| 4965599944 | Mesopotamia | "land between rivers"
Between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Modern Day Iraq
Depended on irigation |  | 0 |
| 4965675461 | Fertile Crescent | Northern Syria and southeast Anatolia
Fertile land in a region where most of the land is dry. |  | 1 |
| 4965740143 | First Cataract of the Nile | The southern boundary of Egypt | | 2 |
| 4965787479 | Cataract | Part of a river with a series of impassable rocks and rapids | | 3 |
| 4965798948 | Papyrus | A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. Used to produce a coarse, paper-like medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East | | 4 |
| 4965825653 | Levant | Modern Israel, Palestinian territories, Lebanon, and Cedar
Brought cedar wood to Egpyt. Egypt brought grain, papyrus, and gold. | | 5 |
| 4965860721 | Crete | Island home to the first European civilizations to have complex political and social structures and advanced technologies like those found in western Asia and northeastern Africa | | 6 |
| 4965881315 | Yellow River | Facilitate east-west movement.
River of the ancient Chinese River valleys.
One of the two rivers of the great river systems of eastern China
Supported intensive Agriculture
Frequent floods
North | | 7 |
| 4965914158 | Yangtze River | One of the two rivers of the great river systems of eastern China
Facilitate east-west movement.
South | | 8 |
| 4965958763 | Loess | A fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in Northern China | | 9 |
| 4965998262 | Mesoamerica | A region of great geographical and climatic diversity. It is extremely active geographically, experiencing both earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. | | 10 |
| 4966028437 | Llama | A hoofed animal indigenous to the Andes Mountains in South America. It was the only domesticated beast of the burden in Americas before the arrival of Europeans. It was the use of these animals to transport goods that made possible specialized production and trade among people living in different ecological zones. | | 11 |
| 4966076244 | Scribes | A professional position reserved for men that had completed lenghty training requriring the ability to read and wirte using cuneiform, hieroglyphucs, or other early, cumberson writing systems | | 12 |
| 4966112687 | Anthropomorphic | Like humans in form and conduct. How gods were imagined | | 13 |
| 4966128497 | Ziggurat | A massive phyamidial step tower made of mud bricks. Associated with religious complezes in ancient mesopotamian cities, but the function is unknown. |  | 14 |
| 4966145151 | Amulet | Small charm meant to protect the bearer from evil. Found frequently in Mesopotamian and Egyptian dig sites. Reflect the religious practices of the commoners | | 15 |
| 4966171590 | Metallurgy | Refining ores containing copper and alloying them to make bronze | | 16 |
| 4966179498 | Bronze | Alloy of copper and tin. Harder and more durable than copper alone. | | 17 |
| 4966189686 | Ma'at | Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. | | 18 |
| 4966205780 | Pyramid | A large, triangular stone monument used as a burial place of the king in Egypt and Nubia. | | 19 |
| 4966231175 | Osiris | God who once ruled Egypt; was slain by his jealous brother, Set, and later restored to life and installed as king of the Underworld; what pharaohs become when they move to the afterlife |  | 20 |
| 4966276779 | Isis | Osiris's sister and wife who reconstructed the remnants of Osiris and brought him back to life; epitome of kindness and maternal love | | 21 |
| 4966294869 | Horus | Osiris's son who took revenge on Set; has the head of a falcon; protects over the current pharaoh who is thought to be him during his rule |  | 22 |
| 4966313676 | Mummification | To preserve a body by using chemical processes or special natural circumstances, often in the belief that the dead will need it in the afterlife |  | 23 |
| 4966335785 | Shawabtis | Small figurines who served as slaves for the soul in Ancient Egypt and were included to play the part of the servants and take place of the deceased in case the afterlife required periodic compulsory labor |  | 24 |
| 4966346312 | Iron Age | Period during which iron was the primary metal for tools and weapons because iron tools were found to have harder, sharper edges than bronze tools | | 25 |
