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Emergency Care 13th Edition Chapter 28 Flashcards

4998574657	angulated fracture	fracture in which the broken bone segments are at an angle to each other.	0
4998574658	bones	hard but flexible living structures that provide support for the body and protection to vital organs.	1
4998574659	cartilage	tough tissue that covers the joint ends of bones and helps to form certain body parts such as the ear.	2
4998574660	closed extremity injury	an injury to an extremity with no associated opening in the skin.	3
4998574661	comminuted fracture	a fracture in which the bone is broken in several places.	4
4998574662	compartment syndrome	injury caused when tissues such as blood vessels and nerves are constricted within a space as from swelling or from a tight dressing or cast.	5
4998574663	crepitus	a grating sensation or sound made when fractured bone ends rub together.	6
4998574664	dislocation	the disruption or "coming apart" of a joint.	7
4998574665	extremities	the portions of the skeleton that include the clavicles, scapulae, arms, wrists, and hands (upper extremities) and the pelvis, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet (lower extremities).	8
4998574666	fracture	any break in a bone.	9
4998574667	greenstick fracture	an incomplete fracture.	10
4998574668	joints	places where bones articulate, or meet.	11
4998574669	ligament	tissue that connects bone to bone.	12
4998574670	manual traction	the process of applying tension to straighten and realign a fractured limb before splinting. Also called tension.	13
4998574671	muscle	tissue that can contract to allow movement of a body part.	14
4998574672	open extremity injury	an extremity injury in which the skin has been broken or torn through from the inside by an injured bone or from the outside by something that has caused a penetrating wound with associated injury to the bone.	15
4998574673	sprain	the stretching and tearing of ligaments.	16
4998574674	strain	muscle injury resulting from overstretching or overexertion of the muscle.	17
4998574675	tendon	tissue that connects muscle to bone.	18
4998574676	traction splint	a splint that applies constant pull along the length of a lower extremity to help stabilize the fractured bone and to reduce muscle spasm in the limb. Traction splints are used primarily on femoral shaft fractures.	19

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AP Psych Unit 11 Flashcards

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6550986944	intelligence test	a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores	0
6550989081	intelligence	mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations	1
6550990924	general intelligence (g)	a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test	2
6551001796	factor analysis	a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score	3
6551007596	savant syndrome	a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing	4
6551012003	emotional intelligence	the ability to perceive, understand, manage and use emotions	5
8807035535	Alfred Binet	He created a test with the goal of measuring each child's mental age, the level of performance typically associated with a certain chronological age.	6
8807044135	Howard Gardner	Believes that our abilities are best classified into eight independent intelligences, which include a broad range of skills beyond traditional school smarts.	7
8807052096	Charles Spearman	believes that a basic intelligence predicts our abilities in varied academic areas.	8
8807065957	Claude Steele	He worked with Steven Spencer and observed the stereotype threat	9
8807071375	Robert Sternberg	Believes that our intelligence is best classified into three areas that predict real-world success: analytical, creative, and practical	10
8807081081	Lewis Terman	He adapted some of Binet's original items on his test and extended the upper end of the test's range from teenagers to "superior adults" in order to adapt the test to be used as a numerical measure of inherited intelligence	11
8807085487	L.L. Thurstone	Believes that our intelligence may be broken down into seven factors; word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory	12
8807092282	David Wechsler	He created what is now the most widely used intelligence test. It yields an overall intelligence score, and also separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed.	13
6551020258	mental age	a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.	14
6551024522	stanford-Binet	the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence	15
6551028767	intelligence quotient	defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100	16
6551035604	achievement tests	tests designed to assess what a person has learned	17
6551071534	aptitude tests	tests designed to predict a person's future performance; tests the capacity to learn	18
6551074016	Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale	the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests	19
6551075991	standardization	defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group	20
6551080223	normal curve	the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.	21
6551084420	reliability	The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test or on retesting	22
6551086920	validity	the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to	23
6551089441	content validity	the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest	24
6551094681	predictive validity	the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior	25
6551096427	Intellectual disability	a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below, and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound	26
6551099286	Down syndrome	a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21	27
6551102691	Stereotype threat	a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.	28

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AP Psych: Social Psychology Flashcards

