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ap literature macbeth Flashcards

3432490702	animals in macbeth	after duncan's death, the horses eat each other	0
3432493221	birds in macbeth	an owl eats a raven after duncan's death showing how the natural order of things are turned around	1
3432573918	blood	lady macbeth trying to wash the "blood" off her hands	2
3432577669	children	macbeth = no kids; corrupted macduff = kids; normal	3
3432581547	clothing	macbeth wearing a dead's man clothes/ill fitting robes	4
3432587321	light/darkness	night during day time; audience = in the dark	5
3432589016	sleep	sleep = death's foil	6
3432598130	guilt	macbeth going mad after mudering duncan, lady macbeth sleep walking and trying to get the blood off her hands	7
3432611503	king james and king edwards	macbeth written for king james; king edward is related to king james	8
3432615391	what 3 things does drink cause	nose painting, urination, sleep	9
3432618692	how is lady macduff a foil to lady macbeth	1) children: lady macduff has children where as lady macbeth does not 2) femininity: lady macbeth asked to be unsexed but lady macduff relies on her femine nature	10
3432659391	why do actor believe the play is cursed?	believed shakespeare wrote actual curse rather than writing a made up one	11
3432674059	who said this: "life's but a walking shadow, a poor player/ that struts and frets his hour upon the stage/ and then is heard no more; it is a tale told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,/ signifying nothing" what literary device?	macbeth ; metaphor	12
3432729188	who said this: "will all great neptune's ocean wash this blood/clean from my hand? no. this my hand will rather/the multitudinous seas incarnadine,/making the green one red" what literary device?	lady macbeth ; hyperbole	13
3432739485	who said this: "look like th' innocent flower but be serpent under't" what literary device?	lady macbeth ; simile	14
3432762481	who said this: "all the perfumes of arabia will not sweeten this little hand" what literary device?	lady macbeth ; hyperbole	15
3432813903	who is thomas middleton	wrote scenes with hecate	16
3432819610	what is the archetypical for witches	"double bubble toil and trouble"	17
3432828319	who says "fair is foul and foul is fair"	the witches	18
3432855902	who is king when the play starts	duncan	19
3432857635	whom does macbeth defeat in battle	the armies of norway and ireland	20
3432861882	what do the witches prophesy	macbeth will be king and banquo's children will be kings	21
3432867620	what tile, predicted by the witches, does macbeth receive	thane of crawdor	22
3432870235	who is made heir to duncan's throne	duncan's son, malcom	23
3432907020	what does lady macbeth resolve to do	whatever necessary to help macbeth become king	24
3432908400	what does lady macbeth think macbeth lacks	the manliness to follow through on his ambitions	25
3432914173	what do lady macbeth's words "unsex me here" mean	she wants to set aside feminine sentiments that could hinder he bloody ambitions	26
3432918922	what is lady macbeth's plan for murdering duncan?	macbeth will stab him in his sleep and put the bloody evidence on the servants	27
3432923778	what does macbeth realize about the consequences of duncan's murder?	other than satisfying his own ambitions, it will make everything worse	28
3432942123	why is banquo up late	he had nightmares about the witches	29
3432945549	what eerie vision does macbeth have before he kills duncan	a bloody floating dagger pointing at him	30
3432949724	what does macbeth hear a voice saying	that he murdered sleep	31
3432953329	why can't lady macbeth kill duncan	he looks like her father	32
3432956910	how does lady macbeth feel about macbeth carrying out the ordeal	she is ashamed by how scared he acts through it all	33
3433001407	who kills the servant who look guilty of the murder	macbeth	34
3433004080	how does lady macbeth publicly react to the news of the murder	she says it is horrible and pretends to faint	35
3433013054	why do malcom and donalbain run away from the courts	they fear that they are next to be murdered	36
3433017982	why is macbeth named king instead of duncan's son and heir, malcom	because marcom's flight makes him look guilty	37
3433030294	what does banquo wonder about the witches prophecy	if his descendants will really become kings	38
3433034124	how does macbeth feel about banquo	he fears that banquo and his sons will cut his reign short	39
3433038407	what does macbeth hire three mean to do	kill banquo and his son	40
3433042266	does lady macbeth think this murder of banquo and son = necessary	no but she will help him	41
3433044404	what happens to banquo and fleance	banquo is murdered and fleance escapes into the dark	42
3433057733	how does macbeth feel about fleance escaping	leaves him vulnerable	43
3433060252	what does macbeth see when he enters the banquet	bloody ghost of banquo	44
3433062668	how does lady macbeth explain macbeth odd behavior	she says not to worry bc he's had strange visions since childhood	45
3433066533	what does hecate plan for macbeth	to show him visions that will falsely make him feel secured	46
3433068446	who is hectae	goddess of witchcraft	47
3433070568	why does macduff go to england	to ask king edward for aid in fighting macbeth	48
3433084705	how many apparitions do the witches show macbeth	4	49
3433087130	what does macbeth do when he hears macduff has fled to england	he orders the murder of macduff's family	50
3433089810	what do macduff's wife and son argue about	whether macduff betrayed them or nah	51
3433092580	what does marcom say to test macduff's loyalty to scotland	he says he's more ambitious, greedy, and bloodthirsty than macbeth	52
3433098518	what does macduff plan when he hears what happened to his family	revenge on macbeth	53
3433118490	what does lady macbeth obsess over as she goes mad	blood she can't wash off her hands	54
3433122494	what armies join forces against macbeth	scotish and british	55
3433125972	what does it mean when birnam wood comes 2 dunisdane	the advancing army rides 2 dunisdane holding branches from briam wood	56
3433131471	in what way is macduff not born of a woman	he was born by c section (i was too!!)	57
3433134034	who kills macbeth and puts his head on a spike	macduff	58
3433135980	we think lady macbeth dies by ... ?	suicide	59
3433263718	what 3 visions do macbeth feel safe	1. head saying "beware macbeth" 2. bloody child: "laugh at anyone who was not born of a woman 3. child w/ tree: won't be defeated until birnam wood comes 2 dunisdane 4. line of kings that all represent banquo's sons	60
3433336584			61

