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AP Literature Unit 7 Flashcards

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8890323190Abeyance(n.) a state of being temporarily inactive,suspended, or set aside0
8890323191Ambivalent(adj.) having opposite and conflicting feelings about someone or something1
8890323192Beleaguer(v.) to set upon from all sides; to surround with an army; to trouble, harass2
8890323193Carte blanche(n.) full freedom or authority to act at one's own discretion3
8890323194cataclysm(n.) a sudden, violent, or devastating upheaval; a surging flood, deluge4
8890323195Debauch(v.) to corrupt morally, seduce; to indulge in dissipation; (n.) an act or occasion of dissipation or vice5
8890323196eclat(n.) dazzling or conspicuous success or acclaim; great brilliance (of performance or achievement)6
8890323197Fastidious(adj.) overly demanding or hard to please; excessively careful in regard to details; easily disgusted7
8890323198Gambol(v.) to jump or skip about playfully8
8890323199Imbue(v.) to soak or stain thoroughly; to fill the mind9
8890323200Inchoate(adj.) just beginning; not fully shaped or formed10
8890323201Lampoon(n.) a malicious satire; (v.) to satirize, ridicule11
8890323202Malleable(adj.) capable of being formed into different shapes; capable of being altered, adapted, or influenced12
8890323203Nemesis(n.) an agent or force inflicting vengeance or punishment; retribution itself; an unbeatable rival13
8890323204Opt(v.) to make a choice or decision14
8890323205Philistine(adj.) lacking in, hostile to, or smugly indifferent to cultural and artistic values or refinements; (n.) such a person15
8890323206Picaresque(adj.) involving or characteristic of clever rogues or adventurers16
8890323207Queasy(adj.) nauseated or uneasy; causing nausea or uneasiness; troubled17
8890323208Refractory(adj.) stubborn; hard or difficult to manage; not responsive to treatment or cure18
8890323209Savoir-faire(n.) the ability to say and do the right thing in any situation social competence19
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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8488847276Gsstimulates adenylate cyclase, which increases levels of cAMP in the cell0
8488851303Giinhibits adenylate cyclase, which decreases levels of cAMP in the cell1
8488856531Gqactivates phospholipase C, which cleaves a phospholipid from the membrane to form PIP2. PIP2 is then cleaved into DAG and IP3. IP3 can open calcium channels in the ER, increasing Calcium levels in the cell.2
8488883858G protein-coupled receptorslarge family of integral membrane proteins involved in signal transduction.3
8488889974Enzyme-linked receptorsmembrane receptors with a catalytic activity. 3 primary protein domains: membrane-spanning, ligand-binding and catalytic4
8488937159Electrophoresismoves proteins according to charge and sz5
8488950515Native PAGEmass-to-charge or mass-to-sz ratios. Protein can be recovered.6
8488959919SDS- PAGESeparates proteins on the basis of molecular mass alone. SDS covers entire protein in negative charge7
8488972867What is the average molar mass of one amino acid?100 daltons or 100g/mol8
8488980470Isoelectric focusingseparating on the basis of pI. Say you have a protein with the pI of 9(basic)9
8489012204When is chromatography preferred over electrophoresis?When large amounts of protein are being separated10
8489078129X-ray crystallographythe most reliable and common method of identifying protein structure(75%). measures electron density on an extremely high resolution scale and can also be used for nucleic acids.11
8489088885NMR spectroscopyto find 25% of protein structures-12
8489097094Edman degradationsmall proteins best analyzed. 50-70 aa. selectively and sequentially removes the N-terminal aa which can then be analyzed via mass spec13
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AP Language Vocab (Lesson 9) Flashcards

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4969719966halcyoncalm, pleasant0
4969719967hallowverb-to make holy adjective-holy1
4969723902harbingeron omen or sign2
4969725614harlequina clown3
4969725615hectorto bully; pester4
4969727448hedonismpursuit of pleasure, especially of the senses5
4969730259hegiraflight, excape6
4969733334hermetictightly sealed7
4969735650heterogeniousdifferent; dissimilar8
4969737643hiatusa pause or gap9
4969739717hoi polloicommon people; the masses10
4969741401hospicea shelter for the terminally ill11
4969743553hubrisexcessive pride or self-confidence12
4969745471hybridnoun-anything of mixed origin adjective-mixed, assorted13
4969752195idiosyncrasya peculiar personality trait14
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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8781670762biologythe study of life0
8781673812biomeans life (root word)1
8781676990ologythe study of (root word)2
8781679107Plantaekingdom of plants3
8781681977Animaliakingdom of animals4
8781684218Fungikingdom of fungi such as mushrooms5
8781690243Protistakingdom of protists6
8781692640Archaebacteriakingdom of bacteria that can survive extreme conditions7
8781697426Eubacteriakingdom of normal bacteria8
