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AP Literature Vocabulary List 6 Flashcards

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5767885157Onerousgreat burden or much trouble0
5767890136Impunityexemption from punishment1
5767890137Demagoguemanipulative political leader, appeals to emotions or prejudice to gain power2
5767892492Spuriousnot valid or well founded; inauthentic3
5767892493Urbancity or city life4
5767896048Enervateto weaken someone's physical, mental, or moral vitality5
5767896049Aestheticbeautiful; appreciation towards beauty6
5767897766Emulateto try to equal or surpass somebody or something that's admired7
5767897767Haughtycondescending; behaving in a superior or arrogant way8
5767899632Novicea beginner9
5767899633Shrewdable to judge people and situations very well10
5767900924Abetto assist somebody to do something, especially illegal11
5767900925Vulgarcrude or obscene; tasteless12
5767902851Depreciateto lose value13
5767906243Querulouswhining or complaining14
5767907391Hackneyedclichéd; overused15
5767908571Ambivalentmixed feelings about something16
5767908572Anecdoteshort personal account of an incident or event17
5767910627Vernaculareveryday language of people18
5767912716Adroitskillful19
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AP Literature Terms (with images) Flashcards

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4541888357AllegoryThe representation of abstract ideas or principles by characters, figures, or events in narrative, dramatic, or pictorial form.0
4541888358AlliterationThe repetition of the same consonant sound at the beginning of several words in a line of poetry.1
4541888359AnaphoraRepetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines in a poem.2
4541888360ApostropheWhen a character speaks to a character or object that is not present or is unable to respond.3
4541888361AssonanceThe repetition of the same vowel sound in a phrase or line of poetry.4
4541888362ClimaxThe turning point in the plot or the high point of action.5
4541888363Colloquial LanguageInformal, conversational language. Indicative of a specific region.6
4541888364ConnotationAn idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing, ie. Bat=evil.7
4541888365DictionWord choice or the use of words in speech or writing.8
4541888366EnjambmentThe continuation of reading one line of a poem to the next with no pause, a run-on line.9
4541888367EpiphanySudden enlightenment or realization, a profound new outlook or understanding about the world usually attained while doing everyday mundane activities.10
4541888368FlashbackWhen a character remembers a past event that is relevant to the current action of the story.11
4541888369ForeshadowingClues in the text about incidents that will occur later in the plot; creates anticipation in the novel.12
4541888370HyperboleA figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or comic/dramatic effect.13
4541888371ImageryThe use of vivid or figurative language to represent objects, actions, or ideas. Also includes sensory language.14
4541888372IronyWhen one thing should occur, is apparent, or in logical sequence but the opposite actually occurs.15
4541888373MeterThe measured arrangement of words in poetry, as by accentual rhythm, syllabic quantity, or the number of syllables in a line.16
4541888374MetaphorA figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison; this comparison does not use like or as.17
4541888375MotifA dominant theme or central idea.18
4541888376OnomatopoeiaThe formation or use of words such as buzz or murmur that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.19
4541888377ParodyA literary or artistic work that imitates the characteristic style of an author or a work for comic effect or ridicule.20
4541888378PersonificationA figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.21
4541888379ProseOrdinary speech or writing without metrical structure, written in paragraph form.22
4541888380SimileA figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared, often in a phrase introduced by like or as.23
4541888381SoliloquyA dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character talks to himself or herself or reveals his or her thoughts without addressing a listener. Typical in plays.24
4541888382SymbolismSomething that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention, especially a material object used to represent something invisible.25
4541888383ToneReflects how the author feels about the subject matter or the feeling the author wants to instill in the reader.26
4541888384TragedyA drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances.27
4541888385SonnetA poem with fourteen lines. There are Italian and English (typically referred to as "Shakespearean") forms.28
4541888386SatireA literary work in which human vice or folly is attacked through irony, derision, or wit; the goal is to change the behavior/issue.29
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AP English Literature Poetry Terms Flashcards

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8916204502alexandrinetwelve-syllable line written in iambic hexameter, especially popular in French poetry0
8916206790alliterationthe repetition of similar consonant sounds, normally at the beginnings of words1
8916210167allusiona reference in a work of literature to something outside the work, especially to a well-known historical or literary event, person, or work2
8916213804anaphoraoften used in political speeches and occasionally in prose and poetry; the repetition of a word or words at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines to create a sonic effect3
8916222010antithesisa figure of speech characterized by strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences, or ideas; a balancing of one term against another for emphases or stylistic effectiveness4
8916226275apostrophea figure of speech in which someone (usually, but not always absence), some abstract quality, or a nonexistent personage is directly addressed as though present5
8916230999assonancethe repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds6
8916232404balladsong that tells a story in the oral tradition7
8916234137ballad-stanzaa four-line stanza rhymed abcb with four feet in lines one and three and three feet in lines two and four8
8916237196blank versepoetry written in unrhymed but regular meter (nearly always iambic pentameter)9
8916242178cacophonya harsh, unpleasant combination of sounds or tones; it may be an unconscious flaw in the poet's music, resulting in harshness of sound or difficulty in articulation, or it may be used consciously for effect10
8916248904caesuraa pause, usually near the middle of a line of verse, usually indicated by the sense of the line, and often greater than the normal pause11
8916251752chiasmusrepetition of any group of verse elements (including rhyme and grammatical structure) in reverse order, such as the rhyme scheme ABBA12
