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AP World History Chapter 1 Flashcards

4767822774	Civilization	An ambiguous term of ten used to denote more complex societies but sometimes used by anthropologists to describe any group of people sharing a set of cultural traits.	0
4767822775	Foragers	People who support themselves by hunting wild animals and gathering wild edible plants and insects.	1
4767822776	Artifact	an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.	2
4767822777	Culture	Socially transmitted pat terns of action and expression. Material culture refers to physical objects, such as dwellings, clothing, tools, and crafts. Culture also includes arts, beliefs, knowledge, and technology.	3
4767822778	Hominid	a primate of a family ( Hominidae ) that includes humans and their fossil ancestors.	4
4767822779	Paleolithic Age	The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	5
4767822780	Neolithic Age	The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s). It follows the Paleolithic period.	6
4767822781	Technology	the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.	7
4767822782	Homo sapiens	The species of human beings that exist today.	8
4767822783	Nomad	a member of a people having no permanent abode, and who travel from place to place to find fresh pasture for their livestock.	9
4767822784	Hunter-Gatherer	A member of a people subsisting in the wild on food obtained by hunting and foraging.	10
4767822785	Neolithic Revolution/Agricultural Revolution	The Neolithic Revolution or Neolithic Demographic Transition, sometimes called the Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, allowing the ability to handle an increasingly larger population.	11
4767822786	Slash-and-Burn Farming	a widely used method of growing food in which wild or forested land is clear cut and any remaining vegetation burned. The resulting layer of ash provides the newly-cleared land with a nutrient-rich layer to help fertilize crops.	12
4767822787	Domestication	To convert(animal, plants, etc.) to domestic uses;tame	13
4767822788	Megaliths	Structures and complexes of ver y large stones constructed for ceremonial and religious purposes in Neolithic times.	14
4767822789	Sumerians	The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture, such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions, taken over by their Semitic successors.	15
4767822790	Semitic(Language)	Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the Semitic family is Arabic.	16
4767822791	City State	A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Claszsical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy.	17
4767822792	Babylon	The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century!B.C.E.	18
4767822793	Hammurabi	Amorite ruler of Babylon. He conquered many city- states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.	19
4767822794	Scribe	In the governments of many ancient society's, a professional position reserved for men who had undergone the lengthy training required to be able to read and write using cuneiforms, hieroglyphics, or other early, cumbersome writing systems.	20
4767822795	Ziggurat	A massive pyramidal stepped tower made of mud bricks. It is associated with religious complexes in ancient Mesopotamian cities, but its function is unknown.	21
4767822796	Amulet	Small charm meant to protect the bearer from evil. Found frequently in archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, amulets reflect the religious practices of the common people.	22
4767822797	Cuneiform	A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. Because so many symbols had to be learned, literacy was confined to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes.	23
4767822798	Pharaoh	The central figure in the ancient Egyptian state. Believed to be an earthly manifestation of the gods, he used his absolute power to maintain the safety and prosperity of Egypt.	24
4767822799	Ma'at	Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order.	25
4767822800	Memphis	The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids.	26
4767822801	Thebes	Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings.	27
4767822802	Hieroglyphics	A system of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. It was used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt. Because of the long period of study required to master this system, literacy in hieroglyphics was confined to a relatively small group of scribes and administrators. Cursive symbol-forms were developed for rapid composition on other media, such as papyrus.	28
4767822803	Papyrus	A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paper like writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.	29
4767822804	Harappa	Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation (in modern Pakistan) and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials, such as metals and precious stones, from Afghanistan and Iran.	30
4767822805	Mohenjo-Daro	Largest of the cities of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the ex tensive floodplain of the Indus River in contemporary Pakistan. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large scale of construction at Mohenjo-Daro, the orderly grid of streets, and the standardization of building mate- rials are evidence of central planning.	31
4767822806	Fertile Crecent	the region in the Middle East which curves, like a quarter-moon shape, from the Persian Gulf, through modern-day southern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel and northern Egypt.	32
4767822807	Mesopotamia	ancient name for the land that lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (in modern Iraq), from Greek mesopotamia (khora), literally "a country between two rivers	33
4767822808	Cultural Diffusion	the spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another. The mixing of world cultures through different ethnicities, religions and nationalities has increased with advanced communication, transportation and technology	34
4767822809	Polytheism	the belief in or worship of more than one god.	35
4767822810	Empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress	36
4767822811	Theocracy	a system of government in which priests rule in the name of God or a god.	37
4767822812	Monsoon	a seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and Southeast Asia, blowing from the southwest between May and September and bringing rain (the wet monsoon ), or from the northeast between October and April (the dry monsoon ).	38

