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Ap world History Unit 5 Flashcards

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8655432725Assembly lineIn a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.0
8655432726CommercialA dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.1
8655432727CommunismA political system in which the government owns all property and dominates all aspects of life in a country.2
8655432728Emancipation(AL) , Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free3
8655432729EnclosureA movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.4
8655432730Estates-Generalthe legislative body in France until 1789, representing the three estates of the realm (i.e., the clergy, the nobility, and the commons).5
8655432731Free MarketAn economic system in which prices and wages are determined by unrestricted competition between businesses, without government regulation or fear of monopolies.6
8655432732ImperialismA policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.7
8655432733Industrial RevolutionA period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s 1. Began in England (resources) and invention of steam engine8
8655432734Lassiez-Fairehands-off policy allowing business to operate with little/no government interference9
8655432735labor unionAn organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members10
8655432736Cartela formal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production11
8655432737Marxismthe theory created by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that centers on communism and its inevitability. A branch of socialism that emphasizes exploitation and class struggle and includes both communism and other approaches.12
8655432738NationalismBelief that a nation consists of a group of people who share similar traditions, history, and language. Nationalists argued that every nation should be sovereign and include all members of a community. A person's greatest loyalty should be to a nation-state.13
8655432739Social ClassA system of stratification that groups members of society according to similarities in social standing. Tied to status and power in the community.14
8655432740Social Darwinism19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society.15
8655432741SocialismA system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.16
8655432742SuffrageThe right to vote17
8655432743UrbanizationGrowth of cities18
8655432744James WattScottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).19
8655432745Steam Engineinvention that allowed factories to run machines and rely on manufacturing made industrialization possible20
8655432746Adam SmithSeen as the Father of Capitalism. Published The Wealth of Nations in 1776. Economist who wrote Wealth of Nations; Laissez-Faire economics21
8655432747Sepoy Mutinyan 1857 rebellion of Hindu and Muslim soldiers against the British in India22
8655432748Indian National Congressgroup formed by Hindu nationalist leaders of India in the late 1800's to gain greater democracy and eventual self-rule23
8655432749Opium War1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong.24
8655432750Taiping RebellionThe most destructive civil war in China before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. Leader claimed to be the brother of Jesus.25
8655432751Sino-Japanese Wara war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory.26
8655432752Boxer RebellionRebellion in China against foreigners that occurred soon after the "Open Door" notes. Caused by foreign (American and European) "spheres of influence" within the Chinese empire. Led to no formal division of China and the world powers accepted compensation from the Chinese for damages instead.27
8655432753Meiji RestorationThe political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.28
8655432754Russo-Japanese WarWar between Russia and Japan; Japan wins and takes parts of Manchuria under its control.29
8655432755Boer war(1899-1902) War between Great Britain and the Boers in South Africa over control of rich mining country. Great Britain won and created the Union of South Africa comprised of all the South African colonies.30
8655432756African National CongressAn organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought greater equality.31
8655432757Berlin Conference(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.32
8655432758Muhammad AliLeader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.33
8655432759European Colonialismthe process of european settlement/political control over the rest of the world34
8655432760American RevolutionThis political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.35
8655432761French RevolutionThe revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.36
8655432762Declaration of the Rights of ManFrench Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens.37
8655432763Napoleon Bonaparte(1769-1821) Emperor of the French. Responsible for many French Revolution reforms as well as conquering most of Europe. He was defeated at Waterloo, and died several years later on the island of Saint Helena.38
8655432764Haitian RevolutionA major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.39