8781701302bioticincludes living things9
8781704030organismthe scientific name for a living thing10
8781711586abioticthe nonliving parts11
8781722911synthesisa component of life; means to make something12
8781735890transporta component of life; how an organism moves materials.13
8781744709excretiona component of life; how an organism removes waste.14
8781750156respirationa component of life; an organism creates energy/ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate)15
8781757632nutritiona component of life; what an organism eats or how it obtains its energy16
8781767415growtha component of life; how an organism develops over time.17
8781771231regulationa component of life; an organism must maintain homeostasis.18
8781775526reproductiona component of life; how an organism reproduces19
8781780451metabolismthe breaking down of one's food to obtain energy20
8781789044atomthe basic unit of matter21
8781789048protona positively charged particle22
8781792241neutrona neutral particle found in the nucleus23
8781794303electrona negatively charged particle that is much smaller24
8781797344elementa pure substance made of only one kind of atom25
8781799673atomic numberthe number of protons in the nucleus of an atom26
8781802014atomic massthe total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus27
8781809931isotopesone of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons28
8781811684iona charged atom29
8781814401chemical bondthe force that holds two atoms together30
8781819153covalent bonda chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule31
8781820784ionic bonda chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.32
8781823213compounda substance that consists of 2 or more different elements chemically bonded.33
8781828790moleculea substance that consists of 2 or more elements34
8781836473hydrogen bondsweak bonds between water molecules due to their partial positive and negative charge.35
8781842043cohesionthe slight attraction of water to itself36
8781844204adhesionthe slight attraction of water to other substances37
8781849041solutethe substance that is dissolved38
8781851448solventthe substance that does the dissolving39
8781853712waterthe universal solvent; it can dissolve a lot of things40
8781859563pha measure of how acidic a substance is41
8781862906acida substance that releases hydrogen ions when in water42
8781866518basea substance that releases hydroxide ions when in water43
8781874820alkalineanother word to describe a base44
8781878660buffera compound that resists a change in its pH45
8781887996organic compounda compound that contains a CH bond46
8781891671inorganic compounda compound that does not contain a CH bond47
8781894720polymerizationthe process that creates polymers48
8781897260dehydration synthesisthe process used to polymerize several monomer units; water is a byproduct of the chemical reaction and is dealt separately.49
8781907340hydrolysisthe adding of water to break a polymer into its individual subunits50
8781913494catabolica type of reaction that breaks down a molecule51
8781915267anabolica type of reaction that builds a larger molecule52
8810669328carbohydratea compound made of C, H and O and a 1:2:1 ratio that provides short term energy53
8810677209monosaccharidea simple sugar or a monomer of carbohydrates; glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose54
8810686829polysaccharide(s)long chains of monosaccharides that can store energy or act as structural compounds.55
8810699917glucosethe energy that is created by plants using photosynthesis; used by animals for cellular respiration56
8810710655fructosea sugar with the same molecular formula as glucose but is much sweeter and processed differently by the body.57
8810721914disaccharidetwo carbohydrates that are combined using a covalent bond.58
8810731120glycosidic bonda bond that attaches carbohydrates59
8810736684sucrosea disaccharide that is table sugar; a glucose and a fructose molecule combined.60
8810749800starcha means for plants and animals to store energy61
8810751761glycogena branchlike polysaccharide that stores short term energy in animals (typically in the liver or muscles); animal starch62
8810766100amylosea simple starch found in plants that stores their short term energy.63
8810783345cellulosethe polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls.64
8810787361chitinthe polysaccharide that makes up insect exoskeletons65
8810790886benedict's solutiona solution that is used to test for a monosaccharide by heating the final mixture66
8810804351lugol's iodine solutiona solution that is used to test for polysaccharides67
8810813579lipidfat; stores long term energy; contains more CH bonds.68
8810820705glycerolThree-carbon compound with three hydroxyl groups (OH)69
8810826820fatty acida long carbon hydrogen chain with a hydroxyl group at the end.70
8810836113saturated fatMostly animal fat; saturated with hydrogen; can be packed more tightly to form solids at room temperature.71
8810844246unsaturated fatMostly plant fat; not fully saturated with hydrogen; typically a liquid at room temperature.72
8810850699cholesterola compound common in cell membranes and also in many hormones.73