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8158886402	social psychology	the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another	0
8158886403	attribution theory	theory that suggests how we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition	1
8158886404	Internal/dispositional attribution	attributing one's behavior to his or her personality; for example, attributing a child's hostility to their aggressive personality	2
8158886405	external/situational attribution	attributing one's behavior to an outside factor; for example, attributing a child's hostility to stress or abuse	3
8158886406	fundamental attribution error	the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition	4
8158955816	Actor-observer bias	the tendency to overestimate external factors when we make an error, but underestimate external factors when someone else makes an error	5
8158972208	self-serving bias	the tendency to overestimate internal factors when we are successful and overestimate external factors when we fail	6
8158981543	modesty bias/self-effacing bias	the tendency to overestimate external factors to explain our personal successes and overestimate internal factors to explain our failures	7
8158886407	attitudes	feelings, often based on our beliefs, that cause us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events	8
8158886408	foot in the door phenomenon	the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to later comply with a larger request	9
8159019659	door in the face phenomenon	making a large request to persuade someone to agree to a smaller request later on	10
8158886409	cognitive dissonance theory	the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent; for example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes	11
8158886410	chameleon effect	effect in which we unconsciously mimc others' expressions, postures, and voice	12
8158886412	conformity	adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard	13
8158886413	normative social influence	persuading someone based on a desire to fit in or be like others	14
8158886414	informational social influence	persuading someone based on facts or evidence	15
8158886415	social facilitation	phenomenon in which stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks are present in the presence of others or when working with a group	16
8158886416	social loafing	the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts towards attaining a common goal than when individually accountable	17
8158886417	deindividuation	the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity; basically, you do something with a group of people that you would not do alone	18
8158886418	group polarization	when the belief of individuals become more extreme when they talk to a like-minded group; for example, if a racist person talks to other racist people, they will become more racist	19
8158886419	groupthink	When you go along with the group because you don't want to stand out or cause problems, but you do not change your opinion to agree with that of the group.	20
8158886423	prejudice	an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude towards a group and its members; typically involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action	21
8158886424	stereotype	a generalized belief about a group of people	22
8158886425	discrimination	unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group or its members	23
8158886426	blame the victim dynamic	the tendency for people to believe that the victim of a crime is partially responsible for that crime	24
8158886427	ingroup	"us" - people with whom one shares a common identity, we tend to believe that we are each unique and different	25
8158886428	outgroup	"them" - those perceived as different or apart from one's closest peers, we tend to believe that these people are "all the same"	26
8158886430	scapegoat theory	the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame	27
8158886431	just world phenomenon	the tendency of people to believe the world is fair and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get	28
8158886432	aggression	any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy whether done reactively out of hostility or proactively as a calculated means to an end	29
8158886433	frustration aggression principle	the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression	30
8158886439	conflict	a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas	31
8158886440	social trap	a situation in which each person does what is best for him/herself which ends up harming the group.	32
8158886441	mirror image perceptions	this happens when two opponents view each other as the other views them; each demonizes the other; while they believe themselves to be seeking peace and being helpful	33
8158886442	mere exposure effect	the phenomenon that repeated exposure to new stimuli increases liking of them	34
8158886444	passionate love	an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship	35
8158886445	companionate love	the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined	36
8158886446	equity	a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it	37
8158886447	self disclosure	revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others	38
8158886448	altruism	unselfish regard for the welfare of others	39
8158886449	bystander effect	the tendency effect for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present	40
8158886450	diffusion of responsibility	the occurrence in which more people share responsibility and are therefore less likely to help or step up and volunteer	41
8158886451	social exchange theory	the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs, people weigh benefits and risks of any social relationship.	42
8158886452	reciprocity norm	an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them	43
8158886453	social responsibility norm	an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them	44
8158886454	superordinate goals	shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation	45
8158886455	GRIT	Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction; a strategy designed to decrease international tensions	46
8158886456	(Solomon) Asch	This psychologist did an experiment in which he showed participants a "standard line" and then three others; the participants had to identify which line was closest standard line. The confederates participating in the experiment purposely said the wrong answer to see if the blind participant would conform.	47
8158886457	(Philip) Zimbardo	This psychologist conducted the Stanford Prison Experiment in which some participants were "prisoners" and some were "prison guards". The prison guards ended up being hardcore and the prisoners either tried to rebel or had mental breakdowns. The experiment lasted 6 days.	48
8158886458	(Stanley) Milgram	This psychologist is best known for his Yale experiment on obedience. The confederate played the role of the "learner" where they would try (and often fail) to learn a set of words, and the "teacher" (the blind participant) would shock them when they failed.	49
8172481442	Ethonocentrism	Evaluating another culture through the values and norms of your own culture. Believing your culture is "right" and others are odd, strange or wrong.	50
8172498583	norm	a (usually unspoken) rule that governs social behavior.	51
8172502920	personal space	the social norm that determines how far away we should be from one another to feel comfortable.	52
8172517557	social inhibition	The tendency to perform worse in the presence of others, especially at new or poorly learned tasks.	53
8172638016	central route persuasion	Convincing someone to agree with you by using facts and evidence	54
8172642126	peripheral route persuasion	Convincing someone to agree by using celebrities, experts or attractive people, not by the information of the message.	55
8172691194	Other-race Effect	the tendency to believe that those of another race all look similar	56
8172712569	self-fulfilling prophecy	the tendency to live up to or down to expectations about a behavior or ability placed on us by ourselves or others	57
8172752716	Halo effect	the tendency to assume positive characteristics of those whom we find attractive	58
8172758270	Festinger	Psychologist who conducted an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance by offering participants $1 or $20 do do a boring task and then asking them to convince others to do the same task.	59
8172775582	Muzafer Sherif	Conducted an experiment at a camp to study conflict resolution and superordinate goals.	60
8172795227	Kitty Genovese	A women whose experience being attacked and killed while in the presence of many witnesses is the foundation for the study of the bystander effect.	61
8172805287	Jane Elliot	A teacher who conducted the famous "brown eye v. blue eye" experiment to help show her students the power of prejudice, discrimination, and self-fulfilling prophecies.	62

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Ap Government Unit 1 Flashcards

