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AP World History Period 2 Medium Flashcards

7579216784	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	0
7579216785	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	1
7579216786	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	2
7579216787	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	3
7579216788	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	4
7579216789	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	5
7579216790	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the Han ruled China for more than 400 years.	6
7579216791	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	7
7579216792	hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.	8
7579216793	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	9
7579216794	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	10
7579216795	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	11
7579216796	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	12
7579216797	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	13
7579216798	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	14
7579216799	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	15
7579216800	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	16
7579216801	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	17
7579216802	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	18
7579216803	Solon	Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.	19
7579216804	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	20
7579216805	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	21
7579216806	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	22
7579216807	Brahman	The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.	23
7579216808	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	24
7579216809	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	25
7579216810	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	26
7579216811	Confucius	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	27
7579216812	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	28
7579216813	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	29
7579216814	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	30
7579216815	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	31
7579216816	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	32
7579216817	Hippocrates	A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.	33
7579216818	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	34
7579216819	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	35
7579216820	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	36
7579216821	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	37
7579216822	Moksha	In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.	38
7579216823	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	39
7579216824	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	40
7579216825	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	41
7579216826	Theravada	"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.	42
7579216827	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	43
7579216828	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	44
7579216829	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	45
7579216830	Zarathustra	A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.	46
7579216831	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	47
7579216832	caste as varna and jati	The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	48
7579216833	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	49
7579216834	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	50
7579216835	Kshatriya	The Indian social class of warriors and rulers.	51
7579216836	latifundia	Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire	52
7579216837	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	53
7579216838	scholar-gentry class	A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.	54
7579216839	Sudra	The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers	55
7579216840	the "three submissions"	In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.	56
7579216841	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	57
7579216842	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.	58
7579216843	Axum	Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C.E. and adopted Christianity.	59
7579216844	Bantu expansion	Gradual migration of peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. The agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of these farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered.	60
7579216845	Silk Road	Trade route stretching from China into Europe.	61

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AP World History Chapter 3 Flashcards

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7656973692	Himalayan Mountains	region marking the northern border of the Indian subcontinent	0
7656973693	Varnas	the categories organizing Indian society into a functional hierarchy	1
7656973694	Untouchables	lowest caste in Indian society; performed tasks that were considered polluting (street sweeping, removal of human waste, tanning	2
7656973695	Karma	the sum of merits accumulated by an individual; determined the caste one would be born into in the next life	3
7656973696	Reincarnation	the successive rebirth of the soul according to merits earned in previous lives	4
7656973697	Mahabharata, Ramayana	Indian epics, deeply imbued with Hindu teachings	5
7656973698	Buddha	creator of a major Indian and Asian religion; born in the 6th century B.C.E.; taught that enlightenment could be achieved only by abandoning desires for earthly things	6
7656973699	nirvana	the Buddhist state of enlightenment; a state of tranquility	7
7656973700	Maurya dynasty	established in Indian subcontinent in 4th century B.C.E. following the invasion of Alexander the Great	8
7656973701	Chandragupta Maurya	founder of the Mauryan dynasty, the first empire in the Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization	9
7656973702	Kautilya	political advisor to Chandragupta Maurya; wrote political treatise "Arthashastra"	10
7656973703	Ashoka	grandson of Chandragupta Maurya; extended conquests of the dynasty; converted to Buddhism and sponsored its spread throughout his empire	11
7656973704	Stupas	stone shrines built to house relics of the Buddha; preserved Buddhist architectural forms	12
7656973705	Upanishads	later books of the Vedas; combined sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas	13
7656973706	Shiva, Vishnu	the most important Hindu deities, Shiva destruction, Vishnu the preserver	14
7656973707	Gupta Dynasty	built an empire in the 3rd century C.E. that included all but southern Indian regions; less centralized than Mauryan Empire	15
7656973708	Sanskrit	the classical and sacred Indian language	16
7659984875	Indra	Chief deity of the the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior	17
7659991850	Dharma	The caste position and career determined by one's birth; Hindu culture required that one accept one's social position and perform occupation to the best of one's ability in order to have a better situation in the next life	18