8810872872sterolcompounds with 4 carbon rings and different combinations of compounds attached to it.74
8810881153waxa tightly packed chain of fatty acids and carbon rings; extremely hydrophobic; used by trees to prevent transpiration.75
8810892381DNAdeoxyribonucleic acid; double helix; adenine to thymine, cytosine to guanine; deoxyribose is used as the backbone of the structure76
8810918262RNAribonucleic acid; single strand; adenine to uracil, cytosine to guanine.77
8823748334galactosea monosaccharide that is made by animals78
8823755329deoxyribosea pentose sugar used in DNA by all life79
8823758454ribosea pentose sugar used in RNA by all life80
8823763122lactosemilk sugar; a galactose and a glucose molecule combined by a covalent bond81
8823770955maltosebarley sugar; two glucose molecules82
8823773893FATfatty acid tails83
8823783558phospholipida phosphate group attached to a glycerol molecule and 2 fatty acids; this molecule makes up cell membranes in animals84
8823814220brown paper bag testtests for lipids; the bag turns translucent after 15 minutes after a lipid is put.85
8823844679protein(s)these are compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen86
8823863454peptide bonda bond between amino acids87
8823866349dipeptidea protein with 2 amino acids combined by dehydration synthesis88
8823870502polypeptidea long chain of amino acids of different varieties.89
8823876601side chaina part of an amino acid that changes while the rest of the structure is identical90
8823881024ditwo (root word)91
8823895017primary structurean amino acid sequence92
8823901237secondary structureforms either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.93
8823910915tertiary structureresults from interactions between side chains; causes the entire polypeptide to fold and bend or repel in various ways94
8823927175quaternary structureAssociation of multiple polypeptides, forming a functional protein95
8823946124actin and myosinproteins that act together to contract muscles.96
8823958084insulinHormone produced by the pancreas that helps to decrease blood sugar.97
8823962105hemoglobiniron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells98
8823967226denaturingterm for changing the shape of a protein and making it not work anymore99
8823998994amino acida monomer subunit of a polypeptide or a protein100
8823983051enzymeA type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing101
8823992044nucleic acida compound that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and nitrogen.102
8823995528nucleotidea monomer of nucleic acids.103
8824024686adenosine triphosphatea nucleotide that is usable energy for all life forms104
8842734511phosphate group-PO₄105
8842741588amino group-NH₂106
8842745491carboxyl group-COOH107
8842764934hydroxyl group-OH108
8842756109glucose (molecule)C₆H₁₂O₆109
8843220759Biuret's SolutionTurns from blue to dark purple if it tests positive for a protein.110
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BIOCHEMISTRY Flashcards

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8764134090polymer meansmany (greek)0
8764134091polymersLarge, complex molecules built from smaller molecules called monomers joined together in a repeating pattern1
8764134092polymers can be...either natural or synthetic most rely on carbon for its basic structure.2
8764134093natural polymerscarbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids3
8764134094synthetic polymersplastics, Styrofoam, polyester, PVC piping, nylon, Teflon4
8764134095carbohydratesany large molecules made from C, H, O5
8764134096carbohydrates are commonly in..a 2:1 ratio. (H2O is in a 2:1 ratio)6
8764134097monomers...can be sugar7
8764134098most sugars end in.."ose"8
8764134099examples of monomers...glucose and fructose9
8764134100simple sugars are....monosaccharides10
8764134101examples of sugars...glucose, fructose, ribose, lactose11
8764134102the glucose formula is...C6H12O612
8764134103three types of carbohydrates..starch, cellulose and glycogen13
8764134104starch is the...energy storage molecule in plants14
8764134105starch is formed from...glucose15
8764134106cellulose is...fiber16
8764134107cellulose is found in..plant cell walls that form a rigid structure made from glucose.17
8764134108glycogen is..energy storage molecules in animals18
8764134109glycogen is found in..the liver and muscles19
8764134110lipids are...formed from monomers called fatty acids20
8764134111fatty acids are...C, H and O21
8764134112what are lipids used for?long term storage of energy and insulation22
8764134113examples of lipids....fats, oils, cholesterol, and hormones23
8764134114structure of the glucose monomer (the image isn't very good)24
8764134115structure of a fatty acid (image isn't very good)25
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AP Literature Flashcards

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8467112156AllegoryA story in which persons, places and things form a system of clearly labeled equivalents. In a simple allegory characters and events often stand for definite meeting such as love, faith, perseverance. Allegories are usually of a moral, religious or political nature. Example: animal farm. Potential purpose: teach a lesson by humanizing abstract ideas.0