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7394518312	Elite-Class Theory	A belief that certain groups hold disproportionate power in a political system	0
7394518313	Pluralist Theory	A theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred policies. Because many groups compete, there is not an elite group that dominates. Compromise is common.	1
7394518314	Articles of Confederation	1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) Each state retained sovereignty, the ability to act independently of the Confederation. Each state had equal representation in a unicameral (single house) legislature.	2
7394518315	Shays' rebellion	Rebellion led by farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.	3
7394518316	Checks and Balances	A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power	4
7394518317	Separation of powers	A way of dividing the power of government among the legislative, executive, and judicial branch to prevent tyranny.	5
7394518318	Popular sovereignty	A government in which the people rule by their own consent.	6
7394518319	Bicameral	A legislature consisting of two parts, or houses with separate rules	7
7394518320	Federalists	Those who favored a stronger national government and weaker state governments. Supported the ratification of the Constitution.	8
7394518321	Anti-Federalist	Those who favored strong state governments and a weaker national government. Advocated for a bill of rights to formally address individual and state rights. Concerned about the concentration of power in a central government under the Constitution.	9
7394518322	Federalism	A system of government in which power and responsibilty is divided between the federal and state governments	10
7394518323	Supremacy clause	Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits. (ex. McCulloch v. Maryland)	11
7394518324	Virginia Plan	Initial proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by the Virginia delegation for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature dominated by the big states.	12
7394518325	New Jersey Plan	Proposal at the Constitutional Convention made by William Paterson of New Jersey for a central government with a single-house legislature in which each state would be represented equally.	13
7394518326	Connecticut or Great Compromise	Compromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators.	14
7394518327	Republican Democracy	Format chosen by Founding Fathers. People vote for representatives who then make laws. People do not vote directly on legislation.	15
7394518328	Three fifths clause	slave counted as 3/5 of a person for population counts to determine how many representatives.	16
7394518329	Federalist Papers	A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail.	17
7394518330	Bill of Rights	A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10. Satisfied Anti-federalist concerns.	18
7394518331	Elastic clause	AKA the "Necessary and Proper Clause" Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution. Has allowed the federal government to expand its power over time.	19
7394518332	Commerce clause	The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. Has helped the Federal government expand its power over time- including the regulation of the environment and civil rights.	20
7394518333	Concurrent powers	Powers held jointly by the national and state governments. For example, the powers to tax, pass laws and borrow funds	21
7394518334	cooperative federalism	A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. Often referred to as "marble cake"	22
7394518335	Dual Federalism	A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies.	23
7394518336	Expressed Powers/Enumerated powers	Powers the Constitution specifically granted to one of the branches of the national government. Listed explicitly in the Constitution. Ex: right to coin money, declare war, regulate foreign and interstate trade, tax, etc.	24
7394518337	Implied powers	Powers not specifically mentioned in the constitution; Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions. Has Constitutional basis in Necessary and Proper/Elastic Clause	25
7394518338	Inherent powers	powers that exist for the national government because the government is sovereign. Ex: The Louisiana Purchase	26
7394518339	Reserved Powers	belong to the states and the people; Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states. Granted by the 10th Amendment. For example, regulating voting and administering elections at the state level.	27
7394518340	Unitary System	A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government	28
7394518341	Block grants	Federal money given to the states with limited spending guidelines. Allows the states power to decide how to spend funds within relatively loose guidelines. Ex: funds for transportation and state chooses how to allocate.	29
7394518342	Categorical Grants	Federal money given to the states with specific spending guidelines. Gives the federal government the power to decide how funds are spent within the state. Ex: funds for highway repairs, cannot be used for other purposes.	30
7394518343	Devolution Revolution	The transfer of power from a high level political office to a lower level; central government to regional, state, or local governments. Example-Welfare Reform Act of 1996	31
7394518344	The 10th Amendment	Reserves powers to the states. Has been used successfully by the states to get the federal courts to strike down federal laws that violate this principle.	32
7394518345	federal mandate	An order given by the federal government that states must follow and pay for	33
7394518346	formula grant	Type of categorical grant that is usually based on a state's population	34
7394518347	Intrastate commerce	Commerce WITHIN A STATE commercial activity regulated at the state level	35
7394518348	Interstate commerce	Commerce between different states, can be regulated by Congress.	36
7394518349	Full Faith and Credit Clause	requires state courts to enforce that civil judgments of the courts of other states and accept their public records and acts as valid.	37
7394518350	Tyranny of the majority	Madison was most concerned with this aspect of the new government	38
7394518351	writ of habeas corpus	being unlawfully detained	39
7394518352	bill of attainder	an act of a legislature declaring a person or group of persons guilty of some crime and punishing them, often without a trial	40
7394518353	ex post facto law	a law that makes illegal an act that was legal when committed, increases the penalties for an infraction after it has been committed, or changes the rules of evidence to make conviction easier.	41
7394518354	fiscal federalism	project grants, formula grants, block grants are all examples of	42
7394518355	informal amendment	changes in judicial interpretation, growing international and domestic issues requiring more government intervention, increased role of political parties in policy making, easier access to elected officials, increased technology shaping public opinion are all examples of	43
7394518357	formal amendment process	proposal by two-thirds vote of national convention called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of state legislatures followed by passage by three-quarters of special state conventions.	44
7394518358	extradition	process of returning a fugitive from justice to the state in which the crime occured	45
7394518359	eminent domain	private land may be taken for public use	46
7394518360	exclusive powers	Powers that only the national government have	47
7394518362	privileges and immunities clause	prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner.	48
7394518363	hyperpluralism	A state in which many groups or factions are so strong that a government is unable to function	49
7394518364	project grant	type of categorical grant which requires a competitive application process	50
7394538418	Federalist Paper #10	Written by James Madison to convince people to support the ratification of the Constitution. Argued that factions were inevitable but were best controlled by a large republic that employed a Federalist structure. Argued that competition among factions would limit their negative impacts.	51
7394550220	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	The court ruled that the states did not have the power to tax the national bank. Used the backing of the Supremacy Clause to argue that states could not interfere with legitimate federal laws	52
7394552359	Gibbons v. Ogden	Commerce clause case (1824). Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity.	53
7394557469	Conditions of Aid	Federal rules attached to the grants that states receive. States must agree to abide by these rules in order to receive the grants.	54
7394570529	Marbury v Madison	Court case that established the Supreme Court's power to strike down federal laws that violated the constitution. This has allowed for continuous interpretation of the Constitution by the Supreme Court (informal amendment)	55
7394735202	Precedent	the importance of Supreme Court rulings for similar situations in the future	56

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Flashcards

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3.6 Plants & Fungi Flashcards