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AP Literature Terms for ATPH Flashcards

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4904651263	forebear	a person from whom one is descended; an ancestor	0
4904653653	veneer	(n.) - a superficial or deceptively attractive appearance, façade	1
4904659095	mantel	n. The facing, sometimes richly ornamented, about a fireplace, including the usual shelf above it.	2
4904665034	prairie	a large area of level or rolling land with grass and few or no trees	3
4904667299	abate	(v) Reduce, Diminish, become less in amount or intensity;	4
4904674882	influenza	a highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory passages causing fever, severe aching, and catarrh, and often occurring in epidemics. Flu	5
4904680205	swivel	a fastening that allows any part joined to it to swing freely; to turn freely around a fixed point	6
4904686600	yoke	to link or join together	7
4904688815	splice	join together end to end to make one continuous length; fasten together; unite; Ex. splice two strips of tape; N.	8
4904693353	meek	quiet, gentle, and easily imposed on; submissive	9
4904722485	corral	A fenced area that holds horses cattle or other animals	10
4904724982	mezzanine	the lowest balcony in a theater; a partial story between main stories in a building	11
4904727076	plateau	A large area of flat land elevated high above sea level	12
4904735507	usher	(n.) a person who leads people to their seats, as in church, theater, or stadium	13
4904740697	aclove	(n.) nook; recessed section of a room	14
4904746797	firmament	(n.) - the sky, the heavens	15
4904755995	conscience	A practical judgment of reason that helps a person decide the goodness or sinfulness of an action or attitude.	16
4904762461	brim	the projecting edge around the bottom of a hat.	17
4904771523	yonder	over there, distant but within sight	18
4904777655	chaff	the seed coverings and other debris separated from the seed in threshing grain	19
4904777656	graze	to eat grass that is growing in a field	20
4904777657	reckon	expect, believe, or suppose	21
4904782011	bluff	a steep, high bank beside a body of water	22
4904782012	suture	A stitch made with a strand or fiber used to sew parts of the living body	23
4904782013	myriad	(adj.) consisting of a very great number (It was difficult to decide what to do Friday night because the city presented us with myriad possibilities for fun.)	24
4904784700	shoal	a reef or underwater object; a shallow area of water	25
4904784701	shallow	having little depth	26
4904784702	slump	a type of mass movement that occurs when a mass of materials moves down a curved slope	27
4904787555	notch	indentation at the end of a structure	28
4904790602	rivulet	a small stream of water	29