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AP COGO Unit 1 Flashcards

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7579412327	Political Legitimacy	significant segment of the citizenry believe that the government is entitled to command.	0
7579424930	Nondemocratic Regimes	political competition is severely restricted; citizens have little freedom to participate in and dissent from official policies; there are poorly developed or respected procedures for selecting and holding accountable political leaders.	1
7579438207	Democratic Regimes	Free and fair elections are conducted to elect people to public offices.; All citizens possess civil and political rights, including the right to vote.; Political parties free to organize and compete in elections.	2
7579442558	Nation	group of people who are culturally, linguistically, ethnically, historically, etc. similar and develop a common bond.	3
7579451928	Liberalism	high amount of personal freedoms and less government control of the economy	4
7579453703	Common Law	A legal system based on custom and court rulings	5
7579461786	Coinciding Cleavage	greatest amount of wealth, political power, educational opportunities, and development in comparison to another region within the state	6
7579475516	Correlation	one variable is accompanied by a change in another	7
7579478240	Illiberal Democracies	democratic procedures in place but have significant restrictions on them	8
7579480985	Economic liberalization	limiting the power of the state over private property and market forces	9
7579491592	Political Efficacy		10
7579496419	Purchasing Power Parity	GNP + what people can buy using their income in the local economy	11
7579535613	Sovereignty	States with the ability to carry out actions or policies within their borders independently from interference	12
7579540306	Mixed Economy	Mixes characteristics of a command economy with those of a market economy.	13
7579548560	Confederal System	Power spread among many sub-units and has a weak central government	14
7579553863	Judicial Review	Allows courts to decide the constitutionality of a law or executive action	15
7579557416	Nationalism	Discourages the modern trend toward globalization	16
7579560384	Normative Statement	Statements that contain subjective or value-related judgments	17
7579565048	Independent Variable	The variable in a function with a value that is subject to choice.	18
7579566505	Empirical Statement	Statement based on fact	19
7579570785	Rule of Law	A concept that those who govern are bound by the laws; no one is above the law	20
7579572816	Social Capital	The mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network; trust between citizenry and government	21
7579580331	Parliamentary System	The executive and legislative branches of government are combined.	22
7579585324	Threshold Requirement	Minimum percentage needed to receive representation in legislative branch	23
7579590220	State Institution	the institutions that represent official power in society	24
7579593617	Bureaucracies	complex systems with many departments, many rules, and many people in the chain of command; unelected officials implement policy	25
7579602372	neoliberal economic	The allowance of currency to float; Debt-reduction policies; Free trade; Privatization	26
7579606589	Nationalization	Changing something from private to state ownership or control	27
7579610787	Social Democratic	A mix of capitalist and social/welfare economies and politics.	28
7579613841	globalization	the growing integration of the economies and societies of the world	29
7579619266	unicameral	One-house legislature	30
7579619267	bicameral	Two house legislature	31
7579621322	devolution	Movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state	32
7579623884	supranationalism	When a number of individual states come together to work together toward common goals.	33

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Chapter 19: Diabetic Emergencies and Altered Mental Status Flashcards