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6426146098	root	an organ in vascular plants that anchors the plant and enables it to absorb water and minerals from the soil	0
6426146100	vascular tissue	plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body	1
6426146109	xylem	the woody part of plants: the supporting and water-conducting tissue, consisting primarily of tracheids and vessels	2
6426146110	phloem	vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant	3
6426146111	lignin	a complex polymer that provides rigidity to plant cells	4
6426146117	cuticle	a waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation that prevents desiccation in terrestrial plants.	5
6426146118	stomata	the small openings on the undersides of most leaves through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move	6
6426146119	guard cells	The two cells that flank the stomatal pore and regulate the opening and closing of the pore.	7
6426146127	root hairs	tiny hair-like extensions that increase the surface area of the root allowing it to absorbs more water and nurtients	8
6426146137	transpiration	the passage of water vapor through stomata on leaves	9
6426146141	flower	reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts	10
6426146142	stamen	the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and a filament	11
6426146143	filament	in an angiosperm the stalk portion of the stamen, the pollen producing reproductive organ of a flower	12
6426146144	anther	in an angiosperm, the terminal pollen sac of a stamen, where pollen grains containing sperm-producing male gametophytes form	13
6426146145	carpel	the ovule producing organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style and ovary	14
6426146146	stigma	the sticky part of a flower's carpel, which traps pollen grains	15
6426146147	style	the stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top	16
6426146148	ovary	in flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop	17
6426146149	ovule	a structure that develops within the ovary of a seed plant and contains the female gametophyte	18
6426146150	sepal	a modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens	19
6426146151	pollen grain	in seed pants a structure consisting of the male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall	20
6426146156	fruit	a mature ovary of a flower. the fruit protects dormant seeds and often aids in their dispersal	21
6426146162	auxins	A natural plant hormone that has a variety of effects, including cell elongation, root formation, secondary growth.	22
6426146165	ethylene	the only gaseous plant hormone. among its many effects are response to mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit ripening	23
6426146167	plant tropism	A plant response in which the direction of the response is related from which the stimulus comes.	24
6426146168	gravitropism	a response of a plant or animal to gravity	25
6426146169	phototropism	growth of a plant shoot toward or away from the light	26
6426146170	thigmotropism	plant growth in response to touch	27
6426146171	photoperiodism	a physiological response to photoperiod, the relative lengths of night and day. and example of photoperiodism is flowering.	28
6426146172	long-day plants	a plant that flowers only when the light period is longer than critical length	29
6426146173	short-day plants	a plant that flowers only when the light period is shorter than a critical length	30
6426332020	mycelium	the branched network of hyphae in a fungus	31
6426366176	Fungi	heterotrophic eukaryotes that feed by absorption	32
6426391171	bryophyte	seedless nonvascular plants. gametophyte dominant. e.g. mosses	33
6426398568	pteridophyte	seedless vascular plants. sporophyte dominant. e.g. ferns	34
6426407751	gymnosperms	seeded vascular plant. "naked" seeds housed in cones. e.g. pine, spruce, fir	35
6426417174	angiosperms	seeded vascular plant. produces flowers, fruits. e.g. grasses deciduous trees	36
6427518160	adhesion	The attraction between different kinds of molecules.	37
6427522005	cohesion	The binding together of like molecules (i.e. water), often by hydrogen bonds.	38
9362721756	phytochrome	plant pigment responsible for photoperiodism	39
9362732357	dermal tissue	The plant's outer protective covering	40
9362767075	ground tissue	tissue found between the vascular and dermal tissue	41

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AP Psychology Personality Flashcards

