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AP World History: Period 4 Flashcards

8602610502	Bartolomeu Dias	the first European (Portuguese) to sail around the Southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope (1488) (interactional)	0
8602610503	Vasco da Gama	the first European (Portuguese) to reach India by sea sailing from Europe around the tip of Africa, allowing Europeans to not have to go through Muslim middlemen to access Asian markets!! (1497) (interactional)	1
8602610504	Pedro Alvares Cabral	first European (Portuguese) to settle in Brazil & began clearing that land for sugar plantations (1530) (interactional)	2
8602610505	Christopher Columbus	voyaged to the "New Land" accidentally & set colonization in motion (interaction between humans & environment) (1492)	3
8602610506	Hernan Cortes	Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec, established New Spain, & built Mexico city in place of Tenochtitlan (1519)	4
8602610507	Ferdinand Magellan	attempted to circumnavigate the world (1519)	5
8602610508	Francisco Pizarro	Conquered Incas, built Lima in place of Cuzco & it became part of Peru (1532)	6
8602610509	Treaty of Tordesillas	-established a line of demarcation (boundaries) between Spanish and Portuguese territories. -Spain could lay claims to anything West (South America & Mexico); Portugal anything East (Southern Africa, Eastern Southern Africa, & India)	7
8602610510	Encomienda System	-the native people were thought to be savage & needed to be saved, so the Spaniards wanted to spread Catholic faith to the natives -worked like Feudalism in Europe -natives paid tribute in exchange for protection & religious instruction -but the conquistadors used abuse & oppression to exploit the natives (who then lost everything about themselves) -brutal conditions led to Atlantic Slave Trade	8
8602610511	Conquistadors	Spanish conquerors/soldiers/explorers that wanted wealth, power, & prestige, wanted to spread Catholicism, & wanted increase opportunities for their mother country of Spain to trade & become more powerful & wealthier	9
8602610512	Repartimiento	-means "distribution" or "partition" (as in division of labor among Spanish colonial landowners) -natives were forced to work in Spanish-owned plantations of silver mines for several months out of the year -at first, workers were poorly compensated & worked to death, but later on, those bad things were replaced with incentives to work, such as better working conditions & fair wages	10
8602610513	Spanish Conquest of Manilla		11
8602610514	Colombian Exchange		12
8602610515	England exploration		13
8602610516	France exploration		14
8602610517	Netherlands exploration		15
8602610518	Capitalism		16
8602610519	Mercantilism		17
8602610520	Joint-stock companies		18
8602610521	Atlantic Slave Trade		19
8602610522	Triangular Trade		20
8602610523	Slave Trade Patterns		21

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AP World History Chapter 4 Key Terms: 3rd Period Flashcards

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4973252712	Alexander the Great	Macedonian king who conquered Persia.	0
4973265836	Hellenistic Era	Blended Greek and Persian culture.	1
5005086955	Qin Shihuangdi	First Emperor of China	2
5005090811	Pax Romana	means, "Roman peace," was the period of the Roman Empire's greatest extent and authority	3
5005111277	Helot	a slave in Sparta	4
5017091713	someone should put every term in		5

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AP World History Period 2 Flashcards