8655432765Latin RevolutionsSimon Bolivar is the greatest, father Miguel Hildago40
8655432766Unification of Italy and GermanyGermany replaced France as the dominant power in continental Europe.41
8655432767Nicholas IILast emperor of Russia, a tsar. Political enemies nicknamed him Nicholas the Bloody because of the Khodynka Tragedy, anti-Semitic pogroms, Bloody Sunday, his violent suppression of the 1905 Revolution, his execution of political opponents and his perceived responsibility for the Russo-Japanese War.42
8655432768Monroe DoctrineA statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.43
8655432769Spanish-American Warconflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States. Fought mainly for the issue of Cuban independence from Spain.44
8655432770Decline of Ottoman EmpireThey fell behind in industrialization, in education, and in general compared to the west.45
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Ap world history summer assignment Flashcards

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7199050528prehistorythe time before writing was developed0
7199051232homo sapiensthe first anatomically modern humans1
7199052551hunting and gatheringa food-collecting way of life2
7199053260Paleolithic EraOld Stone Age; most defining accomplishment was the "peopling of the Earth"3
7199055197Neolithic EraNew Stone Age4
7199055824sedentarysettled5
7199056256Neolithic Revolutionthe transition from food gathering to agriculture that began around 10,000 BCE6
7199057750bandssmall groups of 25-50 people; mostly family relationships7
7199058767social hierarchiesthe division of people into high and low status8
7199060232animiststhey felt that natural objects like mountains or rivers contained spirits within them9
7199062336intensificationgetting more benefit from fewer resources (ex.- more calories out of less land by farming)10
7199064011civilizationa complex sedentary society that developed because of food surpluses gained from the development of agriculture11
7199065324Bronze Age3000 BCE- 600 BCE named due to the adoption of bronze metallurgy by many civilizations developed mostly in river valleys12
7199068225domesticationhumans changing plants and animals in their environment to be better suited to human needs13
7199070280Catalhuyukin modern Turkey (elaborate later)14
7199070707Mesopotamiaon the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers of modern Iraq first civilizations came about in around 3500 BCE15
7199075119Fertile Crescentthe city states of mesopotamia16
7199078967polythiestshad multiple gods17
7199079789zigguratshuge stepped pyramid temples for the worship of personified natural forces like the goddess Inanna18
7199083697the epic of gilgameshAn epic poem from Mesopotamia, is among the earliest surviving works of literature tells the story of a wild man Enkidu who becomes civilized with the help of a goddess' temple- uruk19
7199087446pastoralist peoplesnomadic herders who kept domesticated animals20
7199088367specialization of laborpossible in agricultural societies21
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Emergency Care 13th Edition Chapter 27 Flashcards

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7082763577Blunt TraumaA blow to the chest that can fracture the ribs, the Sternum, and the (Rib) cartilages. ( concern is internal bleed)0
7082763578Penetrating ObjectsBullets, knives, pieces of metal or glass, steel rods, pipes and various other objects can penetrate the chest wall, damaging internal organs and impairing respiration.1
7082763579Flail chestA fracture of two or more consecutive ribs in two or more places.2
7082763580Paradoxical motionThe movement of the flail segment is opposite to the movement of the remainder of the chest cavity.3
7082763581CompressionOccurs when severe blunt trauma causes the chest to rapidly compress4
7082763582Flail Chest AssessmentMOA that can cause flail chest Pt will have difficulty breathing pain at injury sight Signs of shock Hypoxia Paradoxical Motion ( Late Sign)5
7082763583Flail Chest Patient CarePrimary Assessment for other life threats Administer O2 Monitor pt resp. volume carefully if Resp. gets shallow assist Ventilation6
7082763584Assume All open chest injuries areLife threatening7
7082763585Sucking chest wound Pt SignsOpen wound in chest Sucking sound ( may or may not ) pt gasping for air8
7082763586Open Chest wound Pt Caremaintain and open air way seal open chest wound quickly we possible apply occlusive dressing ( 2 inch wider than wound ) High flow O2 Treat for shock Transport as soon as possible consider ALS intercept9
7082763587Cardiac tamponadeWhen injury to the heart causes blood to flow into the sac surrounding pericardial sac. heart sacs fills up with blood and compresses chambers of the heart to the point where they no longer fill backing up blood into the veins. MOI- Penetrating trauma destended neck vein, narrowing pulse pressure signs of shock10
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Emergency care 13th chapter 22 Flashcards

Abdominal emergencies