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5878015827	Sigmund Freud	Founder of psychoanalysis Originally a medical doctor and found that his patients were suffering from an illness with psycho-logical causes This led him to develop theories of the unconscious mind, psycho-sexual development and Psychoanalysis	0
5878015828	Psychoanalytic Theory	Psychologist: Sigmund Freud Behavior is due to unconscious motives and conflicts Early childhood experiences determine personality	1
5878015829	Unconscious Mind	-foundation for the psychoanalytic theory -controls the phenomena of repressed feelings, automatic skills, subliminal perceptions, thoughts, habits and automatic reactions as well as possibly holding emotional complexes, phobias and desires.	2
5878015830	Id	located in the unconscious present at birth Ruled by the "Pleasure Principle" and has no values, morality, or logic (animal instincts)	3
5878015831	Ego	located in both conscious, & unconscious Developed after birth, the self Ruled by the "Reality Principle" and balances the id and superego by being organized, rational, and postponing gratification	4
5878015832	SuperEgo	located in both conscious, & unconscious developed by age 5 Ruled by the "Morality Principle" and is the opposite of the Id because it is the internal, parental voice with rules and values	5
5878015833	Free Association	A technique used to access the unconscious patient freely exposes his/her ideas, impressions, etc.	6
5878015834	Freudian Slips	Slips of the tongue that expose the unconscious	7
5878015835	Psychosexual Development	- sequential and discontinuous stages with changing erogenous zone and conflict in each stage if conflict is not successful resolved, the result is fixation O.A.P.L.G (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital)	8
5878015836	Oral stage	Age: 0-1 Erogenous Zone: Mouth Task: Oral Activities (sucking, chewing, biting, etc) Fixation: Smoking, Over-eating	9
5878015837	Anal stage	Age: 1-3 Erogenous Zone: Anus Task: Potty Training Fixation: Anal retentive or Anal Expulsive	10
5878015838	Latency stage	Age: 6 to puberty Erogenous Zone: None Task: develop relationships with same sex peers to strengthen gender identity Fixation: doesn't occur at this stage	11
5878015839	Phallic stage	Age: 3-5 Erogenous Zone: Genitals Task: Gender Identity Fixation: Narcissism, Homosexuality	12
5878015840	Genital stage	Age: Puberty to death Erogenous Zone: Genitals Task: Find a hetero-sexual relationship Fixation: doesn't occur at this stage but old conflicts will arise	13
5878015841	Penis Envy	Freudian theory that girls become upset and scarred because because they don't have a penis and a penis is a key to being successful. Phallic Stage	14
5878015842	Electra Complex	girls sexually desire dad and hate mom but need to resolve this in order to develop a gender identity Phallic Stage of Psycho-sexual Development	15
5878015843	Oedipus Complex	boys sexually desire mom and hate dad but need to resolve this in order to develop a gender identity Phallic Stage of Psycho-sexual Development	16
5878015844	Defense mechanisms	- extreme measures protect the ego from threats; operate unconsciously and deny, falsify, or distinct reality - not successful coping strategies because they do not remove stressors	17
5878015853	Neo-Freudians	Jung, Horney, Adler Believed that Freud put too much emphasis on sex and there needed to be more emphasis on social factors	18
5878015854	Collective unconscious	Psychologist: Carl Jung Defined: A warehouse of "instinctive memories" passed down to each generation and all humans share and is made up of archetypes	19
5878015855	Archetypes	Defined: Inherited universal concepts that create the Collective Unconscious Examples: Anima v. Animus, Mother v. Father, Persona v. Shadow, Hero v. Villain	20
5878015858	Basic Anxiety	Psychologist: Karen Horney anxiety that is created by being born helpless. Most overcome this, those who don't develop neurotic personalities- aggressive, compliant, or withdrawn	21
5878015859	Womb envy	Psychologist: Karen Horney Defined: women do not suffer from "penis envy" but are envious of male's superior status. Men are envious of a women's ability to have children and therefore, they compensate with other forms of achievement.	22
5878015860	Inferiority Complex	Psychologist: Alfred Adler Defined: people who compensate for feelings of inferiority (feeling like they're less than other people, not as good as others, worthless, etc.) by acting ways that make them appear superior.	23
5878015861	Projective Tests	Description: Provide ambiguous stimuli in order to trigger the projection of one's inner dynamics Strengths: Provide lots of information Weaknesses: highly subjective and has low reliability Tests: Rorschach Inkblot Test, & Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Draw a Person test	24
5878015862	Rorschach Inkblot Test	seeks to identify people's inner feelings and conflicts by analyzing their interpretations of 10 inkblots. Critics question the validity and reliability of the tests.	25
5878015863	Thematic Apperception Test	people view ambiguous pictures and then make up stories about them. Presumably, their accounts reflect their interests and inner feelings.	26
5878015864	Humanistic Psychologists	Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow Description: People develop their personality by trying to reach their full potential Strengths: model was built in a therapy setting Weaknesses: concepts are vague and subjective, individualistic and western based and naive because it fails to appreciate the reality of our capacity for evil	27
5878015865	Self-Concept	Psychologist: Carl Rogers Goal: Actualizing Tendency (full potential) Theory: A person has who they are, Real Self, and who they want to be, Ideal Self and a successful persoanlity has congruence People need genuineness (honesty), unconditional positive regard (love), and empathy (understanding) to develop a good persoanlity	28