8916256966conceitan ingenious and fanciful notion or conception, usually expressed through an elaborate analogy, and pointing to a striking parallel between two seemingly dissimilar things; may be a brief metaphor, but it also may form the framework of an entire poem13
8916264158consonancethe repetition of similar consonant sounds within a group of words; usually refers to words in which the ending consonants of a syllable are the same but vowels that precede them are different (e.g., "linger," "longer," and "languor"; "rider," "reader," "raider," and "ruder"); can also refer to shared constants, whether in sequence ("bed" and "bad") or reversed ("bud" and "dab")14
8916282598coupleta two-line stanza, usually with end-rhymes the same15
8916284111dictionthe use of words and phrasing in a literary work (creates tone); may be described as formal (the leel of usage common in serious books and formal discourse), informal (the level of usage found in the relaxed but polite conversation of cultivated people), colloquial (the everyday usage of a group, possibly including terms and constructions accepted in that group but not universally acceptable), or slang (a group of newly coined words which are not acceptable for formal usage as yet)16
8916296022didactic poema poem which is intended primarily to teach a lesson17
8916297809dramatic monologuepoem in which an imagined speaker addresses a silent/internal listener (sometimes the reader)18
8916304069elegya sustained and formal poem setting forth the poet's meditations upon death or another solemn theme19
8916307659ellipsisthe omission of words whose absence does not impede the reader's ability to understand the expression20
8916311395end-stoppeda line with a pause at the end; includes lines that end with a period, a comma, a colon, a semicolon, an exclamation point, or a question mark21
8916317189English (Shakespearean) sonnetsonnet containing three quatrains and a concluding couplet: abab cdcd efef gg22
8916320708enjambmentthe continuation of the sense and grammatical construction from one line of poetry to the next23
8916323096epiclengthy/sweeping narrative poem that tells of heroic deeds24
8916324431extended metaphoran implied analogy, or comparison, which is carried throughout a stanza or an entire poem25
8916326543euphonya style in which combinations of words pleasant to the ear predominate; its opposite is cacophony26
8916329914eye rhymerhyme that appears correct from spelling, but it is half-rhyme or slant rhyme from the pronunciation; examples include "watch" and "match" and "love" and "move"27
8916336634feminine rhymea rhyme of two syllables, one stressed and one unstressed, as "waken" and "forsaken" and "audition" and "rendition"; is sometimes called double rhyme28
8916343461figurative languagewriting that uses figures of speech (as opposed to literal language or that which is actual or specifically denoted) such as metaphor, irony, and simile; uses words to mean something other than their literal meaning29
8916349974free versepoetry that has no consistent rhyme or meter (but is still often rhythmical)30
8916352371heroic couplettwo successive rhyming lines in iambic pentameter lines (usually end-stopped in the second line; sometimes strung together aa, bb, cc; commonly used in sonnets and epic narrative poems)31
8916360230hyperbolea deliberate, extravagant, and often outrageous exaggeration; may be used for either serious or comic effect32
8916362908iambic meterunstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable33
8916364844imagerythe images of literary work; the sensory details of a work; the figurative language of a work; has several definitions, but the two that area paramount are the visual auditory, or tactile images evoked by the words of a literary work of the images that figurative languages evokes34
8916371814ironythe contrast between actual meaning and the suggestion of another meaning; differs from sarcasm in that it is usually lighter, less harsh in its wording though in effect probably more cutting because of its indirectness35
8916373622verbal ironya figure of speech in which the actual intent is expressed in words which carry the opposite meaning36
8916383497internal rhymerhyme that occurs within a line, rather than at the end37
8916387470Italian (Petrarchan) sonnetcontains two main parts--an octave (eight lines) rhyming abbaabba followed by a sestet (six lines) rhyming cdecde or some variant, such as cdccdc38
8916393479lyric poemshort poem with a single speaker, often speaking in first person, who expresses thoughts and feelings; may be about love but also have been written on subjects as different as religion and reading; sonnets and odes are this type of poem39
8916399568malapropismfrom French mal a propos (inappropriate)--use of an incorrect word in place of a similar-sounding word that results in a nonsensical and humorous expression40
8916404287masculine rhymerhyme that falls on the stressed and concluding syllables of the rhyme-words; examples include "keep" and "sleep," "glow" and "no," and "spell" and "impel"41
8916409383metaphora figurative use of language in which a comparison is expressed without the use of a comparative term like "as," "like," or "than"42
8916416005meterthe repetition of a regular rhythmic unit in a line of poetry; emphasizes the musical quality of the language and often relates directly to the subject matter of the poem; each unit is known as a foot43
8916423284metonymya figure of speech which is characterized by the substitution of a term naming an object closely associated with the word in mind for the word itself44
8916426822mixed metaphorsthe mingling of one metaphor with another immediately following with which the first is incongruous45
8916431398narrative poema non-dramatic poem which tells a story or presents a narrative (story), whether simple or complex, long, or short; epics and ballads are examples of narrative poems46
8916436534non sequitura conclusion or statement that does not logically follow from the previous argument or statement47
8916440688octabean eight-line stanza, often in iambic pentameter (in English poetry) or in hendecasyllables (in Italian poetry); most common rhyme scheme is abbaabba; most commonly, this term refers to the first division of an Italian sonnet48
8916448397odea long, lyric poem that is serious in subject matter and treatment, elevated in style, and elaborate in stanzaic structure49
8916450971onomatopoeiathe use of words whose sound suggests their meaning; examples are "buzz," "hiss," and "honk"50
8916455133oxymorona form of paradox that combines a pair of seemingly contradictory or contrary terms in to a single expression; this combination usually serves the purpose of shocking the reader into awareness51
8916461613paradoxa situation or action or feeling that appears to be contradictory but on inspection turns out to be true or at least to make sense52
8916465183parallelisma similar grammatical structure within a line or lines of poetry53
8916468907paraphrasea restatement of an ideas in such a way as to retain the meaning while changing the diction and form; often an amplification of the original for the purpose of clarity54