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6645025857	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	0
6645025858	Aryans	Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	1
6645025859	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	2
6645025860	Athenian democracy	A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot.	3
6645025861	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	4
6645025862	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	5
6645025863	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	6
6645025864	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.	7
6645025865	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	8
6645025866	Han dynasty	Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement.	9
6645025867	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	10
6645025868	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.	11
6645025869	hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a hoplite panoply and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.	12
6645025870	Ionia	The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.	13
6645025871	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	14
6645025872	Battle of Marathon	Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.	15
6645025873	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	16
6645025874	Olympic Games	Greek religious festival and athletic competition in honor of Zeus; founded in 776B.C.E. and celebrated every four years.	17
6645025875	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	18
6645025876	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	19
6645025877	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	20
6645025878	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	21
6645025879	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	22
6645025880	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	23
6645025881	Punic Wars	Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.	24
6645025882	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	25
6645025883	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	26
6645025887	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty.	27
6645025889	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	28
6645025890	Atman	The human soul, which in classic Hindu belief seeks union with Brahman.	29
6645025892	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	30
6645025893	bhakti movement	An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity.	31
6645025894	Brahman	The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.	32
6645025895	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	33
6645025896	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	34
6645025897	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	35
6645025898	Confucius	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	36
6645025899	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	37
6645025900	Daodejing	The central text of Daoism; translated as The Way and Its Power.	38
6645025901	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	39
6645025902	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	40
6645025903	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	41
6645025904	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	42
6645025905	Hippocrates	A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.	43
6645025906	Isaiah	One of the most important prophets of Judaism, whose teachings show the transformation of the religion in favor of compassion and social justice (eighth century B.C.E.).	44
6645025907	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	45
6645025908	Yahweh	The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice.	46
6645025909	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	47
6645025910	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	48
6645025911	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	49
6645025913	Moksha	In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.	50
6645025914	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	51
6645025915	Plato	A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.	52
6645025916	Pythagoras	A major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.	53
6645025917	Saint Paul	The first great popularizer of Christianity (10-65 C.E.).	54
6645025918	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	55
6645025919	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	56
6645025920	Theodosius	Roman emperor (r. 379-395 C.E.) who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman state, banning all polytheistic rituals.	57
6645025921	Theravada	"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.	58
6645025922	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	59
6645025923	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	60
6645025924	Warring States Period	Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.	61
6645025925	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	62
6645025926	Zarathustra	Persian prophet, founded Zoroastrianism.	63
6645025927	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	64
6645025928	caste as varna and jati	The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	65
6645025929	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	66
6645025930	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	67
6645025931	karma	In Indian belief, the force generated by one's behavior in a previous life that decides the level at which an individual will be reborn.	68
6645025932	Ksatriya	The Indian social class of warriors and rulers.	69
6645025933	latifundia	Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire	70
6645025934	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	71
6645025935	"ritual purity" in Indian social practice	In India, the idea that members of higher castes must adhere to strict regulations limiting or forbidding their contact with objects and members of lower castes to preserve their own caste standing and their relationship with the gods.	72
6645025936	scholar-gentry class	A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.	73
6645025937	Sudra	The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers	74
6645025938	the "three obediences"	In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.	75
6645025939	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	76
6645025940	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.	77
6645025942	Empress Wu	The only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690-705 C.E.); patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective.	78
6645025945	Bantu expansion	Gradual migration of peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. The agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of thesefarmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered.	79
6645025946	Batwa	Forest-dwelling people of Central Africa who adopted some of the ways of their Bantu neighbors while retaining distinctive features of their own culture; also known as "Pygmies."	80
6645025948	Chaco Phenomenon	Name given to a major process of settlement and societal organization that occurred in the period 860-1130 C.E. among the peoples of Chaco canyon, in what is now northwestern New Mexico; the society formed is notable for its settlement in large pueblos and for the building of hundreds of miles of roads (the purpose of which is not known).	81
6645025949	Chavin	Andean town that was the center of a large Peruvian religious movement from around 900 to 200 B.C.E.	82
6645025953	Maya	The major classical civilization of Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 C.E.	83
6645025954	Moche	An important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior-priests; flourished from around 100 to 800 C.E.	84
6645025955	Mound Builders	Members of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period 2000 B.C.E.-1250 C.E.	85
6645025956	Nazca	A civilization of southern coastal Peru, the Nazca became famous for their underground irrigation channels and their gigantic and mysterious lines in the desert in the form of monkeys, birds, spiders, and other designs.	86
6645025957	Niger Valley Civilization	Distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 B.C.E. to about 900 C.E. in the floodplain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenne-jeno; the Niger Valley civilization is particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralized state structures, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements.	87
6645025958	Pueblo	"Great house" of the Ancestral Pueblo people; a large, apartment building-like structure that could house hundreds of people.	88
6645025959	Semi-sedentary	Term frequently used to describe the peoples of the eastern woodlands of the United States, Central America, the Amazon basin, and the Caribbean islands who combined partial reliance on agriculture with gathering and hunting.	89
6645025960	Teotihuacán	The largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, flourished between 300 and 600 C.E., during which time it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region. The name is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods."	90
6645025961	Tikal	Major Maya city, with a population of perhaps 50,000 people.	91
6645025962	Golden Age	A combination of wealth and a time of relative peace often leads to cultural achievement in math, science, arts, and technology.	92
6645025963	Pax Sinica	"Chinese peace"; under the Han Dynasty, China experienced 400 years of prosperity and stability	93

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AP World History Part 4-6 Key Terms Flashcards

All the terms and definitions for parts 4-6.

