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AP Spanish Literature and Culture Vocabulary Flashcards

4279039351	in medias res	Comenzar una obra a la mitad de la acción	0
4279039352	aparte	Un actor habla al público, sin que los otros personajes los escuchen	1
4279039353	pícaro	Un niño pobre que vive de hacer engaños y trampas	2
4279039354	sinestesia	Mezclar los sentidos (el tacto, el olfato, el gusto, etc)	3
4279039355	acotaciones	Instrucciones (entre paréntesis) de movimiento y accesorios para los actores en un drama	4
4279039356	aliteración	La repetición de un sonido en un verso	5
4279039357	encabalgamiento	En un poema, continuar una idea en el siguiente verso	6
4279039358	polisíndeton	Usar palabra "y" repetidamente en un verso	7
4279039359	asíndeton	No usar la palabra "y" u otras conjunciones donde normalmente se colocarían para acelerar el ritmo de un verso	8
4279039360	hipérbaton	Cambiar el orden de palabras para facilitar la rima o para dar énfasis a ciertas palabras	9
4279039361	paralelismo	Repetición del mismo formato o de los opuestos	10
4279039362	retruécano	Repetir las mismas palabras, pero en un orden diferente, para que el significado cambie	11
4279039363	Verso	Una sola línea de un poema	12
4279039364	Estrofa	Una agrupación de líneas de un poema	13
4279039365	Estribillo	Una frase o línea que se repite varias veces en un poema, como <<¡Ay de mí, Alhama!>>	14
4279039366	sinalefa	Juntar los vocales de dos palabras para mantener la métrica	15
4279039367	Metonimia	Figura retórica caracterizada por la sustitución de un objeto por otro entre los que existe una relación. Por ejemplo, se puede decir "vamos a leer a Isabel Allende" en vez de "leer un libro de Isabel Allende" o "llaves" por "un auto".	16
4279039368	La voz poética	El "narrador" de un poema	17
4279039369	apóstrofe	Cuando la voz poética invoca (llama) a una persona o a algún elemento personificado	18
4279039370	eufemismo	sustituir un término o frase que tienen connotaciones desagradables o para disimular la vulgaridad o crudeza, mediante el uso de otras palabras menos ofensivas. Es un instrumento que refuerza la doble moral y sirve como atenuador de prejuicios.	19
4279039371	Silva	Usar una combinación de versos heptasílabos y endecasílabos, mezclado según el deseo del poeta y con rima irregular	20
4279039372	escenario	El lugar en un teatro donde los actores presentan la obra teatral.	21
4279039373	Epíteto	el uso de adjetivos innecesarios que no añaden ninguna información suplementaria para describir una idea o concepto. (Ej: el hielo frío). Su función es acentuar el significado de lo que se está describiendo. Es una Figura muy común en la literatura Renacentista.	22
4279039374	antítesis	Contraponer una frase o una palabra a otra de significado contrario	23
4279039375	Protagonista	Personaje principal de la acción en una obra literaria narrativa o teatral	24
4279039376	Hipérbole	Exageración	25
4279039377	desdoblamiento	Division de algo que suele estar unido, como una persona o personalidad	26
4279039378	gradacion	Una serie de palabras o ideas presentadas en orden progresivo, ascendente o descendente.	27
4279039379	enumeracion	El recurso literario de escribir una lista	28
4279039380	Arte mayor	Una métrica de más de ocho sílabas por verso	29
4279039381	carpe diem	El concepto de "Vive el momento"	30
4279039382	memento mori	El concepto de que "La muerte está por todos lados, y es algo malo."	31
4279039383	Barroco	Una época en España cuando el memento mori era la visión principal del tiempo.	32
4279039384	Realismo y naturalismo	Un género en el cual se describe la vida cotidiana con detalles minuciosas, mostrando tanto lo sublime como lo vulgar.	33
4279039385	Literatura colonial	La literatura que se escribe en América (todo el continente - Norte-, Centro-, y Sudamérica) mientras las potencias europeas mantienen el control político y administrativo	34
4279039386	Comedia	En general se refiere a una obra teatral, y más específicamente una obra teatral con un final feliz	35
4279039387	Renacimiento	Una época en España cuando en el arte se elevaban al ser humano y la naturaleza como la belleza ideal.	36
4279039388	conceptismo	Un sub-género en el cual se usan palabras simples, pero se cultivan asociaciones creativas de ideas. Se busca la originalidad con la intención de causar sorpresa en el lector.	37
4279039389	costumbrismo	Un sub-género en el cual se escribe sobre la vida diaria y las tradiciones	38
4279039390	Culteranismo	Un sub-género en el cual se usan palabras complicadas y hasta inventadas, juntas con otras técnicas, para que la obra sea inaccesible menos a los intelectuales.	39
4279039391	Romanticismo	Un movimiento literario en el cual el arte y la literatura enfatiza las emociones y experiencias casi sobrenaturales.	40
4279039392	Renacimiento o Siglo de Oro	Los Reyes Católicos querían que todo el país fuera católico, y el imperio español se extendió desde las Américas hasta Asia.	41
4279039393	Romance	Es un tipo de poema,recitado por los juglares, que narra los sucesos de gran importancia histórica.	42
4279039394	El Siglo de Oro	Consiste en el Renacimiento y el Barroco	43
4279039395	Modernismo	Un movimiento literario que enfatiza el deseo por la independencia y la libertad.	44
4279039396	literatura didáctica, ejemplares	Un tipo de literatura que tiene la función de enseñar lecciones morales.	45
4279039397	naturalismo	Un movimiento en el cual los autores escriben con gran detalle la vida cotidiana para concientizar a los lectores.	46
4279039398	literatura chicana	Un género literario que refleja la vida de estadounidenses con ascendencia mexicana, muchas veces con un compromiso político.	47
4279039399	La Edad Media	Es la época en España cuando los moros dominaban pero permitían a los judíos y a los cristianos a practicar su fe.	48
4279039400	realismo mágico	Un estilo de la novela o cuento latinoamericano del siglo XX en el que se mezclan la representación del mundo real con elementos fantásticos o irracionales.	49

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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