8916473110pastorala poetic work portraying an idealized version of country life55
8916474927personificationa kind of metaphor that gives inanimate objects or abstract ideas human characteristics56
8916478306poetic foota group of syllables in verse usually consisting of one accented syllable and one or two unaccented syllables associated with it57
8916481232puna play on words that are identical or similar in sound but have sharply diverse meanings; can have serious as well as humorous uses58
8916484290quatraina four-line stanza or poem with any combination of rhymes59
8916485916raconteurperson who tells anecdotes in a skillful or amusing way60
8916487598refraina group of words forming a phrase or sentence an consisting of one or more lines repeated at intervals in a poem, usually at the end of stanza61
8916491242rhymeclose similarity or identity of sound between accented syllables occupying corresponding positions in two or more lines of verse; for a true version of this term, the vowels in the accented syllables must be preceded by different consonants, such as "fan" and "ran"62
8916498327rhyme royalseven-line stanza of iambic pentameter rhymed ababbcc63
8916500589rhythmthe recurrence of stressed and unstressed syllables; the presence of such patterns lends both pleasure and heightened emotional response to the listener or reader64
8916504952sarcasma type of irony in which a person appears to be praising something but is actually insulting it; its purpose is to injure or to hurt65
8916508408satirewriting that seeks to arouse a reader's disapproval of an object by ridicule; usually comedy that exposes errors with an eye to correct vice and folly66
8916513851scansiona system for describing the meter of a poem by identifying the number and they type(s) of feet per line67
8916518462sesteta six-line stanza; most commonly refers to the second division of an Italian sonnet68
8916520848sestinaa poem of six six-line stanzas in which the end-words in the lines of the first stanza are repeated, in a set order of variation, as the end-words of the stanzas that follow69
8916526718similea directly expressed comparison; a figure of speech comparing two objects, usually with "like," "as," or "than"70
8916530620sonnetnormally a fourteen-line iambic pentameter poem71
8916534231sound devicesthe techniques of deploying the sound of words, especially in poetry; among devices of such are rhyme, alliteration, assonance, consonance, and onomatopoeia; devices are used for many reasons, including to create a general effect of pleasant or of discordant sound, to imitate another sounds, or to reflect a meaning72
8916542426stanzausually a repeated grouping of three or more lines with the same meter and rhyme scheme73
8916546603strategy (or rhetorical strategy)the management of language for a specific effect; is planned placing of elements to achieve an effect74
8916550263structurethe arrangement of materials withing a work; the relationship of the parts of a work to the whole; the logical divisions of a work; most common units in a poem are line and stanza75
8916556638stylethe mode of expression in language; the characteristic manner of expression of an author; many elements contribute to this, including diction, syntax, figurative language, imagery, selection of detail, sound effect, and tone76
8916563002symbolsomething that is simultaneously itself and a sign of something else77
8916565539synecdochea form of metaphor which in mentioning a part signifies the whole78
8916567904syntaxthe ordering of words into patterns or sentences; if a poet shifts words from the usual word order, you know you are dealing with an older style of poetry or a poet who wants to shift emphasis onto a particular word79
8916573454terceta stanza of three lines in which each line ends with the same rhyme80
8916574846terza rimepoetic form of interlocking three-line stanzas rhymed aba, bcb, cdc, etc.81
8916579096themethe main thought expressed by a work; it is the abstract concept which is made concrete through its representation in person, action, and image in the work82
8916583103tonethe manner in which an author expresses his or her attitude; the intonation of the voice that expresses meaning (remember that the "voice" need not be that of the poet); described by adjecties, and the possibilities are nearly endless; often a single adjective will be enough, and tone may change from stanza to stanza or even line to line; result of allusion, diction, figurative language, imagery, irony, symbol, syntax, and style83
8916595189understatementthe opposite of hyperbole; kind of irony that deliberately represents something as being much less than it really is84
8916598499villanellea nineteen-line poem divided into five tercets and a final quatrain; uses on ly two rhymes which are repeated as follows; aba, aba, aba, aba, aba, abaa; line 1 is repeated entirely to form lines 6, 12, and 18, and line 3 is repeated entirely to form lines 9, 15, and 19; thus, eight of the nineteen lines are refrain85
8916609291allegorya narrative that works on multiple levels, aiming to teach or explain something (often clearly linking explanation to moral lesson) by using characters, events, and other aspects of the story as symbols, often for abstract concepts86
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AP Literature Vocab Terms Flashcards

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8279116269Free Indirect DiscourseA special type of third-person narration that slips in and out of the character's consciousness. The character's thoughts, feelings, and words are filtered through narrator.0
8279163467AntiheroA protagonist in a drama or narrative who is notably lacking heroic qualities.1
8279188630FoilA character that shows qualities that are in contrast with the qualities of another character with the objective to highlight the traits of the other character.2
8279223692Stock CharacterA conventional character that is instantly recognizable due to familiar stereotypes. Ex: Evil Stepmothers, Tortured artists, etc.3
8279271083AllegoryA story with a hidden meaning that is given by literary devices such as symbolism and metaphors.4
8280018772BildungsromanA coming-of-age story. Ex: "Grendel", "Catcher in the Rye"5
8280018773ComedyA genre that deals in humor and entertainment.6
8280021915EpicStory about larger-than-life heroes and their triumphs on and off the battlefield. Typically involve supernatural or mystic elements such as Gods. Use of "invocation of the muse."7
8280021916FarceA type of Comedy that makes use of highly exaggerated and funny situations aimed at entertaining the audience. Use bawdy jokes, physical humor, and deliberate absurdity.8
8280024645Free Verse PoetryA poetic style that lacks a regular meter or rhyme scheme.9
8280024646Lyric PoemType of poetry usually written in first-person POV in order to convey the speaker's thoughts and emotions. Include Odes and Sonnets10