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6879696561	Devshirme	The tribute of boy children that the Ottoman Turks levied from their Christian subjects in the Balkans	0
6879700796	Columbian Exchange	The massive transatlantic interaction and exchange between the Americas and Afro Eurasia	1
6879705792	Creoles	Spaniards born in the Americas	2
6879711646	Fixed Winds	The prevailing winds of the atlantic, which blow steadily in the same direction	3
6879737087	The "Great Dying"	Term used to describe the devastating demographic impact of European epidemic diseases in America	4
6879743296	Jizya	Special tax delivered on non-muslims in Islamic states	5
6879750076	Mercantilism	An economic history that argues that governments best serve their states economic interests by encouraging exports	6
6879760290	Mestizo	Literally "mixed", a term used to describe the mixed race population of spanish colonial societies in the Americas	7
6879774390	Mulattoes	Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood	8
6879777751	British/ Dutch East India Companies	Private trading companies chartered by the governments of England and the Netherlands around 1600; they were given monopolies on Indian Ocean trade, including the right to make war and rule conquered peoples	9
6879784437	African Diaspora	Name given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the slave trade	10
6879789023	Middle Passage	Name commonly given to the journey across the Atlantic undertaken by African slaves being shipped to the Americas	11
6879794408	Piece of Eight	Standard Spanish coins that became a medium of exchange in North America, Europe, India, Russia, and West Africa as well as in the Spanish Empire	12
6879803235	Potosi	City that developed high in the Andes at the site of the worlds largest silver mine and that became the largest city in Americas	13
6879808900	Samurai	The warrior elite of Medieval Japan	14
6879811000	Shogun	In Japan, a supreme military commander	15
6879812743	"Silver Drain"	Term often used along with "specie drain", to describe the siphoning of money from Europe to pay luxury goods in the east	16
6879826817	Huguenots	The protestant minority in France	17
6879828080	Catholic Counter Reformation	An internal reform of the Catholic church in the 16th century	18
6879833528	Condorcet and the Idea of Progress	The Marquis de condorcet was a french philosopher and political scientists and argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near infinite improbability	19
6879846204	Nicolaus Copernicus	Polish mathematician and astronomer first to argue about cosmos	20
6879850288	Council of Trent	The main instrument of the Catholic counter reformation at which the catholic church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses	21
6879857746	Charles Darwin	Highly influential English biologist whose theory of political selection seen as a threat to religious faith	22
6879862018	Deism	Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not influence directly in human affairs	23
6879868100	Edict of Nantes	1598 edict issued by French King Henry II that granted considerable religious toleration to French protestants	24
6879876192	European Enlightenment	European intellectual movement of the 18th century that applied lessons of scientific revolution to human affairs	25
6879881096	Sigmund Freud	Austrian doctor and the father of Modern Psychoanalysis his theories remain influential today	26
6879892240	Galileo Galilei	Italian astronomer who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work eventually suppressed by Catholic church	27
6879901749	Martin Luther	German priest and theologian who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe	28
6879907063	Karl Marx	German philosopher whose view on human history as a class struggle formed the basis of socialism	29
6879914062	Nanak Guru	The founder of Sikhism	30
6879915852	Isaac Newton	English natural scientist whose formulation of laws regarded as elimination of the scientific revolution	31
6879926787	Ninety Five Theses	List of debating points about the abuses of the church	32
6879929834	Protestant Reformation	Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther	33
6879936473	Scientific Revolution	Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method	34
6879941103	Thirty Years War	Highly destructive war that eventually included most of Europe	35
6879945559	Voltaire	Pen name of the French Philosopher Francois Marie Arouet	36
6879962177	Blitzkrieg	German term meaning "lightning wars" used to describe Germany's military tactics in WW2 which involved the rapid movement of infantry, tanks and airpower over large areas	37
6879975224	European Union	The final step in a series of arrangements to increase cooperation between European states in the wake of WW2	38
6879981215	Fascism	Political ideology marked by its intense nationalism and authoritarianism its name is derived from the fasces that were the symbol of magistrates in ancient rome	39
6879988409	Fourteen Points	Plan of U.S president Woodrow Wilson to establish lasting peace at the end of WW1; although Wilson's iviews were popular in Europe, his vision largely failed	40
6879996354	Franz Ferdinand Archduke	Heir to the Austrian throne whose assassination by a Serbian nationalist on June 28, 1914 was the spark of WW1	41
6880003086	The Great Depression	Worldwide economic depression that began in 1929 with the New York stock market crash and continued in many areas until the outbreak of World War 2	42
6880010660	The Great War	Name originally given to the First World War (1914-1918)	43
6880014245	Adolf Hitler	Leader of German Nazi Party (1889-1945) and Germany's head of state from 1933 until his death	44
6880033951	Holocaust	Name commonly used for Nazi genocide of Jews and other "undesirables" in German society; Jews themselves prefer the term shoah which means catastrophe rather than Holocaust	45
6880035834	Kristallnacht	Literally "crystal night" name given to the night of November 9, 1938 when Nazi led gangs smashed and looted Jewish shops throughout Germany	46
6880043860	League of Nations	International peacekeeping organization created after World War 1, first proposed by U.S president woodrow as part of his 14 points	47
6880052955	Manchukuo	Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931	48
6880057619	Marshall Plan	Huge U.S government initiative to aid the post World War restoration of Europe that was masterminded by U.S secretary of state George Marshall and put into effect in 1947	49
6880068120	Benito Mussolini	Charismatic leader of the Italian Fascist party (1883-1945) who came to power in 1922	50
6880072244	Nanjing Massacre	The Japanese army's systematic killing mutilation and rape of the Chinese civilian population of Nanjing in 1938	51
6880094030	NATO	The North Atlantic Treaty Organization a military and political alliance founded in 1949 that committed the United States to the defense of Europe in the event of Soviet aggression	52
6880112371	Nazi Party	Properly known as the National Socialist Democratic Workers party, the Nazi Party was founded in Germany after World War 1	53
6880117134	Total War	War that requires each country involved to mobilize its entire population in the effort to defeat the enemy	54
6880120408	Triple Alliance	An alliance consisting of Germany, Austria, and Italy that was one of the two arrival European alliances on the eve of World War 1	55
6880126651	Triple Entente	An alliance consisting of Russia, France, and Britain that was one of the two rival European alliances on eve	56
6880144068	United Nations	International peacekeeping organization and forum for international opinion, establish in 1945	57
6880147171	Berlin Wall	Wall constructed by East German Authorities in 1961 to seal off East Berlin from the West, it was breached	58
6880152115	Bolsheviks	Russian revolutionary party led by Vladimir Lenin and later renamed the Communist party; the name "Bolsheviks" means "the majority"	59
6880159232	Fidel Castro	Revolutionary leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008 who gradually turned to Soviet communism and engendered some of the worst crises of the cold war	60
6880168920	Chinese Revolution	Long revolutionary process in the period 1912-1949 that began with the overthrow of the Chinese Imperial System and ended with the triumph of the Communist party under the leadership of Mao- Zedong	61
6880177271	Cold War	Political and ideological state of near war between the Western world and the Communist world that lasted from 1946 to 1991	62