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Biochemistry Flashcards

Biology Quiz 3

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5077851298	Macromolecules	giant molecules	0
5077856334	Polymerization	the process in which macromolecules are made large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together	1
5077864333	Monomers	smaller compounds	2
5077869115	Polymers	made up of monomers joined together	3
5077876097	What are the four groups of organic compounds?	Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids	4
5077886967	Carbohydrates	compound known as sugar living things use carbohydrates as main source of energy carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen	5
5077972146	Dehydration Synthesis	joining of two sugars joining of two single sugars: disaccharide	6
5077993194	Hydrolysis	polysaccharides split apart to form monosaccharides hydrolysis means water splitting	7
5077898279	Monosaccharides	simplest carbohydrates ex: glucose, galactose, and fructose	8
5077910322	Polysaccharides	formed from monosaccharides living things store excess sugar important: starch: plants store excess sugar	9
5077925336	Plant Starch	amylose	10
5077920450	Animal starch	glycogen	11
5077944580	Lipids	not soluble with water, can be used to store energy made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms	12
5077949225	Common categories of lipids	fats, oils, waxes, steroids	13
5077961258	Saturated fat	each carbon atom in lipid's fatty acid chain joined to another carbon atom by single bond fatty acids contain maximum number of H atoms	14
5078023269	Nucleic Acids	polymers assembled from monomers known as nucleotides store and transmit genetic information DNA and RNA	15
5078050277	Proteins	polymers of molecules called amino acids most diverse macromolecules 20 amino acids found in nature	16
5078062252	Amino Acids	compounds with amino group NH2 on one end and carboxyl group -COOH on other end	17

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AP Spanish Literature Terms Flashcards