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6871640710Parietal painA localized, intense pain that arises from the parietal peritoneum, the lining of the a abdominal cavity. (Often referred to as peritoneal tenderness)0
6871640711PeritoneumThe membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.1
6871640712Referred painPain that is felt in a location other than where the pain originates2
6871640713retroperitoneal spaceThe area posterior to the peritoneum, between the peritoneum and the back, The area between the abdomen in the back3
6871640714Tearing painA sharp pain that feels as if the body tissues are being torn apart. ( is not the most common type of abdominal pain)4
6871640715Visceral painA poorly localized, dull or diffuse pain that arises from the abdominal organs, are viscera. Comes from the hollow organs5
6871640716The abdomenThe area below the diaphragm in above pelvis,,,, contains a variety of organs that perform digestive reproductive endocrine and regulatory functions.6
6871640717What are the quadrants of the abdomenUpper right quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant, RUQ, RLQ, LUQ,LLQ7
6871640718How many quadrants does the abdomen have48
6871640719What are the two layers of the peritoneum?Visceral and Parietal9
6871640720What organs are included in the Peritoneum?Stomach liver spleen appendix small and large colon and in women the uterus fallopian tube and ovary's10
6871640721The visceral pericardium does what, while the parietal peritoneum is attached to whatCovers the organs, while the parietal peritoneu is attached to the abdominal wall, A slight space between the two of them contain lubricating fluid11
6871640722Structures and organs of the abdomen areEsophagus stomach small intestine and large intestine to the Pendix liver gallbladder splitting pancreas kidneys Blatter12
6871640723EsophagusIs a hollow structure that carries food from the mouth and pharynx to the stomach13
6871640724StomachA hollow structure that is an expandable organ located below the diaphragm and connected to the esophagus and small intestines begins the breakdown of food14
6871640725Small intestinesA hollow structure consisting of the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine, which receives partially digested food from the stomach and begins the absorption of nutrients. The duodenum is the shortest segment of the intestine and is about 23 to 28 cm (9 to 11 inches) long. It is roughly horseshoe-shaped, with the open end up and to the left, and it lies behind the liver.),jejunum,(is the middle segment of the small intestine found between the duodenum and the ileum. Most of the nutrients present in food are absorbed by the jejunum before being passed on to the ileum for further absorption.)and ileum,(the final and longest segment of the small intestine. It is specifically responsible for the absorption of vitamin B12 and the reabsorption of conjugated bile salts. The ileum is about 3.5 metres (11.5 feet) long ) it take stomach contents and removes nutrients as it passes its contents to the large intestines15
6871640726Large intestinesHollow structure that absorbs fluids from its contents creating fecal waste for excretion through the rectum and anus16
6871640727AppendixHollow Lymphatic that is a dead end sac of bowel rich in Lymphatic tissue has no function in digestion. it may become infected and cause appendicitis causing pain and requiring surgery17
6871640728LiverA solid structure. It's involved in regulating levels of carbohydrates in other substances in the blood. It is involved in bile secretion for digestion of fats and has many other functions including detoxification of the blood18
6871640729GallbladderHollow structure that stores bile before it's released into the intestines19
6871640730SpleenSolid lymphatic tissue that removes abnormal blood sales and is involved in the immune response20
6871640731PancreasSolid structure that releases enzymes that assist in breaking down food in the small intestine into absorbable molecules it also secrete hormones into the blood that regulate blood sugar levels21
6871640732KidneysSolid urinary structure that filter and excrete waste. they also regulate water blood and electrolyte levels and assist the liver with detoxification22
6871640733BladderA hollow urinary structure that collects urine from the kidneys prior to excretion (urination)23
6871640734Appendicitisinflammation of the appendix, the closed-end tube attached to the cecum, the first region of the large intestine. While some cases are mild and may resolve on their own, most require the removal of the inflamed appendix through abdominal surgery (usually via laparotomy or laparoscopy), often leaving a small scar or scars. If untreated, there is a high risk of peritonitis, in which the inflamed appendix bursts; shock and death can result. About one and 15 people can develop appendicitis. Symptoms include nausea and sometimes vomiting pain in the area followed by persistent pain in the right lower quadrant.24