6880191401	Cuban Missile Crisis	Major standoff between the U.S and the Soviet Union in 1962 over Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba	63
6880199974	Glasnost	Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of "openness" which allowed greater cultural and intellectual freedom and ended most censorship of the media; the result was a burst of awareness of the problems and corruption of the Soviet system	64
6880236621	Lenin	Adopted name of Vladimir Lynch Ulyanov (1870-1924) the main leader of Russia's communist revolution and head of the Soviet state from 1917 until his death	65
6880246908	Mao Zedong	Chairmans of China's communist party and de facto ruler of China from 1949 until his death in 1979	66
6880259359	Russian Revolution	Massive revolutionary upheaval in 1917 that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in Russia and ended with the seizure of power by communists under the leadership of Lenin	67
6880284037	Stalin	Name assumed by Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili (1878-1953) leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death	68
6880300716	Decolonization	Process in which many African and Asian states won their independence from Western colonial rule, in most cases by negotiated settlement with gradual political reforms and a program of investment rather than through military confusion.	69
6881163078	Mohandas K Gandhi	Usually referred to his followers by "Mahatma" was a political leader and the undoubted spiritual leader of the Indian Drive for independence.	70
6881171494	Nelson Mandela	South African nationalist and leader of the African National congress who has imprisoned for 27 years on charges of treason.	71
6881180324	Satyagraha	Literally "truth force", Mahatma Gandhi's political philosophy which advocated for confrontational but non-violent.	72
6881184924	Al-Qaeda	International organization of fundamentalist Islamic militants, headed by Osama Bin Laden	73
6881195294	Environmentalism	20th century movement to preserve the natural world in the face of sprawling human ability to alter the world environment	74
6881199683	Fundamentalism	Occurring within all the major world religions, is a self proclaimed reform to the "fundamentals" of a religion	75
6881206029	Globalization	Term commonly used to refer to the massive growth in international economic transactions from around 1950 to the percent	76
6881214782	Global Warming	A worldwide scientific consensus that the increased burning of fossil fuels and the less of trees	77
6881221707	Che Guevara	Ernesto "One" Guevara was an Argentine-born revolutionary (1928-1967) who waged guerilla war in an effort to remedy Latin America's and Africa's social and economic ills	78
6881232510	Osama Bin Laden	The leader of Al Qaeda a wealthy Saudi Arabian who turned to militant fundamentalism	79
6881236864	Second Wave Feminism	Women's rights movement revived in the 1960's with a different agenda than earlier woman's suffrage movements. Demanded equal rights for women in employment.	80
6881243629	World Trade Organization	International Body Representing 149 nations that negotiates the rules for global commerce and is dedicated to the promotion of free trade	81
6881269321	Abolitionist Movement	An internal movement between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as a morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the U.S	82
6881278903	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration idealogically launched the French revolution	83
6881311882	Estates General	French representative assembly called into Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged	84
6881315583	Freetown	West African settlement in what is now Sierra Leone at which British naval commanders freed Africans they rescued from illegal slave ships	85
6881320696	French Revolution	Massive dislocation of French Society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, launched radical reforms of society that were lost again	86
6881332221	Gens De Couleur	Literally meaning "free people of color"; term used to describe freed slaves and people of mixed racial background	87
6881335370	Haiti	Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French Colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged"	88
6881342377	Haitian Revolution	The only successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Carribean colony of Saint Domingue	89
6881355929	Hidalgo-Morelos Rebellion	Socially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810 and that was led by the priests Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos	90
6881363657	Latin America Revolutions	Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that establish the independence of new states from Spanish rule	91
6881370068	Toussaint Louverture	First leader of the Haitian Revolution; A former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constituion of Haiti	92
6881378936	Maternal Feminism	Movement that claimed that women have value in society not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have vital roles	93
6881383685	Napoleon Bonaparte	French head of state from 1799 until his abduction in 1814 and again briefly in 1815. preserved much of the French Revolution under a autocratic system	94
6881393620	Nation	A clearly defined territory whose people have a sense of common identity and destiny, through ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience	95
6881399829	Nationalism	The focusing of citizens loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture territory and destiny	96
6881410134	North American Revolution	Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America against British rule (1775-1787) The little or poor white population of Saint Domingue, which played a significant role in the Haitian Revolution	97
6882109586	Petit Blancs	The little or poor white population of Saint Domingue, which played a significant role in the Haitian revolution	98
6882119115	Seneca Falls Conference	The first organized women's rights conference, which took place at Seneca Falls, New York in 1848	99
6882127764	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Leading figure of the early women rights movements in the U.S (1815-1902)	100
6882133686	Third Estate	In pre-revolutionary France, term used for 98% of the population that was neither clerical nor noble.	101
6882148893	Bourgeoisie	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople"	102
6882159939	Lenin	Pen name of Russian Bolshevik Vladimir Ulyanov (1870-1924) who was the main leader of the Russian Revolution of 1917	103
6882169460	Lower Middle Class	Social stratum that developed in Britain in the 19th century and that considered of people employed in the service sector	104
6882174784	Karl Marx	The most influential proponent of socialism, Marx (1818-1883) was a German in England in advocated working class revolution as a key to the future	105
6882191946	Mexican Revolution	Long and bloody war (1911-1920) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow	106
6882219569	Middle Class Values	Belief system typical of the middle class that developed in Britain in the 19th century	107
6882222705	Model T	The first automobile affordable enough for a mass market	108
6882225095	Populism	Late 19th century American political that denounced corporate interests of all kinds	109
6882241738	Progressivism	American political movement in the period around 1900 that advocated reform measures to correct the ills of Industrialization	110
6882252742	Proletariat	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the population	111
6882261983	Russian Revolution of 1905	Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country's defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905	112
6882265597	Apartheid	Afrikaans term literally meaning the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks	113
6882278252	Scramble for Africa	Name used for the process of European countries partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period (1875-1900)	114
6882283120	Opium Wars	Two wars fought between western powers and China after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods, especially Opium	115
6882288358	Social Darwinism	An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the 19th century	116
6882720297	Kaozheng	Movement that emphasized importance of precision, accuracy, and analysis	117