| 4966396754 | Shaft Graves | Burial sites of the elite members of Mycenean Greek society. At the bottom of these shafts, they were lined with stone slabs, the bodies were laid out along with gold and bronze jewelry, implements, weapons, and masks. | | 26 |
| 4966431024 | Homer Illiad | Homer's tale of the Greeks' ten year siege and eventyal destruction of Troy | | 27 |
| 4966458857 | Library of Ashurbanipal | Collection of writings drawn from the ancient literature, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia. The many tablets unearthed constitute on the most important sources of present day knowledge of the literary traditions of mesopotamia | | 28 |
| 4966534998 | Book of songs | Provides glimpses into lives, activities, and feelings of early Chinese people. | | 29 |
| 4962066300 | Sumerians | The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia at the start of the "historical period" through the end of the third millennium BCE. |  | 30 |
| 4966366368 | Shaft graves | Deep shafts lined with stone slabs used for the burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greek society in the mid-section millennium BCE in which the bodies were laid out with jewelry, implements, weapons, masks, and utensils |  | 31 |
| 4966434885 | Oracle Bones | Shoulder bones of cattle and shells of turtles used by Shang rulers to obtain information from the ancestral spirits and gods used for pyromancy, a form of divination, to help make important decisions |  | 32 |
| 4966456727 | Book of Songs | Provides extraordinary glimpses into the lives, activites, and feelings of a diverse cross-section of early Chinese people | | 33 |
| 4966397450 | Iliad | Homer's tale of the Greeks' ten year siege and eventual destruction of Troy | | 34 |
| 4966401748 | Library of Ashurbanipal | A large collection of Mesopotamian official documents and literary, religious, and scientific texts including originals brought to the capital and copies made at the king's request (ex. Epic of Gilgamesh) | | 35 |
| 4966391303 | Homer | One of the greatest epic poets, author of the first known literature of Europe | | 36 |
| 4966304990 | Shawabtis | Small figurines that were included to play the part of servants and take the place of deceased in case the afterlife required periodic compulsory labor | | 37 |
| 4966331269 | Iron Age | Historians' term for the period where iron was the primary metal for tools and weapons. Began at different times in different parts of the world | | 38 |
| 4966290668 | Mummification/Mummy | A body preserved by chemical processes or special natural circumstances, often in the belief the dead will rise again | | 39 |
| 4966246788 | Isis | Osiris's devoted sister and wife that put his dismembered pieces back together. | | 40 |
| 4966267344 | Horus | The son of Osiris
By taking revenge on his father's murder, he restored Osiris to life
Every pharaoh that took the title was seen as Horus | | 41 |
| 4966233637 | Osiris | A god that once ruled Egypt, until he was killed and cut up by his brother for the title. Became King of the underworld. Gave his people a new life in a world beyond this one | | 42 |
| 4962077218 | Semitic language family | Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa (ex. Arabic) | | 43 |
| 4962089604 | Semitic people | Lived in peace with the Sumerians, adopting some of their culture | | 44 |
| 4962101522 | City-State | Small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory | | 45 |
| 4962105099 | Lugal | "Big man"; Sumerian term for king or ruler |  | 46 |
| 4962108015 | Sargon | Ruler of the city of Akkad and the first to unite many cities under one king and capital | | 47 |
| 4962112617 | Akkadians | Defeated the Third Dynasty of Ur and founded a new city in Babylon near Akkad | | 48 |
| 4962117460 | Babylon | Largest and most important city in Mesopotamia and the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in 18th century BCE |  | 49 |
| 4962125394 | Code of Hammurabi | Code of laws inscribed on a black stone pillar dictating principles to be used in legal cases, "An eye for an eye" |  | 50 |
| 4962143338 | King Menes | Unified lower and upper Egypt at a relatively early age, "Ruler of the Two Lands" |  | 51 |
| 4962154020 | Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom | Periods of centralized political power and brilliant cultural achievement punctured by intermediate periods of political fragmentation or cultural decline in Egypt | | 52 |