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Ap World History Unit 1 Flashcards

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8209541447	agriculture	cultivation and breeding of animals, plants and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants and other products used to sustain and enhance human life.	0
8209543908	domestication	the process of taming an animal and keeping it as a pet or on a farm.	1
8209548246	irrigation	application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals. Irrigation helps grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall	2
8209585321	Paleolithic Era	The cultural period of the Stone Age that began about 2.5 to 2 million years ago, marked by the earliest use of tools made of chipped stone. The Paleolithic Period ended at different times in different parts of the world, generally around 10,000 years ago in Europe and the Middle East. Also called Old Stone Age.	3
8209588208	Neolithic Revolution	The Neolithic Revolution, Neolithic Demographic Transition, or Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture	4
8209594163	Surplus	an amount of something left over when requirements have been met; an excess of production or supply over demand.	5
8209595639	Patriarchy	In sociology, patriarchy is a social system in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property.	6
8209601516	Stratification	the arrangement or classification of something into different groups.	7
8209617259	Hierarchy	a system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.	8
8209626011	Nomad	member of a people having no permanent abode, and who travel from place to place to find fresh pasture for their livestock.	9
8209631790	Pastoralism	Pastoralism is the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas, and sheep.	10
8209634444	Diffusion	the spreading of something more widely.	11
8209638496	Ideology	a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.	12
8209645105	City-State	a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.	13
8209647810	Sumer	Sumer is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and arguably the first civilization	14
8209650489	Babylon	Babylon was a key kingdom in ancient Mesopotamia. The city was built on the Euphrates river and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks, with steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods	15
8209653116	Ziggurat	a rectangular stepped tower, sometimes surmounted by a temple. Ziggurats are first attested in the late 3rd millennium BC and probably inspired the biblical story of the Tower of Babel	16
8209657053	Cuneiform	denoting or relating to the wedge-shaped characters used in the ancient writing systems of Mesopotamia, Persia, and Ugarit, surviving mainly impressed on clay tablets. "a cuneiform inscription"	17
8209661096	Pharaoh	a ruler in ancient Egypt.	18
8209663017	Monotheism	Monotheism has been defined as the belief in the existence of only one god that created the world, is all-powerful and intervenes in the world. A broader definition of monotheism is the belief in one god.	19
8209665593	Polytheism	Polytheism is the worship of or belief in multiple deities, which are usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses, along with their own religions and rituals.	20
8209669943	Hittities	The Hittites were an Ancient Anatolian people who established an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC	21
8209673770	Demography/demographic	Demography is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. As a very general science, it can analyze any kind of dynamic living population, i.e., one that changes over time or space.	22
8209675178	Code of Hammurabi	Dealing with criminal and civil matters. Contemporary definitions for Code of Hammurabi. noun. the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety.	23
8209683242	Harappa/Mohenjo-Daro	civilization of the Indus River at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa arose at about 2500 BCE and ended with apparent destruction about 1500 BCE. It is uncertain whether this civilization had its roots in Sumer or Sumer had its roots in this civilization	24
8209687293	Egalitarian	relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.	25

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AP World History Chapter 10 Flashcards