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8467851139	utopia	a perfect society	0
8467853642	dystopia	a society characterized by human misery, oppression, disease, and overcrowding	1
8467863000	situational irony	The difference between what is expected to happen and what actually happens	2
8469886603	dramatic irony	When the audience is more aware of what is happening than a character	3
8469892101	allusion	to make a subtle reference to something	4
8469914196	satire	a technique used by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, or exaggeration; makes fun of a subject without making direct imitation (ex: A Modest Proposal)	5
8469918701	novella	a story that is longer than a short story but shorter than a novel (Usually under 100 pages)	6
8469926955	allegory	a figure of speech in which abstract ideas are represented by characters; objective to teach a moral lesson	7
8469935921	dialogue	a literary technique in which writers employ two or more characters to be engaged in conversation with each other	8
8469941180	archetype	a typical character, an action or a situation that seems to represent universal patterns of human nature (ex: Beowulf)	9
8470064583	myth	a legendary or a traditional story that usually concerns an event, or a hero, with or without using factual or real explanations, particularly one concerning with demigods or deities, and describes some rites, practices and natural phenomenon; teach moral lessons and explain historical records	10
8470075184	parable	a figure of speech, which presents a short story typically with a moral lesson at the end	11
8470079381	polysyndeton	using multiple conjunctions to join words in a list	12
8470143047	asyndeton	to intentionally eliminate conjunctions between the phrases and in the sentence, yet maintain the grammatical accuracy	13
8470169882	Doppelganger	usually shaped as a twin, shadow or a mirror image of a protagonist; refers to a character who physically resembles the protagonist and may have the same name as well	14
8470265937	epithet	a word or phrase given to a person or thing to describe a characteristic; usually a nickname for people	15
8470289445	kenning	a two-word phrase that describes an object through metaphors; replaces the noun it describes	16
8470292075	alliteration	multiple words that repeat the same consonant sound (beginning of the word)	17
8470296080	assonance	multiple words repeat the same vowel sound	18
8470304591	caesura	a pause in a line of text	19
8470320599	elegy	a poem or song that mourns the death or loss of a person	20
8470331621	persona	the character speaking in a poem	21
8470337876	epic	a long, narrative poem that tells about the life of a hero	22
8470348645	volta	the turn in thought or feeling in a poem that often begins with words like: "but", "yet", or "and yet"	23
8470356008	hyperbole	an exaggeration	24
8470358645	mood	when the author uses words and descriptions to cause the reader to feel an emotion	25
8470477002	bildungsroman	a novel that focuses on the growth of a character from childhood to adulthood (also known as a coming-of-age novel)	26
8470486127	flat character (static character)	a character that does not change very much from the beginning to the end of a story	27
8470495319	round character (dynamic character)	like real people with strengths and weaknesses and deep feelings and thoughts	28
8470504769	personification	giving a non-human thing human characteristics in order to create imagery	29
8470507528	anthropomorphism	giving a non-human thing human characteristics in order to make an animal or object behave and appear like they are human beings	30
8470526860	first person narrator	narrator is usually a character in the story, who interacts with other characters; use of "I" or "we"; usually perspective of the protagonist	31
8470536857	second person narrator	the narrator refers to at least one character directly as "you", suggesting that the audience is a character within the story; rarely found in novels or short stories, often for music lyrics	32
8470549734	third person narrator	someone who is not involved in the story is telling the story	33
8470552186	third person limited	the person telling the story only knows the point of view of one or two characters	34
8470554581	third person omniscient	the person telling the story knows everything	35
8470561693	frame tale	a story within a story	36
8470564621	ballad	a type of poetry that is accompanied by song and dance; a folk story that is passed down from generation to generation with each generation adding their own revisions to the common story	37
8470572042	anecdote	a short and interesting story that is used to make a point or get readers interested in a topic	38
8470572043	appositive	a noun that describes another noun that comes directly before it (ex: the insect, a large cockroach)	39
8470592226	prologue	an opening of a story that establishes setting and gives background details	40
8470596057	couplet	two lines that have end rhyme, have the same meter and form a complete thought	41
8470608741	exposition	the first part of a plot. The beginning of a story where characters, setting, and conflict are introduced	42
8470621002	slant rhyme (half rhyme)	words have similar but not identical sounds (ex: world and word)	43
8470630267	internal rhyme	a word in the middle of a line rhymes with a word at the end of that same line	44
8470634567	inversion or anastrophe	a literary technique in which the normal order of words is reversed in order to emphasize something or to keep meter/rhythm/rhyme (ex: powerful you have become)	45
8470641117	Early Romance Genre	romance originated in medieval France; includes love, chivalry, knights, quests of courtly love, etc.	46
8470646963	soliloquy	a speech given by a character alone on the stage	47
8470648377	act	a main division of a play	48
8470650232	scene	division of a play that make up an act; no shift in location or time	49
8470654957	aside	a comment that is made by a character that is meant to be heard by the audience or one other character but not by the other characters	50
8470658865	tragedy	a play that ends in suffering or defeat; meant to teach a lesson about humanity	51
8470661958	comedy	a play that ends well, usually with a wedding; unpleasant circumstances are overcome in the end to make a happy resolution	52
8470666832	paradox	a statement that seems to be contradictory but might be true when considered from a different perspective (ex: fair is foul and foul is fair)	53
8470679436	tragic flaw	a character flaw such as ambition, pride, weakness or poor judgment that causes the downfall of a character	54
8470680875	tragic hero	a protagonist who is involved in events and actions that lead to his/her downfall	55
8470692823	pastoral	a poem about nature or simple country life	56
8470694897	quatrain	a four-line stanza; usually has an independent theme and a rhyme scheme	57
8470700198	enjambment	continuing a thought from one line to the next; usually no punctuation at the end of the first line to break the thought so that it continues in the second line	58
8470731000	repitition	repeating a word, phrase, or line multiple times to emphasize it	59
8470732742	consonance	repeating consonant sounds at the middle or end	60
8470732744	imagery	using the five senses, touch, sight, sound, taste and smell, to describe something (ex: hope is the thing with feathers)	61
8470739007	sonnet	a poem with fourteen lines, is written in Iambic Pentameter, each line has ten syllables, it has a specific rhyme scheme and a volta	62
8470741446	simile	makes a comparison showing similarities between two different things using "like" or "as"	63
8470745552	apostrophe	addressing a character or an idea that is not present	64
8470754304	extended metaphor	a hidden comparison that is longer than one phrase or line; often an entire stanza.	65
8470763560	synecdoche	using a part of something to refer to the whole or using the whole thing to refer to a part of something (ex: all hands (referring to people) on deck)	66
8470770581	parody	imitating something directly to make a comic effect (ex: Sonnet 130)	67
8470782802	conceit	a figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together (ex: you are a snail)	68
8470795607	equivocation	the use of vague language to hide one's meaning or to avoid committing to a point of view; often used to deceive others (ex: "none of woman born shall harm Macbeth")	69
8470818512	oxymoron	two opposite words are used together to make an effect (ex: the night of the living dead)	70
8470820835	motif	a recurring word, phrase, image, object, or action that creates unity throughout a text and may also reinforce its theme; an object or idea that repeats itself throughout a literary work (ex: washing of hands in Macbeth)	71
8470827056	metonymy	a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it (ex: "Crown" meaning power or authority)	72
8470838791	metaphysical poetry	uses logical elements in a technique intended to express honestly, if unconventionally, the poet's sense of life's complexities through the use of elaborate conceits	73
8470861048	parallelism	examples of a writing that have the same grammar style or meaning; repeating something in order for emphasis or to have a balance (ex: easy come, easy go)	74
8470868423	English sonnet (Shakespearean Sonnet)	three four-line stanzas (quatrains) and a couplet, rhymed abab cdcd efef gg; always fourteen lines long and usually written in iambic pentameter	75
8470875489	catharsis	an emotional discharge through which one can achieve a state of moral or spiritual renewal or achieve a state of liberation from anxiety and stress	76
8470882643	Chiasmus	a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an artistic effect (ex: never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You)	77
8470886667	sarcasm	when what someone says is different than what they mean; usually intended to have a bitter, mocking, or comedic effect; often combined with irony to create satire	78
8470893304	dialect	the language used by the people of a specific area, class, district or any other group of people; involves spelling, sounds, grammar and pronunciation used by a particular group of people and it distinguishes them from other people around them	79
8557949779	anaphora	a type of repetition; repeating a word at the beginning of a sentence or the beginning of a clause	80
9677390111	euphemism	polite, indirect expressions that replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite (ex: "kick the bucket" = death)	81
9677408564	ode	a form of lyrical poetry, in which poets use a certain metrical pattern and rhyme scheme to express their noble and lofty sentiments in serious and sometimes satirical tone; celebratory in nature	82
9677454219	lyrical poetry	focuses more on emotions than telling a story (pastoral, ode, villanelle etc.)	83
9677457110	refrain	a poetic device that repeats, at regular intervals, in different stanzas	84
9677504301	gothic fiction	a branch of romanticism that focuses on terror and mystery in order to entertain or gain insights about a dark side to human nature	85
9677509121	science fiction	a form of fiction that focuses on the impact of science upon society or individuals; usually doesn't include supernatural elements	86
9677511280	understatement	making a situation seem less important than it really is; the opposite of hyperbole	87
9677515374	byronic hero	a type of antihero who is usually rebellious, arrogant and an outcast or exile (ex: Dracula, Mr. Darcy, etc)	88
9677520705	juxtaposition	two or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts	89
9677527395	periodic sentence	a long sentence where the meaning isn't completed until the very end	90
9677539760	loose sentence	a sentence structure in which a main clause is followed by one or more coordinate or subordinate phrases and clauses	91
9677553437	cumulative sentence	an independent clause followed by a series of subordinate constructions; it has more than one subordinate clause	92
9677591520	antithetical sentence	a sentence that expresses two ideas that are opposed on the surface, but that can actually express another idea in its apparent contradiction	93
9677619601	balanced sentence	made up of two segments which are equal, not only in length, but also in grammatical structure and meaning (can be periodic or cumulative)	94
9677624603	epistrophe	the same word returns at the end of each sentence	95
9677631405	leitmotif	a musical piece that is associated with a character or object (Star Wars song)	96
9677645459	invocation	an appeal for aid (especially for inspiration) is made to a muse or deity, usually at or near the beginning of the work	97
9677647160	synesthesia	a technique adopted by writers to present ideas, characters, or places in such a manner that they appeal to more than one sense, like hearing, sight, smell, and touch at a given time	98
9677659861	masculine rhyme	a rhyme that matches only one syllable, usually at the end of respective lines (wail & flail)	99
9677668654	Terza Rima	an arrangement of triplets, especially in iambs, that rhyme aba bcb cdc	100
9679709849	prolepsis	the representation or assumption of a future act or development as if presently existing or accomplished; referring to a future event as if it is already completed; aka "flash forward"; ex: "I am going to tell you about the events that led to my death"	101
9679740236	zeitgeist	the defining spirit or mood of a particular period of history as shown by the ideas and beliefs of the time	102
9679760543	stream of consciousness	a narrative device that attempts to give the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue (see below), or in connection to his or her actions	103
9679774653	unreliable narrator	a character whose telling of the story is not completely accurate or credible due to problems with the character's mental state or maturity	104
9679796840	feminine rhyme	a rhyme that matches two or more syllables, usually at the end of respective lines, in which the final syllable or syllabication are unstressed; aka double triple rhyme	105
9679800454	syntax	the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language	106
9679815498	blank verse	unrhymed verse written in iambic pentameter	107
9679815499	homily	a usually short sermon; a lecture or discourse on or of a moral theme	108
9679831045	dirge	a song or hymn of grief or lamentation, especially one intended to accompany funeral or memorial rites	109
9679837180	limerick	a form of verse, often humorous and sometimes obscene, in five-line, predominantly anapestic meter with a strict rhyme scheme of AABBA	110
9679847289	panegyric	a lofty oration or writing in praise of a person or thing; eulogy	111
9679875608	epigram	a concise poem dealing pointedly and often satirically with a single thought or event and often ending with an ingenious turn of thought	112
9679881350	double entendre	a word or phrase open to two interpretations, one of which is usually obscene	113
9679893159	closed form	consists of poems that follow patterns of lines, meter, rhymes, and stanzas, whereas open form poetry does not	114
9679909237	villanelle	a nineteen-line poetic form consisting of five tercets (3 lines) followed by a quatrain. There are two refrains and two repeating rhymes, with the first and third line of the first tercet repeated alternately until the last stanza, which includes both repeated lines	115
9679935552	coda	the tail, tag, outro, envoi or concluding passage of a piece of writing	116
9679946179	em dash	a long dash used in punctuation to mark a pause	117
9679958605	free-verse	an open form of poetry; does not use consistent meter patterns, rhyme, or any other musical pattern	118
9680002692	interior monologue	the expression of a character's thoughts, feelings, and impressions in a narrative; a form of stream-of-consciousness	119
9680024398	missive	a letter, especially a long or official one	120
9680036436	litotes	ironical understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary (ex: you won't be sorry, meaning you'll be glad; not bad)	121
9680053641	lampoon	publicly criticize (someone or something) by using ridicule, irony, or sarcasm	122
9680057910	free indirect style	a style of third-person narration which uses some of the characteristics of third-person along with the essence of first-person direct speech	123
9680227778	memoir	a record of events written by a person having intimate knowledge of them and based on personal observation	124
9680230528	burlesque	an absurd or comically exaggerated imitation of something, especially in a literary or dramatic work; a parody	125
9680232911	malapropism	the mistaken use of a word in place of a similar-sounding one, often with unintentionally amusing effect; ex: His capacity for hard liquor is incredulous (incredible).	126
9680250794	anachronism	a thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, especially a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned	127
9680277550	exact rhyme	rhyme in which the final accented vowel and all succeeding consonants or syllables are identical, while the preceding consonants are different	128
9680288976	epanalepsis	a figure of speech in which the beginning of a clause or sentence is repeated at the end of that same clause or sentence, with words intervening; ex: "The king is dead, long live the king!"	129
9680310706	blandishment	a flattering or pleasing statement or action used to persuade someone gently to do something	130
9680313461	pontification	express one's opinions in a way considered annoyingly pompous and dogmatic	131
9680317206	admonition	warn or reprimand someone firmly	132
9876036914	aphorism	short, witty saying	133
9876036915	bathos	effect of anticlimax	134
9876038316	cadence	beat or rhythm of poetry	135
9876039564	doggerel	crude simplistic verse	136
9876041072	epitaph	lines commemorating the dead	137
9876042554	foil	a secondary character that highlights characteristics of the main character	138
9876043533	hubris	excessive pride and ambition	139
9876046672	epigram	concise saying/remark expressing idea in a clever way	140
9876047528	plaint	poem/speech expressing sorrow	141
9876048341	requiem	song of prayer for the dead	142
9876054006	subjunctive mood	set up hypothetical situation, a kind of wishful thinking "if I were you..."	143
9876056841	syncope	shortening words; ex: "heav'n"	144
9876057707	travesty	corruption; false representation of something	145
9876058612	zeugma	the use of a word to modify 2 or more words but use for different meanings	146

