particles F = q1q2/r^2 F- force between two particles; q1, q2- charges; r- distance separating them21
4205925695nprincipal quantum number which indicates distance from nucleus; possible values: 1, 2, 3...22
4205927233lorbital quantum number which indicates sublevel (s, p, d, f); possible values: 0, 1, 2... (n-1)23
4205928843m1magnetic quantum number which indicates orbital orientation; possible values: 0, ±1, ±2...(±l)24
4205932305msspin quantum number which indicates whether the spin is clockwise or anti-clockwise; possible values: ±1/225
4205934078Aufbau principle26
4205943401Effective nuclear charge (Zeff)the actual charge an electron feels because of the nuclear charge cancelation by electrons in the same principle energy level (cancels fraction of charge) and core electrons (cancels full nuclear charge) Zeff = Z - S (Z- atomic number; S- number of shielding electrons)27
4205947141Shielding effectdescribes balance between the pull of protons and the repulsion from core electrons28
4205951489Atomic Radiusthe distance between the nuclei of adjacent atoms in an element Trend: INCREASES DOWN the periodic table (PT) because of the increase in principal energy levels and DECREASES ACROSS (left to right) because the electrons in the same principal energy level are attracted to nuclei with greater Zeff29
4205956010Ionization Energythe energy required to pull one electron away from a gaseous atom Trend: DECREASES DOWN the PT because of increasing number of energy levels and the greater shielding effect and INCREASES ACROSS because of the increase in attractions to more highly charged nuclei Exceptions: Group 13 (B, Al, Ga, Zn, Tl) because the outermost electron occupies the p sublevel Group 16 (O, S, Se, Te, Po) fourth electron in p sublevel is paired30
4205961259Electron Affinitythe energy released when a gaseous atom gains an electron to form a negative ion Trend: DECREASES DOWN the PT because of the attraction between the nucleus and the added electrons becomes smaller with the increasing distance between the electrons and the nucleus and INCREASES ACROSS the PT Exceptions: Al, Si, P, S, Cl have higher electron affinities than those above them because of the greater electron repulsion present in the smaller atoms31