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8283920277	Homer	definition: ancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written down the Iliad and the Odyssey significance: Great Greek poet who is still read today	0
8283920278	Solon	definition: Athenian reformer of the 6th century; established laws that eased the burden of debt on farmers, forbade enslavement for debt significance: great leader of Athens, prevented rebellion	1
8283920279	Perciles	definition: led rebuilding of Athens for more than 30 years from 461BCE to 429BCE significance: Leader of the Peloponessian war	2
8283920280	Philip of Macedon	definition: father of Alexander of Macedon, unified the warring Greek city-states significance: unified Greece	3
8283920281	Alexander of Macedon	definition: also known as Alexander the Great, by 331 BCE, controlled Syria, Egypt, Mesopotamia; invaded Persian homeland and burned Persepolis; crossed the Indus by 327 significance: Created Bactria which influenced India, helped diffuse Greek ideas	4
8283920282	Sappho	definition: Greek poet who wrote about human emotions, lived on island of Lesbos significance: Classic example on the male dominance in Greece	5
8283920283	Socrates	definition: philosopher who believed in an absolute right or wrong; asked students pointed questions to make them use their reason, later became Socratic method significance: influence to Plato, and as a result, Aristotle	6
8283920284	Plato	definition: considered the greatest philosopher, student of Socrates, known for his Ideas theory significance: influence to Aristotle	7
8283920285	Artistotle	definition: prominent Greek philosopher, noted for his philosophically based thoughts of "science" significance: his ideas were used in the Catholic Church for years by Thomas Aquinas	8
8283920286	Euripides	definition: writer of several tragedies involving war and its misery significance: greek playwright	9
8283920287	Aristophanes	definition: an ancient Greek dramatist remembered for his comedies significance: greek playwright	10
8283920288	Minoan society	definition: society that inhabited Crete, created an undeciphered script, fell to invaders around 1100 BCE significance: beginnings of Greece, its fall led to poleis	11
8283920289	Knossos	definition: prominent ancient town on Crete where Bronze Age culture flourished from about 2000 BC to 1400 BCE significance: "capital" of Minoan society	12
8283920290	Linear A	definition: an undeciphered writing system used in Crete in the 17th century BCE significance: showed the intuitive ability of the early Indo-Eurpoeans	13
8283920291	Mycenaean society	definition: Greek civilization created by Indo- Europeans that lasted from 1600- 1100 BCE, during which large palaces were made, wars fought, trade established; earthquakes and invaders caused it to finally collapse significance: beginnings of Greece, its fall led to the poleis	14
8283920292	Linear B	definition: the modern name for the script, composed of signs and pictures, in which Mycenaean Greeks kept records on tablets of clay significance: shows influence of the Minoans and also demonstrates how society changed through time	15
8283920293	Trojan War	definition: war (around 1200 B.C.), in which an army lead by Mycenaean kings attacked the city of Troy in Anatolia (trojan horse!) significance: part of the epic the Illiad, led to the fall of the Myceanean Society	16
8283920294	Polis	definition: general Greek city-state, including the city and the land around it significance: brought about Sparta and Athens, two influential and powerful city-states	17
8283920295	Sparta	definition: Greek city-state that was ruled by an oligarchy, focused on military, used slaves for agriculture, discouraged the arts significance: encourage a powerful army that influenced Greece	18
8283920296	Athens	definition: powerful city in Ancient Greece that was a leader in arts, sciences, philosophy, democracy and architecture significance: encouraged a flexible government that influenced Greece and the world	19
8283920297	Persian War	definition: conflict between Persia and Greece; Persia wanted to punish Athens for helping another city-state significance: Led to the Delian league and the fall of Athens	20
8283920298	Delian League	definition: alliance of city-states with Athens as leader, made to keep fighting Persia significance: led to the fall of Athens	21
8283920299	Peloponnesian War	definition: a war in which Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta significance: led to the fall of Athens, and in the end, Sparta	22
8283920300	Macedon	definition: ancient kingdom of Philip II and Alexander of Macedon in the southeastern Balkans significance: origin of Philip of Macedon and Alexander the Great	23
8283920301	Hellenistic Age	definition: period between the death of Alexander the Great (323 BCE) and the conquest of Egypt by Rome (30 BCE), marked by migrations to the newly conquered areas	24
8283920302	Antigonid empire	definition: the area of Macedon and Greece, the smallest of the Hellenistic empires; cities such as Athens and Corinth flourished during the Hellenistic age and cities were overpopulated significance: center of Greece, most influential	25
8283920303	Ptolemaic empire	definition: The empire in the Egyptian area after the breakup of Alexander's empire significance: had the Megalopolis of Alexandria, many ports, helped trade	26
8283920304	Seleucid empire	definition: the largest kingdom that came of the division of Alexander's empire significance: helped diffuse Greek culture and ideas	27
8283920305	Olympic games	definition: one of the panhellenic rituals observed by all Greek city-states; involved athletic competitions and ritual celebrations significance: helped unify the many poleis	28
8283920306	Forms or Ideas	definition: term used by Plato to refer to traits in physical objects, ex: manly, beauty, etc. significance: part of the deviation from Socrates	29
8283920307	Cult of Dionysus	definition: cult based on Dionysus, had many rituals involving orgies and drinking, later transitioned to a more civilized cult significance: one of the cults that emerged with the Greek religion	30
8283920308	Stoicism	defitinion: philosophical system of the Stoics (person who can tolerate pain) following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno significance: philosophical ideas influence Europe	31

