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AP Language Vocab 11/4 Flashcards

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5330938896AridDry, Boring, Dull0
5330944809BelligerentAggressive, Hostile, Confrontational1
5330947107CosmopolitanInternational, Multinational2
5330957099Cumulativeincreasing by successive additions, collective3
5330962892DeliberationReflection; Discussion; Consideration by a group of people4
5330972536ExorbitantExcessive, Ridiculous5
5330975689PragmaticPractical, Sensible, Realistic6
5331048350SycophantA Flatterer, "yes man", kiss up7
5331053295Sanctimoniousself-righteous, smug8
5331060506Ubiquitouseverywhere, widespread9

Biology Flashcards

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4432536713PATHOGENMICROORGANISM THAT CAUSES ILLNESS OR DISEASE0
4432541654ANTIBODYPRODUCED BY WBC WHEN IMMUNE SYSTEM DETECTS A PARTICULAR PATHOGEN1
4432546668BACTERIABacteria are living cells and can multiply rapidly. Once inside the body, they release poisons or toxins that make us feel ill. BACTERIA GET IN BETWEEN CELLS2
4432562277VIRUSESViruses can only reproduce inside host cells, and they damage the cell when they do this VIRUSES GET INTO CELL3
4432573763DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSESinfluenza - flu, colds, Measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, AIDS4
4432587625DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIAfood poisoning, Cholera, typhoid, whooping cough, gonorrhoea - a sexually transmitted disease5
4432607890WHAT ARE BODY'S DEFENCE MECHANISMS?SKIN, STOMACH ACID, EYELASHES, TEARS, COUGH6
4432611884WHITE BLOOD CELLSWhite blood cells can ingest and destroy pathogens. They can produce antibodies to destroy pathogens7
4432623896VACCINESARE SMALL AMOUNTS OF DEAD / WEAKENED PATHOGENS8
4432634215MMRMEASLES, MUMPS AND RUBELLA9
4432635628EPIDEMICWIDESPREAD OUTBREAK OF AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE WITHIN A COUNTRY10
4432639842PANDEMICA DISEASE THAT IS SPREAD RAPIDLY ACROSS MANY COUNTRIES11
4432643440SYMPTOMS OF AN INFECTIONPAIN, FEVER, RASH, NAUSEA, HEADACHE, COUGHING12
4432646998ANOMALYSOMETHING THAT DEVIATES FROM NORMAL OR EXPECTED13
4432653189DEPENDENT VARIABLEWHAT YOU MEASURE- ON Y AXIS14
4432657550INDEPENDENT VARIABLEWHAT YOU CHOOSE VALUES FOR- ON Y AXIS15
4432660899CONTROL VARIABLEVARIABLES THAT REMAIN CONSTANT OR UNCHANGED16
4432721758WHITE BLOOD CELLS CAN-ingest pathogens and destroy them -produce antibodies to destroy pathogens -produce antitoxins that neutralise the toxins released by pathogens white blood cells do not eat the pathogens - they ingest them17
4518257970DECAYThe breakdown of dead plant and animal material by fungi, bacteria and other organisms. Requires WOW W-warmth O-oxygen W- water18
4518276268RELAY NEURONESNeurones that carry information from a sensory nerve cell to a motor nerve cell19
4518296084NEUROTRANSMITTER20
4518308860CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) consists of- the brain and spinal cord21
4518312738PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) consists of- nerve cells that carry information to or from the CNS. Includes spinal cord and peripheral nerves.22
4518326340RECEPTORS- can detect a change in the environment (stimulus) and produce electrical impulses in response. Sense organs contain groups of receptors that respond to specific stimuli.23
4518331885EFFECTORS-produces a response e.g.muscle contracts to move hand away from stimulus or gland squeezes and releases hormone into blood.24
4518423376SYNAPSEWhere two neurones meet, there is a tiny gap called a synapse. Signals cross this gap using chemicals released by a neurone. The chemical diffuses across the gap makes the next neurone transmit an electrical signal.25
4518428566REFLEX-a way for the body to automatically and rapidly respond to a stimulus to minimise any further damage to the body. stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector → response26
4518444010SENSORY NEURONEA sensory neurone sends impulses (from a sensory receptor) to a relay neurone in the spinal cord/CNS.27
4518453842RELAY NEURONE-carry messages from one part of the CNS to another28
4518456069MOTOR NEURONEA motor neurone sends impulses from the spinal cord/CNS to effector (muscle of gland).29