APES: Water Flashcards

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7175584431AdhesionThe tendency of water to stick to other substances0
7175586818BuoyancyThe ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object1
7175587981Capillary ActionThe process that moves water through a narrow porous space2
7175588872CohesionThe attractive force between water molecules3
7175590438DensityThe measure of mass of a substance per unit volume4
7175592040InsolubleNot soluble; does not dissolve in a solvent5
7175593440PolarityUneven distribution of charges across a molecule6
7175594565SolubleHaving the ability to be dissolved in another substance7
7175595318Specific HeatThe amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of a substance by one degree Celsius8
7175596130Surface TensionThe force that acts on the surface of water9
7175596832Universal SolventThe quality of water that makes it able to dissolve more substances that any other substance10
7175598051SolventThe substance that does the dissolving11
7175598787SoluteThe substance the is being dissolved12
7175600134CondensationThe process of warm air cooling as it rises and releasing moisture in the form of a liquid13
7175601017EvaporationThe process by which a liquid is changed into a vapor14
7175601735Fresh waterWater on Earth that is used for human consumption15
7175602430GroundwaterWater located below Earth's surface16
7175602733Human ConsumptionThe ability for humans to eat/drink17
7175603626HydrosphereThe portion of the Earth that contains water18
7175604193ImpermeableDoes not allow water to move through19
7175604868InfiltrationWater that seeps into rocks and between particles of soil20
7175607662PercolationThe downward movement of water through pores and other spaces in soil due to gravity21
7175608595PermeableHaving pores or openings that allow water (or other liquids) to flow through them22
7175609565PrecipitationThe rain, snow, sleet or hail that falls from clouds onto the Earth's land and oceans23
7175609828RunoffIs precipitation that flows over land into streams and rivers. This water later enters oceans24
7175611013TranspirationWater vapor given off by plant photosynthesis25
7175612102Water CycleThe continuous movement of water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean26
7175612931AquiferAn underground layer of rock or soil that holds water27
7175615431Artesian WellA well in which water rises because of pressure within aquifer28
7175616044DroughtA long period of scarce rainfall29
7175617189GlaciersA large mass of moving ice and snow on land30
7175617726HydrologyThe study of water31
7175618381HydrosphereThe portion of Earth that contains water32
7175620354IcecapsA glacier forming on an extensive area of relatively level land and flowing outward from its center33
7175621117IcebergsA large floating mass of ice detached from a glacier34
7175621540ReservoirA lake that stores water for human use35
7175622852River BasinThe region of land drained by a river and its tributaries36
7175623488WatershedThe land area that supplies water to a river system37
7175624396WetlandA land area that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the year. AKA estuary, swamp, bog38
7175625489OceanographyThe study and exploration of the world's ocean.39
7175626281ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle)Unmanned submersible tethered to a mother ship and operated by pilots using a joy stick.40
7175626887ScubaSelf-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus - device that allows divers to breathe underwater for long periods of time41
7175627930SONARSOund NAvigation Ranging - used to measure ocean depth by sending sound to bounce off the ocean floor.42
7175628975SubmersibleA small submarine used to explore the ocean depths; equipped with windows, lights, mechanical arms, cameras and other scientific instruments capable of seeing and recording data.43
7175629637Abyssal PlainMostly flat portion of ocean floor which provides a home to a variety of unique organisms that are adapted to the extreme conditions of this habitat.44
7175632348BenthosOrganisms that live on or in the ocean floor45
7175633166ChemosynthesisThe production of organic material by energy from chemical reactions rather than light.46
7175633875ConsumerFeed on other organisms (plant or animal) because they cannot make their own food.47
7175634701Continental ShelfExtends from the edge of the continent outward to where the bottom sharply drops off into a steep slope.48
7175636735Continental SlopeThe steep incline between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain49
7175637664EcosystemA community of different but interdependent species and their non-living environment.50
7175638103Estuarybody of water where a river meets the ocean51
7175638816Food ChainA hierarchy of food relationships from the simplest to most complex.52
7175639723HabitatThe immediate space where an animal or plant lives and has food, water and protection.53
7175640069Hydrothermal VentAn opening in the sea floor where super-heated water and other material are discharged into the surrounding seawater54
7175640732Intertidal ZoneThe area that lies between the low-tide and the high-tide line.55
7175641254Mid-Ocean RidgeA chain of undersea mountains that circles the earth through every ocean.56
7175642075NektonFree-swimming organisms whose movements are independent of the tides, currents, and waves57
7175642879Neritic ZoneThe first 200 meters (656 feet) of ocean water, which includes the seashore and most of the continental shelf.58
7175643812Oceanic ZoneExtends from 200 meters (656 feet) deep all the way down to the bottom of the ocean.59
7175644233Ocean trenchThe deepest parts of the ocean. The deepest one is the Marianas Trench (located in the South Pacific Ocean - almost 5 miles (8.05 kilometers) deep.60
7175644637PhotosynthesisA chemical process where plants and algae use a sun's energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water61
7175645140ProducerA living thing that produces its own food within itself, usually by using sunlight energy in photosynthesis62
7175646538SalinityThe amount of dissolved solids in seawater63
7175647700SeamountA volcanic peak that rises at least 3280 feet (1000 m) from the seafloor.64
7175648194UpwellingThe upward movement to the ocean surface of deeper, cold and usually nutrient-rich waters, especially along some shores, due to the offshore movement of surface waters65
7175649664Bio indicatorOrganisms or components of organisms that are used to assess the health of a water system; an organism or community associated with particular environmental condition a change to the number of organisms or the proportions of the community indicate a change in the environment.66
7175650331Dissolved OxygenMeasure of water quality indicating free oxygen dissolved in water.67
7175651163IndicatorA chemical material or solution which can be used to show (usually by a change in color) the endpoint of a chemical reaction or chemical concentration.68
7175652156NitrateNitrogen compounds used for growth by plants and algae; a compound that can be used by photosynthetic life forms to obtain the nitrogen needed for survival69
7175653032pHThe measure of how acidic or basic a substance.70
7175654387pH scaleRating of how acidic or basic a substance is the scale goes from 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral values less than 7 being acidic and values greater than 7 being71
7175656074TurbidityA measure of the clarity of the water (how clear is it?)72
7175657480Water qualityUsed to describe the health of a water system73
7175657807ContaminatesAny foreign components in a substance, for example in water.74
7175658218Non-point source pollutionPollution that comes from many places or sources that is not easily identified; pollution that results from water flow picking up trash, toxic chemicals, and other types of waste75
7175659852Point Source pollutionPollution that can be traced to a specific source such as oil that spills from a pipeline76
7175660453PollutantAny substance or form of energy that can cause harm to the environment and make it unfit for use by organisms; any substance that can negatively affect an ecosystem77
7175661134StewardshipResponsibility for conserving and restoring the Earth's resources for future generations78
7175661784WastewaterWater that runs into drains that may contain sewage and chemicals from homes and businesses or pollutants from industry79
7175662836OmnivoreAn organism that eats both plants and animals80
7175664897HerbivoreAn organism that eats only plants81
7175665462CarnivoreAn organism that eats only meat82
7175666416Food webTwo or more food chains that are interconnected83
7175667529Food chainA model that shows the flow of energy from one organism to another84
7175668001PredatorAn animal that hunts for food85
7175668339PreyAn animal that is hunted for food86
7175668680ProducerA plant that make its own food87
7175669629ConsumerAn organism that cannot make its own food and must eat to get energy88
7175670317SeaPart of the ocean surrounded by mostly land89
7175670609SalinityThe concentration of salt in the ocean90
7175671248WaveRhythmic movement of energy in the water caused by high winds91
7175674235UpwellingThe upward movement of cold water from the ocean floor92
7175675292El NinoAbnormal climate event that occurs every 2-7 years93
7175676449Continental ShelfThe gradually sloping end of a continent that extends under the ocean94
7175676939Abyssal PlainsLarge, flat areas on the ocean floor95
7175678473GuyotsFlat topped seamounts96
7175679303TrenchesThe deepest parts of the ocean found along the edge of the ocean floor97
7175680037Mid-ocean RidgeThe area in an ocean basin where new ocean floor is formed98