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AP world history: imperialism vocabulary Flashcards

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5798410079	Battle at Plassey	fight between the troops of the British East India company and an Indian army; British victory gave them control of North East India	0
5798410080	Berlin conference	conference that German Chancellor otto von Bismarck called to set rules for partition of Africa	1
5798410081	boers	Dutch settlers in Cape colony in southern Africa	2
5798410082	boer war	fought between 1899 and 1902 over the continued independence of boer republics; resulted in British victory, but began the process of decolonization in southern Africa	3
5798410083	Captain James Cook	made voyages to Hawaii from 1777 to 1779 resulting in opening of islands to the west; convinced kamehamend to establish unified kingdom in the islands	4
5798410084	Cecile Rhodes	British entrepreneur in southern Africa; manipulated political situation to gain entry to the diamonds and gold discovered in the boer republics	5
5798415934	great mahele	the hawaiian land redistribution proposed by king kamehamena iii in the 1830s and enacted in 1848	6
5798415935	Great trek	movement of boer settlers in cape colony of southern Africa to receive influence of British colonial government in 1834; lead to settlement of regions north of orange river and natal	7
5798415936	Robert Clive	architect a British victory at Plassey; established foundations of British Raj in northern India 18th century	8
5798415937	scramble for Africa	sudden wave of conquest in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s, Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa	9
5798418804	sepoys	troops that serve the British East India Company; recruited from various were like peoples of India	10
5798418805	settler colonies	areas such as North America and Australia that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants	11
5798418806	social Darwinism	survival of the fittest Europeans right to imperialized because they were stronger	12
5798418807	tropical dependencies	Western European possessions in Africa Asia and the South Pacific or small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations	13
5798418808	White man's burden	europeans have a duty to civilize less developed areas because they were stronger	14

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AP World History: Chapter 7 Flashcards