8280027989ParodyA text that imitates another work or genre for the sole purpose of humor.11
8280032207Romantic MovementUse of untamed emotion in a work of literature, Commonly used Nature, with the N capitalized to show emphasis and personification.12
8280032208SatireA genre that sets out to improve bad behavior with the use of sarcasm and irony. Typically humorous.13
8280039256Stream-Of-ConsciousnessA method of narration that describes in words the flow of thoughts in the minds of the characters.14
8280039257TragedyA kind of drama that presents a serious subject matter about human suffering and corresponding terrible events in a dignified manner.15
8280043997AnaphoraThe deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect.16
8280043998AntithesisA rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect.17
8280047319ApostropheA writer or a speaker detaches himself from the reality and addresses an imaginary character in his speech.18
8280056478ClicheAn expression that has been overused to the extent that it loses its original meaning or novelty.19
8280061546EpithetA descriptive literary device that describes a place, a thing or a person in such a way that it helps in making the characteristics of a person, thing or place more prominent than they actually are20
8280061547HyperboleA figure of speech that involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.21
8280064803UnderstatementA figure of speech employed by writers or speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is.22
8280064804EnjambmentIn poetry, the running on of a sense from one couplet or line to the next without a major pause or syntactical break.23
8280068069CaesuraA rhythmical pause in a poetic line or a sentence. It often occurs in the middle of a line, or sometimes at the beginning and the end.24
8280068070Conceit MetaphorA figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together with the help of similes or metaphors.25
8280072211Dead MetaphorA figure of speech that has lost its force and imaginative effectiveness through frequent use.26
8280076830Mixed MetaphorA succession of incongruous or ludicrous comparisons.27
8280076831MetonymyA figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated.28
8280081569SynecdocheA literary device in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part.29
8280085181SynesthesiaA technique adopted by writers to present ideas, characters or places in such a manner that they appeal to more than one senses like hearing, seeing, smell etc. at a given time.30
8280090122AnthropomorphismA literary device that can be defined as a technique in which a writer ascribes human traits, ambitions, emotions, or entire behaviors to animals, non-human beings, natural phenomena, or objects.31
8280105241ImageryTo use figurative language to represent objects, actions, and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our physical senses.32
8280105242Visual ImageryImagery that appeals to the visual senses.33
8280108696Auditory ImageryImagery that appeals to the sound senses.34
8280113053Kinesthetic IImageryImagery that appeals to the touch senses.35
8280113054Olfactory ImageryImagery that appeals to the smell senses.36
8280120904Gustatory ImageryImagery that appeals to the taste senses.37
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AP Spanish Literature Literary Terms Flashcards

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7451236540vocalesvowels0
7451236541diptongodiphthong, the combination of a strong vowel (a, o, e) with a weak vowel (i, u)1
7451236542sinéresistwo strong vowels in the same syllable2
7451236543sinalefablending two successive vowels into one syllable3
7451236544llanadescribes words in which the stressed syllable is the second to last4
7451236545agudadescribes words in which the stressed syllable is the last5
7451236546esdrújulasdescribes words in which the stressed syllable is the third to last6
7451236547tetrasílabofour syllables per line7
7451236548hexasílabosix syllables per line8
7451236549heptasílaboseven syllables per line9
7451236550octosílaboeight syllables per line10
7451236551eneasílabonine syllables per line11
7451236552decasílaboten syllables per line12
7451236553endecasílaboeleven syllables per line13
7451236554dodecasílabotwelve syllables per line14
7451236555alejandrinofourteen syllables per line15
7451236556hipérbolehyperbole, exaggeration16
7451236557prosopopeyapersonification, giving human characteristics to non-human objects17
7451236558aliteraciónalliteration, repetition of the same sound or group of sounds18
7451236559anáforaanaphora, repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of two or more verses or sentences19
7451236560antítesisantithesis, expression of contradictory ideas in similar phrases20
7451236561aparteaside, technical theater term to communicate to the audience certain things that the other characters should not know21
7451236562apóstrofeapostrophe, a passage addressing a person or thing as if it could respond22
7451236563arquetipoarchetype, a typical example or symbol of something, a model of behavior23
7451236564arte mayorverses with more than eight syllables24
7451236565arte menorverses with eight syllables or less25
7451236566asíndetonasyndeton, omission of a conjunction between parts of a sentence26
7451236567carpe diemlife is short and should be appreciated27
7451236568cesuracaesura, a pause in the middle of a line28
7451236569clímaxclimax, most intense point of action in the plot29
7451236570elipsisellipsis, omission of elements of a sentence30
7451236571encabalgamientoenjambment, continuation of a thought from one verse to the next31
7451236572epopeyaepic poetry, poetry in an elevated style describing a historic or legendary hero32
7451236573epítetoepithet, addition of adjectives that are not necessary, but emphasize a certain characteristic of a thing33
7451236574estribillorefrain, line or lines that are repeated throughout a poem34
7451236575estrofastanza35
7451236576estructurastructure, the framework of a literary work36
7451236577exposiciónexposition, the beginning of a work in which the characters and premise are introduced37
7451236578hamartiatragic flaw, weakness of a tragic hero that leads him to catastrophe38
7451236579hipérbatonhyperbaton, alteration to the typical order of words in a sentence39
7451236580imagenimage, literal or figurative representation of an object or sensory experience, mental image40
7451236581in media resbeginning in the middle of the action rather than before41
7451236582metáforametaphor, a comparison between objects in which one object is typically symbolic of another42
7451236583metonimiametonymy, substitution of a word for the idea meant43
7451236584onomatopeyaonomatopoeia, use of words to imitate a sound44
7451236585paradojaparadox, union of apparently irreconcilable ideas45
7451236586pareadocouplet, stanza of two lines46
7451236587parodiaparody, exaggerated imitation of something for comic effect47
7451236588prefiguraciónforeshadowing, indication of events to come48