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5142092561	Absence seizure	A seizure that involves brief, sudden lapses in attention. No loss of consciousness, but no memory. Under 10 seconds, although a patient could have hundreds a day. Stop before adulthood or turn tonic-clinic	0
5142092562	Aneurysm	The dilation, or ballooning of a weakened section of the wall of the artery	1
5144568253	Asphasia	Difficulty in communicatiom	2
5142092563	Aura	A sensation experienced by a seizure patient right before the seizure, which might be a smell, sound, or general feeling	3
5148434490	Blood glucose meter	Portable, handheld meters for measure glucose in blood.	4
5145073698	Broca's Aphasia	Expressive or motor aphasia	5
5142092564	Cerebrovascular accident	A stoke, or neurological emergency that involves the vasculature of the brain. Time is essential	6
5142092565	Cincinnati prehospital stroke scale	3 tests to determine if patient is having a stroke: 1) access plenty of facial droop (smile with teeth,) 2) Speech (give them a phrase,) 3) arm drift (close eyes, lift arms and hold them)	7
5149097794	Clonic phase	Phase 2: the body jerks around violently, usually no more than 1-2 minutes (up to 5) the patient might drool or for, at the mouth, face might go cyanotic	8
5149097795	Complex partial seizure	Another term a psychomotor seizure	9
5142092566	Convulsions	Violent muscle contractions	10
5142092567	Diabetes mellitus	Condition brought about by the decreased insulin production or inability of the body cells to use insulin properly. Diabetic	11
5142092568	Diabetic ketoacidosis	A condition that occurs as the result of high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) characterized by dehydration, altered mental status, and shock	12
5142092569	Diabetic KetoAcidosis	DKA	13
5142092570	Dysphagia	Difficulty swallowing	14
5142092571	Dysphasia	Difficulty speaking	15
5142092572	Eclampsia	Seizure due to pregnancy (third trimester)	16
5142092573	Embolism	Blockage of a vessel by a clot or foreign material brought to th site by the blood current	17
5142092574	Epilepsy	A medical condition that causes unprovoked seizures, neurological condition	18
5144568254	Expressive aphasia	Patient understands you, but can't formulate the right words	19
5168655220	Face, arms, smile, time	FAST	20
5142092575	Febrile seizure	Fever related seizures	21
5142092576	Focal seizure	Twitch or a tick, a focused body part with uncontrollable motor activity. Typically patients do not lose responsible	22
5149097796	Vocal motor seizure	Another term for a partial seizure	23
5149097797	Focal sensor seizure	Another term for a partial seizure	24
5142092577	Generalized seizure	A seizure that affects both sides of the brain. Affects the consciousness	25
5142092578	Glucose	A form of sugar, the body's basic source of energy	26
5144895287	Hyperglycemia	High blood sugar	27
5146302180	Hyperglycemic episode	Due to high blood sugar. TOO MUCH SUGAR, INADEQUATE INSULIN. the body has already used all the insulin, and the rest of the glucose stays in the body. Glucose levels in the blood creep up, while the cells starve for sugar. Hyperglycemia develops over days/weeks. Increase in hunger, thirst and urine; weak and fatigued, increased heart rate, respiratory rate (kussmaul- hyperventilations,) dehydrated, extremely high CBG - over 500 - omits a fruity, acetone odor in the breath. Also called a diabetic coma	28
5145952465	Hypoglycemia	Low blood sugar	29
5146302181	Hypoglycemic episode	Due to low blood sugar. TOO MUCH INSULIN, TOO LITTLE SUGAR. diabetic takes too much insulin, thereby transferring all the glucose into the cells too quickly. Amplified by not eating, empty stomach, overexercising, conditions (fever or shivering.) extremely rapid onset; may mimic stroke. abnormal behavior (acts drunk,) pale cool and clammy, increased HR, increased RR, BP is the same or increasing, CBG below 30%. Seizures possible. Patient needs sugar - Oral glucose	30
5144895288	Hypovolemia	Low blood fluid volume, can cause dizziness or syncope when the patient attempts to sit up or stand - dehydration, bleeding	31
5142092579	Grand Mal seizure	Another term for a generalized seizure	32
5144568255	Hemiparesis	One sided weakness: right side-left side of the brain do something (verbal vs. movement)	33
5142092580	Hemorrhagic stroke	A stroke caused by bleeding in the brain, frequently the result of long standing high blood pressure. It can also occur when's weak area of the artery (an aneurism) bulges out and eventually ruptures, forcing the brain into a too small of a scape	34
5142092583	Insulin	A hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as medication by many diabetics	35
5142092584	Ischemic stroke	Caused by a blockage, can occur when a clot of embolism occluded an artery. Most strokes	36