Emergency Care 13th Edition Chapter 39 terms Flashcards

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4263876941contaminationthe introduction of or contact with dangerous chemicals, disease, or infectious materials.0
4263876942dissemniationspreading1
4263876943domestic terrorismterrorism directed against the government or population without foreign direction.2
4263876944exposurethe dose or concentration of an agent multiplied by the time, or duration.3
4263876945international terrorismterrorism that is foreign-based or directed.4
4263876946multiple devicesdestructive devices, such as bombs, including both those used in the initial attack and those placed to be activated after an initial attack and timed to injure emergency responders and others who rush in to help care for those targeted by an initial attack. See also secondary devices.5
4263876947permeationthe movement of a substance through a surface or, on a molecular level, through intact materials; penetration, or spreading.6
4263876948remroentgen equivalent (in) man; a measure of radiation dosage.7
4263876949routes of entrypathways into the body, generally by absorption, ingestion, injection, or inhalation.8
4263876950secondary devicesdestructive devices, such as bombs, placed to be activated after an initial attack and timed to injure emergency responders and others who rush in to help care for those targeted by an initial attack. See also multiple devices.9
4263876951stratagiesbroad general plans designed to achieve desired outcomes.10
4263876952tacticsspecific operational actions to accomplish assigned tasks.11
4263876953terrorismthe unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives (U.S. Department of Justice, FBI, definition). See also domestic terrorism; international terrorism.12
4263876954weaponizationpackaging or producing a material, such as a chemical, biological, or radiological agent, so that it can be used as a weapon; for example, by dissemination in a bomb detonation or as an aerosol sprayed over an area or introduced into a ventilation system.13
4263876955weapons of mass destructionweapons, devices, or agents intended to cause widespread harm and/or fear among a population.14
4263876956zoonoticable to move through the animal-human barrier; transmissible from animals to humans.15

Emergency Care 13th Ed. Chapter 39 - EMS Response to Terrorism Flashcards

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4263878869________ is the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectivesTerrorism0
4263878870_______ _______ is terrorism directed against one's own government or population without foreign directionDomestic Terrorism1
4263878871_______ _______ is terrorism that is purely foreign-based or directedInternational Terrorism2
4263878872CBRNEChemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, Explosive3
4263878873________ _____ ______ _______ (WMD) are weapons, devices, or agents intended to cause widespread harm and/or fear among a populationWeapons of Mass Destruction4
4263878874______ ______ are destructive devices, such as bombs, including those used in the initial attack and those placed to be activated after an initial attack and timed to injure emergency responders and others who rush in to help care for those targeted by an initial attackMultiple Devices5
4263878875______ ______ are those placed to be activated after the initial attackSecondary Devices6
4263878876Terrorism incidents are also considered ______ ______Crime Scenes7
4263878877OTTOOccupancy, Type of Event, Timing, On-Scene Warnings8
4263878878TRACEM-PThermal, Radiological, Asphyxiation, Chemical, Etiological, Mechanical, Psychological9
4263878879Protection of the EMT is based on avoiding or minimizing exposure through the principles of ______, ______, and ________Time, distance, and shielding10
4263878880A ________ emergency is a situation in which the potential or actual point of origin or source of a disease is locatedFocused11
4263878881A ______ ______ ______ manifests itself as a sudden demand in the public health infrastructure with no apparent explanation for the occurencePublic health emergency12
4263878882________ are single-celled organismsBacterias13
4263878883________ are the smallest known entities capable of reproductionViruses14
4263878884_______ are poisons produced by living organismsToxins15
4263878885________ is the dose or concentration of an agent multiplied by the time or durationExposure16
4263878886______ _____ ______ are pathways into the body, generally by absorption, ingestion, injection, or inhalationRoutes of entry (Exposures)17
4263878887_______ (mosquitoes or fleas) can carry biological agents from one host to anotherVectors18
4263878888_________ is contact with or presence of a material that is present where it does not belong and that is somehow harmful to persons, animals, or the environmentContamination (Clings to body or clothing)19
4263878889_________ is the movement of a substance through a surface, or, on a molecular level, through intact materials, penetration, or spreadingPermeation20
4263878890All ________ incidents should be treated as potential disseminations of radiological materialsExplosive21
4263878891______ is defined as the portion of operations that occurs after a written or verbal warning is received but before an explosion takes placePreblast22
4263878892______ refers to operations occurring after at least one detonation has occuredPostblast23
4263878893________ means spreadingDissemination24
4263878894The most effective means of dissemination is to enable the material to enter the _______ _______Respiratory Tract25
4263878895__________ is packaging or producing a material, such as chemical, biological, or radiological agent, so it can be used as a weaponWeaponization26
4263878896The more ________ (easily evaporable) a material, the greater airborne concentration that will be releasedVolatile27
4263878897________ agents are primarily respiratory irritantsChoking28
4263878898________ agents (Blister) cause chemical changes in cellsVesicating29
4263878899_______ were referred to as blood agents, preventing the use of oxygen in the body's cellsCyanides30
4263878900_______ agents produce the symptoms SLUDGEMNerve31
4263878901SLUDGEMSalivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, GI Upset, Emesis, Miosis (pupils)32
4263878902________ reflects the relative ease with which the microorganisms involved establish themselves in a host speciesInfectivity33
4263878903______ relates to the severity of the disease producedVirulence34
4263878904______ reflects the severity of the illness or incapacitation produced by a toxinToxicity35
4263878905________ means able to move the animal-human barrier, transmissible from animals to humansZoonotic (Anthrax)36
4263878906_________ can affect the blood-forming system, the GI system, and the CNSRadiation37
4263878907______ is a measure of radiation dosageRem38
4263878908______ ______ is a direct consequence of the HE overpressurization wave and the most common cause of death in a blast injuryBlast lung39
4263878909_______ are broad general plans designed to achieve desired outcomesStrategies40
4263878910_______ are specific operational actions to accomplish assigned tasksTactics41
4263878911The ______ _______ is the most distant control point or boundary of an incident, used to restrict all public access to the incidentOuter perimeter42
4263878912The ______ _______ isolates known hazards within the outer perimeterInner perimeter (Hot Zone)43