7451236589realismo mágicomagical realism, magical elements in a realistic setting49
7451236590rima asonanteassonance, type of rhyme in which only the vowels rhyme50
7451236591rima consonanteconsonance, rhyme in which the last sounds rhyme51
7451236592simbolosymbol, use of a concrete object to represent an abstract idea52
7451236593símilsimile, comparison between two objects using like or as53
7451236594sinécdoquesynecdoche, substituting the name of an object for another related object, typically used to give an object a more general name54
7451236595sonetosonnet, poetic composition of fourteen lines55
7451236596tematheme56
7451236597tonotone, attitude of the author towards the material57
7451236598alegoríaallegory, story interpreted to reveal a deeper meaning58
7451236599coplacouplet, two lines of verse joined into one unit59
7451236600figuras retóricasrhetorical figure, language device used by a writer to prompt the reader to consider the meaning from a different perspective60
7451236601hemistiquiohemistich, half a line of verse preceded or followed by a caesura, sometimes used to indicate tension or suspense61
7451236602justicia poéticapoetic justice, device in which a character is punished or rewarded based on their actions, often by fate62
7451236603metrometer, rhythmic structure of verse63
7451236604retruécanopun, play on words involving words that sound similar or a word with multiple meanings64
7451236605octavaoctave, verse consisting of eight lines65
7451236606polifoníapolyphony, aspect of narrative involving multiple perspectives66
7451236607odaode, lyric poem addressing a particular subject, often elevated in style67
7451236608polisíndetonpolysyndeton, repetition of conjunctions68
7451236609pregunta retóricarhetorical question, question posed for effect and not intended to be answered69
7451236610ritmorhythm, pattern of language70
7451236611serventesiostanza of four verses of more than eight syllables with consonance, usually with a rhyme scheme ABAB71
7451236612apologíaeulogy, speech in defense or praise of a person or ideology72
7451236613caricaturacaricature, work that ridicules the example it is about73
7451236614cromatismothe use of a set or range of colors to represent ideas or emotions74
7451236615desdoblamientoformation of two or more things through the separation of components that tend to be together, such as the manifestation of two or more personalities75
7451236616leitmotivleading motif, repetition of a word, phrase, situation, or concept in a work76
7451236617metaficciónmetafiction, fiction in which the author breaks the illusion of reality in a work by referring to the artificiality of the work77
7451236618sátirasatire, a literary work whose purpose is to ridicule the subject78
7451236619narrativa epistolarepistolary novel, a work in the form of written letters from one or multiple characters79
7451236620narrador fidedignoreliable narrator, narrator whose understanding of the characters or the actions in the story accredit it to tell the facts80
7451236621narrador no fidedignounreliable narrator, narrator who misinterprets the motives or action of the characters or who does no perceive the connections between the facts of the story, creating a discrepancy between the author and the narrator because the narrator is offering inconsistent information81
7451236622narrador testigowitness, narrator who does not participate in the action of the story but relates the facts in first person and makes commentary82
7451236623narratariothe person at whom the narrator directs the text83
7451236624parábolaparable, a short educational story whose action is applicable to another situation84
7451236625diéresisdiaeresis, pronunciation of vowels in a diphthong in separate syllables85
7451236626hiatohiatus, separation of a sinalefa86
7451236627verso blancoblank verse, verse that does not have any kind of rhyme with any other verse, appears in poems with a regular metric rhyme scheme87
7451236628verso librefree verse, verso that does not have any rhyme or metric pattern88
7451236629polimetríapolymetric, use of distinct metric forms in a single poem89
7451236630silvasilva meter, combines verses of seven and eleven syllables90
7451236631anagnórisisanagnorisis, moment at which a character makes an important discovery or understands something about himself, human nature, or his situation91
7451236632catarsiscatharsis, feeling of purification or liberation prompted by some experience92
7451236633falla trágicatragic flaw, fatal error of the protagonist in a work that causes an irreparable harm93
7451236634pathosin a Greek tragedy, the affection that inclines the audience towards the tragic character94
7451236635tres unidadestheatrical rule that there is only one principal action, that the action does not last more than one day, and that all of the action takes place in the same place95
7451236636cacofoníacacophony, use of words that combine unpleasant sounds96
7451236637sinestesiasynthesthesia, description of a sensation or image by means of sensations perceived by the five senses97
7451236638conceptismoconceptism, literary movement associated with the Spanish baroque period that is characterized by the use of word play, paradoxes, acuteness of thoughts, and concision in expression98
7451236639culteranismoGongorism, Spanish literary style from the end of the 16th century and the 17th century, characterized by the excessive wealth of surprising metaphors, the exaggerated use of jargon, and syntactic complexity99
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Vocabulary AP LANGUAGE Flashcards

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5029078975Chicanerydeception by trickery0
5029082076Chromosomea threadlike structure of nucleic acids that form DNA1
5029087128Churlishrude in a mean-spirited and surly manner2
5029094377CircumlocutionThe use of many words where few can be used3
5029104025Circumnavigateall the way around4
5029106626Deciduousnot permanent; seasonal5
5029110306Deleteriousharmful or injurious6
5029113963Diffidentmodest or shy in lacking self confidence7
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AP Literature and Composition December 2016 Final Exam Flashcards

Review for the test on Antigone

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5592165077Greek god of fertility and wine who is important to the study of Greek theater because plays were written for contests that occurred during his festivalDionysus0
5592165078a drama or literary work in which the main character is brought to ruin or suffers extreme sorrow, especially as a consequence of a tragic flaw, moral weakness, or inability to cope with unfavorable circumstances.Tragedy1
5592165079Famous Greek playwrite who increased the number of actors to three, increased the number of members of the chorus to fifteen, and wrote plays that were not part of a trilogy.Sophocles2
5592165080King of Thebes who killed his father, Laius, married his mother, Jocasta, and had four children: Eteocles, Polynices, Ismene and Antigone.Oedipus3