AP Statistics Chapter 4 Flashcards

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7361590650HistogramA graph that uses adjacent bars to show the distribution of a quantitative variable. Each bar represents the frequency (or relative frequency) of values falling in each bin.0
7361598588GapA region of the distribution where there are no values.1
7361604345Shape (of a histogram)A description of a histograms Modes, Symmetry, Outliers, and Gaps.2
7361610542Center (of a histogram)The place in the distribution of a variable that you'd point to if you wanted to attempt the impossible by summarizing the entire distribution with one number. Measurements include Mean and Median.3
7361620976Spread (of a histogram)A numerical summary of how tightly the values are clustered around the center. Measures include IQR (Interquartile Range) and Standard Deviation.4
7361635786UnimodalHaving one mode5
7361637883SkewedA distribution that is not symmetric and has one tail that stretches out farther than the other6
7361643402Skewed leftA distribution with a tail that stretches farther to the left than to the right.7
7361647693Skewed RightA distribution with a tail that stretches farther to the right than to the left.8
7361651233OutliersAn extreme value that doesn't appear to belong with the rest of the data.9
7361658182Interquartile RangeThe difference between the 3rd quartile and the 1st quartile. Also known as the middle 50%10
7361663466PercentileThe percent that falls below the n% of the data.11
7361672623Standard DeviationThe average distance a number is away from the mean in a distribution.12