Emergency Care 13th Ed. Chapter 38 - Highway Safety and Vehicle Extrication Flashcards

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6076187967A ______ ______ is preferred for blocking purposes on highwaysFire apparatus0
6076187968The apparatus that is used to block should be positioned to create ____-____ lanes of blockage with the front wheels rotated away from the incident1 1/2-2 lanes1
6076187969Vehicle _______ and all white lights should be shut off at night timeHeadlights2
6076187970_______ is the process by which entrapped patients are rescued from vehicles, buildings, tunnels, or other placesExtrication3
6076187971Position flares every ___ feet10 feet4
6076187972To disable the air bags, the ______ must be disconnectedBattery (Negative)5
6076187973Place yourself _______ or perpendicular to bumpersDiagonally6
6076187974Ground ________ may provide your first clue that a wire is downGradient7
6076187975________ tires so the vehicle rests on the chocks is common practiceDeflating8
6076187976The _______ _____ keeps the doors from flying open in a collsionNader pin9

Emergency Care 13th Edition Chapter 37 Flashcards

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4501082623cold zonearea where the Incident Command post and support functions are located.0
4501082624commandthe first on the scene to establish order and initiate the Incident Command System.1
4501082625decontaminationthe removal or cleansing of dangerous chemicals and other dangerous or infectious materials.2
4501082626disaster plana predefined set of instructions for a community's emergency responders.3
4501082627hazardous materialany substance or material in a form that poses an unreasonable risk to health, safety, and property when transported in commerce or kept in storage at a warehouse, port, depot, or railroad facility.4
4501082628hot zonearea immediately surrounding a hazmat incident; extends far enough to prevent adverse effects outside the zone.5
4501082629incident commandthe person or persons who assume overall direction of a large-scale incident.6
4501082630incident command systema subset of the National Incident Management System (NIMS) designed specifically for management of multiple-casualty incidents.7
4501082631multiple-casualty incidentany medical or trauma incident involving multiple patients.8
4501082632national incident management systemthe management system used by federal, state, and local governments to manage emergencies in the United States.9
4501082633single incident commandcommand organization in which a single agency controls all resources and operations.10
4501082634staging areathe area where ambulances are parked and other resources are held until needed.11
4501082635staging supervisorperson responsible for overseeing ambulances and ambulance personnel at a multiple-casualty incident.12
4501082636surge capacitya measurable representation of ability to manage a sudden influx of patients. It is dependent on a well functioning incident management system and the variables of space, supplies, staff, and any special considerations (contaminated or contagious patients, for example). (Source: ACEP, 2011).13
4501082637transportation supervisorperson responsible for communicating with sector officers and hospitals to manage transportation of patients to hospitals from a multiple-casualty incident.14
4501082638treatment areathe area in which patients are treated at a multiple-casualty incident.15
4501082639treatment supervisorperson responsible for overseeing treatment of patients who have been triaged at a multiple-casualty incident.16
4501082640triagethe process of quickly assessing patients at a multiple-casualty incident and assigning each a priority for receiving treatment; from a French word meaning "to sort."17
4501082641triage areathe area where secondary triage takes place at a multiple-casualty incident.18
4501082642triage supervisorthe person responsible for overseeing triage at a multiple-casualty incident.19
4501082643triage tagcolor-coded tag indicating the priority group to which a patient has been assigned.20
4501082644unified commandcommand organization in which several agencies work independently but cooperatively.21
4501082645warm zonearea where personnel and equipment decontamination and hot zone support take place; it includes control points for the access corridor and thus assists in reducing the spread of contamination.22

AP World History: Ch. 25 Industrialization and Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order, Pt. 2 Flashcards

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6125813432Isandhlwana(1879) Zulu defeat of a British army; one of the few indigenous victories over 19th-century European armies.0
6125819699tropical dependenciesWestern European possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations.1
6125826277settlement coloniesSouth Africa, New Zealand, Algeria, Kenya, and Hawaii—where minority European populations lived among majority indigenous peoples.2
6125829755White Dominionsa type of settlement colony—as in North America and Australia—where European settlers made up the majority of the population.3
6125835601white racial supremacyBelief in the inherent superiority of whites over the rest of humanity; peaked in the period before World War I.4
6125841690NatalBritish colony in southern Africa; developed after Boer trek north from Cape Colony; major commercial outpost at Durban.5
6125846244Boer RepublicsIndependent states—the Orange Free State and Transvaal—established during the 1850s in the South African interior by Afrikaners.6
6125849669Cecil RhodesBritish entrepreneur in South Africa; manipulated the political situation to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the Boer republics.7
6125853826Anglo-Boer War(1899-1902): fought between the British and Afrikaners; British victory and post-war policies left Africans under Afrikaner control.8
6128167048Scramble for AfricaEuropean nations rushing to Africa to claim land, which would become colonies.9
6128182900breech-loadingA type of weapon that replaced the clumsy musket, that fired faster and more accurately.10
6128199690Zulusa Bantu ethnic group of Southern Africa and the largest ethnic group in South Africa11
6128209601miscegenationThe interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types.12
6128217090social exlusionDisdain for the native culture of colonized people by their European overlords.13
6128230898BoersDutch farmers who were the descendants of Dutch immigrants in South Africa.14
6128268675"Coloreds"A result of the extensive miscegenation between Boers and Khoikhoi.15
6128279706Great TrekThe migration of thousands of Boers inland into the veld.16
6128286583MaoriIndigenous population of New Zealand.17
6128302508HaolesTerm used by Hawaiians to describe Western settlers from various countries.18