5878015866	Congruence	A person's Real Self and Ideal Self can merge together Part of Roger's Self-Concept Theory	29
5878052414	Incongruence	When a person's Real Self and Ideal self do not match, causing anxiety. Part of Roger's Self-Concept Theory	30
5878015867	Unconditional positive regard	Defined: receiving acceptance, value, and love from others without requirements Part of Roger's Self-Concept theory in which he says it is necessary to receive from others in order to develop a healthy personality	31
5878015868	Empathy	People will try to understand one's feelings and mirror it back to them Part of Roger's Self-Concept theory in which he says it is necessary to receive from others in order to develop a healthy personality	32
5878015869	Hierarchy of Needs	Psychologist: Abraham Maslow Description: Pyramid	33
5878015870	Trait Theories	Description: focuses on identifying how people typically behave but does NOT explain how personality developed Strengths: based on empirical evidence with factor analysis Weaknesses: people might behave differently based on the situation they are experiencing Tests: 16 Personality Factors (16 PF), 3 Dimensions, and Myers Briggs	34
5878015871	Factor analysis	- a statistical procedure that identifies common factors among groups of items, to simplify a long list of items into a small number of dimensions -used with trait theories	35
5878015872	Self-Report Inventories	Description: a questionnaire which is used to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors Strengths: empirically derived Weaknesses: social desirability-people can lie and manipulate the information Tests: MMPI, CPI, 16 PF	36
5878015873	MMPI	Most extensively researched personality inventory. Used to assess mental health professions (police, nurses, doctors, pilots)	37
5878015874	Big Five Trait Theory	Psychologists: McCrae and Costa Description: OCEAN or CANOE Significance: traits are stable in adulthood, heritability accounts for 50% of personality and can be used to predict other personal attributes	38
5878015875	Openess	characteristics such as imagination and insight, and those high in this trait also tend to have a broad range of interests	39
5878015876	Conscientiousness	include high levels of thoughtfulness, with good impulse control and goal-directed behaviors.	40
5878015877	Extraversion	characterized by excitability, sociability, talkativeness, assertiveness and high amounts of emotional expressivenes	41
5878015878	Agreeableness	includes attributes such as trust, altruism, kindness, affection and other pro-social behaviors.	42
5878015879	Neuroticism	characterized by sadness, moodiness and emotional instability	43
5878015880	Social Cognitive Approach to Personality	Description: Personality is influenced between the interaction of a person's traits (including their thinking) and their social context Strengths: based on empirical evidence Weaknesses: minimizes the importance of one's inner traits, emotions, and unconscious motives Examples: Reciprocal Determinism, Locus of Control Psychologists: Bandura	44
5878015881	Reciprocal determinism	Psychologist: Bandura Defined: Personality is developed by the interaction of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors. How it works: Everyone has a "self-system" of skills abilities and attitudes Self-Efficacy is what can change the system	45
5878015882	External Locus of Control	The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate Effects: Pessimism and often learned helplesses	46
5878015883	Internal Locus of Control	The perception that you control your own fate Effects: Optimism Optimism leads to longer lives with less illnesses but excessive optimism can also lead us to be blind to risks and overconfidence	47
5878015884	Self- efficacy	Defined: the belief in your own ability to deal with different situations and accomplish specific goals It is NOT self esteem which is your general sense of self worth Consequences: people with high self-efficacy are able to succeed because they have an internal locus of control	48
5878070319	Compensation	Defense Mechanism where people try to overcome feelings of inferiority in one area by striving to be superior in another area Major part of Alfred Adler's theory	49

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AP Biology - Water Potential Flashcards

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7978921699	Water Potential	Measure of how freely water molecules can move	0
7978921700	Law of Thermodynamics	Water moves from regions of high energy to low energy	1
7978921701	Osmosis	Water diffuses from areas of high concentrations to low concentrations	2
7978921702	Negative Water Potential	__________________________________ indicates a decrease in water potential as water molecules move less freely due to higher concentrations of solute	3
7978921703	Equilibrium	Zero water potential indicates ___________________	4
7978921704	Transpiration	____________ occurs due to variations in water potential throughout the plant	5
7978921705	Hypotonic	When water diffuses into a plant cell when it is placed in a solution of higher water potential than inside it, the cell contents will expand, pushing against the cell wall, and the cell wall will become turgid	6
7978921706	Hypertonic	If a plant cell is placed in a solution of lower water potential, water will diffuse out, causing the cytoplasm to shrink and become flaccid. If enough water leaves, the cytoplasm pulls from the cell wall, and the cell becomes plasmolysed	7
7978921707	Isotonic	Concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell, so water moves across the membrane in both directions maintaining cell size	8
7978921708	Animal Cells	___________________________ do not have cell walls, so if an animal cell expands excessively the cell will burst open and become haemolysed	9

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AP Psych: Development and Language Flashcards