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English 12 B Flashcards

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6088503824	Strident	Loud and harsh	0
6088503825	Furtively	Attempting to avoid notice or attention	1
6088503826	Nebulous	Cloudy, hazy, unclear	2
6088503827	Formidable	Inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, or intense; dauntless	3
6088503828	Renegade	A person who betrays and deserts an organization, a country, or a set of principles; traitor	4
6088503829	Inherently	In a manner of existing I'm something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute; intrinsically	5
6088503830	Lucid	Expressed clearly; easy to understand	6
6088503831	Pretense	An attempt to make something that is not the case appear true	7
6088503832	Ravish	Fill with intense delight; enthrall	8
6088503833	Fleeting	Lasting for a very short time; brief	9
6088503834	Equivocal	Open to more than one interpretation; ambiguous	10
6088503835	Stagnant	Having no current or flow; still	11
6088503836	Stupendous	Extremely impressive; amazing	12
6088503837	Zealot	A person who is fanatical and uncompromising in pursuit of his religious, political, of personal ideals	13
6088503838	Indifferently	Said or done with no particular interest or sympathy	14
6088503839	Aloofness	A state of being unfriendly or unforthcoming; detachment	15
6088503840	Mischievous	Causing or showing a fondness for causing trouble in a playful way	16
6088503841	Tacitly	In a manner to be understood or implied without being stated; implicit	17
6497230713	Listlessness	A state of lacking energy or enthusiasm; lethargy	18
6497230714	Conspicuous	Standing out as clearly visible	19
6497230715	Imbecile	A stupid person	20
6497230716	Contrived	Deliberately created rather than arising naturally or spontaneously	21
6497230717	Insatiably	In a manner impossible to satisfy	22
6497230718	Embellishing	Making something more attractive by the addition of decorative details or features	23
6497230719	Apathetic	Showing or feeling no interest, enthusiasm or concern	24
6497230720	Sanctuary	A place of refuge or safety; haven	25
6497230721	Pretentious	Attempting to impress by affecting greater importance, talent, culture, than what's actually possessed	26
6497230722	Austere	Strict; harsh	27
6497230723	Orthodox	Conforming to what is traditionally accepted	28
6497230724	Solidarity	Unity or agreement of feeling or action	29
6497230725	Wantonness	Deliberate and unprovoked actions intended to be cruel or violent	30
6497230726	Vehemently	In a forceful, passionate, or intense manner	31
6497230727	Forlorn	Pitifully sad and abandoned or lonely	32
6497230728	Succumbing	Failing to resist a pressure, temptation, or other negative force	33
6497230729	Unhallowed	Not formally consecrated or made sacred	34
6497230730	Homage	Special honor or respect publicly; reverence	35
6617062965	Rapture	A feeling of intense pleasure or joy	36
6617062966	Congenial	Pleasant because of personality, quality, or interest that are similar to ones own; hospitable	37
6617062967	Beguiled	Charmed or enchanted, sometimes in a deceptive way	38
6617062968	Incessant	Continuing without pause or interruption; unceasing	39
6617062969	Benevolence	Having a well meaning and kindly manner	40
6761050739	Capacious	Having a lot of space inside; roomy	41
6761050740	Ubiquitous	Present, appearing, or found everywhere	42
6761050741	Adamant	Refusing to be persuaded or to change ones mind	43
6761050742	Blithe	Showing a casual or cheerful indifference, considered callous or improper	44
6761050743	Bereft	Deprived or lacking something, especially a nonmaterial asset	45
6761050744	Dubious	Not to be relied upon	46
6761050745	Ludicrously	In a manner so foolish, unreasonable, or out of place as to be amusing, ridiculous	47