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AP World History Chapter 7 Flashcards

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8005038457	Bedouins	groups of nomadic people in Arabia; agriculture; goat and camel herding	0
8005038458	Entrepots	A port city	1
8005038459	Mecca	the holiest city of Islam; Muhammad's birthplace; pilgrimage there; founded by Umayyad Clan	2
8005038460	Ka'ba	pre-Islamic very important shrine in Mecca; incorporated into Muslim worship	3
8005038461	Medina	city of the prophet Muhammad; oasis with agriculture; caravan trade routes; northeast of Mecca	4
8005038462	polygamy	man has more than one wife at the same time; popular in Islamic culture	5
8005038463	Muhammad	Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam; from tribe/clan and orphaned	6
8005038464	Khadijah	the first wife of Muhammad	7
8005038465	Qur'an/ Koran	Holy book of Islam; sacred word of God; written in Arabic and must only be read in Arabic	8
8005038466	Sunna	An Islamic model for living, based on the life and teachings of Muhammad; a set of rules; similar to the 10 commandments	9
8005038467	Umma	community of the faithful in Islamic culture	10
8005038468	Zakat	Obligatory tax for charity	11
8005038469	The 5 Pillars of Islam	Faith, Prayer, Charity, Fasting, Pilgrimage: The basis of Islamic faith; validity of Muhammad's revelations	12
8005038470	Muhammad's Revelations	Given to him by the angel Gabrielle telling him to speak the word of God	13
8005038471	Caliphs	Muslim leaders	14
8005038472	Abu Bakr	First caliph of Islam after the death of Muhammad; defeats Romans/Persians and unites Arabia under Islam	15
8005038473	Umar	Second caliph of Islam; conquers a lot of land; master of many things	16
8005038474	Uthman	Third caliph; succeeded Umar; assassinated; completed the Quran	17
8005038475	Ali	Fourth caliph; cousin of Muhammad; rejected by Umayyads; mediator and loses support; problem of succession	18
8005038476	Jihads	Islamic holy war in defense of faith	19
8005038477	Shiites/ Shi'a	Loyal to Ali; believed caliph should descend from Muhammads family; only Quran	20
8005038478	Sunnites/ Sunni	Followed Umayyad Dynasty; believed any spiritually qualified man could be caliph; Quran and Sunna; more numbers	21
8005038479	Mu'awiya	Leader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali; made Arabic official language	22
8005038480	Why was Islam Successful?	The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak; not satisfied with the Byzantine	23
8005038481	Damascus	Made capital of Umayyad empire; Mecca was still the holy city	24
8005038482	Mosque	A Muslim place of worship	25
8005038483	Hadiths	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad; gives guidance to the Muslims	26
8005038484	Slave concubines	Woman lives with man, but has a lower status that the mans wives; mistress	27
8005038485	Wazir or Vizier	High Muslim official	28
8005038486	Mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam; not accepted as full members until the Abbasid dynasty	29
8005038487	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design	30
8005038488	Ayan	Elite land owner	31
8005038489	Trade	Christians, Jews and Muslims formed "business" and traded together because the each had different sabbaths	32

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Unit 2 Exam Persia & Greece AP World History Flashcards