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6142799203	Egeria	A Christian pilgrim from Spain who visited Jerusalem, Egypt, and parts of modern Turkey between 381 and 384. The dates of her birth and death are unknown.	0
6142799204	Polybius	(ca. 200-ca. 118 B.C.E.) A Greek historian who was deported to Rome, where he wrote The Rise of the Roman Empire. Believed the task of the historian was to distinguish underlying causes of events.	1
6142802555	Roman republic	Roman government between 509 and 27 B.C.E. Ruled by two elected executives who consulted regularly with the senate.	2
6142802556	Roman senate	Roman governing body during the Roman republic, composed of some three hundred patricians. Later became an advisory body.	3
6142804800	Carthage	A city in modern-day Tunisia originally founded by the Phoenicians. Rome's main rival for control of the Mediterranean.	4
6142804801	Punic Wars	Three wars the Rome and Carthage fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., all won by Rome.	5
6142807281	Hannibal	(ca. 247-ca. 182 B.C.E.) A brilliant military strategist who led Carthage's armies over the Alps into Italy during the Second Punic War but lost to Rome in 202 B.C.E.	6
6142810188	paterfamilias	The legal head of the extended family in Rome who made all decisions and was the only person who could own property.	7
6142810189	Cornelia	(ca. 190-100 B.C.E.) The mother of the Gracchus brothers, two reformers who sought to help Rome's poor; Cornelia exercised considerable political influence even though she, like all Roman women, did not hold public office.	8
6142812399	dictator	A position given by Roman senate before the first century B.C.E. to a temporary commander that granted him full authority for a limited amount of time, usually six months.	9
6142812400	Julius Caesar	(100-44 B.C.E.) Rome's most successful military commander in the first century B.C.E. who was named dictator by the senate in 49 B.C.E.	10
6142814742	Roman participate	The system of government in Rome from 27 B.C.E. to 284 C.E., in which the princeps, a term meaning "first citizen," ruled the empire as a monarch in all but name.	11
6142817303	Augustus	The name, meaning "revered," that Octavian (63 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) received from the senate when he became princeps, or first citizens, of Rome in 27 B.C.E.	12
6142817304	Pliny the Younger	(ca. 61-113) Roman lawyer and official famous for his letters describing life during the principate, especially the eruption of Mount Vesuvius.	13
6142819179	Jesus	(ca. 4 B.C.E.-30 C.E.) Jewish preacher believed by Christians to be the Messiah, the figure who would bring salvation and, through atonement, eternal life to those who believed in him.	14
6142819180	Paul	(ca. 5-ca. 64) An influential early Christian leader who traveled widely in modern-day Turkey, Cyprus, and Greece to teach about early Christianity.	15
6142822287	Constantine	(272-337, r. 312-337) Roman emperor who issued the Edict of Milan, the first imperial ruling to allow the practice of Christianity and who shifted the capital from Rome to the new city of Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey).	16
6142822288	parchment	Writing material made by stretching, scraping, and cleaning animal skin.	17
6142822289	Aksum	A center of Christianity in Ethiopia, one of the first places in the world outside of the Roman empire to convert Christianity in the early 300s.	18
6142826865	Augustine	(354-430) Author of The Confessions and a prominent early Christian thinker who encouraged Christians to confess their sins.	19
6142826866	Vandals	Leaders of a Germanic-speaking force that attacked North Africa in 430 and sacked Rome for two weeks in 455.	20

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AP World History Chapter 9 Flashcards

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8183352023	Charlemagne	King of the Franks (r.768-814); emperor (r.800-814). Through a series of military conquests, he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Through illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival.	0
8183352024	Medieval	Literally "middle ages", a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance.	1
8244956427	Byzantine Empire	Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from "Byzantium", an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.	2
8244994734	Kievan Russia	State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 880 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population.	3
8245023168	Schism	A formal split within a religious community.	4
8245029484	Manor	In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land.	5
8245049250	Serf	In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord.	6
8245080310	Fief	In medieval Europe, land granted in return for a sworn oath to provide specified military service.	7
8245098293	Vassal	In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that lord or king.	8
8245129334	Papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.	9
8245141164	Holy Roman Empire	A loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.	10
8245170711	Investiture Controversy	Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.	11
8245190600	Monasticism	Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. It was a prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddism.Monasteries were the primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe.	12
8245214592	Horse Collar	Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adaption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles.	13
8245283055	Crusades	(1095-1204). Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolations.	14
8245314320	Pilgrimages	Journey to the second shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimages tradition, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and the pilgrimages made by early Chinese Buddhists to India in search of sacred Buddhist writings.	15
8245385356	Feudalism	The system of exchanging land for service.	16
8245397192	Page	The first stage began at about seven.	17
8245402610	Squire	The second stage usually the boy was a teenager (14).	18
8245423721	Knight	Men that fought for their country; third on the social pyramid (behind lords and church officials but before the peasants).	19

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AP World History Chapter 15 Flashcards