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8528647193	vanguardismo	refers to people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly in regard to art , the culture , the politics , philosophy and literature.	0
8528647194	surrealismo	an artistic movement emerged in France from Dadaism , in the early 1920s , around the personality of the poet André Breton.	1
8528647195	postmodernismo	Post-postmodernism is a term applied to a wide range of developments in critical theory , philosophy , architecture , art , the literature and culture emerging from and reacting to the postmodernism . Another recent similar term is metamodernism.	2
8528647196	neoclasicismo	emerged in the eighteenth century to describe such negative movement aesthetic that came to be reflected in the arts , intellectual principles of the Enlightenment , since the mid- eighteenth century had been going on philosophy , and consequently had been transmitted to all areas of culture . However, coinciding with the decline of Napoleon Bonaparte , Neoclassicism was losing favor for the Romanticism .	3
8528647197	costumbrismo	the literary or pictorial interpretation of local everyday life, mannerisms, and customs, primarily in the Hispanic scene, and particularly in the 19th century.	4
8528647198	culteranismo	a stylistic movement of the Baroque period of Spanish history that is also commonly referred to as Gongorismo (after Luis de Góngora). It began in the late 16th century with the writing of Luis de Góngora and lasted through the 17th century.	5
8528647199	conceptismo	a literary movement of the Baroque period of Portuguese and Spanish literature. It began in the late 16th century and lasted through the 17th century. Conceptismo is characterized by a rapid rhythm, directness, simple vocabulary, witty metaphors, and wordplay.	6
8528647200	retruécano	Juegos de palabras; inversión de los términos de una cláusula o proposición en otra subsiguiente para que esta última choque con la anterior.	7
8528647201	sinestesia	Descripción de una sensación o imagen por medio de sensaciones percibidas por distintos órganos sensoriales, por ejemplo, vista y olfato.	8
8528647202	sinécdoque	Tipo de metáfora que usa una parte o cualidad de un objeto físico para representar todo el objeto.	9
8528647203	polisíndeton	Repetición de conjunciones para alargar la frase o hacer más `solemne la expresión.	10
8528647204	paradoja	Contraposición de dos conceptos contradictorios que expresan una verdad.	11
8528647205	metonimia	Un tipo de metáfora en la que la imagen se asocia con lo representado, pero no es parte de ello; la metonimia hace que el destinatario del mensaje haga la asociación.	12
8528647206	epíteto	Palabra o frase delante o después del nombre que sirve para caracterizar al personaje	13
8528647207	cacofonía	Uso de palabras que combinan sonidos desagradables, ásperos y cortantes.	14
8528647208	asíndeton	Omisión de conjunciones o palabras para suscitar viveza o energía.	15
8528647209	ironía dramática	Circunstancia en la que el lector o espectador sabe algo desconocido por un personaje y sabe o sospecha lo que ocurrirá antes de que lo sepa el personaje.	16
8528647210	silva	Poema no estrófico que combina versos de siete y once sílabas, entrelazados por rima consonante y versos libres.	17
8528647211	narrador fidedigno	Narrador digno de confianza, cuyo entendimiento de los personajes o las acciones del relato lo acredita para contar los hechos. Se ajusta a las normas que establece el autor implícito.	18
8528647212	leitmotiv	Repetición de una palabra, frase, situación o noción. Motivo recurrente en una obra.	19
8528647213	realismo mágico	Movimiento literario hispanoamericano surgido a mediados del siglo XX, caracterizado por la introducción de elementos fantásticos —sueños, superstición, mitos, magia— inmersos en una narrativa realista. Hay antecedentes importantes en los libros de caballería, como señalan algunos de los escritores de este movimiento.	20
8528647214	pícaro	Personaje de baja condición, astuto, ingenioso y de mal vivir que protagoniza la novela picaresca	21
8528647215	novela picaresca	Género literario narrativo en prosa de carácter pseudoautobiográfico muy característico de la literatura española. Nace como parodia de las novelas idealizadoras del Renacimiento y saca la sustancia moral, social y religiosa del contraste cotidiano entre dos estamentos, el de los nobles y el de los siervos. El protagonista, un pícaro de muy bajo rango social y descendiente de padres marginados o delincuentes, pretende mejorar su suerte y para ello recurre a la astucia y el engaño.	22
8528647216	naturalismo	Corriente literaria de mediados del siglo XIX que retrata al ser humano y su circunstancia con una objetividad científica. El ser humano carece de libre albedrío; su existencia está determinada por la herencia genética y el medio en el que vive. En cuanto a temas, abundan los asuntos fuertes y las bajas pasiones.	23
8528647217	modernismo	Movimiento literario hispanoamericano cuyo mayor exponente es Rubén Darío y que funde tres movimientos franceses: parnasianismo, simbolismo y romanticismo. Emplea una rica musicalidad verbal para expresar pasiones, visiones, ritmos y armonías internos.	24
8528647218	libro de caballerías	Género literario en prosa muy popular en España a mediados del siglo XVI, que celebra las hazañas de los caballeros andantes y contrapone a la fiereza guerrera un masoquismo amoroso inspirado en el amor cortés.	25
8528647219	Generación del 98	Grupo de novelistas, poetas, ensayistas y filósofos españoles, activos durante y después de la Guerra de Cuba (1898), que restauraron a España a una prominencia intelectual y literaria. Les era de gran importancia definir a España como una entidad cultural e histórica.	26
8528647220	Edad Media (medieval)	Período comprendido entre los siglos V y XV. En España se considera que la se cierra con la llegada de Colón a tierras americanas.	27
8528647221	boom	En la literatura hispanoamericana, un momento de gran auge de la creación de obras narrativas que inicia en 1940. La producción es muy variada y muchos de sus autores crearon best sellers internacionales y traducidos a múltiples idiomas. Una de las tendencias de esta literatura se corresponde con la denominada literatura del realismo mágico.	28
8528647222	barroco	Movimiento cultural español (1580-1700) caracterizado por su complejidad y su extravagante ornamentación, cuyo propósito era asombrar e incitar introspección	29
8528647223	hipérbaton	Alteración del orden normal sintáctico de las palabras en una oración.	30
8528647224	apóstrofe	Recurso en que el hablante se dirige a personas presentes o ausentes, a seres animados o a objetos inanimados	31
8528647225	antítesis	Yuxtaposición de una palabra, frase o idea a otra de significación contraria	32
8528647226	anáfora	Repetición de palabras en una sucesión de versos o enunciados.	33
8528647227	teatro del absurdo	Obra dramática basada en una situación sin sentido, en la que los personajes se enfrentan a situaciones que muestran la insensatez de la vida en un mundo deshumanizado.	34
8528647228	soneto	Poema de procedencia italiana que consiste en catorce versos endecasílabos repartidos en dos cuartetos y dos tercetos; el esquema más común es ABBA ABBA CDC DCD; otro es ABBA ABBA CDE CDE	35