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4858663991	Empires (1)	*advanced societies with well-organized, centralized gov'ts that conquered & ruled a variety of formerly independent people	0
4922980881	River valley civilizations (1)	*complex societies with advanced technologies, cities, workers, writing, & institutions	1
4922987398	Persia Basic Info (3)	In modern day Iran grew under power of King Darius & Cyrus *the Persians conquered Mesopotamia, Egypt, & India	2
4922998519	Persia Culture (3)	Persian religion was Zoroastrianism, which viewed life as a struggle between good & evil Persians believed in heaven & hell as consequences for how they lived their lives *Zoroastrianism influenced the views of the afterlife in Judaism, Christianity, & Islam	3
4923012784	Persian Empire (5)	Persians controlled their empire by -being tolerant & allowed conquered people to keep their languages & religions -Rather than destroying or looting conquered cities, King Cyrus would show respect for local customs King Darius divided the empire into 20 provinces each ruled by a satrap (local governor) Satraps were the "eyes & ears of the king," collected taxes, & informed the king of uprisings The Persians used metal coins with standardized values to help promote trade	4
4923041359	Greece Basic Info (3)	* developed in the Mediterranean and in Asia The first major classical civilization was ancient Greece Classic cultures created high levels of achievement in art, science, & technology that impacted future ages	5
4923063992	Greece Geography (4)	Greece's lack of natural resources & location on the Mediterranean Sea encouraged Greek to trade with neighboring societies Mountains covered about 75% of Greece which divided the people & made unifying the Greek people nearly impossible The Greeks developed independent city-states, called polis, within each valley & its surrounding mountains Access to the sea increased trade & cultural diffusion (sharing ideas) with other cultures	6
4923070323	Greece Culture (5)	Despite their lack of unity, the Greeks shared some common characteristics: -Greeks shared the same language -Greek writing was influenced by the Phoenician alphabet & became the basis for Latin Greeks were polytheistic & believed that the gods were immortal but had human qualities;Religion became the basis for Greek mythology City-states had an acropolis, a temple on a hill dedicated to a sacred god Most Greek city-states had an agora that was the center for trade & government	7
4923084249	Differences Among Greek City-States (Government) (4)	Despite similar language & religion, the Greek polis were very different from each other, especially how they were governed Some polis had a monarchy, a gov't ruled by a king Some polis had an aristocracy, a gov't ruled by elite nobles Some polis like Sparta had an oligarchy, a gov't ruled by a small group of citizens Some polis like Athens had a direct democracy, a gov't ruled by citizens who vote on decisions	8
4923101780	Athens (4)	The Greek city-states Athens & Sparta represented the differences among polis *Athenian society focused on wealth & culture: -Athens had a direct democracy in which both rich & poor citizens could vote & hold public office -Architects built the Parthenon to honor the goddess Athena -Philosophers Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle questioned assumptions & the use of logic to find answers to questions	9
4923118187	Sparta (4)	The Greek city-states Athens & Sparta represented the differences among polis Spartan society focused on military strength, not freedom & learning Spartan men served in the military until 60 years old Boys began military training at age 7 Women ran family estates while men trained or fought	10
4923123784	Peloponnesian War (1)	Athens & Sparta competed for influence in Greece & developed a strong rivalry that eventually led to the Peloponnesian War	11
4923152599	Greece Military (6)	From 493 B.C. to 479 B.C., Persian kings Darius & Xerxes tried (but failed) to conquer the Greeks in the Persian Wars The Peloponnesian Wars left the Greeks weak & open to invasion After the Persian Wars, the Greek city-states, led by rivals Athens & Sparta, fought each other in the Peloponnesian Wars In 338 B.C., King Philip II of Macedonia attacked & conquered the Greeks, but he died soon after Macedonians viewed themselves as Greeks & shared much of their culture; King Philip II hired Aristotle to tutor his son Alexander	12
4923172615	Alexander (18)	Alexander was only 20 years old when he became king of Macedonia -But he proved to be ambitious & a brilliant military strategist -Once in power, Alexander began to expand his empire King Philip II hired Aristotle to tutor his son Alexander Alexander began his conquest by crushing a Greek revolt in Thebes; -He ordered the death of 6,000 people & sold everyone else into slavery; -His brutality convinced other Greeks to not rebel conquering Egypt; -Egyptians viewed Alexander as a liberator In 331 B.C., Alexander attacked & defeated the mighty Persian army led by King Darius III Alexander destroyed the capital of Persepolis Alexander led his army to conquer India; -After taking the Indus River Valley, Alexander's troops begged him to return home after 11 years away from their homes while conquering the empire he fell ill & died at the age of 32 He spread Hellenic (Greek) innovations & culture throughout his empire in each territory he conquered, Alexander left behind a Greek-styled city named Alexandria *When Alexander died without an heir, his empire was divided among his top 3 generals -Alexander's empire was the largest of the classical era, but it was short-lived (13 years) & was never unified or governed	13
4923206576	Alexandria, Egypt (3)	Alexandria in Egypt was the most significant of these cities & best represented Hellenism (the spread & blending of Greek culture Alexandria became the center for Hellenistic culture & trade for the Mediterranean world *Alexandria had a museum & library that preserved Greek, Egyptian, Persian, Indian cultures & attracted scholars for centuries	14
4923229279	Greek Achievement (3)	The Greeks emphasized education & the pursuit of knowledge Many Greeks could afford to support academies & centers of learning *Greece's location along the Mediterranean Sea allowed for trade, the spread of diverse ideas, & the ability to build n achievements from other parts of the ancient world	15
4923232229	Greek Democracy (4)	The foundation for our democratic republic began in Athens with their development of direct democracy. Athenian citizens participated in government decisions by voting. A council would propose laws and then all men over 18 years that wanted to could vote The approved ideas would become laws.	16
4923239053	Greek Literature & Drama (3)	Homer, the poet wrote the famous stories of The Odyssey and The Iliad, which are read in Language Arts classes all over the world. They were the first to develop comedies and tragedies. *Theaters were built that were open-air and built in a way that everyone in the audience could hear and see the action.	17
4923241395	Greek Architecture (2)	The Parthenon, a temple made of marble in honor of the goddess Athena, is probably one of the most famous examples of Greek architecture. The Greeks used columns (Doric, Ionic and Corinthian) & displayed murals of mythological scenes in their buildings.	18
4923245306	Greek Mathematics (3)	circumference of circles. Euclid developed proofs that became the basis for modern geometry *Pythagorean Theorem	19
4923251391	Greek Engineering (2)	The Greek scientist Archimedes used engineering to design levers to lift heavy objects as well as a large screw that pumped water from the ground. Archimedes also invented war machines with reflective metals that used the sun's heat to burn ships and catapults that threw stones and arrows.	20
4923253874	Greek Art (3)	The Greeks began carving life-size statues very early on. Greek sculpture was innovative by showing realism & human movement Greek artists tried to show "ideal human beauty" which often was represented by nude sculptures	21
4923257347	Greek Medicine (3)	Hippocrates is called the "father of modern medicine" because he began a school that introduced new medical teachings and practices. Hippocrates believed that disease was caused by natural events not by the gods. *The Greeks developed the Hippocratic Oath, a pledge that doctors take that emphasizes doctor's responsibility for their patients.	22

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AP World History Ch.6 Flashcards

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7419057647	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to islam.	0
7419059496	Shaykhs	leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children.	1
7669103482	Mecca	City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quarsyh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammad; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in islam.	2
7669129177	Umayyad	Clan of Quarsyh that dominated politics and economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of islam; 661-750	3
7669144593	Quarysh	Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century BCE	4
7669151921	Ka'Ba	Most revered religious shrine in preislamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedoiuns tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam	5
7669173825	Medina	Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad and following flight from Mecca.	6
7669195054	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quarsyh tribe in Mecca; raised by fathers family; received revelations from allah in 610 CE and thereafter; died in 632	7
7669216982	Khadijah	First wife of prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader.	8
7669230738	Qur'an	Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam	9
7669238482	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	10
7669252864	Umma	Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity	11
7669266242	Zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all muslims	12
7669273557	Five Pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj	13
7669290440	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset	14
7669301909	Hajj	A muslims pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba	15
7669312410	Caliph	The political and religious successor of Muhammad	16
7669318062	Bakr,Abu	One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first Caliph pf Islamic community	17
7669334725	Ridda Wars	Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of the larger clans; restored unity in Islam	18
7669348099	Jihad	Struggle;often used for wars in defense of the faith	19
7669355580	Copts	Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule.	20
7669368805	Nestorians	A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions	21
7669387838	Uthman	Third Caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad Clan	22
7669404368	Battle of Siffin	Fought in 637 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	23
7669425984	Mu'awiya	leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	24
7669437496	Sunnis	Political and theological division within Islam; supported by Ummayads	25
7669449248	Shi'a	Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali	26
7669460941	Karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn; son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate.	27
7669472497	Damascus	Syrian city that was the capital of Umayyad caliphate	28
7669484272	Mawali	Non-arabs converts to Islam	29
7669492075	Jizya	Head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories.	30
7669500161	Ahul Kitab	literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians to Islamic territories; later extended to Zorastians and even Hindus.	31
7669533608	Hadiths	traditions of the prophet	32
7669542086	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within islam; came to power in 750 CE	33
7669555943	Battle of the River Zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital	34
7669568714	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid Dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	35
7669585491	Wazir	Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Perisan provinces of empire.	36
7669599946	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels with traingular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design.	37
7669613932	Ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decaded of Abbasid rule.	38