AP World History: Chapter 17 Flashcards

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6163094621Evliya Çelebi(1610-1683) The most famous of Ottoman travelers:his writings contain rich portraits of his own society as well as those he visited in Europe, Iran, Arabia, and North Africa.0
6163094622JanissariesAn elite corps of slaves trained as professional soldiers in the Ottoman military. Janissary soldiers were Christian youths from the Balkans who were pressed into service and forced to convert into Islam.1
6163097139Süleyman(r. 1520-1566) Credited with the development of literature, art, architecture, and law and for inclusive policies toward religious minorities, Süleyman extended the Ottoman empire while maintaining economic and political stability.2
6163097261Safavid dynasty(1501-1722) Dynasty that established Shi'ite Islam as the state religion in Iran and challenged the powerful Ottoman empire. The Safavids fell to invaders from Central Asia in the early eighteenth century.3
6163099480Abbas I(r. 1587-1629) Safavid ruler who created a long and stable reign, beautified the capital city of Isfahan, promoted foreign trade, and repelled Ottoman invaders.4
6163099481SufiA mystical form of Islam in which adherents follow a set of specified practices, often involving meditation and rhythmic movement, in an attempt to become closer to God. Sufis pay great respect to the leaders of their brotherhood even after death, often erecting shrines, which they visit as saints' tombs.5
6163101344Habsburg dynastyPowerful ruling house that expanded from Austria to Spain, the Netherlands, and the Spanish empire, as well as throughout the German-speaking world when Charles V (r. 1516-1556) was elected Holy Roman emperor.6
6163102674Philip II(r. 1556-1598) Son of Charles V and king of Spain. Considering himself a defender of Catholicism, Philip launched attacks on Protestants in England and the Netherlands.7
6163102675John Calvin(1509-1564) A Protestant leader whose followers emphasized individual scriptural study and the absolute sovereignty of God.8
6163104645Thirty Years' War(1618-1648) Series of wars fought by various European powers on German-speaking lands. Began as a competition between Catholic and Lutheran rulers and was complicated by the dynastic and strategic interests of Europe's major powers.9
6163106604Louis XIV(r. 1643-1715) Known as the "Sun King," Louis epitomized royal absolutism and established firm control over the French state. Aggressively pursued military domination of Europe while patronizing French arts from his court at Versailles.10
6163109996PuritansSeventeenth-century reformers of the Church of England who attempted to purge the church of all Catholic influences. They were Calvinists who emphasized Bible reading, simplicity and modesty, and the rejection of priestly authority and elaborate rituals.11
6163113939Bill of RightsIn 1689, King William and Queen Mary of England recognized a Bill of Rights that protected their subjects against arbitrary seizure of person or property and that required annual meetings of Parliament.12
6163115422Peter the Great(r. 1685-1725) Powerful Romanov tsar who built a new Russian capital at St. Petersburg, emulated Western advances in military technology, and extended the Russian empire further into Asia.13
6163115423AshkenazimThe largest group in the Jewish diaspora, speaking the German-derived language of Yiddish and living in central and eastern Europe.14
6163117861PrussiaWith its capital in Berlin, Prussia was the rising German power of the eighteenth century. Its military prowess set it in competition with Habsburg Austria for influence over the many German-speaking kingdoms and principalities.15