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Laser B2 - Unit 12 - the law Flashcards

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4398749748	desensitise	to cause someone to experience something, usually an emotion or a pain, less strongly than before: "Seeing too much violence on television can desensitize people to it."	0
4398751987	whodunnit	a story about a crime and the attempt to discover who committed it: "It's one of those whodunnits where you don't find out who the murderer is till the very end."	1
4398754531	violence	an act of hurting or killing someone else	2
4398755378	fiction	books and stories about imaginary people and events	3
4398757072	thriller	a book or movie with an exciting story, often about crime	4
4398758284	acceptable (adj.)	good enough "A crime rate of 13 percent amongst teenangers is not acceptable."	5
4398763350	the law law	the system of official rules in a country an official rule in a country "There are laws against drinking in the street."	6
4398763351	lawyer	someone whose job is to explain the law to people and give advice	7
4398763799	crime	illegal activities	8
4398769428	murder (noun)	the crime of killing someone	9
4398773649	to murder (verb)	to kill someone	10
4398769429	robbery	the crime of stealing from someone or somewhere	11
4398769430	shoplifting	the act of taking things from a shop without paying for them	12
4398770720	to commit (a crime)	to do something bad or illegal	13
4398770892	to break the law	to do something that the law says you must not do	14
4398771531	to catch a criminal	coger a un criminal	15
4398771775	to be arrested	If the police arrest someone, they take the person away to ask them about a crime that they might have committed. "He was arrested for possession of illegal drugs."	16
4398772345	to be taken to court	estar llevado al tribunal	17
4398787436	coincidence	an occasion when two very similar things happen at the same time by chance	18
4398787437	politician	someone who works in politics, especially a member of the government	19
4398787764	re-enact	act again	20
4398787765	misleading	giving a mistaken impression	21
4398788086	repercussion	result, effect (normally bad)	22
4398794411	hardly	apenas	23
4398794412	barely	apenas	24
4398794413	scarcely	apenas	25
4398794782	no sooner	apenas - "when ... immediately" "No sooner had we set off than we realized we'd left the dog behind."	26
4398795174	under no circumstances	used to say that something must never happen "bajo ningún concepto"	27
4398803843	the accused	the person(s) accused in a court of law "The accused was found not guilty."	28
4398808359	to accuse	(with "of") to charge (someone) with having done something wrong "They accused him of stealing the car."·	29
4398804157	fraud	fraude	30
4398804158	innocent	opposite: guilty inocente	31
4398804159	witness	someone who sees an accident or crime "testigo"	32
4398804497	judge (noun; verb)	juez; considerar	33
4398804498	jury	a group of people in a court of law who decide if someone has committed a crime "jurado"	34
4398804722	solicitor	in the UK, a lawyer who gives legal advice and help "abogado, -a"	35
4398804723	verdict	a decision in a court of law saying if someone has committed a crime "veredicto, fallo"	36
4398805593	evidence	something that makes you believe that something is true or exists pruebas	37
4398810697	to make off	largarse	38
4398812027	to let someone off	to let sb off with a fine = poner sólo una multa a alguien	39
4398812028	to go off	explode, "estallar"	40
4398812682	to get away with	to do (something bad) without being punished for it salir impune, quedar sin castigo	41
4398813187	to break in (somewhere)	entrar (para robar)	42
4398813452	to be set up	culpabilizar a alguien de algo	43
4398814063	to beat someone up	dar una paliza a alguien	44
4422051061	crime (noun)	criminal (person)	45
4422051967	to accuse	accused (person being accused)	46
4422053985	offence (noun)	delito - offender (person)	47
4422054882	law	lawyer (person)	48
4422054883	to rob	robber (person)	49
4422055463	theft (act)	thief (person)	50
4422056060	murder (act)	murderer (person)	51
4422056061	to convict	condenar - convict (person), presidiario,-a	52
4422071531	dishonest	deshonesto,-a	53
4422071532	fake	falsificación	54
4422072067	fraud	fraude	55
4422072068	genuine	real, sincere, not fake, true	56
4422072475	illegal	not legal	57
4422072476	immoral	not correct, not honest	58
4422072883	pirated goods	used to describe software, films, recordings, etc. that have been illegally copied to be sold at much cheaper prices	59
4422073606	theft	the action or crime of stealing something	60
4422073607	(to) forge money	to make an illegal copy of something (money) in order to deceive people	61

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B12 Tough Pharm Drugs Flashcards

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5598641395	Anastrazole	Selective aromatase inhibitor (reversible) Tx: PM hormone dependent B Cx	0
5598652711	Exemestane	Irreversible aromatase inhibitor Tx: PM hormone dependent B Cx	1
5599896132	Norethindrone	Progestin only Mini-pill -- 99.0% effective "thin" = no baby	2
5599901921	Norgestrel	Progestin only Mini-pill -- 99.0% effective don't "gest" about being pregnant (don't confuse w/ norgESTIMATE)	3
5600000551	Ethinyl estradiol	Estogen portion of COC "thin" = no baby	4
5600000553	Mestranol	Estrogen portion of COC	5
5600124318	Norgestimate	Progestin only No Estrogen effects "estimate" 0 Estrogen effects	6
5600185985	Mifepristone	Competitive inhibitor of progesterone receptor Abortion pill through day 49 "muff" the baby like the 49'ers muff punts	7
5631017832	Aminoglutethimimde	Corticosteroid inhibitor MOA: Inhibits p450 scc Tx: Cushing disease	8
5631024977	Ketoconazole	MOA: Inhibits C17-20 lyase Tx: Cushing's, Hirsutism inhibits gonadal and adrenal steroid synthesis... Corticosteroid inhibitor and anti-androgen	9
5631043356	Spironolactone	Corticosteroid inhibitor MOA: antag aldosterone synthesis and testosterone synthesis <-- reduces [C17-20 lyase] Tx: Hirsuitism, HTN Corticosteroid inhibitor and anti-androgen SE: hyperkalemia, gynocomastia	10
5631072815	Eplerenone	Corticosteroid inhibitor Tx: anti-HTN, heart failure MOA: Aldosterone antag No gynocomastia	11
5631186915	17B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase	androstenedione --> testosterone	12
5631194810	5 alpha reductase	Testosterone --> DHT	13
5631223046	Abiraterone	Antiandrogen Tx: metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer MOA: inhibits CYP17 SE: hepatotoxic	14
5631232569	Flutamide	Antiandrogen Tx: prostate cancer MOA: competitive inhibitor of DHT binding to androgen receptor SE: hepatitis, anemia	15
5631247919	Finasteride	Antiandrogen Tx: BPH, bladness MOA: 5 alpha reductase inhibitor finAsteRIde...Alpha Reductase Inhibitor	16
5631285387	PDE5	cleaves cGMP --> erection "afils" are PDE5 inhibitors cGMP --> smooth muscle relaxation	17
5634088668	Cincalet	PTH drug MOA: Calcimimetic, lowers PTH by activating Ca++ sensing receptors in PT gland Tx: Hypercalcemia	18
5634099248	Teriparatide	Recombinant PTH MOA: up serum Ca++, up osteoclast activity, decrease serum phosphate Low dose or intermittant = bone formation b/c PTh signals osteoblasts which then signal osteoclasts Tx: Osteoporosis	19
5634118187	Calcitriol Ergocalciferol, Cholecalciderol, DHT (dihydrotachysterol)	Replaces Vit D, decrease PTH Tx: Rickets, Osteomalacia, SE: GI pain, kidney stones	20
5634177883	Calcitriol what form of Vit D?	1, 25 OH Active	21
5634182749	Ergocalciferol what form of Vit D?	D2	22
5634182750	Cholecalciferol what form of Vit D?	D3	23
5634185291	Dihydrotachysterol what form of Vit D?	Dihydrotachysterol shortest t1/2	24

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AP Literature - Key Terms Flashcards

Key terms in AP English Literature and Composition from the Kaplan study guide.

