| 7814399907 | Explain how early humans used tools and technology to establish communities | -Paleolithic: used stone tools and bones to hunt animals and gather food. Created tools for fishing. Foraging was the basis of their community
Neolithic: farmers used plows, wheelbarrows, etc. to help farm, which was the basis of community ability to use metal and farm allowed for people to settle down and establish communities | | 0 |
| 7814399908 | Explain how environmental factors influenced human migrations and settlements. | Paleolithic: nomadic, so migrated to wherever the environmental conditions were fit for them (greaty influenced by this)
Neolithic: during Ice Age, migrated to warmer climates, and people migrated to fertile places near rivers for farming | | 1 |
| 7814399909 | Explain how human migrations affected the environment. | everywhere people went, they affected the environment. Hunter-gatherers dwindled down the population of animals, and farmers led to deforestation, improved/decreased soil quality, and over-irrigated cut down trees to build houses, etc. | | 2 |
| 7814399910 | Explain how people used technology to overcome geographic barriers to migration over time. | technology is an adaptation to the environment. Whether it was warmer clothing to adapt to the cold, irrigation systems to improve soil quality, or collars to domesticate animals, people always invented new things to adapt to environment | | 3 |
| 7814399911 | Explain how cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of technologies and scientific knowledge. | Civilizations within close proximity to each other would trade with each other and when they traded, more than just goods were traded- rather, knowledge, ideologies, and beliefs were traded as well | | 4 |
| 7814399912 | Evaluate the relative economic advantages and disadvantages of foraging, pastoralism, and agriculture. | Foraging:
Pros:
not as hard as farming
egalitarian
no bad harvests
Cons:
nomadic
no surpluses, no trade
Pastoralism: PROS
not as hard as farming
trade w farmers
animal products
CONS
no agricultural products
no settling down
Agriculture PROS:
surpluses
settling down increase in population/large scale trade
CONS:
bad harvests
labor division/social hierarchies | | 5 |
| 7814399913 | Analyze the roles of pastoralists, traders, and travelers in the diffusion of crops, animals, commodities, and technologies | Pastoralists: diffused animals and weapons to other civilizations
Traders: crops, animals, commodities, and technologies
Egypt and Mesopotamian trade led to diffusion of wheat, barley, commodities, etc
Travelers: traded technologies and commodities (belongings) | | 6 |
| 7814399914 | Explain and compare how hunter-forager, pastoralist, and settled agricultural societies adapted to and affected their environments over time. | HUNTER-FORAGERS: little adaptation bc always moving to follow game and plants, but adapted in the form of clothing. affected their environment bc set fires to encourage growth of plants, and they reduced animal population
PASTORALIST: little adaptation bc always moving w animals, but affected their environment bc overgrazing, reducing plant population
FARMING: used natural resources to adapt to places
ex. Egyptians used flooding to increase soil quality
affected their environment greatly bc deforestation, soil quality, etc. | | 7 |
| 7814399915 | Assess the relationships between states with centralized governments and those without, including pastoral and agricultural societies. | centralized: more organized and unified
-Egypt was centralized, and more organized/unified more uniform, answer to same government
decentralized: more chaotic, fighting
-Mesopotamia: chaotic, disorganized, fragmented- no uniformity
pastoral societies- egalitarian and nomadic
agricultural decentralized- look up
-CENTRALIZED MEETS DECENTRALIZED: decentralized states are vulnerable when it comes to military structure: centralized governments have a much larger military | | 8 |
| 7814399916 | Explain and compare how rulers constructed and maintained different forms of governance. | chiefdoms vs. states
-chiefdoms: asserted dominance through gifts and benevolence
-states: asserted dominance through violence and force- more power than popularity
both asserted dominance through centralized government with lesser officers and overall rulers | | 9 |
| 7814399917 | Assess how and why external conflicts and alliances have influenced the process of state building, expansion, and dissolution. | Alliances are key to the state building, expansion, and dissolution
-good alliances allow for building and expansion
-bad alliances/ bad military allow for conquering | | 10 |
| 7814399918 | Assess how and why commercial exchanges have influenced the processes of state building, expansion, and dissolution. | when nations trade with each other, they establish good relationships and will protect each other when at war for their own sakes. So, if a nation does not trade with other countries, they are subject to a collapsing economy and their nation being conquered
a strong economy will benefit/help w military
-vulnernable and exposed to conquering because they are on your land
-trade spreads empires | | 11 |
| 7814399919 | Explain and compare forms of labor organization, including families and labor specialization within and across different societies. | Paleolithic: all people had equal jobs because they were focused on survival, so the society was egalitarian
pastoralists were nomads as well, so they were solely focused on survival
Neolithic: due to the abundance of food, not all people needed to focus on obtaining food. so there was labor specialization- artisans, merchants, traders, etc.