AP World History Foundational Vocabulary Flashcards

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7632271653ArtisanDefinition: A worker in skilled trade that involves making things by hand Real World Example: Blacksmith SPICE Element: Society Sentence: A blacksmith is considered to be an artisan because they craft swords and other weapons by hand in forges.0
7632272460CasteDefinition: A rigid system of social classification based on karma and dharma Real World Example: Hindu main categories- Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras, Dalits SPICE Element: Society Sentence: The Caste system divides Hindus into four main categories in India.1
7632273056ClassDefinition: A system in which social status is largely determines by the family into which a person is born Real World Example: Hierarchy SPICE Element: Society Sentence: In America there are many people in the middle class because they are professional and business workers.2
7632275133EgalitarianismDefinition: The doctrine that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities Real World Example: Democracy SPICE Element: Society Sentence: Someone who believes in Egalitarianism thinks that all humans share a quality that makes them equal.3
7632276311EliteDefinition: The small group of rich, noble, and powerful peoples that are superior to the rest in terms of ability or qualities Real World Example: Upper Class SPICE Element: Society Sentence: Elites are above commoners because they have more wealth.4
7632276312EthnicityDefinition: Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture Real World Example: Black or African American SPICE Element: Society Sentence: White and Asian people differ in ethnicity because they're origins trace back to different countries of the world.5
7632278019Extended familyDefinition: A family that extends beyond the nuclear family and either lives together or in one household Real World Example: Grandparents SPICE Element: Society Sentence: An aunt that lives in the same town as you would be considered extended family because she is nearby.6
7632278020FamilyDefinition: All descendants of a common ancestor Real World Example: Cousins SPICE Element: Society Sentence: Your grandma is the mother of your dad and uncle so therefore your uncle's son is apart of your family.7
7632278021GenderDefinition: The state if being male or female Real World Example: Sex SPICE Element: Society Sentence: A birth certificate states what gender you are when you are born.8
7632278950Immediate familyDefinition: Consists of parents, children, brothers, and sister Real World Example: Sibling SPICE Element: Society Sentence: Your immediate family includes parents, siblings, children, and grandparents but not cousins, aunts, and uncles.9
7632278951KinshipDefinition: A family relationship Real World Example: Biological parents SPICE Element: Society Sentence: Close family bonds can be considered kinship.10
7632279881LaborerDefinition: A person engaged in work that requires bodily strength rather than skill or training Real World Example: Farmer SPICE Element: Society Sentence: A farmer would be considered a laborer because they do constant hard work in the field such as planting and harvesting crops, herding agricultural animals, etc.11
7632282000MerchantDefinition: A person who buys and sells commodities for profit Real World Example: Trader SPICE Element: Society Sentence: The Silk Road was frequented by merchants who traded and carried goods between empires.12
7632282001NationalityDefinition: The status of belonging to a particular nation, by birth or naturalization Real World Example: Citizen SPICE Element: Society Sentence: An immigrant to American would say that they Nationality is American because they are a citizen of that country.13
7632282805Nuclear familyDefinition: A social unit composed of two parents and one or more children Real World Example: Household SPICE Element: Society Sentence: If you live with your mother, father, and brother, then you all as a unit are a Nuclear family.14
7632282806PatriarchyDefinition: A system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line Real World Example: When the family name comes from the man of the family ( in a marriage the last name of the woman changes to the male spouses name) SPICE Element: Society Sentence: In a patriarchy women stay home and care for kids and men make the rules and hold control.15
7632283568PolyandryDefinition: A form of polygamy in which a woman has more than one husband Real World Example: A pattern of mating in which a female animal has more than one male mate SPICE Element: Society Sentence: In Tibet, brothers would marry the same wife thus practicing polyandry.16
7632283569PolygamyDefinition: The practice of marrying multiple spouses Real World Example: When an animal has more than one mate SPICE Element: Society Sentence: A man who marries marries one woman then marries another without divorcing the first wife is practicing polygamy.17
7632285772PolygynyDefinition: Polygamy in which a man has more than one wife Real World Example: A male animal who mates with more than one female SPICE Element: Society Sentence: Polygyny is practiced often amongst gorillas because the male can take different female partners.18
7632285773RaceDefinition: The major divisions of humankind, each having distinct physical characteristics. Real World Example: Ethnic group SPICE Element: Society Sentence: The different races include: white, African-American, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Pacific Islander.19
7632289000Social hierarchy/ stratificationDefinition: A system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy Real World Example: Wealthy people are seen as above impoverished people SPICE Element: Society Sentence: The differences that led to a social stratification in the United States were that some groups have greater status, power, and wealth than other groups.20
7632289001Social systemDefinition: An organization of individuals into groups or structures that have different functions, characteristics, origin or status. Real World Example: Social classes SPICE Element: Society Sentence: In a medieval society, Monarchs were at the top of the social system because they held the most power and wealth.21
7632292440WarriorDefinition: A brave or experienced soldier or fighter Real World Example: Soldier SPICE Element: Society Sentence: In the ancient societies warriors had a high rank and were glorified because they were so brave.22
7632292441AdministrationDefinition: Group of individuals who are in charge of creating and enforcing rules and regulations Real World Example: The President of the United States SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: The President appoints individuals to support him and to become apart of his administration.23
7632293901AuthoritarianismDefinition: The enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom Real World Example: China under the Communist Party SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: If a country has a dictator then that country is practicing authoritarianism because the dictator has more power than the people and controls everything.24
7632293902Balance of powerDefinition: A distribution and opposition of forces among nations such that no single nation is strong enough to assert its will or dominate all the others Real World Example: Checks and balances SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: In the UN some countries can veto the decision of another country so it is not all powerful in decision making and this is a Balance of power.25
7632295319BureaucracyDefinition: A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials and not elected ones Real World Example: IRS SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: A large organization with a CEO would be considered a bureaucracy because the CEO manages the team and oversees all operations.26
7632296153CasualtyDefinition: A person killed or injured in a war or accident Real World Example: A soldier losing an arm during a war SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: There was no casualties in the traffic accident because no one was hurt or killed.27
7632296154CentralizationDefinition: The concentration of administrative power in a central government, authority Real World Example: Early Chinese Empire SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: The Chinese empire wanted to have cultural homogeneity and more centralized political control than Rome who ruled throughout local areas.28