6871640735Peritonitisinflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal wall and then folds in to enclose the abdominal organs. The condition is marked by an accumulation of cells, pus, and other bodily fluids, such as serum and fibrin, in the peritoneal cavity (between the two folds of the peritoneal membrane) and by abdominal pain and distension, vomiting, and fever.Peritonitis may be acute or chronic, generalized or localized. Acute peritonitis is usually caused by inflammation elsewhere in the body and may be due to a number of causes, such as bacterial invasion from an infected structure, blood or other fluids from a ruptured organ. A perforated gastrointestinal tract, notably a ruptured appendix, is a common cause of peritonitis.25
6871640736Cholecystitis/GallstonesCholecystitis is it inflammation of the gallbladder often caused by gallstones. patients with this condition experience severe and sometimes upper right quadrant are epigastric pain which may radiate to the shoulder.( often pain is confused with chest pain)and may be difficult to distinguish from cardiac complaints ............>can be worsen by certain ingestion of foods high in fat and abruptly end as a stone frees itself and it passes26
6871640737PancreatitisInflammation of the pancreas commonly associated with patients with chronic alcohol problems. Pain is found in the epigastric area. Pain may radiate to the back and or to the shoulders, because the pancreas is located behind the stomach this is a serious condition advance cases came present signs of shock.27
6871640738Gastrointestinal (GI) BleedingG.I. bleeding came be from the esophagus to the rectum, depending on the size or source of the blood vessel it can be gradual or sudden and massive. Blood can pass through the rectum or through the mail patient also reports abnormal stores that are dark black or maroon in color and are tarry in appearance. Or May simply just passed blood, vomiting of Frank blood or coffee grounds (coffee grounds appearance is due to the partial breakdown of blood in the digestive enzymes). Most commonly in patients with ulcers in the stomach gastric ulcers could result in the patient becoming pale and week over a period of days two weeks could develop signs and symptoms of shock if this source of bleeding is from a larger blood vessel the patient may present with breast bleeding from the rectum him and her vomiting of either bright red blood or material that resembles coffee grounds this type of bleeding is associated with the sudden onset of signs and symptoms of hypoperfusion,, patients with Esophagus bleeding could have blood vessels Repsher creating a massive upper G.I. bleed because of it's proximity to the pharynx , can threaten the airway impose a serious life threat.28
6871640739Abdominal Aortic AneurysmAlso known as AAA a aortic aneurysm is a ballooning are weakening in the wall of the aorta as it passes through the abdomen. The weakening results in a tearing of the internal layer of a blood vessel which allows blood to escape into the week or outer layers. the affected area can grow and rupture gradually. ruptures are associated with a higher rate of death. You may also encounter a patient with a slow leaking AAA usually present with gradual development. Abdominal pain described as sharp pain or tearing pain that may radiate to the back. Ruptures of the aorta typically cause rapid onset of excruciating abdominal and back pain signs of shock are usually present, it requires immediate transport.29
6871640740HerniaIs a hole in the muscle layers of the abdominal wall allowing tissue usually intestines to protrude up against the skin. This can be aggravated by heavy lifting or straining and that will cause the intestines to push through a weak spot and part of the abdominal wall. causes onset pain that maybe palpated as a mass or lump on the abdominal wall or a creases of the groin, it is a life-threatening condition only if the hernia causes an obstruction or twisting in the intestines.30
6871640741Renal ColicKidneys may form hard or small stones that began to descendent on to the urethra on the way to the bladder can call severe flank pain that often radiates anteriorly to the groin area, severe pain may occur also causing nausea or vomiting.31
6871640742Cardiac InvolvementPain from a heart attack, MI , myocardial infarction, Maybe felt as abdominal discomfort, often described as Indigestion or digestive discomfort, commonly felt in the esophagus region always consider cardiac in nature until proven otherwise32
6871640743Assessment of patient with abdominal distressScene size up BSI primary assessment, consider oxygen, patient history, explore site, palpitate abdominal quadrants, conduct physical examination as necessary, transport patient PCR, in female patients consider ectopic pregnancies, ruptured ovarian cyst, pelvic inflammatory disease, menstrual irregularities, these questions may be personal but it's a very important part of the assessment. Vital signs should be taken every five minutes pulse respiration blood pressure skin color temperature condition and pulse oximetry mental status is also important to observe, never give a patient with a complaint of a abdominal pain or discomfort anything by mouth!, try to work to keep the comp the patient calm and reduce anxiety33
6871640744List 4 solid structure organs in the abdomenLiver, kidney, spleen, pancreas34