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06.12.2017 B1 Flashcards

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8272202741	bother	niepokoić	0
8272205033	noisy	hałaśliwy	1
8272206438	make a noise	hałasować	2
8272207323	take photos	robić zdjęcia	3
8272208992	seem ( to be)	wydawać się	4
8272210719	put through	połączyć	5
8272212863	common	powszechny	6
8272214556	increase	wzrastać wzrost	7
8272215580	rise	wzrastać wzrost	8
8272216393	under	pod	9
8272216807	behind	za, z tyłu	10
8272217250	between	pomiędzy	11
8272218930	central heating	centralne ogrzewanie	12
8272220697	(in the )foreground	na pierwszym plania	13
8272226032	quality	jakość cecha	14

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AP English Language Flashcards

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6926027541	Analogy	a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification. Example:	0
6926056253	Argument	The combination of reasons, evidence, etc that an author uses to convince an audience of their position. Example:Too comprehensive a concept for a single example! In effective rhetoric, every phrase serves to further build the argument.	1
6934553285	Aristotelian appeals	Three different methods of appealing to an audience to convince them—ethos, logos, and pathos. Example:See ethos, logos and pathos.	2
6934561636	Attitude	The writer's personal views or feelings about the subject at hand. Example: "the deplorable state of this school" would convey that the author has a negative attitude towards the school.	3
6934564173	Audience	Who the author is directing his or her message towards Example:When you create a resume, your audience is potential employers.	4
6934567898	Compare and contrast	Discussing the similarities and differences between two things to some persuasive or illustrative purpose. Example:"Hybrid cars have a much smaller carbon footprint than traditional midsize vehicles."	5
6934571115	Connotation	The implied meaning of a word; words can broadly have positive, negative, or neutral connotations. Example:conscientious = positive connotation	6
6934572867	Context	The extra-textual environment in which the text is being delivered. Example:If I am delivering a congratulatory speech to awards recipients, the immediate context might be the awards presentation ceremony; the broader context might be the purpose or significance of the awards themselves.	7
6934577235	Counterargument	The argument(s) against the author's position. Example:If I want to eliminate the dress code, a counterargument might be that this will place a burden on students of a lower socioeconomic status, who must now afford an entire school wardrobe or risk unwanted attention.	8
6934588203	Deductive reasoning	A form of logical reasoning wherein a general principle is applied to a specific case. Example:If all planets orbit a star, and Theta II is a planet, then it must orbit a star.	9
6934592938	Denotation	The literal, dictionary-definition meaning of a word. Example:The denotation of "chair" is "a place to sit."	10
6934595046	Diction	The style of language used; generally tailored to be appropriate to the audience and situation. Example:You might say "What's up, loser?" to your little brother, but you would probably say "How are you doing today?" to your principal.	11
6934600824	Ethos	Setting up a source as credible and trustworthy. Example: "Given my PhD in the subject and years of experience in the field" is an appeal to ethos.	12
6934604396	Evidence	The information presented meant to persuade the audience of the author's position. Example: If I were arguing that Anne is a good student, I might reference her straight-A report card and her 1500 SAT score as pieces of evidence.	13
6934610150	Figurative language	The use of language in a non-literal way; i.e. metaphor, simile, etc. Example: "The sky's like a jewel box tonight!"	14
6934615069	Genre	The specific type of work being presented. Example: Broader categories include "novel" and "play," while more specific genres would be things like "personal essay" or "haiku."	15
7193191196	Imagery	Any descriptive language used to evoke a vivid sense or image of something; includes figurative language. Example: "The water was a pearl-studded sea of azure tipped with turquoise."	16
7193191662	Implication	When something is suggested without being concretely stated. Example: Broader categories include "novel" and "play," while more specific genres would be things like "personal essay" or "haiku."	17
7193194046	Inductive reasoning	Making a generalization based on specific evidence at hand. Example:All of the planets in this solar system orbit a star, so all planets probably orbit stars.	18
7193195521	Irony	At the most basic sense, saying the opposite of what you mean; also used to describe situations in which the results of an action are dramatically different than intended. Example:"I do so hope there are more papers to sign," is something that might be said ironically.	19
7193196780	Juxtaposition	Placing two very different things together for effect. Example:"There they stood together, the beggars and the lords, the princesses and the washerwoman, all crowding into the square."	20
7193203087	Logos	Appealing to someone's sense of concrete facts and logic. Example:Citing peer-reviewed scientific studies is an appeal to logos.	21
7193203866	Occasion	The reason or moment for writing or speaking. Example:When giving a graduation speech, the occasion is graduation.	22
7193204355	Organization	How the different parts of an argument are arranged in a piece of writing or speech. Example:Think about the outlines you write in preparation for drafting an argumentative essay and you'll have an idea of what organization is.	23
7193206930	Pathos	An Aristotelian appeal. Involves appealing to someone's emotions. Examples:Animal shelters ads with pictures of cute sad animals and dramatic music are using pathos.	24
7193207362	Purpose	The author's persuasive intention. Example:If you are trying to convince your mother you should get a dog, your purpose in addressing an essay on the subject to her would be to convince her that you should get a dog.	25