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4343146391	allegory	a prose or poetic narrative in which the characters, behavior, or setting demonstrate multiple levels of meaning or significance	0
4343146392	allusion	a reference to a literary or historical event, person, or place	1
4343146393	anaphora	the regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses	2
4343146394	archetypes	recurrent designs, patterns of action, character types, themes, or images which are identifiable in a wide range of literature	3
4343146395	colloquial	ordinary language, the vernacular	4
4343146396	conceit	a comparison of two unlikely things that is drawn out within a piece of literature, particularly a piece of extended metaphor within a poem	5
4343146397	connotation	what is suggested by a word, apart from what it implicitly describes	6
4343146398	elegy	a poetic lament upon the death of a particular person, usually ending in consolation	7
4343146399	exposition	that part of the structure that sets the scene, introduces or identifies characters, and establishes the situation at the beginning of a story or play	8
4343146400	extended metaphor	a detailed or complex metaphor that extends over a long section of a work, also known as a conceit	9
4343146401	fable	a legend or short story often using animals as characters	10
4343146402	falling action	that part of plot structure in which the complications of the rising action are untangled; also known as the denouement	11
4343146403	farce	a play or scene in a play or book that is characterized by broad humor, wild antics, and often slapstick or physical jokes	12
4343146404	foreshadowing	to hint at or to present an indication of the future beforehand	13
4343146405	formal diction	language that is lofty, dignified, and impersonal	14
4343146406	genre	a type or class of literature such as epic or narrative poetry or belles lettres	15
4343146407	hyperbole	overstatement characterized by exaggerated language	16
4343146408	idyll	a short poem describing a country or pastoral scene, praising the simplicity of rustic life	17
4343146409	informal diction	language that is not as lofty or impersonal as formal diction; similar to everyday speech	18
4343146410	in medias res	"in the midst of things"; refers to opening a story in the middle of the action, necessitating filling in past details by exposition or flashback	19
4343146411	irony	a situation or statement characterized by significant difference between what is expected or understood and what actually happens or is meant	20
4343146412	juxtaposition	the location of one thing as being adjacent or juxtaposed with another, to create a certain effect	21
4343146413	limited point of view	a perspective confined to a single character, whether a first person or a third person	22
4343146414	message	a misleading term for theme; the central statement or idea of a story, misleading because it suggests a simple, packaged statement that pre-exists and for the simple communication of which the story was written	23
4343146415	metaphor	one thing pictured as if it were something else, suggesting a likeness or analogy between them	24
4343146416	metonymy	a figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something: "The White House announced today," "The pen is mightier than the sword."	25
4343146417	mood	a feeling or ambiance resulting from the tone of the piece as well as the writer/narrator's attitude and point of view	26
4343146418	motif	a recurrent device, formula, or situation that often serves as a signal for the appearance of a character or event	27
4343146419	narrative structure	a textual organization based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework	28
4343146420	narrator	the character who "tells" the story, or in poetry, the persona	29
4343146421	omniscient point of view	also called unlimited focus; a perspective that can be seen from one character's view, then another's, then another's and can be moved at any time	30
4343146422	oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines to apparently contradictory elements: "jumbo shrimp," "deafening silence"	31
4343146423	parable	a short fictional story that illustrates an explicit moral lesson through the use of analogy	32
4343146424	paradox	a statement that seems contradictory but may actually be true: "fight for peace"	33
4343146425	parallel structure	the use of similar forms in writing for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts: "Jane likes reading, writing, and skiing," NOT "Martha takes notes quickly, thoroughly, and in a detailed manner."	34
4343146426	parody	a work that imitates another work for comic effect by exaggerating the style and changing the content of the original	35
4343146427	periodic sentence	a sentence that is not grammatically complete until the end: "The child, who looked as if she were being chased by demons, ran."	36
4343146428	personification	treating an abstraction or nonhuman object as if it were a person by endowing it with human qualities	37
4343146429	persona	the voice or figure of the author who tells and structures the story and who may or may not share the values of the actual author (e.g. adult Scout in 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Watson in 'Sherlock Holmes')	38
4343146430	plot	the arrangement of the narration based on the cause-effect relationship of the events	39
4343146431	protagonist	the main character in a work, who may or may not be heroic	40
4343146432	quatrain	a poetic stanza of four lines	41
4343146433	realism	the practice in literature of attempting to describe nature and life without idealism and with attention to detail	42
4343146434	refrain	a repeated stanza or line(s) in a poem or song	43
4343146435	rhetorical question	a question that is simply asked for stylistic effect and is not expected to be answered	44
4343146436	rhyme	the repetition of the same or similar sounds, most often at the ends of lines	45
4343146437	rising action	the development of action in a work, usually at the beginning	46
4343146438	satire	a literary work that holds up human failings to ridicule and censure	47
4343146439	setting	the time and place of the action in a story, poem, or play	48
4343146440	stereotype	a characterization based on conscious or unconscious assumptions that some aspect, such as gender, age, ethnic or national identity, religion, occupation, marital status, and so on, are predictable accompanied by certain character traits, action, and even values	49
4343146441	Everyman character	main character that actually represents all people	50
4343146442	stock character	character who appears in a number of stories or plays such as the cruel stepmother, the femme fatale, etc.	51
4343146443	structure	the organization or arrangement of the various elements in a work	52
4343146444	style	a distinctive manner of expression	53
4343146445	symbol	a person, place, thing, event, or pattern in a literary work that designates itself and at the same time figuratively represents or "stands for" something else	54
4343146446	syntax	the way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences	55
4343146447	theme	a generalized, abstract paraphrase of the inferred central or dominant idea or concern of a work	56
4343146448	tone	the attitude a literary work takes toward its subject and theme	57
4343146449	tragedy	a drama in which a character (usually good and noble and of high rank) is brought to a disastrous end in his or her confrontation with a superior force due to a fatal flaw in his or her character	58
4343146450	turning point	the third part of plot structure, the point at which the action stops rising and begins falling or reversing; also called the climax	59

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AP Literature Definitions Flashcards