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8695366228	Catholic Counter-Reformation	An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability	0
8695366229	Condorcet and the ideas of progress	The Marquis de Condorcet (1743-1794) was a French philosopher and political scientist who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improbability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept abay by the triumph of reason	1
8695366230	Nicolaus Copericus	Polish mathematician and astronomer (1473-1543) who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos	2
8695366231	European Enlightenment	European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century that applied the lessons of the Scientific Revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and the belief that knowledge could transform human society	3
8695366232	Jesuits in China	Series of Jesuit missionaries in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries who, inspired by the work of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert Chinese elite, although with limited success	4
8695366233	Kaozheng	Literally, "research based on evidence," Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents	5
8695366234	Mirabai	One of India's most beloved bhakti poets (1498-1547), she helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition	6
8695366235	Issac Newton	English natural scientist (1643-1727) whose foundation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution	7
8695366236	Protestant Reformation	Massive schism within Christianity that had its formal beginning in 1517 with the German priest Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a Church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovated in its challenges to Church authority and its endorsement of salvation "by faith alone"	8
8695366237	Sikhism	Religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak ca.1500; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women	9
8695366238	Taki Onqoy	Literally, "dancing sickness;" a religious revivial movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean golden age	10
8695366239	Ursula de Jesus	Slave and later religious Laywoman at the Peruvian Convent of Santa Claus (1606-1666), a lucky escape inspired her to pursue a pious life of mortification and good works gaining a reputation as a women of extraordinary devotion and humility as well as a visionary and mystic	11
8695366240	Voltaire	Pen name of the French Philosopher Francois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), whose work is often taken as a model of enlightenment questioning on traditional values and attitudes; noted for his dream and his criticism of traditional religion	12
8695366241	Wahhabi Islam	Major Islamic movement led by Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792) that advocated as austere lifestyle and strict adherence to Islamic law	13
8695366242	Bhakti	Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve direct union with the divine	14
8695366243	Council of Trent	The main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation (1545-1563), at which the Catholic Church clarified doctrine and corrected abuses	15
8695366244	Charles Darwin	Highly influential English biologist (1809-1882) whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen as a threat to revealed religious truth	16
8695366245	Desim	Belief in a divine being who created the cosmos but who does not intervene directly to human affairs	17
8695366246	Edict of Nantes	1598 edict issued by French king Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars on Religion	18
8695366247	Sigmund Freud	Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today	19
8695366248	Galileo Galilei	Italian astronomer (1564-1642) who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually suppressed by the Catholic Church	20
8695366249	Huacas	Local gods of the Andes	21
8695366250	Huguenots	The Protestant minority in France	22
8695366251	Martin Luther	German priest and theologian (1483-1546) who inaugurated the Protestant Reformation movement in Europe	23
8695366252	Guru Nanak	Founder of Sikhism (1469-1539)	24
8695366253	Ninety-five Theses	List of ninety-five debating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church in Wittenberg in 1517; the Church's strong reaction eventually drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity	25
8695366254	Matteo Ricci	The most famous Jesuit missionary in China in the early modern period; active in China from 1582 to 1610	26
8695366255	Scientific Revolution	Great European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method	27
8695366256	Society of Jesus	Also called "Jesuits," this Catholic religious society was founded to encourage the renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it soon became a leading Catholic missionary order beyond the borders of Europe	28
8695366257	Thirty Years' War	Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with Peace of Westphalia (1648)	29
8695366258	Wang Yangmin	Prominent Chinese philosopher (1472-1529) who argued that it was possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection, without the extensive education of traditional Confucianism	30

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AP World History -- Chapter 16 Flashcards

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5346315615	Ottoman Empire	a former Turkish empire that was founded about 1300 by Osman and reached its greatest territorial extent under Suleiman in the 16th century	0
5346315616	Ming Dynasty	a major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-14th century to the mid-17th century	1
5346326448	Cheng Ho	Chinese Muslim admiral who commanded series of Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea trade expeditions under third Ming emperor, Yunglo, between 1405 and 1433	2
5346330330	Black Death	an epidemic outbreak in Europe around 1348 that killed between one-third and two-thirds of the population in less than five years	3
5346330331	Renaissance	cultural and political movement in Western Europe; began in Italy c. 1400; rested on urban vitality and expanding commerce; featured a literature and art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages	4
5346331243	Portugal	republic in Southwestern Europe; bordered by Spain the the north and east	5
5346331244	Castile and Aragon	Regional kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula; pressed reconquest of peninsula from Muslims and ultimately united under the Spanish monarchy	6
5346332985	Francesco Petrarch	one of the major literary figures of the Western Renaissance; an Italian author and humanist	7
5346332986	Vivaldi Brothers	to genoese brothers who attempted to find a western route to the "indies"; disappeared in 1291; precursors of thrust into southern Atlantic	8
5346334124	Henry the Navigator	an important figure in 15th century Portuguese politics and in the early days of the Portuguese Empire	9
5346334125	Ethnocentrism	Evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture	10