| 4962195603 | Pharaoh | Central figure in ancient Egypt believed to be an early manifestation of the gods who used absolute power to maintain safety and prosperity of Egypt |  | 53 |
| 4962205459 | Memphis | Capital of Old Kingdom Egypt near the head of the river delta; proof that capitals are put near the civilization's original power base |  | 54 |
| 4962214784 | Thebes | Capital of Egypt; home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms | | 55 |
| 4962222503 | Djoser | A third dynasty king who constructed a stepped pyramid at Saqqara near Memphis |  | 56 |
| 4962226740 | Khufu and Khafre | Pharaohs between 2550 BCE and 2490 BCE who constructed huge pyramids in Giza near Saqqara (Father created great pyramid of Giza) |  | 57 |
| 4962246205 | Nubia | Had rich sources of gold |  | 58 |
| 4962262891 | Harappa | Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium BCE on the NW frontier of the zone of cultivation |  | 59 |
| 4962269749 | Mohenjo-Daro | Largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization on the floodplain of the Indus River | | 60 |
| 4962278763 | Kassites | Migrated from the Zagros Mountains to southern Mesopotamia adopting most of the Babylonian language and culture and intermarrying with the native population | | 61 |
| 4962295096 | Assyrians | Merchant families who settled outside the walls of Anatolian cities and exchanged textiles | | 62 |
| 4962299343 | Hittites | People from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the late Bronze Age | | 63 |
| 4962303474 | Hyksos | Possessed advantageous military technology and intermarried with the Egyptians and adopted Egyptian culture and language but were regarded by the Egyptians as foreigners |  | 64 |
| 4962317115 | Hatsheput | Queen of New Kingdom Egypt, causing opposition due to her ruling as a woman, who used the male pronoun for herself in inscriptions and wears the beard of the Egyptian rulers in drawings and sculptures; sent an expedition to Punt seeking the source of myrrh, a reddish tree resin |  | 65 |
| 4962334526 | Akhenaten | Egyptian pharaoh who built a new capital at Amarna and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk |  | 66 |
| 4962343678 | Aten | Disk of the sun, worshiped by Akhenaten |  | 67 |
| 4962400445 | Amon | Reinstated as chief god |  | 68 |
| 4962404875 | Nefertiti | Akhenaten's wife |  | 69 |
| 4962407723 | Tutankhamun | Famous because his was the only royal tomb found by archaeologists that had not been pillaged by robbers |  | 70 |
| 4962411806 | Ramesses II | Long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt who built on a grand scale throughout Egypt |  | 71 |
| 4962416744 | Minoan | Civilization named after King Minos who ruled a naval empire in the Aegean | | 72 |
| 4962420393 | Mycenae | Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom; base of King Agememnon who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy in Homer's epics |  | 73 |
| 4962430227 | Neo-Assyrian Empire | Empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia that continued the developments of Mesopotamian civilization | | 74 |
| 4962443350 | Mass deportation | Forcible removal and relocation of large numbers of people or entire populations (ex. Assyrian and Persian empires used this as a consequence of rebellion) | | 75 |
| 4962480889 | Nineveh | Found the Library of Ashurbanipal | | 76 |
| 4962486656 | Chaldean | Neo-Babylonian dynasty that infiltrated southern Mesopotamia and attacked Assyria along with Medes | | 77 |
| 4962502184 | Medes | Iranian people that extended their kingdom on Iranian Plateau and attacked Assyria along with Chaldeans |  | 78 |
| 4962507152 | Neo-Babylonian Kingdom | Greatest metropolis of the world in 6th century BCE including rulers like Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar | | 79 |
| 4962515229 | Xia Dynasty | Earliest legendary Chinese dynasty |  | 80 |
| 4962517173 | Shang Dynasty | Earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records | | 81 |
| 4962538035 | Zhou Dynasty | Took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule | | 82 |
| 4962534200 | Anyang | An area in China's North Plain | | 83 |
| 4962547432 | Mandate of Heaven | Foundation of Chinese political thought for 3K years, made by the Zhou, validated monarchy by connecting religious and political spheres |  | 84 |