5592165081he realized he had killed his father and married his mother (and had 4 children with her ew!)Why did Oedipus blind himself?4
5592165082a degree issued by a sovereign (king or queen) or other authorityedict5
5592165083she respects the dead, loves her brother, and feels the heavens demand it is her duty to bury himWhy does Antigone feel strongly about burying Polynices' body?6
5592165084Antigone's stubborn insistence on burying her brother has led to a death sentenceWhat does the Chorus mean when it tells Antigone, "Your own blind will, your passion has destroyed you"?7
5592165085marriage and childrenWhat lost potential does Antigone mourn as she is taken to her cave?8
5592165086she has hanged herselfWhen Creon and the messenger arrive at the tomb what do they discover has happened to Antigone?9
5592165087crying and clinging to Antigone's bodyWhat is Haemon doing when they find him in Antigone's tomb?10
5592165088bold and without shamebrazen11
5592165089(n.) remorse, regretcompunction12
5592165090loud and discordant noises, cacophonydin13
5592165091(n.) an order issued by someone in authorityedict14
5592165092action lacking in judgment, breaking the rules as a result of lack of judgmentindiscretion15
5592165093"perks" that come along with something; the benefitsperquisites16
5592165094tombsepulcher17
5592165095(adj.) asking humbly and earnestly; (n.) one who makes a request humbly and earnestly, a petitioner, suitorsuppliant18
5592165096uproar; pandemoniumtumult19
5592165097going about in search of things to steal or people to attackmarauding20
5592165098A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated (such as "crown" for "royalty").metonymy21
5592165099A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.clause22
5592165100A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clausesimple sentence23
5592165101A sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses, often joined by one or more conjunctions.compound sentence24
5592165102A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clausecomplex sentence25
5592165103at least one dependent clause and two or more independent clausescompound complex sentence26
5592165104metonymyLend me your ears.27
5592165106Greek word for mythmuthos28
55921651077 main functions of myths in every culturemorals, history, explain creation, natural phenomena, etc.29
5592165108Female Africica-American. She is a celebrated poet, memoirist, novelist, educator, dramatist, producer, actress, historian, filmmaker, and civil rights activist.Maya Angelou30
5592165109A comparison of two unlike things without using the word like or as.metaphor31
5592165110A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humorhyperbole32
5592165111A word that imitates the sound it represents.onomatopoeia33
5592165112A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudespersonification34
5592165113Repeated beginning consonant sounds. Example: The fog filtered over the field finally hiding the fence.alliteration35
5592165114Descriptive or figurative language in a literary work; the use of language to create sensory impressions.imagery36
5592165115A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.apostrophe37
5592165116A careful reading that is attentive to or organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structure elements of a text.Close Reading38
5592165117emerging literary criticism approach focusing on literature by female authors, previously ignored genres to which female authors were once limited and the representation of females in literaturefeminist criticism39
5592165118A literary theory that studies the role of economics, politics, and power in literature.Marxist criticism40
5592165119examining literature based on its symbols and patternsarchetypal criticism41
5592165120criticism that focuses on understanding the psychology of the characters; based largely on the theories of Sigmund Freud.psychoanalytical criticism42
5592165121An approach to literature that uses history as a means of understanding a literary work more clearly. Such criticism moves beyond both the facts of an author's personal life and the text itself in order to examine the social and intellectual currents in which the author composed the work.historical criticism43
5592165122translates between the physical text and the mind of the reader.reader response criticism44
5592165123a difficult and sad situationplight45
5592165124(n.) weariness of body or mind, lack of energylassitude46
5592165125(n.) One of the ancient Greek goddesses presiding over the arts; the imaginary source of inspiration for an artist or writer. (v.) To reflect deeply; to ponder.muse47
5592165126(v.) to caution or advise against something; to scold mildly; to remind of a dutyadmonish48
5592165127To sway physically; to be indecisivevacillate49
5592165128The quality of being able to produce the intended effectefficacy50
5592165129Changing one's mind quickly and oftencapricious51
5592165130a letter or literary composition in letter formepistle52
5592165131a hobby or secondary occupationavocation53
5592165132Emotionally hardened, unfeelingcallous54
5592165133Inequalitydisparity55
5592165134a moving force, impulse, stimulusimpetus56
5592165135(adj.) dying, on the way outmoribund57
5592165136A recurring symbol, character, landscape, or event found in myth and literature across different cultures and eras.archetype58
5592165137inflexible; unyieldinginexorable59
5592165138facial featuresphysiognomy60
5592165139(adj) very hot, parching, burning; passionatetorrid61
5592165140(adj.) related by blood; having similar qualities or characterakin62
5592165141a group that attends an important personretinue63
5592165142(v.) to confirm, make more certain, bolster, substantiate, verifycorroborate64
5592165143evil and wickednefarious65
5592165144lacking interest or flavorinsipid66
5592165145boredomtedium67
5592165146conversational; informal in languagecolloquial68
5592165147deriving from the orderly qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture; implies formality, objectivity, simplicity and restraintClassicism69
5592165148An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elementsbaroque70
5592165149Acceptance of artistic beauty; devotion to the arts, beauty, and poetryAestheticism71
5592165150All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggestsconnotation72
5592165151Feature often becomes recognized means of expressionconvention73
5592165152ThesisThe what + active verb + main idea or concept74
5592165153body paragraph structure helperTSFOOFOOCS75
5592165154royal color of your essayspurple76
5592165155Never introduce new info. in your conclusionexcrement77
5592165156The dictionary definition of a worddenotation78
5592165157a quotation, poem or passage at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme.epigraph79
5592165158a philosophical theory or approach that emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.Existentialism80
5592165159A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.dialect81