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AP Literature Flashcards

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5836951180	Diction	style of speaking or writing as dependent upon choice of words.	0
5836953064	Syntax	a system or orderly arrangement of words.	1
5836953065	Tone	attitude of a writer toward a subject or an audience.	2
5836953066	Imagery	figurative description or illustration; rhetorical images collectively.	3
5836953660	Figurative Langauge	language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation.	4
5836953661	Point of View	the narrator's position in relation to the story being told.	5
5836953662	Detail	details that the author reveals for the purpose of adding to the desired dominant impression.	6
5836954618	Pacing	shows how fast a story unfolds.	7
5836954619	Shift	change in mood or attitude that is typically accompanied by a corresponding change in the focus and language of a literary scene, passage or theme.	8
5836954941	Connotation	meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly.	9
5836954942	Denotation	literal or dictionary meanings of a word	10
5836954943	Theme	main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work	11
5836954944	Allegory	when the characters, images, and/or events act as symbols.	12
5836954945	Allusion	a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance.	13
5836955186	Alliteration	the repeated sound of the first letter in a series of multiple words, or the repetition of the same letter sounds in stressed syllables of a phrase.	14
5836955187	Ambiguity	a word, phrase, or statement which contains more than one meaning.	15
5836955368	Antagonist	a character or a group of characters which stand in opposition to the protagonist	16
5836955369	Apostophe	when a speaker breaks off from addressing one party and instead addresses a third party.	17
5836955370	Analogy	a comparison in which an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it.	18
5836955570	Anecdote	a short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point	19
5836955571	Aside	happens when a character's dialogue is spoken but not heard by the other actors on the stage.	20
5836955572	Assonance	repetition of a vowel sound or diphthong in non-rhyming words.	21
5836955930	Atmosphere	refers to the feeling, emotion, or mood a writer conveys to a reader through the description of setting and objects.	22
5836955931	Attitude	a behavior a person adopts toward other people, things, incidents or happenings.	23
5836956303	Bildungsroman	a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood	24
5836956304	Cacophany	a situation where there is a mixture of harsh and inharmonious sounds.	25
5836956305	Characterization	used step by step in literature to highlight and explain the details about a character in a story.	26
5836956522	Caesura	a rhythmical pause in a poetic line or a sentence.	27
5836956523	Climax	the particular point in a narrative at which the conflict or tension hits the highest point.	28
5836956958	Colloquialism	the use of informal words, phrases or even slang in a piece of writing.	29
5836956959	Conceit	a kind of metaphor that compares two very unlike things in a surprising and clever way.	30
5836957321	Conflict	any struggle between opposing forces.	31
5836957693	Consonance	repetitive sounds produced by consonants within a sentence or phrase. (pitter, patter...)	32
5836957694	Enjambment	moving over from one line to another without a terminating punctuation mark.	33
5836957695	Epiphany	the moment in the story where a character achieves some realization.	34
5836958071	Euphony	the use of words and phrases that are distinguished as having a wide range of noteworthy melody or loveliness in the sounds they create.	35
5836958072	Flashback	an interruption of the chronological sequence	36
5836958073	Foil	a character who contrasts with another character in order to highlight particular qualities of the other character.	37
5836958601	Foreshadowing	a hint of what is to come later in the story.	38
5836958602	Genre	a category of literary composition.	39
5836958603	Hyperbole	a figure of speech, which involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.	40
5836959159	Irony	a figure of speech in which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words. It may also be a situation that may end up in quite a different way than what is generally anticipated.	41
5836959160	Juxtaposition	when two or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts.	42
5836959161	Litotes	a figure of speech which employs an understatement by using double negatives or, in other words, positive statement is expressed by negating its opposite expressions.	43
5836959594	Metaphor	a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics.	44
5836960080	Metonymy	a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated.	45
5836960081	Mood	evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words and descriptions.	46
5836960082	Motif	an image, sound, action or other figures that have a symbolic significance and contributes toward the development of theme.	47
5836960083	Objective	the goal or mission of an individual.	48
5836960452	Onomatopoeia	a word, which imitates the natural sounds of a thing.	49
5836960453	Omniscient	technique of writing narrative in third person in which a narrator knows the feelings and thoughts of every character in the story.	50
5836960923	Oxymoron	a figure of speech in which two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect.	51