8467112157AlliterationRepetitve consonant sound starting with words that are either adjacent or near each other. Potential purposes: if harsh consonants together than it could be to establish a cacophony, dissonance and mood of disorder, harshness, tension. Harsh alliteration suggests an authorial tone of disapproval. Soothing alliteration suggests an authorial term of approval.1
8467112158AllusionA reference to another work of literature, person, or event. Examples: Bible, mythology potential purpose: evoke an atmosphere or emotion, reinforce the theme, moral, or point by comparing something in authors work to an outside event/thing.2
8467112159AmbiguityThe multiple sometimes comtradictiry meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. Purpose: Point out in unresolved issue of human nature, conflict with no easy answer3
8467112160Anaphorathe repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses. Purpose:Establishes emphasis for emotional effect4
8467112161AntagonistA character or force in conflict with the main character purpose: if you id the antagonist that can help id the point5
8467112162AntiheroProtagonist without heroic qualities. Purpose: criticize societal values6
8467112163ApostropheAddressing something nonhuman as if it were human Example: Death, be not proud . . . Purpose: could humanize something nonhuman, could emphasize the futility of the speaker situation7
8467112164AssonanceRepetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity Ex: thou hour our.8
8467112165AsyndetonOmission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words. Ex: i came i saw i conquered. Purpose: produces a fast-paced, rapid atmosphere. More emotional less reflective.9
8467112166BildungsromanA novel or story whose theme is the moral or psychological growth of the young main character.10
8467112167Archetypea very typical example of a certain person or thing. Ex: Sherlock Holmes as an archetypical detective11
8568260746caricatureA portrait (verbal or otherwise) that exaggerates a facet of personality. PP: parody, criticism, mocking, drawing attention to a human/character flaw/ trait12
8568260747CharacterWhen analyzing character consider four ways -what character says, thinks, does and what others think/ say of character.13
8568260748ChiasmusA statement or passage consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed Ex: I've got my mind on my money and my money on my mind14
8568260749ColorsThink about what the connotation of each color could be PP: reinforce/ establish theme, character.15
8568260750ComedyBased on irony. Writer expects you to see the incongruity. Requires a set of established societal norms familiar to the audience. PP: comedy is an intellectual, not an emotional, processes. An author uses comedy when he/ she wants the audience to think about the subject, not emotionally react.16
8568260751Conceita startling or unusual metaphor expanded upon over several lines. When the image dominates and shapes the entire work it's called a controlling image. PP: emphasize the point of the metaphor. Similar concept: motif17
8568260752ConnotationImplications suggested by a word. PP: emphasize/ reinforce/ reveal a thematic element or character trait or flaw18
8568260753DenotationDirect, specific definition of a word. PP: to contrast or create some other meaning of a word19
8568260754Dues ex machina20
8568260755Dialect21
8568260756Diction22
8568260757dramatic irony23
8568260758dynamic character24
8568260759Epigram25
8568260760epistolary novel26
8568260761euphemism27
8568260762euphony28
8568260763figurative language29
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AP Literature Unit 6 Flashcards

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3895387843abortivefailing to accomplish an intended aim or purpose; only partially or imperfectly developed0
3895390631bruitto spread news, reports, or unsubstantiated rumors1
3895391781contumeliousinsolent or rude in speech or behavior; insultingly abusive; humiliating2
3895393150dictuma short saying; an authoritative statement3
3895394015ensconseto settle comfortably and firmly in position; to put or hide in a safe place4
3895395475iconoclasticattacking or seeking to overthrow popular or traditional beliefs, ideas, or institutions5
3895397285in media resin or into the middle of a plot; into the middle of things6
3895398145internecinemutually destructive; characterized by great slaughter and bloodshed7
3895399210maladroitlacking skill or dexterity; lacking tact, perception, or judgement8
3895399991maudlinexcessively or effusively sentimental9
3895400582modulateto change or vary the intensity or pitch; to temper or soften; to regulate, adjust10
3895401949portentousforeshadowing an event to come; causing wonder or awe; self-consciously weighty, pompous11
3895403955prescienceknowledge of events or actions before they happen; foresight12
3895405085quid pro quosomething given in exchange or return for something else13
3895406731salubriousconducive to health or well-being; wholesome14