7632296155CityDefinition: A large populated urban center of commerce and administration with a system of laws and, usually, regulated means of sanitation Real World Example: Babylon in Mesopotamia SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: Mesopotamia produced some the first cities between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.29
7632297631City-stateDefinition: A city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state Real World Example: Athens SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: Ancient was not a country, but a collection of city-states that each had their own way of doing things.30
7632297632ConsolidationDefinition: The action or process of making something stronger or more solid Real World Example: Pharaohs (people thought of them as Gods so they took advantage of the power) SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: Many rulers used religion to consolidate their power and legitimize their rule.31
7632301731Coup/ coup d'étatDefinition: The sudden, violent overthrow of an existing government by a small group Real World Example: Napoleon and the Directory SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: Coups were a regular occurrence in Africa after the countries gained independence because they did not like how the government was being run.32
7632301732DecentralizationDefinition: The transfer of authority from central to local government Real World Example: Australia SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: Australia is considered decentralized because power is shared between the national and regional government.33
7632302801DiplomacyDefinition: The profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad Real World Example: Negotiate SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: When you negotiate a deal between two parties who are angry with each other, this is an example of showing diplomacy.34
7632302802EmpireDefinition: An extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress Real World Example: Roman Empire SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: Even though the Byzantine Empire gained a lot of land far away the people still went by the laws of the Emperor.35
7632304613ImperialDefinition: Relating to an empire Real World Example: Royal SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: Silk exporting was important during China's imperial era.36
7632302803EunuchDefinition: A man who has been castrated, especially (in the past) one employed to guard the women's living areas at an oriental court Real World Example: Prisoners of war during the Shang Dynasty SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: Eunuchs were important in the personal lives of ruling families and often got the opportunity to acquire useful information, politically and financially, some eunuchs had large personal fortunes and rose to positions of great power.37
7632304614InfrastructureDefinition: The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise Real World Example: Electric systems SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: Someone countries lack a suitable economic infrastructure to support themselves.38
7632306380InstitutionDefinition: A society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose Real World Example: School SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: A school is an institution because it is specifically used for educational purposes.39
7632306381JuntaDefinition: A military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force Real World Example: Sudan SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: Sudan is considered a military junta because the armed forces control the government.40
7632307770MobilizationDefinition: The action of a country or its government preparing and organizing troops for active service Real World Example: Assembling troops SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: Germany thought that the Russian mobilization or preparation of troops was an act of war so they declared war on them.41
7632307771MonarchDefinition: A sovereign head of state Real World Example: Queen/King SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: The monarch has very formal duties to carry out.42
7632309215MonarchyDefinition: A form of government with a monarch at head Real World Example: Inherited ruling SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: The monarchy is lead by the Queen who has supreme power.43
7632309216RebellionDefinition: The action or process of resisting authority, control, or convention Real World Example: Uprising/ Revolt SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: The slaves started a rebellion against their masters for freedom.44
7632310918RegionDefinition: An area or division, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries Real World Example: Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: The regions of North Africa and South Africa differ in customs and resources.45
7632312017RevolutionDefinition: A forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system Real World Example: Revolt/ Rebellion SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: The American Revolution was about the colonists fighting for independence from British rule.46
7632312018SecessionDefinition: The action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, especially a political state Real World Example: Gaining independence SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: In the Civil War the secession of the south would cause a big divide in America.47
7632312095StateDefinition: A nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government Real World Example: India SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: India is considered to be a federal state that is under a central government.48
7632313699SuffrageDefinition: The right to vote in political elections Real World Example: right to vote SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: Some women are still fighting for suffrage in countries where they are not allowed to vote.49
7632315489TheocracyDefinition: A system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god Real World Example: Vatican City SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: Vatican City is considered a theocracy because the government is organized around religious principles.50
7633207963Trans-regionalDefinition: Between regions Real World Example: Trading goods from one region to another SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: A merchant engaged in trans regional trade because he traveled with goods from north Africa to south Africa and traded his goods with the people there.51
7633212610Tribute/ tributary systemDefinition: A system of payment in which conquered peoples pay a tribute to the conqueror to show their superiority over the land Real World Example: Taxation SPICE Element: Politics Sentence: Due to the Tributary system, the Chinese emperor demanded payment from the people of the territories he took control of.52
7633212611ClimateDefinition: The weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period Real World Example: Weather conditions SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The climate in the rain forest is tropical.53
7633212612DeforestationDefinition: The action of clearing a wide area of trees Real World Example: habitat loss SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: Due to deforestation many animals especially birds lost their homes.54
7633214052DemographyDefinition: The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations Real World Example: Age SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The demography of the worlds population changed after the development of medicines, which increased the longevity of life.55
7633214053DesertDefinition: A dry, barren area of land, especially one covered with sand, that is characteristically desolate, waterless, and without vegetation Real World Example: the Sahara SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The Sahara Desert has hills of sand for miles and no towns in it.56
7633220068DesertificationDefinition: The process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture Real World Example: Deforestation SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The desertification of the farmland was caused by the of the lack of rain which made the land infertile.57
7633220069DiseaseDefinition: A disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific signs or symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury Real World Example: Illness SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The disease cause the girl to throw up a lot and she got so sick she had to be taken to the hospital.58