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4230769077	Three controversies	nature/nurture continuity/stage stability/change	0
4230769078	nature/nurture	nature:genes and biology nurture: learning and environment	1
4230769079	continuity/stage	continuity: flows stage: certain level of development than make leap; incapable of more advance thought until you are and then you are	2
4230769080	stability/change	stability: do we stay the same change: do experiences and environment change us	3
4230769081	critical period	A time during development during which exposure to language is essential for eventual development of effective use of language; between two years of age and puberty -most important time for learning	4
4230769082	maturation	biological processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experiences	5
4230769083	Chomsky(Nature)	-all languages share a common universal language -children inherit a mental program(language acquisition divide) to learn this universal grammar	6
4230769084	universal grammar	Chomsky-no dialect or language is more complex or sophisticated than the other. We are all born with the capacity to learn any language w/o formal instruction	7
4230769085	language acquisition device	Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language naturally	8
4230769086	Skinner(Nurture)	-children's language is reinforced -positive and negative reinforcement -repeat those responses that bring about the desired behavior	9
4230769087	reinforcement	Skinner; An event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response	10
4230769088	mimicry	Skinner; Structural adaptation that enables one species to resemble another species	11
4230769089	receptive language	ability for infants at about 4 months to understand what is said to and about them	12
4230769090	productive language	The ability to speak and write. You use the language that you have acquired to produce a message through speech or written text	13
4230769091	over-generalization	an error that involves coming to a conclusion based on information that is not specific enough -ex: I go'ed there yesterday and saw the mouses	14
4230769092	Phoneme	in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit	15
4230769093	morpheme	in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning	16
4230769094	grammar	in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others	17
4230769095	syntax	Language rules that govern how words can be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences	18
4230769096	semantics	Meaning of words and sentences	19
4230769097	Whorf's Theory of Linguistic Determinism	Whorf's hypothesis that language determines they way we think	20
4230769098	Broca's Area	pre-wired to combine sounds into words and grammar -frontal lobe/left side -speech -production of actual sounds of language; where we come up with syntax.	21
4230769099	Wernicke's Area	pre-wired to combine words into sentences -left hemisphere -comprehension	22
4230769100	Prenatal	before birth -zygote, embryo, fetus	23
4230769101	zygote	Fertilized egg	24
4230769102	embryo	An organism in the earliest stage of development	25
4230769103	fetus	In humans, the term for the developing organism between the embryonic stage and birth.	26
4230769104	Teratogen	Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm -ex: FAS	27
4230769105	Neonate	newborn baby	28
4230769106	Reflexes of Neonate	rooting reflex, sucking, swallowing, grasping reflex, moro (startle) reflex -decrease via habituation	29
4230769107	Infantile Amnesia	the inability to remember events from early childhood	30
4230769108	Schema	a conceptual framework that organizes information and allows a person to make sense of the world	31
4230769109	assimilation	take in information and put it into pre-existing categories -Piaget	32
4230769110	accommodation	accommodate new knowledge and make new category	33
4230769111	Piaget	Stage theorist -cognitive development forms through stages -once you hit a stage, you don't go back	34
4230769112	Piaget: Stage 1: Sensorimotor	stage when we experience world through senses, actions -object permanence:the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived -stranger anxiety	35
4230769113	Piaget: Stage 2: Preoperational	stage when we have mental representations with words and images; intuitive rather than logic -theory of self(mind) -animism: has life even when it does not -ego-centrism:think everything is about them	36
4230769114	Piaget: Stage 3: Concrete Operational	stage when we think logically about concrete events -law of conservation: ability to recognize that objects can be transformed in some way, visually or phycially, yet still be the same in number, weight, substance, or volume	37
4230769115	Piaget: Stage 4: Formal Operational	stage with abstract reasoning -abstract logic -potential for mature moral reasoning -ideal thoughts	38
4230769116	Lev Vgotsky	Continuity Theorist; theorist that believes learning progresses continuously; learning brings out development	39
4230769117	Socio-Cultural Theory	thoughts are constructed by the people around us and pull you along	40
4230769118	MKO	More Knowledgeable Other (Vygotsky) who has a better understanding or a higher ability level with respect to some concept or task	41
4230769119	ZPD	Zone of Proximal Development. Best area of teaching/level of difficulty. Not too challenging that students tune out, but not so low that they aren't challenged with new skills	42
4230769120	Scaffolding	Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children's learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent	43
4230769121	Ainsworth	theorist that studied types of attachment by use of the strange situation test	44
4230769122	secure/insecure attachment	secure attachment: child explores confidently, is distressed when parent leaves insecure attachment: infants either avoid, show resistance, or show ambivalence towards caregivers	45
4230769123	Stranger Anxiety	fear of strangers, usually occurs around 8 months	46
4230769124	Harlow	researcher that highlighted the importance of physical contact comfort in the formation of attachments with parents (monkeys)	47
4230769125	Contact Comfort	stimulation and reassurance derived from the physical touch of a caregiver	48
4230769126	James Marcia	studied adolescent stage of Erikson; divided adolescent into four groups: diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement	49
4230769127	identity diffusion	Identity status, described by Marcia, that is characterized by absence of commitment and lack of serious consideration of alternatives	50
4230769128	identity foreclosure	Marcia's stage in which adolescents prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives	51
4230769129	identity moratorium	Marcia's term for the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis, but their commitments are either absent or vaguely defined	52
4230769130	identity achievement	commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration	53
4230769131	puberty vs. adolescence	puberty: Developmental stage at which a person becomes capable of reproduction adolescence: the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence	54
4230769132	Primary sex characteristics	the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible	55
4230769133	Secondary sex characteristics	nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair	56
4230769134	menarche	beginning of menstruation	57
4230769135	Adulthood physical changes		58
4230769136	Menopause	The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines	59
4230769137	adolescent brain	-cerebral cortex(high thinking): undergoes growth between 11-12; followed by pruning -amygdala(emotional): over-active in adolescence in relation to fully adult brains -cerebellum(coordination): undergoes tremendous growth and changes during teen years	60
4230769138	myelination	the protective coating; it is still being added during young adult life	61
4230769139	fluid and crystallized intelligence	fluid intelligence: one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. crystallized intelligence: one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age	62
4230769140	Dementia	An abnormal condition marked by multiple cognitive defects that include memory impairment.	63
4230769141	Alzheimer's	causes cell death and tissue loss in brain -a type of dementia that causes problems with memory, behavior, and thinking	64
4230769142	Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development	1. Pre-conventional: punishment avoidance, getting what you want by trade off 2. Conventional: meeting expectations, upholding laws and fulfilling duties 3. Post-conventional: sense of democracy and relativity of rules, self-sensation of universal principles	65
4230769143	Gilligan	examined moral differences between boys and girls based on social rules and on ethic of caring and responsibility (turtle and Hare scenario)	66
4230769144	Sternberg's Theory	Distinguishes more simply among 3 aspects of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical -consummate love	67
4230769145	Consummate Love	In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, this type of love includes intimacy, passion, and commitment. The ideal form of love that many people see as the ultimate goal.	68
4230769146	Stages of Grief(DABDA)	denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance	69
4230769147	Elizabeth Kubler Ross	psychologist who created the 5 stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance	70
4230769148	Erik Erikson	stage theorist; 8 stages of psychosocial development	71
4230769149	trust vs. mistrust	erikson's first crisis when infants learn whether the world can be trusted to satisfy the basic needs	72
4230769150	autonomy vs. shame and doubt	erikson's second crisis when toddlers learn to experience will and do things for themselves, or they will doubt their abilities	73
4230769151	initiative vs. guilt	erikson's third crisis when preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plants, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent	74
4230769152	competence vs. inferiority	erikson's fourth crisis when elementary school children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks or they feel inferior	75
4230769153	identity vs. role confusion	erikson's fifth crisis when adolescent teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and the integration them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are	76
4230769154	intimacy vs. isolation	erikson's sixth crisis when young adults struggle to form close relationship and to gain capacity for intimate love or they feel socially isolated	77
4230769155	generativity vs. stagnation	erikson's seventh crisis when middle aged people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family or work, or they may feel a lack of purpose	78
4230769156	integrity vs. despair	erikson's eighth crisis when reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure	79
4230769157	primary crisis of adolescence	identity	80
4230769158	primary crisis of adulthood	work and love	81
4230769159	Meta-analysis	a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies	82
4230769160	cross-sectional study	study different ages in present time	83
4230769161	longitudinal study	follow for long period	84
4230769162	cohort study	divide(like cross-sectional) by age; follow for short period	85
4230769163	development psychologists	focus on changes over one's lifespan -look at changes in physical, cognitive, moral, language, social development	86
4231244602	linguistic determinisme	the idea that thinking patterns are determined by the way we speak.	87