families: paleolithic: both parents run family
neolithic: due to the growing population women were pregnant more often and taking care of children | | 12 |
| 7814399920 | Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time. | Hunter gatherers did not trade very much because everybody had the same resources.
Pastoralists then traded with farmers and other civilizations, and trade grew exponentially as agriculture came about. Trade routes were created, and international trade came to be | | 13 |
| 7814399921 | Analyze the development of continuities and changes in gender hierarchies, including patriarchy. | Continuities: gender hierarchies existed forever-hunter gathering- women gathered, men gathered
Changes: Paleolithic and pastoralists were egalitarian bc all focused on survival. When surpluses of food came by from farming, people were able to focus on other things like trading, artisans, and merchants. So, women and men were separated and given specific tasks because they were deemed "not strong enough" to farm. | | 14 |
| 7814399922 | Assess how the development of specialized labor systems interacted with the development of social hierarchies. | Specialized labor systems allowed for the development of social hierarchies because some jobs were deemed
"higher ranking" than others
ex. scribes- writing was a gift from the gods, so scribes were higher class | | 15 |
| 7814399923 | Analyze how the functions and institutions of governments have changed over time. | The hunter gatherer and pastoralist societies did not really have governments because they were focused on survival, and did not really need government. When settled communities came about, there were more conflicts between people over resources. So, they needed someone to provide order and structure in society. So, kings, city-states, and empires were created. | | 16 |
| 7814399924 | Analyze how state formation and expansion were influenced by various forms of economic organization, such as agrarian, pastoral, mercantile, and industrial production. | agrarian: allowed for the permanent settlements of large groups of people, which allowed for the creation of states and governments. agrarian societies were forced to innovate/expand to stay alive
pastoralists: no real government, per say, because they had to move constantly and were egalitarian- expansion was genetic
mercantile: based on trade, more exports than imports, trade establishes alliances, which could lead to expansion, therefore, the more economic stability=more expansion- more money=bigger military=expansion
industrial production: did not need to trade: easiest economic state formation bc didnt need to rely on anyone else- able to focus on social and political state formation | | 17 |
| 7814399925 | Assess how the development of specialized labor systems interacted with the development of social hierarchies. | when people showed the need of leaders, social hierarchies formed. leaders controlled the social hierarchies. people who had connections to god were "up" in the ranks, such as priests, rulers, and scribes. Then, farmers artisans and merchants were in the lower ranks, despite them carrying most of the civilization. | | 18 |
| 7814399926 | Compare the origins, principal beliefs, and practices of the major world religions and belief systems. | Judaism: Hebrews believed they were protected by Yahweh. Ten Commandments were give to Moses by God, so Hebrews were God's chosen people. From then on, Hebrews were monotheistic.