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5383790795	Abstract	Not attached to anything specific or concrete	0
5384123598	Aesthetic	Relating to beauty	1
5383794324	Allegory	Literal meaning corresponds with symbolic meaning	2
5187236425	Alliteration	Repeated beginning sounds (usually consonants)	3
5383798936	Ambiguity	An idea that can be understood in multiple ways, obscure or difficult to understand	4
5383798937	Anachronism	Misplaced object in time, (airplane in the Hobbit)	5
5187239062	Anecdote	A story of a singular event	6
5383803497	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers	7
5753969264	Aphorism	A concise expression of insight or wisdom	8
5746475400	Apology	An attempt at defending oneself while implying regret	9
5383803498	Archetype	A recurrent symbol or motif in literature, (wicked stepmother)	10
5187244071	Bathos	A sudden drop from the lofty to the trivial	11
5383946886	Bildungsroman	Coming of age story	12
5383805704	Blank Verse	Unrhymed iambic pentameter	13
5383805705	Canon	Group of literary works deemed necessary to culture's tradition	14
5187248154	Caricature	A characterization of a person that exaggerates their features (usually to mock)	15
5383807724	Catharsis	Cleansing of one's emotions through art	16
5753975917	Colloquialism	Informal expression or slang term, not acceptable in formal writing	17
5187256516	Conceit	A parallel between seemingly dissimilar objects or ideas	18
5383810221	Connotation	Implied meaning of a word	19
5383813670	Convention	practice that is accepted as true or correct (in writing)	20
5187262999	Denotation	Literal meaning of a word	21
5754002916	Dialectic	Regional way of speaking, spoken by a social group	22
5187267709	Diction	Word choice	23
5746478255	Digression	A departure from main subject	24
5746480293	Dystopia	Opposite of utopia, unpleasant and set in future	25
5746483841	Elegy	Poem that laments the death of a friend	26
5754000701	Ellipsis	Three dots (...) used to omit word(s)	27
5746489791	Enjambment	Continuation of a sentence beyond end of a line of verse	28
5754004997	End-stopped	Phrase in poetry that stops at the end of the line	29
5753985086	Epigram	A witty statement, in verse	30
5383813672	Epigraph	Quote or motto that is at the beginning of a chapter or book	31
5753986606	Epiphany	Sudden and powerful realization that a character reaches in an otherwise mundane moment	32
5187273113	Ethos	Ethics of character	33
5753954333	Eulogy	Formal statement of praise	34
5754011672	Euphony	Pleasant arrangement of sounds	35
5753989030	Expletive	(obscenity) A syllable, word, or group of words added to fill a void, but which does not add to the meaning of a piece of writing	36
5187292155	Foil	A contrasting character to another	37
5187297883	Hamartia	Tragic flaw of the tragic character (Achille's heel)	38
5753956030	Idiom	An expression that is odd or incorrect and yet accepted (ex. raining cats and dogs)	39
5754008793	Imagery	The picture that language brings to mind	40
5187274922	Irony	A contrast between what is expected and what actually happens.	41
5187305823	Lyric	Poetic compositions that show the thoughts of a speaker	42
5753994643	Melodrama	Use of sentimentality or gushing emotion to provoke an audience or reader response	43
5187314418	Mood	Feelings the reader gets from a story	44
5187284415	Motif	Recurring idea or device that develops the major themes	45
5753964397	Narrative Device	Design in literary work used to achieve a particular effect	46
5753966250	Ode	A serious lyric poem, often of significant length	47
5187288287	Paradox	Statement that seems absurd but expresses a deeper truth	48
5187301681	Parody	Humorous imitation of the style of another author	49
5187318123	Pastiche	A work that imitates the style of another author, work or genre OR Work that contains pieces of other works	50
5187332291	Pastoral	Celebration of the simple rustic life	51
5383844498	Pathos	Feelings, emotional appeal	52
5187334677	Persona	The voice/mask created by the author	53
5383844678	Rhetoric	The art of using language effectively and persuasively	54
5383847425	Satire	Work that exposes the shortcomings of individuals, usually political	55
5753997576	Stock Character	A common character that occurs throughout literature	56
5383847426	Syntax	Sentence structure	57
5383849442	Tone	Author's attitude	58
5187337983	Trope	Comparison of words to other things/ideas (similes, metaphors, metonymies)	59
5383851955	Voice	A writer's distinctive use of language	60

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AP Literature Vocabulary Flashcards

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8896995561	complacent	marked by self-satisfaction especially when accompanied by unawareness of actual dangers or deficiencies	0
8896995562	impartial	unbiased, objective	1
8896995563	jocular	joking, humorous	2
8897000382	importunate	troublesomely urgent; overly persistent	3
8897000383	capricious	given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood and behavior	4
8897003359	brusque	blunt in manner or speech often to the point of ungracious harshness	5
8632474207	ambiguous	open to or having several possible meanings or interpretations	6
8632476462	apathetic	having or showing little or no emotion, not interested or concerned	7
8632478868	ardent	characterized by intense feeling; passionate; intensely devoted, eager, or enthusiastic	8
8632490628	abstruse	difficult to understand	9
8632492500	acerbic	harsh or severe, as of temper or expression	10
8632494276	admonishing	cautioning, advising, or counseling against something; reminding	11
8632537552	insolent	rude, impolite, overbearing	12
8632537569	supercilious	haughty, contemptuous or disdainful, full of pride	13
8632540597	captious	ready to detect trivial faults	14
8632542353	clinical	detached, coolly dispassionate	15
8632544839	effusive	marked by the expression of great or excessive emotion or enthusiasm	16
8632547352	frivolous	lacking in seriousness	17
8632551045	benign	gentle, not harmful, kind	18
8632551046	blithe	happy, lighthearted, joyful	19
8632553325	craven	cowardly	20
8632556364	aesthetic	concerned with or appreciative of beauty	21
8632558602	altruistic	unselfish concern with the welfare of others	22
8632560501	anomalous	irregular, abnormal, unusual	23
8632563988	terse	brief and direct in a way that may seem rude or unfriendly	24
8632567082	turgid	excessively embellished in style or language	25
8632568909	patronizing	adopting an air of condescension toward; treating haughtily or coolly	26
8632575371	lugubrious	full of sadness or sorrow	27
8632577374	disdainful	scornful; feeling that someone or something is not worthy of any respect or approval	28
8632579917	satiric	using humor to show that someone or something is foolish, weak, bad, etc.	29
8632584776	insipid	lacking taste, dull, bland	30
8632586688	juxtapose	to place side by side	31
8632588718	pedantic	characterized by a narrow, often ostentatious concern for academic knowledge and formal rules	32
8632593295	diffuse	wordy, not concentrated	33
8632594661	discerning	keenly perceptive, shrewd	34
8632594663	dogmatic	arrogantly assertive, positive about unproven ideas	35
8632598518	colloquial	conversational, used in informal speech	36
8632601614	cursory	brief, without much attention to detail	37
8632603546	didactic	instructive, intended to educate	38
8632605776	cathartic	producing an emotional purification or release	39
8632607436	caustic	marked by biting sarcasm	40
8632607461	censure	the act of blaming or condemning	41
8632612248	contemptuous	showing or expressing disdain; scornful	42
8632614183	flippant	lacking proper respect or seriousness	43
8632616014	elegiac	lamenting; mournful; plaintive	44
8632617347	indignant	feeling or showing anger because of something that is unfair or wrong	45
8632621347	maudlin	showing or expressing too much emotion especially in a foolish or annoying way	46
8632625250	petty	marked by or reflective of narrow interests and sympathies; small-minded	47
8632629088	irreverent	lacking proper respect or seriousness	48
8632631589	wistful	yearning, sad longing	49
8632633383	zealous	feeling or showing strong and energetic support for a person, cause, etc.	50
8632636018	winsome	charming, sweetly engaging; appealing in an innocent manner	51
8632642954	virulent	full of hate, malignant, extremely poisonous	52
8632646607	verbose	wordy	53
8632648457	vehement	intense, forceful, marked by strong feeling	54
8632650443	sardonic	disdainful, scornfully mocking	55
8632652275	reprove	to gently criticize	56
8632657008	pretentious	showy, self-important, making unjustifiable claims to excellence	57
8632659979	prosaic	dull, unimaginative, lacking excitement	58
8632662374	provincial	limited in outlook, narrow in ideas	59

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AP Language - VQ1 Flashcards

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4959588209	Voracious	Wanting or devouring great quantities of food; having an eager approach; having a tendency to eat or consume a lot.	0
4959592434	Indiscriminate	Not marked by careful distinction; affecting or harming many people or things in a careless manner; done randomly or thoughtlessly.	1
4959595028	Eminent	Successful; well-known; outstanding in ones field.	2
4959596846	Steep	To soak in water or another liquid; to surround or fill with a quality or influence.	3
4959596847	Replete	To have a lot of a component; having plenty to eat.	4
4959598768	Abound	To be plentiful; to exist or be present in large numbers; to prevail widely. (Intransitive)	5
4959598769	Technology	The use of science in industry and engineering; a machine or piece of equipment.	6
4959616522	Prognosticate	To foretell from signs or from symptoms; to make a guess of a possible outcome.	7
4959619387	Automaton	A machine that can move by itself; a mechanism that is self automating; a person who acts in a mechanical way.	8
4959619388	Matron	An older married women who usually has a high social standing; a women who is in charge of children or other women; a female nurse who is in charge of other nurses.	9