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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7444765536	Glycine	Gly, G- found in "loop" regions of proteins, achiral, helix breaker	0
7444791453	Alanine	Ala, A-nonpolar	1
7444806821	Arginine	Arg,R-Polar,basic	2
7444820708	Asparagine	Asn,N-Polar	3
7444835493	Aspartic Acid	Asp,D-Polar,acidic,Hydrophilic	4
7444862652	Cysteine	Cys,C-Polar, Sulphur-containing	5
7444877256	Glutamic Acid	Glu,E-Polar,acidic,Hydrophilic	6
7444883703	Glutamine	Gln,Q-Polar	7
7444895125	Histidine	His,H-Polar, Basic,Hydrophilic	8
7444906125	Isoleucine	Ile,I-Nonpolar,Hydrophobic	9
7444909398	Methionine	Met,M-Nonpolar,Hydrophobic,Sulphur-containing	10
7444919388	Proline	Pro,P-Nonpolar,Induces kinks in protein structure; often found in turns and loops The only amino acid that has a cyclic structure involving the backbone	11
7444942762	Valine	Val,V-Nonpolar,Hydrophobic	12
7444957314	Leucine	Leu,L-Nonpolar,Hydrophobic	13
7444963528	Phenylalanine	Phe,F-Nonpolar,Hydrophobic,Aromatic	14
7444990761	Serine	Ser,S-Polar,Hydrophilic, can be phosphorylated	15
7445004086	Threonine	Thr, T-Polar,canbe phosphorylated	16
7445020951	Tyrosine	Tyr, Y-Aromatic,can be phosphorylated,Polar, Acidic phenol group	17
7445062056	Lysine	Lys,K-Polar,Basic,Hydrophilic	18
7445079745	Tryptophan	Trp,W-Aromatic,Nonpolar,Biggest,Hydrophobic,	19