7633221938DiasporaDefinition: The movement, migration, or scattering of a people away from an established or ancestral homeland Real World Example: Jewish people scattered about in the Middle East SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The African Diaspora was a practice of capturing and transporting Africans out of Africa which spread the people across the Atlantic.59
7633221939EmigrationDefinition: The act of leaving one's own country to settle permanently in another Real World Example: Moving abroad SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The family emigrated out of their home in Brazil and moved to the United States.60
7633223735EpidemicDefinition: A widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time Real World Example: The Black Plague SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The Black Plague killed many people across Europe because it came from an infection passed along from rats.61
7633223736ErosionDefinition: The process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents. Real World Example: The Grand Canyon SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The erosion of the Grand Canyon was caused by glaciers scraping along the rock.62
7633225314ImmigrationDefinition: The action of coming to live permanently in a foreign country Real World Example: Moving abroad SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The family left England and immigrated to the United States.63
7633225315MetropolisDefinition: A very large and densely populated industrial and commercial city Real World Example: New York SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The Metropolis is the capital of the state.64
7633226984MetropoleDefinition: A home country in relation to its colonies, the mother country Real World Example: Britain and the 13 colonies SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: When the country dismantled their colonies they allowed former colonial subjects to work in the metropole or "home" country.65
7633229149MigrationDefinition: Movement from one part of something to another Real World Example: Birds flying from up north to the tropics SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The migration of birds across North America is an annual event.66
7633230802MonsoonDefinition: A seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and Southeast Asia, blowing from the southwest between May and September and bringing rain (the wet monsoon ), or from the northeast between October and April (the dry monsoon ) Real World Example: Rainstorm SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The monsoon flooded the city and made the power go out.67
7633230803PandemicDefinition: A disease that is prevalent over a whole country or the world Real World Example: HIV/AIDS SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The pandemic flu had sickened people all across Australia.68
7633230804PathogenDefinition: A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease Real World Example: Salmonella SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The girl was infected with a pathogenic organism from her food and got so sick she had to be rushed to the hospital.69
7633232587PopulationDefinition: All the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country Real World Example: People SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The population in the metropolitan area was greater than in the countryside because people wanted to be close to everything and the central business district.70
7633232588Pull factorsDefinition: Factors that either forcefully push people into migration or attract them Real World Example: Economic growth SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The pull factors of the other city made the man want to move there.71
7633234408Push factorsDefinition: A forceful factor which relates to the country from which a person migrates Real World Example: Lack of jobs SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The war was a major push factor for the family so they moved to another country as soon as possible.72
7633237166Savanna/ SavannahDefinition: A grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, with few trees Real World Example: Grassland SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The lions hide in the grass of the Savannah and stalk their prey.73
7633237167TechnologyDefinition: The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry Real World Example: Machines SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The computer was a new form of technology created in the twentieth century.74
7633238404TundraDefinition: A vast, flat, treeless Arctic region in which the subsoil is permanently frozen. Real World Example: Antarctica SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The Antarctic is know as a tundra because of the lack of vegetation and low temperatures of the flatlands.75
7633238405UrbanDefinition: In, relating to, or characteristic of a city or town Real World Example: Downtown SPICE Element: Interaction Between Humans & Environment Sentence: The man moved downtown to be closer to the urban center of the town.76
7633240297AnimismDefinition: Animism is the belief that there is a spirit or consciousness that is within things such as inanimate objects, plants, and animals Real World Example: Someone things a flower has a soul SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: The man who believed in animism didn't want to cut down the tree and hurt it.77
7633254905Belief systemDefinition: A set of principles or tenets which together for the basis of a religion, philosophy, or moral code Real World Example: Right and wrong SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: In the belief system of many ethnic groups they want to be selfless rather than selfish in nature.78
7633254906CodifyDefinition: Arrange into systematic code Real World Example: Categorize SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: The teacher had to codify the worksheets because she had three from all of her students.79
7633254907CultureDefinition: The art and other manifestations of hum intellectual achievement regarded collectively Real World Example: Humanities SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: In Trinidadian culture a very popular dish is Roti.80
7633257666Cultural diffusionDefinition: When the cultural beliefs and social activities are spread through different ethnicities, religions, nationalities, etc. Real World Example: Globalization SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: McDonald's spread across the world from the United States through cultural diffusion81
7633257667Cultural synthesisDefinition: The process by which two or more cultures merge over time to produce a new culture with elements of both Real World Example: Combine SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: The effect of cultural synthesis was a new culture.82
7633271613IdeologyDefinition: A system of ideas and ideals, especially on that form he basis of economic or political theory and policy Real World Example: Beliefs SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: Based on her ideology the woman voted for the candidate that had her same beliefs.83
7633273608IndigenousDefinition: Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place Real World Example: Native American SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: The Indigenous plant was first found in Canada and has been their for years.84
7633273609LiteracyDefinition: The ability to be able to read and write Real World Example: Education SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: The literacy rate of the country was low because there were schools to teach literature.85
7633273610MissionaryDefinition: A person sent on a religious mission Real World Example: Proselytizer SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: The missionary went to the foreign country to spread his religion of Christianity.86
7633275223MonotheismDefinition: The doctrine or belief that there is only one God Real World Example: Christianity SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: In Christianity there is only one supreme God so Christianity is a monotheistic religion.87
7633275224PhilosophyDefinition: The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline Real World Example: Ideology SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: The government claims to support the philosophy of equality for women, but it hasn't taken any action to pay women a fair salary.88