Biochemistry Flashcards

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7451808767ElementSubstance that CAN'T be broken down by chemical reactions (atom)0
7451822142Compound2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio1
7451855655Structure of atomsProtons Electrons Neutrons2
7451859048Atomic numberHow many protons3
7451861431Atomic massTotal number of protons and neutrons in nucleus of atom4
7451879252Covalent Polar BondElectrons of the bonds are not shared equally5
7451885617Covalent Non-Polar BondShare electron equally Two atoms have the same electronegativity6
7451893418Ionic BondBinding of opposite charged ions together7
7451900746Hydrogen BondCarries a partial charge and an electronegative atom8
7451929698Van Der Waals ForcePositive and negative region of molecules9
7451941074CohesionHydrogen bonds hold water molecules together10
7451999884AdhesionAttraction between different substances11
7452002770Surface TensionHow hard it is to break the surface of a liquid12
7452029045Moderating TempsWater has a high heat capacity. Large bodies of water can absorb large amounts of heat with only small changes in temp.13
7452037535Versatile SolventWater polarity allows it to dissolve ionic compounds and other molecules14
7452045927Carbon"Backbone of life" Gives it shape15
7452110900Dehydration Synthesis2 monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule16
7452117035CarbohydratesServe as fuel & building material Includes sugars17
7452121307Lipids**Hydrophobic DON'T form polymers Nonpolar Bond Consists of hydrocarbons18
7452129391ProteinsSpeed up chemical reactions- enzymes Protect against disease, support, movement, storage of amino acids19
7472246623Why do most polar covalent bonds involve nitrogen or oxygen?Oxygen has a partially negative charge20
7472256442How/ Why do ions form? How do ionic bonds form?Ionic bonds form when one atom takes all of the electrons To fill a valence shell21

Biochemistry Flashcards

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7833121650acidA substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.0
7833121651baseA substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.1
7833121652amino acidMonomer of Proteins2
7833121653carbohydrateClass of nutrients that includes sugars and starches3
7833121654celluloseCarbohydrate component of plant cell walls.4
7833121655covalent bondA chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule5
7833121656denatureA process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix, caused by similar factors.6
7833121657disaccharideA double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.7
7833121658DNADeoxyribonucleic acid. A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.8
7833121659double helixThe form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape.9
7833121660enzymeA type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing10
7833121661fatA large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called glycerol and three fatty acids; a triglyceride. Most function as energy-storage molecules.11
7833121662fatty acidMonomer of lipids, along with glycerol12
7833121663glucoseC6H12O613
7833121664glycogenAn extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.14
7833121665hydrogen bondA type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.15
7833121666hydrolysis reactionA chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water16
7833121667inorganic moleculeMolecules that do not contain the element carbon (in most cases)17
7833121668ionA particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)18
7833121669atomSmallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element19
7833121670ionic bondA chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. Transfer of one or more electrons to one atom to another20
7833121671lipidEnergy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.21
7833121672moleculeA group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.22
7833121673monomerA simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers23
7833121674monosaccharideA single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.24
7833121675nucleotideA building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.25
7833121676oilTriglyceride, usually of plant origin that is liquid form26
7833121677organic moleculeA molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems.27
7833121678fructoseA five carbon sugar molecule28
7833121679phospholipidA lipid made up of a glyerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; has two hydrophobic tails and a polar, hydrophilic head29
7833121680pH scalemeasurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 1430
7833121681polar covalent bondA covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally31
7833121682polymerA long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.32
7833121683polypeptideA polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.33
7833121684polysaccharideCarbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides34
7833121685proteinA three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.35
7833121686saturated fatty acidA fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.36
7833121687soluteA substance that is dissolved in a solution.37
7833121688solventA liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances38
7833121689starchA storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.39
7833121690steroidA type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached.40
7833121691trigycerideThe form of fat storage in adipose cells; consists of a molecule of glycerol joined with three fatty acids.41
7833121692unsaturated fatty acidA fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.42
7833121693Properties of WaterAdhesion, cohesion, surface tension, density decreases when freezing, polar covalent bonds43
7833152553The _______ _______ that make up an atom are protons, nuetrons, and electronssubatomic44
7833163922Nucleusbonding of protons and neutrons, center of the atom45
7833191569Atoms of the same elements that differ in the number of neutrons they contain are _____isotopes46
7833232315a chemical ______ is a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportionscompound47
7833250852The electrons that are available to form bonds are called ____valence electrons48
7833272209ionspositively and negatively charged atoms49
7833339178polara molecule in which the charges are unevenly distributed50