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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4559501411	coenzyme	A non-protein substance that takes part in an enzymatic reaction and is regenerated for further reaction	0
4559502496	Stays the same.	Competitive inhibitor on vmax?	1
4559505466	Specific rate constant	A constant relating molar concentration of reactants to race of reaction (k)	2
4559510192	Reaction reaches equilibrium	The velocity of the forward reactiion to form c and d would be equal to that of the reverse reaction for a and b in a strongly exergonic chemical reaction when?	3
4559512425	#6	DNA Ligase	4
4559512426	Allosteric	Other shape	5
4559516945	a product of another enzyme in the same metabolic pathway as the inhibited enzyme.	When a molecule binds reversibly to an enzyme and mediated feedback inhibition, the inhibitory molecule would most likely be?	6
4559518988	Entropy	randomness/disorder?	7
4559521400	Stage 2 metabolism	The initial oxidation of carbon to yield intermediated than can be further oxidised?	8
4559522819	Glycogen	Major energy storage carbohydrate?	9
4559524328	Hylauric acid	Glycosoaminoglucan found in human joints?	10
4559525128	Epimers	Glucose and galactose are?	11
4559527068	No as they dont contain glycosidic bonds.	Can glycosidic bond hydrolysis happen for a monosaccharise?	12
4559529969	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate----> 1,3 biphosphoglycerate	What step in glycolysis results in oxidation	13
4559536193	triosephosphate	What is not a point of regulation in glycolysis?	14
4559538235	Glucose-6-phosphate	What inhibits glycolysis?	15
4559539158	No	Is ethanol a precursor to make glucose?	16
4559540208	ATP	What inhibits pyruvate kinase?	17
4559543000	No	IS cholesterol a biosynthetic precursor for CoA	18
4559544730	Maximal velocity when enzyme is fully saturated.	vmax?	19
4559546284	Michaelas constant defined as concentration of s at which v=1/2max. Affinity.	Km?	20
4559558039	To see how fast forward reaction is going without affect of the back reaction.	measure velocity at the start?	21
4559565115	Adipose tissue.	Where are fats stored?	22
4559567074	Lower the melting point.	The greater the degree of unsaturation the?	23
4559575464	If an enzyme is active or inactive.	Phosphorylation regulates?	24
4559588933	Transition state	In an enzymatic reaction what does ES represent?	25
4559591264	Give an alternative reaction path, lowering the activation energy.	Enzymes work by?	26
4559594981	Vinit = Vmax[s]/Km+ [s]	Michaelis-Menten Equation?	27
4559598329	Biological catalyst.	Enzyme is?	28
4559600927	Vmax Decreases and Km stays the same.	Change in Km and Vmax in presence of a non-competitive inhibitor.	29
4559602659	Vmad stays the same, Km increases.	Change in Km and Vmax in competitive inhibition?	30
4559607110	increase as fatty acid chain length increases, decrease as fatty acid unsaturation decreases.	The transition temperature of a lipid bilayer membrane will	31
4559612273	Oxaloacetate	What alpha-keto acid corresponds with the amino acid aspartate?	32
4559616768	Glutamate	Ammonia can be incorporated directly into an alpha-keto acid by reductive amination to yield what amino acid?	33
4559621088	Aspartate transaminase.	What enzyme is not used in aneuplerotic reations that convert carbohydrates to citric acid cycle intermediates	34
4559623932	succinyl-CoA Synthase.	The only reaction of the TCA cycle which provides substrate-level phosphorylation is catalysed by?	35
4559626596	Inhibited: Acetyl-CoA, NADH, ATP and FA Activated by: AMP, CoA, NAD+, Ca2+	Pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibited and activated by	36
4559630405	Inhibited: Increased ATP, citrate, succinyl-CoA and NADH Activated by: ADP	Citrate synthase activated and inhibited by	37
4559632755	Activated by: ADP and Ca2+ Inhibited by: NADH and ATP	Isocitrate Dehydrogenase activation and inhibition	38
4559636737	Inhibited by: succinyl-CoA and NADH Activated by: Ca2+	alpha-keto glutarate activation and inhibition	39
4559641101	NADH	Malate dehydrogenase inhibited by?	40
4596445185	Produced when oxaloacetate is in insufficient supply and when carbohydrate metabolism lags behind lipid metabolism	Under what conditions are ketone bodies produced?	41
4596447253	Proline	Which of the standard 20 amino acids is technically not an amino acid?	42
4596447607	Glycine	Which of the standard 20 amino acids contains no chiral carbon?	43
4596449762	4	How many ATP-equivalents are required for one round of the urea cycle?	44
4596450615	To reduce the concentration of urea in the urine	People on high protein diets are advised to drink lots of water. Why?	45
4596452384	Mitochondria	The citric acid cycle takes place in the ...?	46
4596453010	Cytosol	Glycolysis takes place in the ...?	47
4596458179	All of them contain heme groups	What unusual property do cytochromes have in common with hemoglobin or myoglobin?	48
4596461890	The hydrophobic interaction among the hydrocarbon tails of the phospholipids.	What is the main energetic driving force for the formation of phospholipid bilayers?	49
4600322842	Stage 1	Proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids are broken down into their component building blocks. What stage of catabolism?	50
4600324306	Stage 2	The building blocks are degraded into the common product, the acetyl groups of acetyl-CoA. What stage of catabolism?	51
4600326872	3	Catabolism converges to three principal end products: water, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Stage?	52
4600351110	Energy change when reaction proceeds from start to equilibrium	Gibbs Free Energy is?	53
4600358381	Negative	Energy is Released, Reaction is Exergonic & will favour the formation of products when Gibbs free energy is?	54
4600363590	Positive	Energy is Absorbed, Reaction is Endergonic & will favour the formation of reactants when gibbs free energy is?	55
4600390963	electrons are transferred from a donor to an acceptor	Oxidation-Reduction reactions are those in which	56
4600396601	Catabolism	the transfer of electrons to acceptor molecules of various sorts happens in?	57
4600403503	Anabolism	Process involving the acceptance of electrons from a variety of donors is?	58
4600424044	nicotinamide ring, adenine ring and 2 sugar phosphate groups	NAD+/NADH contains?	59
4600428046	In the nicotinamide ring	Where does reduction/oxidation occur on NAD+?	60
4600432613	NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH	Biological oxidising agents include?	61
4600437840	require/release convenient amount of energy, depending on direction of reaction.	High energy bonds are bonds that?	62
4600446077	Formation of a more reactive substance	What is activation in metabolism?	63
4600458255	Provides an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy.	What does an enzyme do?	64
4600466896	catalyse a redox reaction (#1)	oxidoreductases?	65
4600467671	Transfer a functional group (#2)	Tranferases?	66
4600469165	cause hydrolysis reaction(#3)	Hydrolases	67
4600471205	break bonds (#4)	lyases	68
4600473115	Rearrange functional groups (#5)	isomerases?	69
4600474150	Join two molecules (#6)	Ligases?	70
4600486867	1. Enzyme binds substrate at the active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex (ES) 2. Binding lowers activation energy 3. The ES complex goes through transition state ES* (Not quite substrate or product) 4. Specific R group plays a role in the catalysis 5. Enzyme undergoes conformational change 6. Complex of enzyme and product are produced (EP) 7. Enzyme and product separate 8. Enzyme recycles to original state	Steps in enzymatic reaction?	71
4600511740	Difference in energies between initial state and final state	Change in free energy is	72
4600515769	change in free energy and equilibrium constant		73
4600524870	The selective hydrolysis of peptide bonds where the carboxyl is contributed by Phe and Tyr and hydrolysis of ester bonds.	Chymotrypsin catalyses?	74
4600531664	Rate depends on concentration of substrate	First order kinetics?	75
4600533167	Rate does not depend on concentration of substrate	Zero-order kinetics?	76
4600561758	Number of moles of substrate that react to form product per mole of enzyme per unit of time	Kcat is?	77
4600568553	an inactive precursor into an active enzyme	phosphorylation of ATP can convert?	78
4600570968	Inactive precursor of an enzyme where cleavage of one or more covalent bonds transform it into an active enzyme	Zymogen?	79
4600580849	When the final product of a reaction blocks an early reaction and shuts down whole series.	What is feedback inhibition?	80
4600595413	K System: Alters K0.5 V system: alters Vmax.	Two types of allosteric enzyme systems, what are they and what do they effect?	81
4600697062	one that reducing an oxidising agent	Whats a reducing sugar?	82
4600701592	an amino sugar	The replacement of a hydroxyl group on a carbohydrate results in	83
4600709094	by transfer of a phosphate group from ATP	phosphoric esters are formed?	84