| 4962556609 | Wu | "Son of Heaven", distributed territories to his relatives and allies who could administer and profit from them as long as they remained loyal to him |  | 85 |
| 4962574999 | Spring and Autumn Period | First part of the Eastern Zhou era, 770-481 BCE | | 86 |
| 4962588789 | Warring States Period | Second half of Eastern Zhou era in which the scale and intensity of rivalry and welfare between the states accelerated |  | 87 |
| 4962577972 | Sunzi/Art of War | Men undertook this and composed handbooks (ex. Art of War); approaches war as a chess game | | 88 |
| 4962598967 | Legalism | Major philosophical system used in the Zhao era | | 89 |
| 4962646423 | Olmec | First Mesoamerican civilization, influenced culture of later Mesoamerican societies (ex. artistic styles and religious imagery) |  | 90 |
| 4962658473 | San Lorenzo/ La Venta | Served primarily as religious centers | | 91 |
| 4962661397 | Early Horizon Period | 900 BCE - 200 CE in Andean history | | 92 |
| 4962668146 | Chavin | First major urban civilization in South America located on the Andes Mountains of Peru, became politically and economically dominant | | 93 |
| 4962680635 | Chavin de Huantar | In the eastern range of the Andes north of the modern day city of Lima | | 94 |
| 4962693424 | Indo-Europeans | From an area north of Mesopotamia who migrated south into Western Asia and the Indus Valley |  | 95 |
| 4962700406 | Aryan Migrations | Began in the mid-2nd millennium BCE |  | 96 |
| 4962703887 | Phoenicians | Sea-faring; set up colonies in North Africa and southern Europe and created the basis of the Greek and Roman alphabets |  | 97 |
| 4962711422 | Israelites | Originated in the Mesopotamian city of Ur with founder of religion, Abraham, who also founded the Kingdom of Israel in Canaan |  | 98 |
| 4962727391 | Aryans | Originated in the Caucasus; invaded the Indian subcontinent; first nomadic but then settled in the fertile Ganges River area as agriculturalists and imposed caste system on natives | | 99 |
| 4964662299 | Cuneiform | System of writing created in Mesopotamia in which wedge-shaped symbols represent words or syllables used for Sumerian and Akkadian and later adapted |  | 100 |
| 4964674051 | Hieroglyphics | System of writing created in Egypt in which pictorial symbols represent sounds, syllables, or concepts that continues to be used on monuments and ornamental inscriptions |  | 101 |
| 4964683052 | Linear | Set of syllabic symbols derived from the writing system of Minoan Crete and used in the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age to write an early form of Greek | | 102 |
| 4964696091 | High Class of Babylonia | Free, landowning class mostly in the cities (royalty, high-ranking officials, warriors, priests, merchants, artisans, shopkeepers) | | 103 |
| 4964706298 | Middle Class of Babylonia | Class of dependent farmers and artisans whose legal attachment to estates made them the primary rural work force | | 104 |
| 4964711961 | Low Class of Babylonia | Class of slaves primarily employed in domestic service, could purchase freedom | | 105 |
| 4964719727 | Mesopotamia Social Structure | 1) Job specialization (farmers, metallurgists, merchants, craftsmen, political administrators, priests) and important merchant class
2) Social classes
3) Marriage contracts, veils for women, women of upper class less equal than lower class counterparts | | 106 |
| 4964748309 | Egypt Social Structure | 1) Fewer merchants, smaller nobility
2) Some social nobility through the bureaucracy
3) Priests who understand complex hieroglyphics have high status
4) Women had a higher status than in Mesopotamia | | 107 |
| 4964779703 | Indus Valley Social Structure | 1) Priests had the highest status
2) Strong class distinction (differences in house sizes)
3) Reverence for female reproductive function reflected by statues | | 108 |
| 4964792857 | Shang China Social Structure | 1) Job specialization (bureaucrats, farmers, slaves)
2) Patriarchal society
3) Wives and concubines
4) Some shamans | | 109 |
| 4964814532 | Meso and South America Social Structure | Olmec:
1) Craft specializations
2) Priests had the highest status
3) Most people were farmers
Chavin:
1) Priests had the highest status
2) Most people were farmers
3) Capital city dominated hinterland | | 110 |