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biochemistry Flashcards

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9113945119	monosaccharides	monomer of cardohydates	0
9113949889	examples of monosaccharides	glucose, galacose, fructose	1
9113957969	Disccharides	2 monosaccharides	2
9113962005	examples of disccharides	maltose, sucrose	3
9113969501	Polysaccharide	starch & glucose = plants glycogen & chitin = animals	4
9113979284	Test for monosaccharides	Benedict's reactant positive = orange	5
9113994907	Test for polysaccharides	Lugols Iodine postive = black/blue	6
9114003954	Monomer of Lipids	triglyceride	7
9114013803	Triglyceride parts	3 fatty acids & glucerol	8
9114016831	functions of lipids	insulation energy storage water-proof plasma remembrance protection	9
9114033160	Saturated fats at room temp.	Solid, single bonds	10
9114039788	unsaturated fats at room temp.	liquid, double bonds	11
9114046076	Monomer of nucleic acid	nucleotides	12
9114056651	Parts of nucleotides	phosphate sugar introgenious base	13
9114062347	examples of nucleic acid	dna rna	14
9114068644	monomer of proteins	amino acids	15
9114072573	functions of amino acids	structural = keratin, collagen functional = hormones, enzyme	16
9114086020	examples of structural proteins	nails, hairs, tissue	17
9114092711	examples of functional proteins	hormones, enzymes, antibodies	18
9114103386	amino acid bond?	peptide	19
9114106551	two amino acid	dipeptide	20
9114109059	chain of amino acids	polypeptide	21
9114117245	how many types of amino acids are there in nature	20	22
9114117246	four parts of amino acids	amino group carboxyl group central carbon group r-group	23
9114143130	when polypeptides are folded into the diffrent shapes, they form what ?	a protein	24
9114150443	Primary structure		25
9114152574	secondary structure		26
9114155682	tertiary structure	single peptide	27
9114161540	Quaternary structure	2 or more polypeptides	28
9114171360	what food are proteins found in?	meat ( muscle ) cheese nuts dairy	29
9114182116	example of Quaternary structure	hemoglobin	30
9114184088	amino group		31
9114188391	carboxyl group		32
9114191407	central carbon group	the letter H	33
9114198163	R - group	the letter R varies to each amino acid	34
9114216746	Structure of amino acids		35
9121661703	Difference between inorganic compounds and organic compounds	they do not contain carbon	36
9121670896	examples of inorganic compounds	salt, water, sodium hydroxide, hydrogen peroxide	37
9121681400	table salt	NaCl	38
9121691870	hydrochloric acid	HCl	39
9121698569	sodium hydroxide	NaOH	40
9121702321	water	H20	41
9121708534	element	substance that cannot be broken down	42
9121719526	examples of an element	iron gold	43
9121719528	compound	two or more elements chemically combined	44
9121724783	examples of compound	H20, NaCl, H202	45
9121739509	Mixture	two or more substance which will retain their physical properties when combined	46
9121754486	examples of mixture	water, oil	47
9121756896	solution	mixture of two or more substance in which one substance dissolves into the other	48
9121769139	example of solution	salt in water sugar in coffee	49
9121774320	solute	the substance in a solution that dissolves	50
9121785601	example of solute	salt in salt water	51
9121788214	solvent	the substance in which a solute dissolves	52
9121800806	example of solvent	water in salt water	53
9121803973	reactants	any substance found to the left of a chemical equation	54
9121811811	products	any substance found to the right of a chemical equation	55
9121828723	Acid pH	0 - 6.9 taste sour, burns	56
9121838653	examples of acidic	lemon juice, vinegar	57
9121842711	Neutral pH	7	58
9121848130	examples of neutral	water	59
9121852196	base pH	7.1 - 14 tastes bitter, feels slippery	60
9121862400	examples of base	bleach, ammonia	61
9121865417	buffers	prevent pH from going too low or high	62
9121876488	enzymes are what?	proteins	63
9121898371	what are long chains of enzymes made of	amino acids	64
9121902673	enzymes are _____________	reusable	65
9121907573	they work over and over to ____________________________ reactants	catalyze	66
9121911974	catalyze	speed something up with getting mixed in	67
9121925891	what does each enzyme have	Substrate that fits perfectly with its active site	68
9121938947	substrate	is substance beginning to break down or be built	69
9121947960	examples of enzymes	lactose breaks down lactose perioxidase breaks down hydrogen peroxide lipase breaks down lipids	70
9121967916	enzymes __________________ reactants	catalyze	71
9121975927	enzymes ____________ the amount of energy needed to get the reaction started	lower	72
9121979772	Activation energy	the amount of energy needed to get the reaction started	73
9121993241	enzymes can ___________ in harsh conditions	denature	74
9121993242	denature	change shape	75
9121997764	what optimal thing does each enzyme have	pH, and temperature	76
9122026929	example of optimal pH and temperature.	stomach enzyme work best in an acidic enviroment	77

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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