4600711768	a carbohydrate in which the -OH of the anomeric carbon is replaced by -OR	Glycoside?	85
4600738816	continuous, unbranched chains of up to 4000 a-D-glucose units joined by -1,4-glycosidic bonds	amylose	86
4600740390	a highly branched polymer consisting of 24-30 units of D-glucose joined by -1,4-glycosidic bonds and branches created by -1,6-glycosidic bonds	amylopectin	87
4600745448	polysaccharides based on a repeating disaccharide where one of the monomers is an amino sugar and the other has a negative charge due to a sulfate or carboxylate group	Glycosaminoglycans	88
4600747387	natural anticoagulant	heparin	89
4600749961	a component of the vitreous humor of the eye and the lubricating fluid of joints	Hyaluronic acid	90
4600757777	energy-storage polymers or sugars	Starch and glycogen are	91
4600759074	are structural polymers	Cellulose and chitin	92
4600761248	contain carbohydrate units covalently bonded to a polypeptide chain	Glycoproteins	93
4600763001	antibodies	An example of a glycoprotein?	94
4600767113	dense carbohydrate layer around some cells.	Glycocalix	95
4600768563	Are proteins that bind carbohydrates with high specificity and affinity.	Lectins?	96
4600774314	Long filaments of derivatised glucose disaccharides, Major component of cartilage and connective tissues, including dental pulp	proteoglycans	97
4601341101	hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase.	the three enzyme that exhibit large decreases of free energy and are a site of allosteric control in glycolysis are?	98
4601349828	Reduction of pyruvate to lactate	Under anaerobic conditions, the most important pathway for the regeneration of NAD+ is	99
4601372181	Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate: produced in liver in response to insulin	is an important regulator of blood glucose	100
4601375225	gluconeogenesis	low fructose-2,6-biphosphate stimulates	101
4601376709	glycolysis.	high fructose-2,6-biphosphate stimulates	102
4601378747	when different organisms share carbohydrate metabolism. Example: liver shares stress of vigorous exercise. Lactate from muscle is transported to the liver where it is reoxidized to pyruvate and converted to glucose	what is the cori cycle	103
4601383862	Allosteric effects, genetic control, subtrate cycles and covalent modification	the four control mechanisms in carbohydrate metabolism are?	104
4601385861	effectors of a pathway inhibit or activate an enzyme	Allosteric effects control is?	105
4601388193	amount of enzymes present are increased by protein synthesis.	Genetic control?	106
4601389395	Inhibition or activation of an enzyme is controlled by the breaking or joining of a bond by being phophorylated or dephosphorylated.	Covalent modification	107
4601391905	two opposing reactions are catalysed by different enzymes seperately.	Substrate cycle?	108
4601401354	Undergo hydrolytic cleavage into smaller compounds in the presence of acid, base or digestive enzymes, e.g. triacylglycerols, waxes, glycerophospholipids, and sphingolipids	Hydrolyzable lipids are?	109
4601402905	do not undergo hydrolytic cleavage, e.g. steroids, eicosanoids and fat soluble vitamins	Non-hydrolyzable lipids:	110
4601404944	an unbranched-chain carboxylic acid, most commonly of 12 - 20 carbons, derived from hydrolysis of animal fats, vegetable oils, or phosphodiacylglycerols of biological membranes	Fatty acid	111
4601409818	Unsaturated	double bonds make fatty acids?	112
4601410840	Lower the melting point	the greater the degree of unsaturation in FA the?	113
4601412808	number of carbons increase and number of double bonds increase	Melting point of FA increases as? and decreases as?	114
4601419080	a compound in which a carbohydrate is bound to an -OH of the lipid	Glycolipid	115
4601435166	Phospholipids	lipid bilayers composed mainly of?	116
4601437155	transport substances across membranes; act as receptor sites, and sites of enzyme catalysis	Function of membrane proteins?	117
4601439626	Lysosomes are organelles surrounded by a single membrane and filled with enzymes, such as acid hydrolases, that degrade a variety of macromolecules.	Lysosomes	118
4601441202	transport is linked to the hydrolysis of ATP or other high-energy molecules (Na/K ion pump)	Primary active transport	119
4601443112	driven by H+ gradient	Secondary active transport	120
4601446482	Hormone binding to its cell surface receptor transduces information via activated heterotrimeric G-protein and cAMP	Plasma membrane receptors	121
4601447386	oxidation will yeild more energy and they can pack more tightly in stored tissues.	2 major advantages for storing energy as fat?	122
4601458723	Dietary triacylglycerols Triacylglycerols synthesized in the liver Triacylglycerols stored in fat cells.	3 primary sources of fatty acids	123
4601496999	liver, heart and skeletal muscles.	Where does beta oxidation occur?	124
4601505313	Emulsification	what process breaks up lipid droplets?	125
4601511831	micelles bump into the brush border and the monoglycerides and fatty acids are liberated and absorbed	what do miscelles (formed from bile salts) do?	126
4601518899	Fat transport vehicles	lipoproteins are?	127
4601519678	Chylomicrons - carry dietary fats to peripheral tissues VLDL - carry tg and other lipids made in liver to body LDL - principle form for cholesterol transport HDL - scavenges excess cholesterol from tissues and returns to liver for metabolism and excretion	4 main types of lipoproteins?	128
4601525106	adipocytes, myocytes and liver cells	lipids are absorbed into?	129
4601526223	It is linked to the endothelial cell surface by a polysaccharide chain and anchors the chylomicron to the capillary surface.	Lipoprotein lipase?	130
4601529333	Apoprotein C-11	What activates lipoprotein lipase?	131
4601530140	Hydrolysed to glycerol and fats	The triglycerides from chylomicrons and VLDL are	132
4601553659	Presence of cholesterol in cel	What regulates LDL?	133
4601561475	Oxidation of FA in tiacylglycerols.	What is the principal storage form of energy for most organisms?	134
4601562799	hydrolysis of bonds between fatty acids and the rest of triacylglycerols.	Lipases catalyse?	135
4601564347	hydrolysis of bonds between fatty acids and the rest of the phophoglycerol	Phopholipases catalyse?	136
4601608508	Glycerol-3-phophate, dihydroxyacetone phophate and diacylglycerol	What are the three pathways phophatidic acid is produced in?	137
4601610600	isoprene	What is the key to the biosynthesis of steroids?	138
4601629235	when the amount of acetyl-CoA produced is excessive compared to the amount of oxaloacetate available to react with it	When does formation of ketone bodies occur?	139
4601629538	acetone, -hydroxybutyrate, and acetoacetate	Ketone bodies consist of?	140
4605126312	Small intracellular organelles that absorb and degrade damaged proteins.	Lysosomes are?	141
4605132951	Large MW complex which breaks down proteins, binds to uniquinated proteins	Proteosomes?	142
4605137458	Ubiquitin targets intracellular proteins for degradation by covalently binding to the ε-amino group of lysine residues. Releases short peptides into cytoplasm	What are ubiquinated proteins?	143
4605164242	Too much protein is ingested Starvation Diabetes	Amino acids are used as fuel when?	144
4605166111	Via the citric acid cycle	How are amino acids oxidised?	145
4605172530	True	the fate of the carbons of the amino acids parallels that of glucose and fatty acids. True or false	146
4605176751	transamination	What is the major process for removing nitrogen from amino acids?	147
4605180317	lysine and threonine	What amino acids dont undergo transamination reaction?	148
4605185415	amino transferase moves the amino group to alpha-ketoglutarate producing glutarate or to oxaloacetate producing aspartate	Transamination reaction?	149
4605191664	Removal of amino group from glutamate producing an ammonium ion.	Oxidative deamination?	150
4605206968	active form of B6 and participates in the catalysis of transaminations and decarboxylations	What does pyridoxal phosphate do?	151
4605233653	hydrolysed to amino acids in gut by intestinal proteases	proteins ingested in diet are?	152
4605262792	reduction of N2 to NH3	What is nitrogen fixation?	153
4605265269	The nitrogenase enzyme found in root nodules of leguminous plants	What catalyzes crucial reactions in nitrogen fixation.	154
4605268079	Histidine, triptophan, AMP and CTP	Glutamine synthetase is feedback inhibited by several end products, what are they?	155
4605275511	produced by plants and bacteria	What is an essential amino acid?	156
4605276664	those that can be produced by animals	What is a non-essential amino acid?	157
4605283285	biotin, SAM, and derivatives of folic acid	What are the carriers of one carbond groups?	158
4605290673		What is phagocytosis and autophagy	159
4605299159	folate (Vitamin B9)	tetrahydrofolate is derived from	160
4605300422	Methionine	S-adenosylmethionine is derived from	161

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