biochemistry Flashcards

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9279415066disulfide bondthiol group of Cys can be deprotonted and can occasionally undergo oxidation with another thiol group0
9279417681condensation reactionreaction in which a water molecule is eliminated1
9279420543peptide bondamide bond linking the two amino acids2
9279427991residuesremaining portions of amino acids3
9279432383microenvironmentside chain's immediate neighbors, can alter polarity and tendency to lose or accept a proton4
9279437184primary structuresequence of amino acids in a polypeptide, seldom assumes linear extended conformation5
9279440122secondary structurelocal folding arrangement of the polypeptide backbone, exclusive of the side chains, electrons are somewhat delocalized/two resonance forms, partial double bond character therefore no rotation around the CN bond6
9279447478a helixexhibits a twisted backbone formation polypeptide backbone twists in a right handed helix carbonyl oxygen of each residue forms a hydrogen bond with the backbone NH group four residues ahead atoms of backbone are in Van der Waals contact7
9279489261b sheetmultiple polypeptide strands strands can be arranged in two ways parallel b sheet: neighboring chains run in same direction antiparallel b sheet: neighboring chains run in opposite directions8
9279495132irregular secondary structurespolypeptide does not adopt a defined secondary structure in which successive residues have the same backbone conformation9
9279500689tertiary structurethree dimensional shape of the protein, includes its irregular and regular secondary shape and spatial arrangement of all its side chains10
9279505564domainpolypeptide segment that has folded into a single structural unit with a hydrophobic core 1. core of domain is usually richer in regular secondary structure 2. irregular secondary structures are found in the surface11
9279720907ion pairwhen two charged residues of opposite charges interact electrostatically12
9279726682hydrogen bondinghelps fine tune the folded formation folded conformation stabilized by the hydrophobic effect13
9279734682molecular chaperonescertain small proteins require assistance of proteins14
9279738017processingadditional steps beyond polypeptide folding15
9279742429intrinsically unstructured proteinshighly flexible extended segments rich in hydrophobic amino acids16
9279755390quaternary structurespatial arrangement of all chains subunits: individual polypeptide chains17
9279759805hemepolypeptide chain plus the iron containing porphyrin derivative18
9279767658prosthetic groupan organic compound that allows a protein to carry out some function that the polypeptide alone cannot perform19
9279778409Y (fractional saturation)proportion of the total myoglobin molecules that have bound O220
9279781728saturationwhen all the molecules have bund O221
9279783672hemoglobinheterotetramer containing two alpha chains and two beta chains22
9280845257cooperative bindinghb's four heme groups are not independent but communicate with each other in order to work in a unified fashion23
9280851521deoxyhemoglobinhb without any bound O224
9280855033oxyhemoglobinhb with bound O2 the Fe moves into the center of the porphyrin plane25
9280859288Tensedeoxyhemogobin, reluctant to bind to oxygen because Fe atom lies outside the heme plane26
9280860717Relaxedoxyhemoglobin, much more oxygen binding27
9280865410allosteric proteinsproteins with multiple binding sites where the binding of a small molecule (ligand) to one site alters the ligand binding affinity for the other sites28
9280871556Bohr Effectreduction of hb's oxygen binding affinity when the pH decreases increasing pH=more O2 binding29
9280967657BPGbinds in the central cavity of tense hb, the presence of this stabilizes the deoxy conformation of hemoglobin and helps hb let go of oxygen30
9280972765microfilamentsactin filaments, support the plasma membrane and determine cell shape f-actin: polymerized actin g-actin: globular monomeric form31
9280982173treamillingnet rate of addition of subunits to one end of a microfilament that matches the net rate of removal of subunits at the other end32
9280985531intermediate filamentsdiameter of 100A, example keratin, exclusively structural proteins and are intermediate in thickness b/w the microtubules and the microfilaments33
9280991306microtubulesdiameter of about 240A, cytoskeletal fibers built from small globular protein subunits, thin and flexible rod ex. tubulin construct cilia and flagella and align and separate pairs of chromosomes during mitosis34
9281000056protofilamentassembly of a microtubule that begins with the end to end association of tubulin dimers to form a short linear *blank*35
9281007136coiled coilbasic structural unit of an intermediate filament, dimer of helices that wind around each other ex. keratin36
9281019972hydrolysiscleavage by water (breaks down peptide bonds)37
9281024407transition statepoint of highest energy, considered an intermediate between reactants and products38
9281026300oxidoreductasesoxidation reduction reactions39