6871640745List 6 Hollow structure organs found in the abdomenAppendix, large intestines, small intestine, stomach, bladder, gallbladder35
6871640746What are the important questions when doing an assessment on a female patient who's chief complaint is abdominal painWhere are you in your menstrual cycle? Is your period late? Do you have bleeding from the vagina now that is not menstrual bleeding?. If you are menstruating,is the flow normal?have you had this pain before? If so when did it happen and what was it like?36
6871640747Do you older people have a decreased ability to perceive pain?Older people may have decreased ability to perceive pain, this will of course make obtaining a history and description of the pain or discomfort more difficult remember all the patients are more likely to have serious causes of abdominal pain.37
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Ap Language Flashcards

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5215525290AllegoryIs a figure of speech in which abstract ideas and principles are described in terms if characters and events. Ex) "axis of evil" used allegorically for three countries we were at war with0
5215525291AmbiguousA word, phrase ot statement which contains more than one meaning. Ex) each of us saw her duck (duck has more than one meaning)1
5215525292AmbivalenceIndicates more than one possible attitude being displayed toward a character, theme, or idea.2
5215525293AnalogyA comparison in which an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it. Aims at explaining that idea it thing by comparing it to something familiar. Ex). You are as annoying as nails on a chalkboard3
5215525294AntithesisLiteral meaning opposite, is a rhetorical device in which two opposite ideas are put together in a sentece to achieve a contrasting effect. Ex) small step for man but a giant step for mankind4
5215525295ApostropheIn literature, apostrophe is a figure of speech sometimes represented by exclamation "O". A writer or a speaker, using an apostrophe, detaches himself from the reality and addresses an imaginary character in his speech.5
5215525296Catharsisis an emotional discharge through which one can achieve a state of moral or spiritual renewal or achieve a state of liberation from anxiety and stress.6
5215525297Colloquial(ism)In literature, colloquialism is the use of informal words, phrases or even slang in a piece of writing. ex)go bananas - go insane or be very angry7
5215525298Connotationrefers to a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly. Words carry cultural and emotional associations or meanings in addition to their literal meanings or denotations. ex) A dog connotes shamelessness or an ugly face.8
5215525299DidacticA novel, play or poem that is didactic aims to teach us something9
5215525300Delineatedescribe or portray10
5215525301EpiphanyIn literary terms, an epiphany is that moment in the story where a character achieves realization, awareness or a feeling of knowledge after which events are seen through the prism of this new light in the story.11
5215525302EthosIn rhetoric, ethos represents credibility or an ethical appeal which involves persuasion by the character involved.12
5215525303GeneralizationA generalization is defined as a broad statement or an idea that applies to a group of people or things13
5215525304Ironyin which words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning of the words. It may also be a situation that may end up in quite a different way than what is generally anticipated. In simple words, it is a difference between the appearance and the reality.14
5215525305UnderstatementAn understatement is a figure of speech employed by writers or speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is.15
5215525306PathosPathos is a quality of an experience in life or a work of art that stirs up emotions of pity, sympathy and sorrow. Pathos can be expressed through words, pictures or even with gestures of the body.16
5215525307MotifMotif is an object or idea that repeats itself throughout a literary work.17
5215525308SyntaxSyntax is a set of rules in a language. It dictates how words from different parts of speech are put together in order to convey a complete thought.18
5215525309Objectiveinformation on the other hand is meant to be completely unbiased. There is a feeling of the writer or speaker being outside of the information, and when they present it they do so without taking a stance or expressing their feelings in relation to that information.19
5215525310Subjectiveis generally considered to be a single person's opinion. It has a viewpoint, or possibly a bias, regardless of the information it provides.20
5215525311Logossentence or argument used to convince or persuade the targeted audience by employing reason or logic.21
5215525312Metaphoris a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics.22
5215525313MetonymyIt is a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated. ex)Let me give you a hand. (Hand means help.)23
5215525314Allusionis a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance. It does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers. It is just a passing comment and the writer expects the reader to possess enough knowledge to spot the allusion and grasp its importance in a text.24