Christianity: Jesus was born in Judea, Roman Empire. taught devotion to God and spread love to people. When he died, his followers created a book of his preachings called the New Testament. Christianity quickly spread
Buddhism: Siddhartha Gautama was the founder of Buddhism- way to escape suffering was to reach nirvana (one w universe) (Eightfold Path and Four Noble Truths)
Hinduism: developed over a long time- dharma (purpose in life), karma (good/bad actions), and moksha (one w universe) similar to Buddhism
Daoism: Tao te Ching/Dao te Ching are a book of Laozi's preachings- premises are to be one with nature, similar to Buddhism and Hinduism
Confucianism: practices of Confucius- thought preachings would bring end to warfare, and the key to peace is the right leader (for China)- ren (appropriate feelings), filial piety (respect for parents), and li (ethical actions) Five Key Relationships: ruler/subject, father/son, husband/wife, older brother/younger brother, friend/friend
River Valley Civilization
animistic- things are alive
Egypt: polytheistic, afterlife continuation of life
Mesopotamia: polytheistic, afterlife everybody equal, not very positive | | 19 |
| 7814399927 | Explain how religious belief systems developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks. | religious belief systems developed and spread through trade routes. when people trade, they also spread their beliefs when they visit new towns
not just exchange of goods, but also the change of ideas-
In most civilizations, there are flood stories. Ideas maybe exchanged through groups of people through trade | | 20 |
| 7814399928 | Explain how major philosophies and ideologies developed and spread as a result of expanding communication and exchange networks. | when people travel for trading, they express their ideas and ideologies to other people
- look above | | 21 |
| 7814399929 | Explain how economic, religious, and political elites defined and sponsored art and architecture. | Many noble people sponsored art and architecture to promote themselves or the God
-religious elites: sponsored by asking for commissions or artwork- sponsored the artwork- sponsored the gods and themselves
political elite: propaganda- scenes of might and glory
-economic elites: flaunting money and sponsoring the artwork- proves their wealth | | 22 |
| 7814399930 | Explain the relationship between expanding exchange networks and the emergence of various forms of transregional culture, including music, literature, and visual art. | due to trade, different civilizations were able to interact with each other, and talk about different things. this led to the spread of music, literature, and visual art
cultural diffusion | | 23 |
| 7814399931 | Assess the degree to which the functions of cities within states or empires have changed over time. | First Civilization Cities: center of art, architecture, politics, and economy. They were vital for the unification of a state/empire
Today's cities: there are so many of them, that they are not very important- just places where people live and work | | 24 |
| 7814399932 | Analyze the political and economic interactions between states and non-state actors. | Political: fighting and wars, typically about land, resources, etc.
Economic: often traded with each other- pastoralists would trade animals and supplies with civilizations | | 25 |
| 7814399933 | Analyze the economic role of cities as centers of production and commerce. | cities were vital in holding together civilizations- they acted as a trading hub, as well as the center of commerce, art, politics, etc. This was the place where cultural diffusion occurred | | 26 |
| 7814399934 | Analyze the relationship between belief systems and economic systems. | China- Daoism (one with nature): their economy was based primarily off of agriculture and domestication- they invented the wheelbarrow, collar, and watermills | | 27 |
| 7814399935 | Explain how the development of financial instruments and techniques facilitated economic exchanges. | trade routes to expand trade systems- better records and techniques
Persia: Royal Road
Greece: Mediterranean Sea linked Greek communities by trade- expanded territory
India: inns along trade routes, Silk Road- spread ideologies and goods
China: tributary trade system: neighboring cities gave tributes to China, China gave goods
Silk Road
iron production-- increase in agriculture--increase in trade | | 28 |
| 7814399936 | Evaluate how and to what extent networks of exchange have expanded, contracted, or changed over time. | TRADE EXPANDED SIGNIFICANTLY THROUGH TIME
Paleolithic: trade minimal- between tribes and local groups- most people had the same things
Neolithic: as resources and supplies had surpluses, and different civilizations had different things, trade grew exponentially, international trade, trade routes, etc. | | 29 |
| 7814399937 | Assess the impact that different ideologies, philosophies, and religions had on social hierarchies. | religion had a major impact on social hierarchies: people who were closer to God were valued more- priests, scribes, and kings | | 30 |
| 7814399938 | Analyze ways in which legal systems have sustained or challenged class, gender, and racial ideologies. | Hammurabi's Code:
If a man hurts another noble man, he has to pay a lot of money, but if a man hurts a peasant, he must pay half of what the peasant is worth. So, the code established hierarchies in that peasants were worth less than nobles
If a mans wife fell ill, then the man would have to take care of her until she died- class ideologies because men were supposed to take care of women | | 31 |
| 7814399939 | Assess the economic strategies of different types of states and empires | -Indus River Valley: Mercantile and industrial economy- economy based primarily off of trade- not many natural resources, so primarily based off of manufactured goods
-standardized system of economy makes it easier to collect taxes | | 32 |
| 7814399940 | Analyze the ways in which religious and secular belief systems affected political, economic, and social institutions. | laws were based on religion and morals
secular: based on regular morals like Hammurabi's Code: simpleminded ethics | | 33 |