9281026302transferasestransfer of functional groups40
9281028089hydrolaseshydrolysis reactinos41
9281028090lyasesgroup elimination to form double bonds42
9281030026isomerasesisomerization reactions43
9281030027ligasesbond formation coupled with ATP hydrolysis44
9281032834-Delta Greaction is spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable but the height of the DG determines how fast reaction actually occurs45
9281036187+Delta Greaction is nonspontaneous and reaction goes uphill46
9281038806catalystdecreases the activation barrier (DG)47
9281043275cofactorparticipates in catalysis when the amino acid side chains of an enzyme cannot provide required catalytic groups48
9281049762coenzymesorganic molecules that may be derived from vitamins49
9281079359cosubstratesform of coenzyme, enter and exit the active site as substrates do50
9281081869prosthetic groupa tightly bound coenzyme that remains in the active site between reactions51
9281089888acid base catalysisproton is transferred between the enzyme and a substrate usually to reduce unfavorable character of the transition state, catalytic activity of these are sensitive to changes in pH52
9281097891covalent catalysissecond major chemical reaction mechanism used by enzymes,bond forms between catalyst and substrate during formation of the transition state53
9281103450metal ion catalysisoccurs when metal ions participate in enzymatic reactions by mediating oxidation-reduction reactions or by promoting the reactivity of other groups in the enzyme's active site through electrostatic effects54
9281122895lock and keymodel that suggests the catalytic residues must be precisely aligned in the active site so a certain amount of surrounding structure is required to hold them in place55
9281128507transition state stabilizationbecause the transition state is complementary in shape and charge with the active site getting to transition state increases stability56
9281133136close proximityincreases reaction rates by increasing the frequency of collisions that can lead to a reaction57
9281135789induced fitupon binding substrates some enzymes undergo a pronounced conformational change so that they almost fully enclose the substrate58
9281147072multisubstrate reactionsbiochemical reactions that involve more than one substrate, either oxidation reduction reaction or transferase reactions59
9281150791random mechanismsubstrates can bind in any order as long as they both end up in the active site at the same time60
9281152892ordered mechanismenzymes in which one substrate must bind before the other follow61
9281155239ping pong mechanismone substrate binds and one product is released before the other substrate binds and the second product is released62
9281157769multistep reactionseach step of this process has characteristic forward and reverse rate constants63
9281162604nonhyperbolic reactionsenzymes that do not obey MM rate equation64
9281162605allosteric enzymein *blank* the presence of a substrate at one active site can affect the catalytic activity of the other active sites65
9281172220cooperative behavioroccurs when the enzyme subunits are structurally linked to each other so thata substrate-induced conformational change in one subunit eliicts conformational changes in the remaining subunits66
9281187965irreversibleany reagent that covalently modifies an amino acid side chain in a protein is potentially this67
9281193201suicide substratestype of irreversible compound, enter enzyme's active site and begin to react, just as a normal substrate would but are unable to undergo the complete reaction and become stuck in the active site68
9281223394competitive inhibitionost common form of reversible inhibition, it is where the inhibitor is a substance that directly competes with a substrate for binding to the enzyme's active site69
9281234043product inhibitionproduct of a reaction occupies the enzyme's active site thereby preventing the binding of additional substrate molecules70
9281288526noncompetitive inhibitioninhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme other than the active site and elicits a conformational change that affects the structure or chemical properties of the active site71
9281324477mixed inhibitioninhibitor affects substrate binding so the KM appears to increase or decrease, the inhibitor binding to the enzyme alters its conformation in such a way that both the Vmax and Km are affected although not necessarily in the same way72
9281329362uncompetitive inhibitionmultisubstrate reaction where an inhibitor can bind to the enzyme after one substrate has bound in a way that prevents the reaction from continuing and yielding product73
9281342562feedback inhibitorwhen concentration in the cell is sufficiently high it shuts down its own synthesis by blocking an earlier step in its biosynthetic pathway74
9282780504competitive inhibitor75
9282788703noncompetitive inhibitor76
9282804222uncompetitive inhibitor77
9282807942competitive inhibitor78
9282809514noncompetitive inhibitor79
928281422780

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