3895410041saturnaliancharacterized by riotous or unrestrained revelry or licentiousness15
3895411443touchstonea means of testing worth or genuineness16
3895412437traumaticso shocking to the emotions as to caused lasting and substantial psychological damage17
3895413516vitiateto weaken, debase, or corrupt; to impair the quality or value of18
3895415131waggishfond of making jokes; characteristic or a joker; playfully humorous or droll19
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AP Literature Literary Terms Flashcards

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8989150559ActA major unit of action in a drama or play. Each act can be further divided into smaller sections called scenes.0
8989150560AllusionA reference in a literary work to a person, place, or thing in hisotry or another work of liteartur​e​. Allusions are often indirect or brief references to wellknown ​​characters or events.1
8994485122AnalogyA comparison of two or more like objects that suggests if they are alike in certain respects, they will probably be alike in other ways as well.2
8994485123AntagonistA character in a story or poem who deceives, frustrates, or works against the main character, or protagonist, in some way. The antagonist doesn't necessarily have to be a person. It could be death, the devil, an illness, or any challenge that prevents the main character from living "happily ever after".3
8994485124AsideAn actor's speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking.4
8994486622Blank VerseUnrhymed iambic pentameter.5
8994486623ClimaxThe turning point, point go maximum interest, and highest tension in the plot of a story, play, or film. The climax usually occurs towards the end of the story after the reader has understood the conflict and become emotional involved with the character. At the climax, the conflict is resolved, and the outcome of the plot becomes clear.6
8994486624CoupletA rhymed pair of lines in a poem.7
8994486625DenouementAka resolution. Occurs after the climax and is where conflicts are resolved and loose ends are tied up.8
8994487965DialogueThe conversation between characters in a drama or narrative. A dialogue occurs in most works of literature.9
8994487966DramaA drama or play is a form of literature meant to be performed by actors before an audience. In a drama, the characters' dialogue and actions tell the story.10
8994487967Dramatic MonologueA literary device that is used when a character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings, those that are hidden throughout the course of the story line, through a poem or a speech. This speech, where only one character speaks, is recited while other characters are present onstage. This monologue often comes during a climactic moment in a work and often reveals hidden truths about a character, their history and their relationships.11
8994488939ExpositionIntroduces the characters and the conflicts they face.12
8994488940Falling ActionThe end of the central conflict in a story, when the action starts to wind down.13
8994488941FoilA character who contrasts and parallels the main character in a play or story.14
8994488942HeroA character whose actions are inspiring or noble; often the main character in a story.15
8994490010Heroic CoupletAka closed couplet. A couplet consisting of two successive rhyming lines that contain a complete thought.16
8994490011Iambic PentameterA metrical line of five feet or units, each made up of an unstressed and then a stressed syllable. It consists first of an octave, or eight lines, which asks a question or states a problem or proposition and follows the rhyme scheme a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a,. The sestet, or last six lines, offers and answer, or a resolution to the proposed problem, and follows the rhyme scheme c-d-e-c-d-e.17
8994491327OxymoronA form of figurative language combining contradictory words or ideas (ex: jumbo shrimp, bitter sweet)18
8994491328ParadoxA statement that seems to contradict itself but is, nevertheless, true.19
8994491329ProtagonistMain character in a story20
8994491330ResolutionAka denouement. Occurs after the climax and is where conflicts are resolved and loose ends are tied up.21
8994491331SarcasmThe use of praise to mock someone or something; the use of mockery or verbal irony.22
8994492452SceneA section in a play presenting events that occur in one place at one time.23
8994492453SettingThe time, place, physical details, and circumstances in which a story occurs. Setting include the background, atmosphere or environment in which characters live and move, and usually include physical characteristics of the surroundings. Settings enable the reader to better envision how a story unfolds by relating necessary physical details of a piece of literature.24
8994492454SoliloquyA speech delivered by a character who is alone on the stage.25
8994493771Stage DirectionsThe instructions to the actors, director and stage crew in the script of a play.26
8994493772SubplotAn additional minor plot that involves a secondary conflict in the story; the subplot may or may not affect the main plot.27
