| 6340751343 | Niccolo Machiavelli | realistic discussions of how to seize and maintain power; Italian Renaissance; The Prince | | 0 |
| 6340751344 | Leonardo Da Vinci | advanced realistic portrayal of human body | | 1 |
| 6340751345 | Humanism | focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor | | 2 |
| 6340751346 | Petrarch | inspired less religious spirit, not totally abandoning it | | 3 |
| 6340751347 | Northern Renaissance | classical renaissance styles in art and architecture in France, Germany, England, the Low Countries | | 4 |
| 6340751348 | Shakespeare in England, Rabelais in France, Cervantes in Spain | renaissance writers that mixed classical themes with earthiness | | 5 |
| 6340751349 | Francis I | King Of France; patron of arts, imported Italian architects to create classical style palaces | | 6 |
| 6340751350 | Johannes Gutenburg | introduced movable type-innovated on chinese printing technology; caused literacy to gain ground; encouraged spread of religion | | 7 |
| 6340751351 | 15th century European-Style Family | a) later marriage age b) nuclear-smaller families c) married more for love than financial benefit | | 8 |
| 6340751352 | Martin Luther | German monk who nailed 95 theses to church door protesting the selling of salvation and indulgences for money-began lutheran version of protestantism | | 9 |
| 6340751353 | Lutheran Protestant values | against selling indulgences, monasticism was wrong, princes should marry, bible should be translated from Latin, state control of church, faith alone gained salvation, special vocations were not especially holy | | 10 |
| 6340751354 | Anglican Church | set up by King Henry VIII to be able to divorce | | 11 |
| 6340751355 | Jean Calvin | Frenchman who established based in Geneva, Switzerland; God's predestination; ministers were moral guardians and preachers of God's word; promoted broader education so more people could read Bible; exiled in 17th century | | 12 |
| 6340751356 | Catholic Reformation | church revived Catholic doctrine and rejected all Protestant ideas; attacked superstitions | | 13 |
| 6340751357 | Jesuits | religious order became active in politics, education, missionary work, sponsored catholic missionary activity in Asia and Americas | | 14 |
| 6340751358 | Edict of Nantes; 1598 | granted tolerance of Protestants in France; ignored by most French kings in the next century | | 15 |
| 6340751359 | Thirty Years' Wars; 1618 | German Protestants and Lutheran Sweden vs. Holy Roman emperor and Spain; devastated Germany; ended in 1648 | | 16 |
| 6340751360 | Treaty of Westphalia; 1648 | ended Thirty Years' War through territorial tolerance: some princes and cities chose their own religions; gave Netherlands independence | | 17 |
| 6340751361 | English Civil War | parliament rights vs. absolute authority; religious conflicts | | 18 |
| 6340751362 | Cause of Inflation | gold and silver from Spain; Western production could not keep pace; encouraged merchants to take risks through loans because money was losing value | | 19 |
| 6340751363 | Proletariat | West; people without access to wealth-producing property; rising food prices forced poor people to sell land, some went to manufacturing or paid laborers or into city as beggars | | 20 |
| 6340751364 | witchcraft persecution | poor, old women were persecuted as witches; blamed for their poverty | | 21 |
| 6340751365 | Scientific Revolution | affected formal intellectual life and popular outlook | | 22 |
| 6340751366 | Copernicus | Polish monk; heliocentric theory; stifled by Church | | 23 |
| 6340751367 | Johannes Kepler | planetary motion; advanced knowledge and implied scientific research's power to test and prove | | 24 |
| 6340751368 | Galileo | telescope; publicized Copernicus;l heliocentric theory; scientific method of experimenting | | 25 |
| 6340751369 | William Harvey | English physician; circular movement of blood; heart as central pumping station` | | 26 |
| 6340751370 | Francis Bacon | value of careful empirical research; predicted improvement of scientific knowledge and in tech | | 27 |
| 6340751371 | Rene Descartes | importance of a skeptical review of wisdom; human reason could develop laws to explain workings of nature | | 28 |
| 6340751372 | Isaac Newton | Principia Mathematica; basic principles of all motion; defined forces of gravity; stated scientific method; | | 29 |
| 6340751373 | Deism | divinity but its job was to set laws in motion | | 30 |
| 6340751374 | John Locke | faith was irrelevant; people could learn everything through senses and reason | | 31 |
| 6340751375 | Absolute monarchy | french political system where monarch has absolute power by divine right | | 32 |
| 6340751376 | Louis XIV | absolute monarch; palace at Versailles kept nobles busy; worked to standardize French language; mercantilism; tariff on imported goods | | 33 |
| 6340751377 | Glorious Revolution | political settlement of English civil war where parliament won basic sovereignty over king; | | 34 |
| 6340751378 | Frederick the Great | Prussian King; greater freedom of religion;better agricultural methods; greater commercial coordination; harsh punishments cut back; enlightened despot | | 35 |
| 6340751379 | Enlightenment | from Scientific Revolution; applied scientific methods to the study of human society; social science; basic human rights | | 36 |
| 6340751380 | Adam Smith | Wealth of Nations; principles of economic behavior; people act according to self-interest; promote general economic advance through competition; government should avoid regulation of market | | 37 |
| 6340751381 | Denis Diderot | Encylopedia; scientific and social scientific knowledge | | 38 |
| 6340751382 | Mary Wollstonecraft | feminist thinker, new political rights and freedoms to be extended toward women; England | | 39 |