5592165160Conversation between two or more charactersdialogue82
5592165161A writer's or speaker's choice of wordsdiction83
5592165162humorous misuse of a wordmalapropism84
5592165164(n) vocabulary specific to a group or occupation; convoluted or unintelligible languagejargon85
5592165165the customs, manner of speech, dress, or other typical features of a place or period that contribute to its particular characterlocal color86
5592165166Modern Language Association; Guidelines for documenting and citing sources during a research project.MLA87
5592165167transcendentalismA nineteenth-century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reason and sensory experience.88
5592165168surrealismAn artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images89
5592165169toneAttitudes and presuppositions of the author that are revealed by their linguistic choices (diction, syntax, rhetorical devices)90
5592165170moodFeeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader91
5592165171pseudonym(n.) a pen name, name assumed by a writer92
5592165172realismA 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be93
5592165173romanticism19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason94
5592165174satireA literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.95
5592165175affrontan insult96
5592165177cajole(v.) to coax, persuade through flattery or artifice; to deceive with soothing thoughts or false promises97
5592165178feckless(adj.) lacking in spirit and strength; ineffective, weak; irresponsible, unreliable98
5592165179impasseblocked path; dilemma with no solution99
5592165180indolenthabitually lazy or idle100
5592165181blase'bored because of frequent indulgence; unconcerned101
5592165182synesthesiadescribing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")102
5592165183VirgilRoman Poet and Symbol of Reason for Dante103
5592165184anaphoraA rhetorical figure of repetition in which the same word or phrase is repeated in (and usually at the beginning of) successive lines, clauses, or sentences.104
5592165185incontinencefailure to restrain self/upper most levels of Dante's Hell105
5592165186tercetthree line stanza106
5592165187apostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.107
5592165188biblical allusionreference to the Bible in a work of literature108
5592165189mythological allusionreference to mythology in a work of literature.109
5592165190symbolic retributionthe punishment matches the crime110
5592165191Dante Alighierian Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321)111
5592165192VirgilA great poet who wrote the Aeneid and Dante's chosen guide through hell.112
5592165193Canto 1Midway in my life's journey, I lost my way. The lion and the leopard and the she-wolf. Introduction of Virgil.113
5592165197Canto 5Francesca and Paolo- Incontinence114
5592165199Canto 34Satan's hairy flank as a staircase out of hell115
5592165200MinosSemi-bestial judge of the damned116
5592165201Courtly LoveHow can Dante and Beatrice's love best be defined? An idealized and often illicit form of love celebrated in the literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance in which a knight or courtier devotes himself to a noblewoman who is usually married and feigns indifference to preserve her reputation.117
5592165202adulation(n.) praise or flattery that is excessive118
5592165203censure(v.) to criticize harshly119
5592165204dissemble(v.) to disguise or conceal, deliberately give a false impression120
5592165205dissimulation(n.) concealment of one's thoughts, feelings, or character; pretense121
5592165206droll(adj.) amusingly odd122
5592165207expectorate(v.) To cough up and spit forth.123
5592165208palpate(v).medical term meaning to examine with the hands; to fell; to examine by feeling124
5592165210pusillanimous(adj.) cowardly; fearful125
5592165211surfeit(n.) an excess or overindulgence, as in eating or drinking, causing disgust; (v.) to feed or supply with anything to excess126
5592180386punA humorous play on words127
5592183742loose sentenceA complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows128
5592184117periodic sentencesentence whose main clause is withheld until the end129
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AP Literature Terms III Flashcards

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6035970539Allusionan expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.0
6035992577ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.1
6036059996EuphemismAn indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant2
6036063966HyperboleA figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor3
6036068920LitotesA figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite.4
6036080628MetaphorA comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.5
6036088521OnomatopoeiaA word that imitates the sound it represents.6
6036092159PersonificationA figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes7
6036094137SimileA comparison using "like" or "as"8
6036096120Synecdochea figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa9
6036096122Understatementthe presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.10
6036077176AllegoryA literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions11
6036107777AnecdoteA brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event.12
6036112008DiaryA personal, daily account of an individual's experiences and feelings13
6036114531DiscourseConversation14
6036116824Argumentationwriting that attempts to prove the validity of a point of view or an idea by presenting reasoned arguments; persuasive writing is a form of argumentation15
6036116825DescriptionA rhetorical mode based in the five senses. It aims to re-create, invent, or present something so that the reader can experience it.16
6036124317ExpositionA narrative device, often used at the beginning of a work that provides necessary background information about the characters and their circumstances.17
6036126505Narrationwriting that tells a story18
6036129323Essaya short piece of writing on a particular subject.19
6036135439Formalfollowing rules or customs, often in an exact and proper way20
6036141834Humorousfunny21
6036144575Informalcasual22
6036147258FableA brief story that leads to a moral, often using animals as characters23
6036161536GenreA category or type of literature (or of art, music, etc.) characterized by a particular form, style, or content.24
6036163614NovelA long fictional narrative written in prose, usually having many characters and a strong plot.25
6036165547Novellashort novel; longer than a short story26
6036167411ParableA simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson27
6036169504ProseAny material that is not written in a regular meter like poetry28
6036172302VerseA single line of poetry29
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AP Language Rhetorical Devices Flashcards

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5550546534AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.0