5149097798	Jacksonian	Another term for a partial seizure	37
5146187208	Metaformin	Anti-diabetic medication. Reduces glucose production, increase glucose uptake.	38
5142092585	Metabolic seizure	Seizure due to drugs, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, withdraw	39
5145952466	Pancreas	Solid organ found in the abdomen, produces insulin	40
5144895289	Presyncope	Lightheadedness	41
5142092586	Partial seizure	A seizure that affects only one part or one side of the brain. Affect only part of the area of the body, patient may or may not loose consciousness	42
5142092587	Petit Mal seizure	Another term for absence seizure	43
5148434491	Polyphagia	Excessive hunger	44
5148434492	Polydyspia	Excessive thirst	45
5148434493	Polyuria	Excessive urination	46
5142092588	Postitcal phase	Phase 3: The period of time immediately following a tonic-clonic seizure in which the patient goes from full loss of consciousness to full mental status, or stats unconscious. Typically lasts a a few minutes to couple hours. drowsiness, confusion, headache	47
5149097799	Psychomotor seizure	Often preceded by an aura, characterized by no loss of consciousness but a loss of memory. Patient may be fidgety, confused, appear drunk, glassy stare, show great fear	48
5144568256	Receptive aphasia	Patient can speak clearly, but cannot understand what you are saying	49
5142092589	Reticular activating system	Series of neurological circuits in the brain that control the functions of staying awake, paying attention, and sleeping	50
5142092590	Reticular Activating System	RAS	51
5142092591	Seizure	A sudden change in sensation, behavior, or movement. Due to the sudden misfiring of the brain. The most severe form of seizure produces violent muscle contractions called convulsions. A sign of underlying defect, injury or disease	52
5142092592	Sepsis	Infection, especially a severe, systemwide response to infection. Severe collation of problems associated with the body's response to an infection. 3 types of infections most associated are: respiratory infections, UTIs and wound infections. Increase in heart and respiratory rates, altered mental state, low BP, High CBG and decreased cap refill. Always suspect sepsis in alternate mental patients with signs of recent infections or at high risk	53
5142092593	Status epilepticus	A prolonged seizure or situation when a person suffers two or more convulsive seizures without regaining full consciousness	54
5144895290	Thrombolytic	Blood clot busting used in Ischemic strokes	55
5142092594	Stroke	A condition of altered function caused when an artery in the brain is blocked or ruptured, disrupting the supply of oxygenated blood or causing bleeding in the brain. Unilateral, uneven signs and symptoms - use Cincinnati scale to determine. Today, strokes can be reversed if treated within 3 hours of last known normality	56
5142092595	Structural seizure	A seizure due to tumor/cancer, stroke, abscess	57
5144568257	Subarachnoid hemorrhage	Bleeding from the artery under the arachnoid layer of the meninges - headache, clutching head, sharp pain in head	58
5142092596	Syncope	Fainting, a brief loss of consciousness with spontaneous recovery - due to cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic and environmental problems	59
5142092597	Thrombus	Blood clot	60
5142092598	Transient ischemic attack	"ministroke," patient appears to have s/s of a stroke, but unlike a stroke, a TIA patient has complete resolution within 24 hours. Small blood clots block circulation - short period of hypoxia. Patient at significant risk of a full blown stroke	61
5144568258	Transient ischemic attack	TIA	62
5146187209	Type 1 diabetes	Autoimmune disorder. No insulin produced, pancreas fails. Too much sugar, not enough insulin - require daily injections. More prone to medical problems and organ damage	63
5146187210	Type 2 diabetes	Too little insulin produced. Appears later in life, as cells build resistance to insulin. The body fails to use insulin properly. Pancreas secretes enough insulin, they just can't use it (normal level, just ineffective.) can be reversed with diet and workingoyt	64
5144895291	Vasovagal syncope	The most common type of syncope, simply fainting. Result of the stimulation of the vegus nerve	65
5142092599	Tonic-clonic seizure	Comes without warning, trashes wildly. A generalized seizure in which the patient loses consciousness and has jerking movements of paired muscle groups. 1-3 minutes, 3 phases: tonic, clinic and Postitcal	66
5149097800	Tonic phase	Phase 1 - the body becomes rigid, stiffening for no more than 30 seconds. Breathing may stop, bowel and bladder control could be lost.	67
5142092600	Toxins, Sugar, Temperature, Oxygen, Pressure	ToSTOP	68
5145073699	Werniches aphasia	Receptive or sensory aphasia, memory loss	69