5215525315Anecdoteis defined as a short and interesting story or an amusing event often proposed to support or demonstrate some point and make readers and listeners laugh.25
5215525316Antecedentis an earlier clause, phrase or word to which a pronoun, another word or a noun refers back to.Broadly speaking, antecedent is a literary device in which a word or pronoun in a line or sentence refers to an earlier word, for instance, "while giving treats to children or friends offer them whatever they like."26
5215525317Aphorismis a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner. The term is often applied to philosophical, moral and literary principles. ex) Words are, of course, the most powerful drug used by mankind. [Rudyard Kipling]27
5215525318AsideThe similarity between them is that a single character speaks directly to himself/herself, or the audience and no other character can hear character's speech. a shorter comment.28
5215525319Clicherefers to an expression that has been overused to the extent that it loses its original meaning or novelty. A cliché may also refer to actions and events which are predictable because of some previous events.29
5215525320Circumlocutioncan be defined as an ambiguous or paradoxical way of expressing things, ideas or views. In fact, when somebody wants to stay ambiguous about anything and he does not want to say something directly, it means he is using circumlocution.30
5215525321Denotationefined as a poem or song in the form of elegiac couplets, written in honor of someone deceased. It typically laments or mourns the death of the individual.31
5215525322Elegy, elegiacdefined as a poem or song in the form of elegiac couplets, written in honor of someone deceased. It typically laments or mourns the death of the individual.32
5215525323euphemismrefers to polite, indirect expressions which replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant.33
5215525324Hyperbolewhich involves an exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.34
5215525325Oxymorontwo opposite ideas are joined to create an effect. The common oxymoron phrase is a combination of an adjective proceeded by a noun with contrasting meanings, e.g. "cruel kindness" or "living death".35
5215525326JuxtapositionJuxtaposition is a literary technique in which two or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts.36
5215525327Omniscientnarrative in third person in which a narrator knows the feelings and thoughts of every character in the story37
5215525328Paradoxmeans contrary to expectations, existing belief or perceived opinion. ex)Wise fool38
5215525329Parallelismuse of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same; or similar in their construction, sound, meaning or meter.39
5215525330PedanticA pedantic is someone who is concerned with precision, formalism, accuracy, minute details in order to make an arrogant and ostentatious show of learning. He could be a writer, a character, feelings, tone or words.40
5215525331PicaresqueType of novel main character crazy or rebel41
5215525332Satireemployed by writers to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule.42
5215525333Stream of consciousnessstream of consciousness is a method of narration that describes in words the flow of thoughts in the minds of the characters.43
5215525334Symbolismis the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense.44
5215525335Invectivedenotes speech or writing that attacks, insults, or denounces a person, topic, or institution. It involves the use of abusive and negative use of language. The tool of invective is generally employed in both poetry and prose to reiterate the significance of the deeply felt emotions of the writer.45
5215525336Cacophonyrefers to the use of words with sharp, harsh, hissing and unmelodious sounds primarily those of consonants to achieve desired results.46
5215525337EuphonyIt can be defined as the use of words and phrases that are distinguished as having a wide range of noteworthy melody or loveliness in the sounds they create.47
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Ap language Flashcards

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6989225919AllegoryThe device of using character and/ or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.0
6989225920AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.1
6989225921Antithesisthe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.2
6989235758AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.3
6989235759App stropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.4
6989235760ClauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence5
6989280292Colloquial/ ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.6
6989280293ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.7
6989280294Euphemisma more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept8
6989280295InductiveReasoning from the specific to the general9
6989280296InvectiveAn emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.10
6989280297Litotesa form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite11