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AP World History Period 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins
Original from MrsBHatchTEACHER

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8926537866	hunting and gathering	Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization	0
8926537867	civilization	Societies with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups	1
8926537868	neolithic	The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished	2
8926537869	nomadic societies	livestock hearding societies that do not have a permanent settlement. normally found on the fringes of civilized (urban) societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies	3
8926537870	culture	Combination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction	4
8926537871	agrarian revolution	Occurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture	5
8926537872	pastoralism	A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies	6
8926537873	Catal Huyuk	Early urban culture/civiization based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification	7
8926537874	Bronze Age	From 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing	8
8926537875	Mesopotamia	Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys	9
8926537876	potter's wheel	A technological advance in pottery making; invented circa 6000 B.C.E.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery products	10
8926537877	Sumerians	People who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states	11
8926537878	cuneiform	A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets	12
8926537879	city-state	A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king	13
8926537880	ziggurat	a massive tower building usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections	14
8926537881	Babylonian Empire	Unified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.	15
8926537882	Hammurabi	The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law	16
8926537883	Pharaoh	The term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs	17
8926537884	pyramids	Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs	18
8926537885	hieroglyphs	Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform	19
8926537886	Kush	African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries	20
8926537887	monotheism	The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization	21
8926537888	Phoenicians	Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean	22
8926537889	Harappa and Mohenjo Daro	Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern	23
8926537890	Aryans	Indo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization	24
8926537891	Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin	Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China	25
8926537892	Shang	1st Chinese dynasty (after the legendary Xia)	26
8926537893	Oracles	Shamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing	27
8926537894	ideographic writing	Pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing	28
8926537895	Big Geography	A term that draws attention to the global nature of world history.	29
8926537896	Paleolithic	The period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.	30
8926537897	Human migration during Paleolithic era	movement of humans from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas	31
8926537898	eglitarian	equality among people (no social levels)	32
8926537899	tools	Humans developed a wider range of ____ specially adapted to different environments from tropics to tundra	33
8926537900	Neolithic Revolution	period of change from hunter-gatherer lifesyle to agricultural lifestyles associated with domestication, farming, and settlement	34
8926537901	patriarchy	father based/male dominated society	35
8926537902	climatic change	Permanent agricultural villages emerged first in the lands of the eastern Mediterranean, possibly as a response to what?	36
8926537903	weapons	Pastoralists were often the developers and disseminators of of ____ and forms of transportation that transformed warfare in agrarian civilizations	37
8926537904	horses	name one mode of new transportation by the pastoralists	38
8926537905	art	Elites, both political and religious, promoted ____.	39
8926537906	record-keeping systems	___ arose independently in all early civilization sand subsequently were diffused	40
8926537907	Nile River	This river flooded regularly.	41
8926537908	Tigris River	This river's floods were unpredictable.	42
8926537909	Mesopotamian	Unpredictable weather patterns affected the development of the _____ civilization.	43
8926537910	Egyptian	_______art demonstrated little change for nearly 1000 years.	44
8926537911	Nubia and Kush	Kingdoms upriver from Egypt.	45
8926537912	Standard of Ur		46
8926537913	Harappan King or Priest Figure		47
8926537914	Jericho	One of the earliest cities: located in modern Israel.	48
8926537915	Catal-Hyouk	One of the earliest cities: located in modern Turkey.	49
8926537916	Homo Sapiens		50
8926537917	Hominid		51
8926537918	Neanderthal		52
8926537919	Entrepot		53
8926537920	Cultural Syncretism		54
8926537921	Presentism		55
8926537922	B.P.		56