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Emergency Care 13th Edition Chapter 18 terms Flashcards

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4182849029	acute coronary syndrome	a blanket term used to represent any symptoms related to lack of oxygen (ischemia) in the heart muscle. also known as cardiac compromise	0
4182849030	acute myocardial infarction	the condition in which a portion of the myocardium dies as a result of oxygen starvation; often called a heart attack by laypersons	1
4182849031	agonal breathing	irregular, gasping breaths that precede apnea and death	2
4182849032	aneurysm	the dilation, or ballooning, of a weakened section of a wall of an artery	3
4182849033	angina pectoris	pain in the chest occurring when blood supply to the heart is reduced and a portion of the heart muscle is not receiving enough oxygen.	4
4182849034	apnea	no breathing	5
4182849035	asytole	a condition in which the heart has ceased generating electrical impulses. Commonly called flatline	6
4182849036	bradycardia	when the heart rate is slow, usually less than 60	7
4182849037	cardiac compromise	see acute coronary syndrome	8
4182849038	cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)	actions taken to revive a person by keeping the person's hear and lungs working	9
4182849039	cardiovascular system	the heart and blood vessels	10
4182849040	congestive heart failure (CHF)	the failure of the heart to pump efficiently, leading to excessive blood or fluids in the lungs, the body, or both	11
4182849041	Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)	disease that affect the arteries of the heart	12
4182849042	defirbillation	delivery of an electrical shock to stop the fibrillation of heart muscles and restore a normal heart rhythm	13
4182849043	dyspnea	shortness of breath; labored or difficult breathing	14
4182849044	dysrhythmia	a disturbance in heart rate and rhythm	15
4182849045	edema	swelling resulting from a buildup of fluid in the tissues	16
4182849046	embolism	blockage of a vessel by a clot or foreign material brought to the site by the blood current	17
4182849047	nitroglycerin	a medication that dilates the blood	18
4182849048	occlusion	blockage, as of an artery, by fatty deposits	19
4182849049	pedal edema	accumulation of fluid in the feet or ankles	20
4182849050	pulmonary edema	accumulation of fluid in the lungs	21
4182849051	pulseless electrical activity	a condition in which the heart's electrical rhythm remains relatively normal, yet the mechanical pumping activity fails to follow the electrical activity, causing cardiac arrest	22
4182849052	sudden death	a cardiac arrest that occurs within two hours of the onset of symptoms. the patient may have no prior symptoms of coronary artery disease.	23
4182849053	tachycardia	when the heart rate is fast, more than 100 beats per minute	24
4182849054	thrombus	a clot formed of blood and plaque attached to the inner wall of an artery or vein	25
4182849055	ventricular fibrillation (VF)	a condition in which the heart's electrical impulses are disorganized, preventing the heart muscle from contracting normally.	26
4182849056	ventricular tachycardia	a condition in which the heartbeat is quite rapid; if rapid enough, ventricular tachycardia will not allow the hear's chambers to fill with enough blood between bears to produce blood flow sufficient to meet the body's needs.	27