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AP World Chapter 11 Flashcards

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8392074784	Abbasid Caliphate	Dynasty of caliphs who ruled increasingly fragmented Islamic state from 750 to 1258, eventually becoming little more than figureheads	0
8392074785	Al-Andalus	Arabic name for Spain (literally "the land of the Vandals"), most of which was conquered by Arab and Berber forces in the early 3rd century CE	1
8392074786	Anatolia	Ancient Name of Asia Minor, part of the Byzantine Empire that was gradually overrun by the Turks and that now is the Republic of Turkey	2
8392074787	Battle of Talas River	Arab victory over the Chinese in 751 CE that checked Chinese expansion to the west and enabled the conversion of Central Asia to Islam	3
8392074788	Bedouins	Nomadic Arabs	4
8392074789	dhimmis	"Protected Subjects" under Islamic rule, non-Muslims who were allowed to practice their faith as "people of the book" in return for their paying special taxes	5
8392074790	al-Ghazali	Great Muslim theologian, legal scholar and Sufi mystic (1058-1111) who was credited with incorporating Sufism into mainstream Islamic thought.	6
8392074791	hadiths	Traditions passed on about the sayings or actions of Muhammad and his immediate followers; hadiths rand second only to the Quran as a source of Islamic law.	7
8392074792	hajj	The pilgrimage to Mecca enjoined on every Muslim who is able to make the journey; one of the Five Pillars of Islam.	8
8392074793	hijra	The "flight" of Muhammad and his original 70 followers from Mecca to Yathrib (later Medina) in 622 CE; the journey marks the starting point of the Islamic calendar	9
8392074794	House of Wisdom	An academic center for research and translation of foreign texts that was established in Baghdad in 830 Ce by the Abbasid caliph al-Mamun	10
8392074795	Ibn Battuta	14th century Arab traveler (1304-1368) who wrote about his extensive journeys throughout the Islamic world.	11
8392074796	Ibn Sina	One of the greatest polymaths of the Islamic world (980-1037), a Persian who wrote prolifically on scientific (especially medical) and philosophical issues; he is often known as "Avicenna", the Latinized form of his name.	12
8392074797	Imams	In Shia Islam, leaders with high religious authority; the twelve imams of early Shia Islam were Muhammad's nephew Ali and his descendants	13
8392074798	jihad	Arabic for "struggle", this term describes both the spiritual striving of each Muslim toward a godly life and armed struggle against the forces of unbelief and evil	14
8392074799	jizya	A special tax paid by dhimmis in Muslim-ruled territory in return for freedom to practice their own religion	15
8392074800	Kaaba	Great stone shrine in Mecca that was a major pilgrimage center for worshipers of many different deities before it was reconsecrated to monotheistic use by Muhammad	16
8392074801	madrassas	Formal colleges for higher instruction in the teachings of Islam as well as in secular subjects, founded throughout the Islamic world beginning in the 11th century CE.	17
8392074802	mecca	Key pilgrimage center	18
8392074803	Mozarabs	"Would-be Arabs" in Muslim-ruled Spain, referring to Christians who adopted much of Arabic culture and observed many Muslim practices without actually converting to Islam	19
8392074804	Muhammad Ibn Abdullah	The prophet of Islam 570-632 CE	20
8392074805	Muslim	Literally, "one who submits"; name was adopted by Muhammad and his followers to describe their submission to God.	21
8392074806	Pillars of Islam	The five core practices required of Muslims: a profession of faith, regular prayer, charitable giving, fasting during Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca (if financially and physically possible)	22
8392074807	Marco Polo	The most famous European traveler of the Middle Ages (1254-1324) whose travel account of his time in China was widely popular in Europe.	23
8392074808	Rightly Guided Caliphs	The first four rulers of the Islamic world (632-661) after the death of Muhammad. Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali.. all knew Muhammad. used the Qur'an and Muhammad's actions as guides to their leadership which is why they are called this	24
8392074809	Quran	Also transliterated as Qur'an and Koran, this is the most holy text of Islam, recording the revelations given to the prophet Muhammad	25
8392074810	sharia	Islamic law, dealing with all matters of both secular and religious life.	26
8392074811	shaykhs	Sufi teachers who attracted a circle of disciples and often founded individual schools of Sufism. Leaders of tribes and clans with Bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives, and many children. Teachers in Islamic societies.	27
8392074812	Sikhism	A significant syncretic religion that evolved in India, blending elements of Islam and Hinduism founded by Guru Nanak (1469-1539)	28
8392074813	Sufis	Islamic mystics, many of whom were important missionaries of Islam in conquered lands and who were revered as saints	29
8392074814	Sultanate of Delhi	Major Turkic Muslim state established in northern India in 1206.	30
8392074815	Timbuktu	Great city of West Africa, noted as a center of Islamic scholarship in the 14th to 16th centuries.	31
8392074816	ulama	Islamic religious scholars	32
8392074817	Umayyad caliphate	Family of caliphs who ruled the Islamic world from 661 to 650 CE	33
8392074818	umma	The community of all believers in Islam	34
8392074819	Quraysh	Dominant tribe in Mecca, tribe of which Muhammad was born	35
8392074820	Sassanid Empire	The name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian empire. It was one of the two main powers in Western Asia for a period of more than 400 years (c. 200-600 CE) Was founded by Ardashir I after defeating the last Parthian king, in Persia, involving a revival of the Persian religion Zoroastrianism. Fought the Byzantines, which weakened them both.	36
8392074821	Allah	Arabic for "God"; the supreme good of Islam	37
8392074822	Khadija	(555-620 CE) First wife of Muhammad and first to convert to Islam	38
8392074823	Radical Monotheism	Muslim extremist belief in one deity	39
8392074824	Yathrib	In 622 CE, after Khadija's death, Muhammad and his followers were forced to leave Mecca. They went to _____________, soon to be called Medina, where Muhammad was welcomed as a respected leader.	40
8392074825	Usury	The practice of lending money at high interest rates. Banned in many religions including Islam.	41
8392074826	Berbers	A historical ethnic group that inhabited a majority of Northern Africa, in the post-Classical Era. Fought against Muslim expansion	42
8392074827	Abu Bakr	(573-634 CE) Companion of 1st Muslim leader after Muhammad. Regarded by Sunni's as the 1st caliph and rightful successor. The Shi'ah regarded him as a traitor of Muhammad. Known as the best interpreter of dreams following Muhammad's death	43
8392074828	Uthman	(c. 644-656) 3rd successor of Muhammad. Launched attacks against the Byzantine & Sassanid empires. Asserted right of caliphs to protect economic interests of the entire umma. Publicized definitive texts of the Qur'an showing concern for umma's unity. From Mecca family that had resisted the Prophet until Mecca's capitulation in 630 CE. Aroused resentment by giving hist family special favors. Assassinated in 656 CE.	44
8392074829	Shia	A Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of Muhammad's son-in- law as the true rulers of Islam	45
8392074830	Damascus	Ancient Islamic cultural center; capital of present-day Syria	46
8392074831	Rabia	(717-801 CE) Famous woman Sufi poet. Born a slave. master was so amazed with her spirituality he set her free. She then lived in solitude and began to write poetry	47
8392074832	Aisha	(613-678 CE) Mohammad's favorite wife and daughter of Abu Bakr	48
8392074833	Umar	Succeeded Abu Bakr. 2nd Caliph. Not spiritual, but more of a military leader ("Commander of the faithful") Conquered Persia and almost the entire Eastern Roman Empire. Ensured loyalty of the conquered by being nice. Asked women to offer prayers at home and not in public.	49
8392074834	Mansur	Caliph from 754-775 CE. Carried separation of the sexes further in Islamic culture.	50
8392074835	Mullahs	Local mosque officials and prayer leaders within the Safavid Empire; agents of Safavid religious campaign to convert all of the population to Shi'ism	51
8392074836	Kabir	Muslim mystic during 15th century. Played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam.	52
8392074837	Guru Nanak	(1469-1539 CE) Indian religious leader who founded Sikhism in dissent from the caste system of Hinduism	53
8392074838	Turks	Central Asian nomads related to the Xiongnu peoples that pressured Han China. Set up empires throughout Eurasia. Organized as tribes that constantly fought each other. Most converted to Islam. They were primarily herders, using animal products to live (skins, meat, milk, bones, dung, etc.) Not a large population because of limited water on the grasslands. Nobility was hereditary but could be lost through incompetence. Most societies sought to trade with settled people. Nobles controlled absolutely in times of war	54
8392074839	Ghana Empire	Empire in West Africa that grew rich and powerful through trade around 1050 CE located between the Niger and Senegal rivers, mostly farmers, resources gold an salt.	55
8392074840	Mali Empire	From 1235-1400 Ce, this was a strong empire of Western Africa. With its trading cities of Timbuktu and Gao, it had many mosques and universities. The Empire was ruled by two great rulers, Sundiata and Mansa Musa. The upheld a strong gold-salt trade. The fall of the empire was caused by the lack of strong rulers who could govern well.	56
8392074841	Songhay Empire	Portion of Mali after that kingdom collapsed around 1500 CE. the empire controlled Timbuktu	57
8392074842	Sonni Ali	West African Monarch who ruled Songhai from 1464 CE to his death in 1492 CE. Known by all as one of the great military commanders, he is remembered in some stories as a wise and tolerant ruler, and a cruel dictator in others. Also remembered for having a 400 ship river based navy that controlled the trade along the entire Niger River.	58
8392074843	Great Mosque at Jenne-Jeno	Founded in the 13th Century CE; reconstructed in 1907. Islamic temple in Mali	59
8392074844	Cordoba	Capital of Muslim Andalusia (Spain); an economic center hundreds of workshops, culture and learning flourished there.	60
8392074845	Spanish Inquisition	A terrifying period of interrogation regarding heresy, in which many people were tortured, convicted and killed. This was spurred by fear of witches, heretics, Jews and Muslims and was a byproduct of the Reconquista c. 1492 CE.	61
8392074846	Canton	A small port city in southern China where Muslims were able to link the Islamic heartland with China	62