7633277870PolytheismDefinition: The belief in or worship of more than one god Real World Example: Hinduism SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: The Hindu religion is considered polytheistic because their are many gods worshiped such as Brahma and Vishnu.89
7634573418ReligionDefinition: The belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods. Real World Example: Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: Islam is the world fastest growing religions.90
7634576374SyncretismDefinition: Syncretism is the blending of multiple ideas to create new religions, languages, and elements of culture . Real World Example: Blending SPICE Element: Culture Sentence: Gnosticism was a result of syncretism, it came from Judaism, Christianity, and Greek religious philosophical concepts91
7634578501AgricultureDefinition: The science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products. Real World Example: Horticulture SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: To be sustainable , agriculture must provide a farmer with a living.92
7634578502CapitalismDefinition: An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state Real World Example: Free enterprise SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The prison system in the United states is operated by private companies practicing capitalism.93
7634580448CommerceDefinition: The activity of buying and selling, especially on a large scale Real World Example: Trade SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: Commerce is a big part of the economy and helps get goods out and into the country.94
7634582229CommercializationDefinition: The transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity Real World Example: SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The commercialization of the town brought more tourists and boosted the economy.95
7634586204CommodityDefinition: A raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold Real World Example: Item SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The farmer's milk was such a hot commodity that he got wealthy from it quickly.96
7634588081CommunismDefinition: A political theory advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs Real World Example: Maoist China SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: In communist China people owned the factors of production.97
7634588082ConsumerDefinition: A person who purchases good and services for personal use Real World Example: Buyer SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The consumer wrote a good review on the lotion after she bought it and used it.98
7634588083CreditDefinition: The ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future Real World Example: Loan SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The man had good credit because he always paid his bills on time.99
7634590059CultivationDefinition: To prepare land to grow something or to nurture and cause growth Real World Example: Agriculture SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The cultivation of carrots in fertile soil made them grow.100
7634590060CurrencyDefinition: A system of money in general use in a particular country Real World Example: Money SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The currency was different in the foreign country so the man couldn't buy anything until he exchanged it.101
7634590061DomesticateDefinition: Tame and keep and animal as a pet or for farm produce Real World Example: To tame SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: Cows were domesticated for their milk.102
7634592195Domesticated animalDefinition: An animal that has been trained by humans so as to live and breed in a tame condition and depend on humankind for survival Real World Example: Tamed animal, dog SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The domesticated animal was trained to stay within the fence and not attack the farmer.103
7634592196EconomyDefinition: The resources and wealth of a country or region Real World Example: Wealth SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The economy of the coastal city was thriving because of trade and tourism.104
7634594071Economic structureDefinition: The changing balance of output, trade, incomes and employment drawn from different economic sectors Real World Example: SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The economic structure of China is dominated by state-owned enterprises.105
7634594072Economic systemDefinition: The means by which countries and governments distribute resources and trade goods and services Real World Example: Communism, capitalism, socialism SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The economic system of the United States is capitalistic.106
7634610489ExportDefinition: To send goods or services to another country for sale Real World Example: International trade SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The country exported millions of dollars worth of coffee to the other country.107
7634610490FertilityDefinition: The ability to produce offspring Real World Example: Pregnancy SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The fertility rate in the town was high because most of the women living there are pregnant.108
7634610491ForageDefinition: Search widely for food or provisions Real World Example: Scavenge SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The animal had to forage for food to prepare for the scarcity of resources during winter.109
7634612583Forced labour systemDefinition: Very hard physical work that someone is forced to do Real World Example: Slavery SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The forced labor system in the country caused many of the slaves involved to revolt.110
7634612584ImportDefinition: To bring goods or services into a country from abroad for sale Real World Example: Receiving a shipment SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The imported goods were sold in the retail store for a high price.111
7634615045IndustrializationDefinition: The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale Real World Example: Mechanization SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The industrialization of America marked a shift in powered machinery, factories, and mass production.112
7634615046IrrigationDefinition: The supply of water to land or crops to help growth Real World Example: Sprinkler SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The farmer needed a new irrigation system so he bought sprinklers to water his plants.113
7634617167MonetizationDefinition: To convert an asset or any object into money or legal tender of a country Real World Example: Legitimatize SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The woman was able to make a living off of her hobby after monetizing it.114
7634617168NomadicDefinition: Living the life of a nomad Real World Example: Moving place to place, wandering SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The life of the herder was nomadic because he moved often to find good pastures for his animals.115
7634618291Pack animalDefinition: An animal that is used to carry heavy loads Real World Example: Camel SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The caravan used many pack animals to transport goods from place to place.116
7634618292PastoralDefinition: Used for or related to the keeping or grazing of animals Real World Example: Herding SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The pastoral farm had many sheep and cattle.117
7634618293ProducerDefinition: A person, company, or country that makes, grows, or supplies good or commodities for sale Real World Example: Manufacturer SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The oil producer charged foreign countries a lot of money to buy oil from them.118
7634619790Raw materialDefinition: The basic material from which a product is made Real World Example: Wood SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The land had an abundant amount of raw material which the natives used to craft items.119
7634619791Specialization of labourDefinition: An individual has one job or responsibility they specialize in Real World Example: Automobile Production line (in factory) SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: The specialization of labor in the factory helped speed up production because each worker had one duty.120
7634624240SurplusDefinition: An amount of something left over when requirements have been met Real World Example: Extra, excess SPICE Element: Economy Sentence: All the people in the how were fed but there was a surplus of food so they put it in the refrigerator.121

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