7193207716	Repetition	Re-using a word or phrase repeatedly for effect or emphasis. Example:"We run, and we run, and we run, like rats on a wheel."	26
7193209051	Rhetoric	The use of spoken or written word (or a visual medium) to convey your ideas and convince an audience. Example:Almost everything is an example of rhetoric!	27
7193225013	Rhetoric Triangle	The relationship between the author, the audience, the text/message, and the context Example:The author communicates to the reader via the text; and the reader and text are surrounded by context.	28
7193225900	Speaker	The persona adopted by the author to deliver his or her message; may or may not actually be the same person as the author. Example:Similar to the difference between author and narrator in a work of fiction.	29
7193225901	Style	The author's own personal approach to rhetoric in the piece; similar to voice. Example:We might say the Taylor Swift's songwriting style is straightforward and emotive.	30
7193227208	Symbolism	Using a symbol to refer to an idea or concept. Example:"Fire" is commonly used a symbol for passion and/or anger.	31
7193228934	Syntax	The way sentences are grammatically constructed. Example:"She likes pie"	32
7193229709	Synthesis	Combining sources or ideas in a coherent way in the purpose of a larger point. Example:A typical research paper involves synthesizing sources to make a broader point about the topic.	33
7193232178	Themes	Overarching ideas or driving premises of a work. Example:Some themes you will probably hear in your high school graduation speech include leaving behind a legacy, moving into the great unknown, becoming an adult, and changing the world.	34
7193234187	Tone	The use of stylistic devices to reveal an author's attitude toward a subject. Example:Only a narrow distinction from attitude. The phrase "the deplorable state of this school" reveals a negative attitude, but the word choice of "deplorable" is part of the author's tone.	35
7193235212	Voice	An author's unique sound. Similar to style. Example:Think of the way that you can recognize a pop singer on the radio without hearing who it is first.	36
7193237279	Alliteration	Using words with the same first letter repeatedly close together in a phrase or sentence. Example:"She purchased the pretty purple parka."	37
7193239715	Allusion	Making a brief reference to the cultural canon—e.g. the Bible, Shakespeare, classical mythology, etc. Example:"Like Eve in the Garden of Eden, George was not good at resisting temptation."	38
7193240888	Anecdote	Offering a brief narrative episode. This device can serve many functions in a text—for example, introducing an issue, serving as evidence, to illustrate a point, and so on. Example:"When I went to buy my morning coffee, I ran into an old friend. He told me he had won the lottery and he was about to buy a yacht. Two months later I heard he had declared bankruptcy."	39
7193242132	Concession	Agreeing with the opposing viewpoint on a certain smaller point (but not in the larger argument). Example:"While I admit that hybrid cars have higher carbon production costs than conventional automobiles, this is dramatically offset by the much-smaller lifetime carbon footprint of the vehicles."	40
7193242762	Didactic	A text with an instructive purpose, often moral. Examples:Aesop's fables are an example of a didactic work.	41
7193244018	Euphemism	Referring to something with a veiled phrase instead of saying it directly Example:"She let Bob go," is a euphemism for "she fired Bob."	42
7193247529	Exemplification	Providing examples in service of a point. Example:"The Town Beautification Funds are being sorely misused; the streets are full of litter, the parks are full of broken equipment, and City Hall's facade is drab and crumbling."	43
7193250231	Hyperbole	Overstating a situation for humorous or dramatic effect. Example:"My backpack weighs tons!"	44
7193251352	Idiom	A commonly used phrase that signifies something very different than its literal meaning. Example:"This costs an arm and a leg!" is an idiom which means "This is very expensive."	45
7193251628	Onomatopoeia	Using "sound-effect" words (e.g. "clap," "buzz). Example:"We heard an ominous hiss from the kitchen."	46
7193256802	Paradox	A phrase or assertion that appears to contradict itself (but the contradiction itself may have its own meaning). Example:Paradoxical phrases include "dark angel," "fresh rot," "blissful hell," etc.	47
7193258167	Parallelism	Repeated structural elements in a sentence. Example:"We went to sea; we went to war; we went to bed."	48
7193259761	Parody	Using the form of something to mimic and make fun of it. Example:Weird Al is the master of the musical parody genre.	49
7193260313	Personification	Giving human characteristics to a nonhuman object or idea. Example:"The sun was shining happily today."	50
7193261290	Sarcasm	Mockingly stating the opposite of what you mean. Easier to convey in the spoken word than via writing Example:"Did you come up with that all by yourself?" might be delivered sarcastically after someone delivers a poorly-thought out idea.	51
7193262533	Satire	A genre of humorous and mocking criticism to expose the ignorance and/or ills of society. Example:"Did you come up with that all by yourself?" might be delivered sarcastically after someone delivers a poorly-thought out idea.	52
7193264174	Synecdoche	Referring to one part of something as a way to refer to the whole.	53
7193266879	Understatement	Deliberately minimizing something, usually for humorous effect.	54

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Top Team B: Unit 12 Flashcards

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5517920968	blue shorts		0
5517920969	blue socks		1
5517920970	trainers		2
5517921757	a pair of shoes	a p______ of sh________	3
5517921758	a pirate t-shirt	a pir_________ t-sh________	4
5517921759	the woman is working	the w__________ is wo___________	5
5517921760	make a cake	m________ a cake	6
5517921761	the dog is wearing a t-shirt	the dog is w____________ a t-___________	7
5517923169	win		8
5517923170	fast		9
5517923171	slow		10