6989280298Morality playDeals with personified virtues and vices12
6989280299MotifA simple device that serves as a basis for an expanded narrative: the motif is a recurring feature or symbol in the work13
6989280300Narrative deviceThe ordering of events, withholding information until a climactic moment, and all tools the storyteller used to progress the story line14
6989280301OxymoronAn oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox15
6989280302ParallelismAlso referred to as a parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "besides one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.16
6989280303RhetoricDescribes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively17
6989280304SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another18
6989280305SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part19
6989280306SynesthesiaWhen one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another20
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Chp. 6: Cognitive Development in Infancy Flashcards

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5169151716Jean PiagetWas a Swiss psychologist interest in epistemology. Looked at humans as organisms that need to adapt in the environment. Studied cognitive development in children and came up w/ ideas like: -intelligence is an active, dynamic process -As children develop, the structure of their thinking changes, and their new modes of thought are based on earlier structures.0
5169165242Genetic epistemologythe study of development of knowledge through biological adaptation ad development of the mind.1
5169165243schemascognitive frameworks that let us categorize concepts, objects or experiences2
5169165244disequilibriuma state of confusion in which your schemas don't fit your experiences. Ex. a child is served a new type of food they've never seen before, so they don't associate it with food.3
5169168380sensorimotor stagePiaget's first stage in which infant's understand the world through the info. they take in through their senses and through their actions on their environment.4
5169168381circular reactionAn infant's repetition of a reflexive action that results in a pleasurable experience. Ex. infant sucking on thumb5
5169169768motor schemainfants' organization of knowledge through action on the world6
5169169769object permanencethe understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.7
5169173725Theory of Core KnowledgeTheory that basic areas of knowledge are innate and built into the human brain.8
5169176882violation of expectationA research method based on the finding that babies look longer at unexpected or surprising events.9
5169176883selective attentionChoosing what we pay attention to.10
5169176903sustained attentionthe process of maintaining focus over time. what we stick with.11
5169179023habituationthe reduction in the response to a stimulus that is repeated12
5169179024infantile amnesiaadults' inability to remember experiences that happened to them before age 3.13
5169180527executive functionthe aspect of brain organization that coordinates attention and memory and controls behavioral responses for the purpose of attaining a certain goal14
5169180528inhibitionthe ability to stop more automatic behaviors in order to stay on task and ignore distractions15
5169182271phonologythe study of sounds16
5169182272syntaxthe grammar of language17
5169183817semanticsthe study of the meaning of words18
5169183818pragmaticsthe way we use language in social situations. children have a problem with this, they say whatever is on their mind.19
5169183819morphemethe smallest unit in language that has meaning Ex. cats -> 2 airplanes -> 320
5169185558phonemesmallest distinct sound in a particular language Ex. shine -> 321
5169185559transitional probabilitythe likelihood that one particular sound will follow another one to form a word22
5169187989NativismA theory of language development that human brains are innately wired to learn language and that hearing spoken language triggers activation of a universal grammar23
5169187990universal grammarthe idea proposed by Noam Chomsky that all languages tend to have the same underlying grammar. For instance, babies around the world babble the same way.24
5169189836overregularizationtype of grammatical error in which children apply a language rule to words that don't follow it. Ex. adding an 's' to foot to make it plural, but foots is not a word.25
5169191457interactionismreadiness to learn interacts with the child's experience26
5169191458recastrepeating what children say but in a more advanced grammar to facilitate language learning.27
5169193387cognitive-processing theorytheory that learning language is a process of "data crunching" in which the process of learning words and their meanings relies on the computational ability of the brain.28
5169197916Broca's areapart of the brain involved in speech production, located near the motor center.29
5169199348Wernicke's areapart of the brain involved in understanding and creating meaning in speech. located near the auditory center.30
5169199349receptive languagethe ability to understand words or sentences31