8994493773SuspenseA feeling of growing tension and excitement. Writers create suspense by raising questions in readers' minds about what might happen.28
8994493774SymbolismUsing something specific to stand for something else, especially an idea. A symbol is a person, place, object or action that for something beyond itself. For example, a dove may represent peace. The dove can be seen and peace cannot.29
8994493775ThemeA thought or idea the author presents to the reader about life or human nature. Generally, a theme has to be extracted as the reader explores the passages of a work.30
8994495071TragedyA dramatic work that presents the downfall of a dignified character or characters who are involved in historically or socially significant events. The events in a tragic plot are set in motion by a decision that is often an error in judgement. Events inevitably lead to a disastrous conclusion, usually death.31
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Biochemistry Flashcards

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4996535585Two Types of Chemical Reactions1. Synthesis 2. Degredation0
4996537655Synthesis-Two smaller things combine (ex: dehydration synthesis) -A product is created by combining two reactants1
4996540010Degredation-One large thing breaks down (ex: hydrolysis) -A reactant is being broken down2
4996542669Dehydration SynthesisThe removal of water (H2O) to combine two reactants -Removal of -OH from one molecule and -H from the other3
4996547745HydrolysisThe addition of water (H2O) to break a substance apart4
4996550416Octet Rule-States that an atom must have 8 electrons in its outermost shell in order to be stable and have a complete outer shell (Exceptions: Hydrogen and Helium only need 2 electrons) -Chemical reactions occur in order to satisfy the octet rule5
4996559921Types of Bonds1. Ionic Bond 2. Covalent Bond 3. Hydrogen Bond6
4996562332Ionic BondAtoms transfer electrons (medium strength)7
4996563273Covalent BondAtoms share electrons (strongest bond)8
4996565388Hydrogen BondWeak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and another atom that bears a partially negative charge9
4996574785Inert ElementAtoms won't react with other atoms because their outermost shell is completely full10
4996578585Reactive ElementAtoms will react with other atoms because their outer shell is only partially full11
4996584482IonsAtoms that have gained or lost an electron12
4996586745AnionsAtoms that gain an electron/become negative13
4996588575CationsAtoms that loose an electron/become positive14
4996593164Structural Diagrams-Represent covalent bonds between various elements in a compound -Each line represents one covalent bond/2 electrons -One line = Single bond = 2 electrons -Two lines = Double bond = 4 electrons -Three lines = Triple bond = 6 electrons15
4996606658Types of Covalent Bonds1. Polar 2. Non-polar16
4996607601Polar Covalent Bonds-Unequal sharing of electrons -The more electronegative element will attract most of the electrons17
4996622672Non-polar Covalent Bonds-Equal sharing of electrons -Only occurs between two of the same elements (EX: 02, H2, N2)18
4996615056Electronegativity-A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons -Elements closer to fluorine on the periodic table are more electronegative than elements farther away19
4996632669Ways to Represent Molecules1. Structural Diagram 2. Bohr/Spatial Diagram 3. Chemical/Molecular Formula20
4996635733Organic MoleculesMolecules that contain carbon and hydrogen (and usually oxygen)21
4996638106Inorganic MoleculesMolecules that don't have carbon and hydrogen22
49966409144 Categories of BiomoleculesPolymers: Monomers: 1. Carbohydrates -> Monosaccarides (sugars) 2. Nucleic Acids --> Nucleotides 3. Proteins --------> Amino Acids 4. Lipids ----------> Glycerol and Fatty Acids23
4996659397Isomer-Same atoms arranged differently -Same chemical composition/formula -Different structure = Different behavior (Ex: Butane and 2-methyl-propane both have 4 carbons and 10 hydrogens)24
4996673413Bond Capacity of Abundant Atoms in Organic CompundsCarbon- 4 Nitrogen- 3 Oxygen- 2 Hydrogen- 125
5064698444Functional Groups-Methyl -Hydroxyl -Carbonyl -Phosphate -Carboxyl -Amine26
5064712480MethylThree hydrogens bonded to a carbon27
5064717616HydroxylA hydrogen bonded to an oxygen bonded to a carbon28
5064726368CarbonylAn oxygen double bonded to a carbon29
5064734115PhosphateOne double bonded and three single bonded oxygens coming off a phosphorous30
5064755706CarboxylA hydroxyl and carbonyl group (A hydrogen bonded to an oxygen coming off a carbon double bonded to a oxygen)31
5064770130AmineTwo hydrogens bonded to a nitrogen32
5064807876PolymersLarge molecules made of repeating units33
5064809607Monomers-Small units -Building blocks of polymers -Different for each molecule34
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Biochemistry Flashcards

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5261603984__, __, __, __ make up 96% of living thingsC H O N0
5261615790__, __, __, __ most of the remaining 4%P S Ca K1
5261620917Trace ElementsRequired; minute amounts Fe, I2
5261632791Atomic Number# of protons # of electrons in a stable atom of an element3