5550546535AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells). Although the term is not used frequently in the multiple-choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.1
5550549720AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.2
5550553709AbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase,sentence, or passage.3
5550553710AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.4
5550556852AnaphoraOne of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.5
5550556853AnecdoteA short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person.6
5550562284AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP Language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.7
5550562285AntithesisFigure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.8
5550566993AphorismA terse statement of know authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.9
5550570259ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back.10
5550573447AsyndetonConsists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account.11
5550573448AtmosphereThe emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere foreshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.12
5550576337ChiasmusA figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of the analogous words.13
5550576338ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element to the other. You should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.14
5550579244ColloquialismThe use of slang or in-formalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.15
5550583110ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.16
5550583111ConnotationThe non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.17
5550585134DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.18
5550589133DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.19
5550593265ExpletiveFigure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive. Ex. in fact, of course, to be sure, indeed, I suppose, I hope, you know, you see, clearly, in any event, in effect, certainly, remarkably.20
5550595213EuphemismA more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be sued to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement.21
5550596929ExpositionThe purpose of exposition is to explain something. In drama, the exposition is the introductory material, which creates the tone, gives the setting, and introduces the characters and conflict.22
5550599881Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.23
5550599882Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.24
5550604701Figure of SpeechA device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things.25
5550607253HomilyCan include any serious talk, speech,or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.26
5550607254HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperbole often has a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.27
5550611137ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imagery uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection.28
5550625340IronyThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language; (1) In a verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. (2) In situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and the readers think ought to happen. (3) In dramatic irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction, but know to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.29
5550625341JuxtapositionWhen two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.30
5550627487LitotesLitotes is a figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. It is a special form of understatement, where the surface denial serves, through ironic contrast, to reinforce the underlying assertion. Ex. He's no fool (which implies he is wise). Not uncommon (which implies that the act is frequent)31
5550627488MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.32
5550630986MetonymyA figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared" is using metonymy. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional response.33
5550633098MoodThe first meaning is grammatical and deals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The indicative mood is used only for factual sentences. For example, "Joe eats too quickly." The subjective mod is used to express conditions contrary to fact. For example, "If I were you, I'd get another job." The imperative mood is used for commands. For example, "Shut the door!" The second meaning of mood is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.34
5550637520OnomatopoeiaA figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you note examples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.35
5550639886OxymoronA figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect which the author achieves with this term.36
5550639887ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.37
5550643012ParallelismIt refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. A famous example of parallelism begins Charles Dickens's novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity . . ." The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.38
5550647556ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. As comedy, parody distorts or exaggerated distinctive features of the original. As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original. Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original39
5550651092PersonificationA figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animal, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.40
5550653939RepititionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.41
5550653940SarcasmInvolves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony is a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intended to ridicule. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when done poorly, it's simply cruel.42
5550653941SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.43
5550658752SyllogismDeductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second, "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows; Major premise: All men are mortal Minor premise: Socrates is a man. Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal. A Syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid.44
5550660834SymbolismUsually a symbol is something concrete - such as object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract.45
5550673228SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple-choice section, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.46
5550673229ToneSimilar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if ti were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, and somber47
5550676502UnderstatementThe ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.48
5550680378UndertoneAn attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under a cheery surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones.49
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