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7630141119	Accent	A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.	0
7630141120	Dialect	A regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.	1
7630141121	Extinct/Dead Language	A language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.	2
7630141122	Ideogram	A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese)	3
7630141123	Isogloss	A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.	4
7630141124	Isolated Language	A natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque)	5
7630141125	Language Branch	A Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.	6
7630141126	Language	The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.	7
7630141127	Language Group	A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English)	8
7630141128	Language Family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.	9
7630141129	Indo European language family	Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch.	10
7630141130	Sino-Tibetan Language Family	2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese	11
7630141131	Lingua Franca	A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).	12
7630141132	Literary Tradition	A Language that is written as well as spoken.	13
7630141133	Monolingual State	A country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)	14
7630141134	Bilingual	The ability to speak two languages.	15
7630141135	Multilingual State	A country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)	16
7630141136	Official Language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.	17
7630141138	Pidgin Language	A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	18
7630141139	Standard Language	The specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	19
7630141140	Toponym	The name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.	20
7630141141	Vernacular	Using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.	21
7630141142	Creole	A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.	22
7630141143	Franglais	A form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.	23
7630141144	Ebonics/AAVE	A dialect of English spoken by some African Americans.	24
7630141145	Spanglish	A hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.	25
7630141146	Francophone	Places and countries where French is spoken around the world. (Quebec in Canada, Vietnam, Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, France).	26
7630141148	Romance Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.	27
7630141149	Germanic Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian.	28
7630141150	Indo-Iranian Branch	The branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish.	29
7630141151	Balto-Slavic Branch	This branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union.	30
7630141152	Celtic Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic(Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages.	31
7630141153	Uralic Language Family	Language Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration.	32
7630141154	Austronesian Language Family	Language Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar.	33
7630141155	Afro-Asiatic Language Family	This language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book.	34
7630141156	Niger-Congo Language Family	More than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages.	35
7630141157	Prehistoric Subgroup	A language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European	36
7630141158	Altaic Language Family	A language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia.	37
7630141159	Kurgan Theory	Proposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands.	38
7630141160	Renfrew (Anatolian) Theory	Proposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC.	39
7630141161	British Received Pronunciation (BRP)	The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech.	40
7630141162	Language Divergence	When a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.	41
7630141163	Language Convergence	When peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).	42
7630141164	Backward Reconstruction	When linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language.	43
7630141165	Sound Shift	Slight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin (i.e: lacte in Latin, latta in Italian).	44
7630141166	Treaty of Tordesillas	Pope Alexander VI's 1493 decision that officially split the New World into two empires, with Spain getting the West and Portugal the East.	45
7630141167	Hindi	Approximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	46
7630141168	Swahili	The lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family.	47
7630141169	Urdu	Pakistan's principal language, spoken very much like Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	48
7630141170	Farsi	The principle language of Iran, a remnant of the Persian Empire. It is written with the Arabic alphabet since Iran is a Muslim country. This language is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	49
7630141171	Mandarin	This language is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people, and is used by the Chinese government. There is no single Chinese language. Instead of letters, Chinese languages use ideograms (characters) that mostly represent concepts rather than sounds.	50
7630141172	Arabic	This language serves as a unifying force in the Middle East (Northern Africa and Southwest Asia), typically referred to as the Arab World. This language is the language of Islam (used in the Koran),, which is predominant throughout the region. This language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the official language in two dozen countries of North Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula.	51
7630141173	Hebrew	This language was an extinct language that has been revived. It diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter retained only for Jewish religious services. When Israel was established in 1948, this language became one of the new country's two official languages, along with Arabic. This language was chosen to unify the Jews of Israel and give them a sense of nationalism, since Israel was created by Jewish refugees and migrants who spoke many different languages. Reviving this language required the creation of many new words for the modern world.	52
7630141175	Basque	Also known as Euskera, this isolated language predates the Indo-European language and is not related to any other language family in Europe. Spoken in the Pyrenees Mountains (between Spain and France), the mountainous homeland created isolation, making the preservation of the language possible.	53
7630141176	Welsh	This is one of the two official languages of Wales, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule, but has been revived in recent years. This language is a compulsory subject in all schools in Wales and knowledge of the language is now required for many jobs in Wales. Bilingual signs and television and radio programs have also been added to help preserve this language.	54
7630141177	Inuktitut	The language spoken by the Inuits (indigenous tribe) of northern Canada. It is recognized as an official language, along with English and French in Nunavut, the Inuit territory of Canada. Similar to the Celtic languages, it has declined with the forces of globalization and is undergoing a revival since it is an important part of the Inuit culture and is taught in schools and represented on bilingual signs and in the government.	55
7630141178	Globalization	The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale. Currently, America dominates the world with multinational corporations and media, which has made English the world's current lingua franca (international language of business).	56
7630141179	Quebec	This province in Canada primarily speaks French, due to its history of colonization. As a result, Canada is officially bilingual, recognizing both English and French as official languages.	57
7630141180	Latin America	This region of the Americas primarily speaks Romance Languages, which derived from Latin. Brazil speaks Portuguese, Haiti and French Guiana speak French, while the majority of the other countries speak Spanish, all due to the patterns of colonization.	58
7630141181	Belgium	This multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, has experienced tensions between its two language groups. The Flemings live in the north province Flanders and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect. The Walloons live in the south province Wallonia and speak French. Brussels, the capital city if officially bilingual to create a since of unity in the country. Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by economic and political differences. Historically, the Walloons dominated Belgium's economy and politics and French was the official state language.	59
7630141182	Switzerland	This multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, remains peaceful with four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romanish). This country has institutionalized cultural diversity by creating a form of government that places considerable power in local, small communities (Decenetralization).	60