5261642303Atomic MassSum of protons and neutrons Electron mass is small and almost negligible4
5261658599Atoms bond in order to fill...valence shell5
5261660911Octet RuleMost atoms "want" 8 valence electrons and will share, steal, or give away electrons in order to fill valence shells6
5261673482Octet Rule Exceptionsthose w/ <6 total electrons7
5261680550Covalent BondingValence electrons shared Form molecules Single, double, triple bonds possible8
5261690226Nonpolar CovalentElectrons are shared equally O29
5261692535Polar CovalentElectrons are not shared equally The more electronegative atom exerts a greater pull on the electrons being shared H2O10
5261711256In biology ___ bonds are considered strongerCovalent11
5261717455Ionic BondingElectrons are lost or gained from the outer shell in order to fulfill the octet rule Water can dissociate ionic bonds easily12
5261734884Hydrogen BondingWeak bonds formed between molecules that contain polar covalent bonds13
5261741346Molecular Structure vs FunctionEach molecule has a characteristic size and shape which determine its function14
5261759793CohesionSticks together15
5261759794AdhesionSticks to other things16
5261759851High surface tensionwater feels solid when you hit it bonds tighten17
5261765401High specific heatAmt of heat absorbed or lost to change 1g of substance by 1 degree C REsists temp change Keeps earth w/in viable temp limits18
5261799034Water also has ____ & _____High heat of vaporization, evaporative cooling19
5261807001Density of iceless dense than liquid H bonds freeze and force molecules further apart in large bodies of water, top layer of ice insulates water below20
5261819771Water is most dense at4 degrees C21
5261831399Universal solventdissolves materials creating aqueous solutions22
5261842253Water= ____ What's being dissolved = _____Solvent, solute23
5261849952Direct result of water's polarityHydrophilic Hydrophobic24
5261856713Water pHPure water (H+) concentration (OH-) Adding acids or bases changes concentrations quickly25
5261872792pH is the measure of ____.hydrogen ion concentration 0-1426
5261876190AcidsDonate H+ ions The more acidic a solution higher H+ concentration taste: sour27
5261884716BasesSome donate OH- ions Basic solution: lower H+ concentration, higher pH value taste: bitter28
5261898503BufferResist changes in pH Many in body (even minor changes can be life threatening) Blood: 7.429
5261913524HydrocarbonsCombinations of C & H Nonpolar not soluble in H20 hydrophobic stable little attraction between molecules gas at room temp30
5261929280IsomersMolecules with some molecular formula but different structure31
5261938537Isomers have different ____ & ______.Chemical properties, Biological functions32
5261950371Organic compoundscontains carbon chains divided into 4 families33
5261965825Functional GroupsParts of organic compounds most commonly involved in chemical reactions Determine what bonds will be formed and functions of specific compounds34
5261978386Hydroxyl-OH Organic compounds with OH- alcohols Names typically end in -ol ex. ethanol35
5262009560CarbonylC=O Aldehyde and Ketone36
5262018743Aldehydeend of molecule (double bond)37
5262018744Ketonemiddle of molecule38
5262037551Carboxyl-COOH compounds with this: acids ex. fatty and amino acids39
5262043142Amino-NH2 compounds with this: amines ex. amino acids acts as a base ammonia picks up H+ from solution40
5262059574Sulfhydryl-SH Stabilize the structure of proteins41
5262067421Phosphate-PO4 Increases gene expression lots of O= lots of negative charge highly reactive transfers energy between organic molecules42
5262092282CarbohydratesProvide energy ex. candy, sugar, pasta, bread43
5262099077Carbohydrates contain ___ & ___hydroxyl and carbonyl44
5262104990Three groups of carbohydratesMonosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides45
5262113926_____ are the bodies first choice of energycarbohydrates constant surplus, everything else will be stored up (cause weight gain)46
5262122422MonosaccharidesCarb monomer ex. glucose and fructose Formula CH2O47
5262134358DisaccharidesDouble sugars ex. sucrose, lactose, maltose formed by dehydration synthesis48
5262148589Glycosidic linkagebond formed between monosaccharides49
5262153676Dehydration synthesisMonosaccharide + monosaccharide -> disaccharide + water50
5261759727MethylCH351
5268822979Carbon forms ___4 bonds52
5268825873Hydrogen forms ___1 bond53
5268828635Oxygen forms ____2 bonds54
5268831364Nitrogen forms ____3 bonds55
5268854430Polysaccharidescomplex56
5268856941Polysaccharide examplesstarch, cellulose, glycogen57
5268865358Polysaccharides are ___ & _____ ______ for energystored and broken down58
5268875726What is added to break polysaccharides apart?Water59
5268879824Polysaccharide: CelluloseMost abundant organic compound on earth Indigestible roughage60
5268894413Herbivores evolved mechanism to digest ___. Most carnivores have notcellulose61
5268901131Indicators of CarbohydratesBenedict's solution Iodine62
5268906819Benedict'sBlue to orange in monosaccharide63
5268908939Iodineamber to black in polysaccharide64