5169201560expressive languagethe written or spoken language we use to convey our thoughts, emotions or needs.32
5169769154Child-directed speechspeech tailored to fit the sensory and cognitive capabilities of infants and children so it holds their attention. includes speaking in a higher pitch and using simple vocabulary.33
5169777875vocabulary burstthe rapid growth of a child's vocabulary that often occurs in the 2nd year.34
5169779822whole object biasan assumption made by language learners that a word describes an entire object rather than just some portion of it.35
5169782805mutual exclusivity constraintan assumption made by language learners that there is one (and only one) name for an object36
5169788285taxonomic constraintassumption that 2 objects can have one common name, but that each object could also have its own name. Ex. cats and dogs are both animals.37
5169797381fast mappinga process by which children apply constraints and knowledge of grammar to learn new words very quickly.38
5169797382syntactic bootstrappingusing syntax to learn new words39
5169799347semantic bootstrappingusing conceptual categories to create grammatical categories.40
5169801042intellectual disabilitytype of intellectual impairment that includes a low score on a standardized test, impaired adaptive functioning, and deficits in cognitive functioning.41
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Chp. 5: Physical Development in Infancy Flashcards

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5168079746Left Hemispherecontrols right-side motor function0
5168082174Right Hemispherecontrols left-side motor function1
5168096808Corpus CallosumBoth hemispheres are connected by these bundle of nerves.2
5168098647Brain Stemincludes the spinal cord; controls breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure3
5168103297Cerebellumcontrols balance and movement4
5168105326Occipital Lobeprocesses visual information5
5168105327Temporal Lobeactive in hearing, language, memory for facts, visual memory, and emotion.6
5168107342Parietal Lobeprocesses sensory input and spatial awareness7
5168107343Frontal Lobeprocesses complex thoughts, movement, language, working memory and self-control.8
5168110307NeuronsInfants are born with almost all the ____ they'll ever have9
5168137718Synaptogenesisthe development of new synapses10
5168146071Plasticitythe ability of an immature brain to change in form and function11
5168155784Experience-Expectant brain developmentoccurs when we encounter experiences that our brain expects as a normal event. light sensitivity, most people experience this12
5168165619Experience-Dependent brain developmentoccurs in response to specific learning experiences. more individual.13
5168176356Myelinationthe process of laying down a fatty sheath of myelin on the neurons. Needs to occur for neural messages to be sent successfully14
5168181341Cerebral Palsya chronic condition that appears early in development and primarily involves problems with body movement and muscle coordination.15
5168181342Autismdisorder characterized by pervasive impairment in social communication and interaction and by restricted or repetitive behaviors, interest or activities. Range of symptoms and outcomes.16
5168185762Sensationthe information from the environment that is picked up by our senses. Allows child to learn about the world they live in.17
5168185763Perceptionthe process of understanding what your senses are telling you18
5168187959Mirror Neuronsfacilitate imitation, even in newborns.19
516820840820/400Newborns have this type of vision when they are born20
5168504312HearingSense that is enabled prenatally; exposes to moms voice and heartbeat in the womb.21
5168512348Cross-modal transfer of perceptionperception w/one sense enables recognition of that object w/another sense, such as touch. For example, a woman searching for her keys in her purse without looking. Newborns also have this, but only for something they've touched but never seen.22
5168525951Reflexespatterned, involuntary motor responses that are controlled by the lower brain centers. Premature children are not good at this.23
5168525952Gross motor skillsskills that involve moving large muscles such as arms or legs24
5168529162Fine motor skillsskills that involve small movements such as fingers, lips, tongue or hands.25
5168529163Cephalocaudalfrom the head, down26
5168531164Proximodistalfrom the torso, outward27
5168531165Depth PerceptionThe visual cliff experiment was created to see if infants have this, and they do.28
5168535231Cry it outmethod where the parent is letting the infant fall back asleep on its own and without the parents help.29
5168536881Fallsaccount for over 50% of injuries in kids under 130
5168536882Infant Mortalitydeath within the first year of an infants life31
5168539415Sudden Infant Death Syndromethe unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant (SIDS)32
5168539425Back to Sleepprogram that recommends parents to place an infant on its back to sleep.33
5168540713Cortisola hormone produced as part of the stress response that prepares the body for a threat or challenge.34
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