5268917733Lipidshydrophobic smaller than true polymers varied in form and function65
5268930568Types of lipidsfats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes and oils66
5268934681Lipid MonomerFatty Acids and Glycerol67
5268937436Fats: monomers examplesglycerol, fatty acids68
5268945476Ester linkagebond between fatty acids and glycerol formed by dehydration synthesis69
5268961253Fats function in energy _____ & _____.storage and protection70
5268967423Saturatedsolid @ room temp71
5272242271Saturated fats examplesbutter, coconut oil, animal fats72
5272275119Saturated fats bondsNo double bonds between carbons73
5272278760UnsaturatedLiquid @ room temp74
5272282893Unsaturated ex.Plant oils75
5272286291Unsaturated fats bondsDouble bonds between carbons (do not have max # of hydrogens)76
5272295983PhospholipidsSimilar to fats but w/ 2 fatty acids rather than 377
5272303686Phospholipids OH group3rd -OH group of glycerol joined to -PO4 group78
5272313216Phospholipids and waterAmbivalent behavior toward water (likes and dislikes)79
5272318679Phospholipid tailshydrophobic80
5272328095Phosphate headsneg charge and hydrophilic81
5272330053Phospholipids componentmajor component of cellular membranes82
5272340223Steroidscarbon skeleton of 4 fused rings83
5272343600Steroid useanimal cell membranes and hormones84
5272364802Protein monomersamino acids85
5272381352Proteins containamino and carboxyl groups86
5272385276Protein usesupport storage transport signaling immunity metabolism87
5272391383Protein structuresophisticated in structure and function88
5272395735Protein accounts formore than 50% of dry weight89
5272406078Amino Acid groupsamino, carboxyl, R-group90
5272413782Amino acid R-groupvariable groups different for each amino acid91
5272422131R-group propertiesunique chemical properties to each amino acid92
5272434321PeptidesIndividual amino acids or Sequence of 2+ aminos created by dehydration synthesis93
5272442546Peptide bondbetween amino acids94
5272451161Primary protein structureUnique sequence; has to be exact sequences95
5272451162Primary protein examplehemoglobin normal vs sickled insulin96
5272454683Secondary protein structureinitial coiling and folding patterns that result from hydrogen bonds97
5272454684Secondary protein examplealpha helix - coils pleated sheet - folds98
5272459550Tertiary protein structureSecondary coiling and folding99
5272463104Quaternary protein structureOverall protein structure that comes from the way all the polypeptide subunits are situated100
5272508232Structure of proteins affected bypH salt concentration temp other environmental factors101
5272520146When protein structure changesfunction changes (denatured= inactive)102
5272529195Protein denaturationUnfolding a protein, destroys functionality103
5272536107Denaturing conditionsdisrupt H bonds, ionic bonds, disulfide bridges104
5272549708Sickle cell anemiafolds are different longer spread out protein hydrophobic105
5272556306Biuretsindicator of protein blue -> violet in protein106
5272565633Nucleic AcidsStore and transmit hereditary information107
5272567625Nucleic Acid exDNA, RNA108
5272574840Phosphodiester bondbond between nucleotides109
5272577604Nucleotides containsugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base (A,T,C,G)110
5272592029Eat to make moreDNA, RNA111
5272618288Metabolismtotal amount of organism's chemical processes and reactions112
5272621129catabolicbreakdowns (molecules) release energy113
5272625618catabolic excellular respiration where glucose is broken down and ATP is released, digestion114
5272631607anabolicreactions that build complex molecules from simpler ones requires energy input115
5272634049anabolic exsynthesis of proteins from amino acids116
52726447921st law of thermodynamicsEnergy can be transferred and transformed, but neither created nor destroyed117
52726533322nd law of thermodynamicsEvery energy transfer makes universe more disordered (entropy)118
52726589312nd law exampleheat is energy in its most random state119
5272664637Free energyavailable for work represented: G120
5272677112ExergonicRelease free energy catabolic121
5272680050Exergonic excellular respiration122
5272682527Endergonicabsorbs free energy anabolic123
5272686598Endergonic exphotosynthesis (input of solar energy)124
5272693512Mechanical cellular workmovement ex. muscle contractions125
5272695971Transport cellular workpumping of substances across membranes126
5272695972Chemical cellular workpushing of endergonic reactions that do not occur spontaneously ex. dehydration synthesis127
5272711518ATPEnergy molecule used to power cellular work128
5272724580Cause of release of free energyhydrolysis of last phosphate group129
5272731014Renewable molecule ATPregenerated by addition of phosphate group of ATP130
5272736876ATP contains3 phosphate groups @ end131
5272742945Competitive inhibitionanother molecule competes directly for enzyme active site and blocks substrate attachment (fits in active site)132
5272751227Noncompetitive inhibitionMolecule attaches enzyme somewhere other than active site changes active site shaping preventing attachment to substrate133
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