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AP World History Unit 5 Flashcards

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5913512290	british colonies	the (like Britain) had become prosperous and powerful by 1750	0
5913516500	taxes	an increase in them to pay for Britain's part in the 7 years war angered colonists ("no taxation without representation" became their motto)	1
5913523180	Thomas Paine	writes a pamphlet "common sense" in which he urges the colonists to support a movement for Independence from Britain	2
5913528582	Continental congress	set up in north america to coordinate resistance to British polocies	3
5913531734	1775	skirmished between British troops and colonial militia (who use Guerilla tactics) break out at Lexington	4
5913535734	decleration of Independence	a combination of the ideals of John Locke (social contract) and a list of charges against Britain (written in 1776)	5
5913540950	1777	France begins giving military support to the colonists	6
5913543075	Treaty of Paris	ends the war after the British surrender at Yorktown in 1781 (Britain recognizes the independence of the US)	7
5913551835	US constitution	-creates a federal government based on popular sovereignty and guaranteed individual liberties like freedom of speech and religion -landless men, women, slaves, and native Americans were not included	8
5913561116	french revolution	it drew inspiration from the American revolution (but was much more practical)	9
5913568270	Louis XVI	french king who raised taxes to pay off a huge national debt	10
5913571070	estates	-social classes (clergy, nobles, and everyone else) in France -each estate had one vote on matters -the first two estates did not pay taxes	11
5913578982	Bastille	a prison in Paris stormed by an angry mob on July 14, 1789 (the army's gunpowder was stored there)	12
5913586490	declaration of the rights of man	document created by the revolutionaries that proclaimed "liberty, equality, and fraternity" prohibited social distinctions, and took away the king's powers by creating a constitutional monarchy	13
5913642034	Maximilian Robespierre	-lawyer who leads the revolution -he now becomes the most powerful man in France ***once in power, the revolutionaries declared war on Austria, Prussia, Spain, and Britain to spread the revolution	14
5913653334	Jean Paul Marat	newspaper publisher who pushes for executions of those not pro-revolution	15
5913657532	the terror	-enemies of the revolution were rooted out, jailed, and killed (including the king and queen) ***Robespierre now sets out to change french culture -wanted to create a "cult of reason" -outlawed Christianity, changed the calendar and gave women more rights -he would be executed for being "too radical"	16
5913674845	Napoleon Bonaparte	-superb general and supporter of the revolution who took over France when the revolution ended in 1799 -had charisma and gave people what they wanted -imposed a new constitution that brought order to France -named himself "emperor of France" -made peace with the Catholic church -granted religious freedom to Jews and Protestants -gave wealthy nobles the land back that had been taken from them during the revolution -convinced leader of Russia to be his ally -limited free speech, used spies, and took away women's rights	17
5913700865	1812	-Napoleon defeats the British, Austrian, and Prussian (modern Germany) armies in a war -he will the attack Russia	18
5913706260	"General Winter"	-Russian weather and a lack of supplies makes survival difficult for his army of 600,000 men -he will escape with 30,000 of them and return to France, leaving the rest to die in Russia	19
5913716070	April 1814	his enemies attack France and he is exiled on an island off the coast of Italy ***he will escape, return to France, gather his army, overthrow the new king, and return to power for 100 days	20
5913724548	Waterloo	-he id defeated there by the British and Prussian armies -he will be exiled on the island of St. Helena in the south Atlantic until he dies in 1821	21
5913731075	Haiti	-wealthy French sugar, coffee, and cotton producing colony -slaves there were worked to death because it was cheaper than improving their lives	22
5913738001	gens de colores	slaves that had been granted freedom	23
5913740568	maroon societies	communities of escaped slaves	24
5913743719	Toussaint Louverture	-free slave who builds an organized, disciplined army of gens de colores and maroons who begin to attack French landowners -Napoleon sends troops to stop him, but most get yellow fever and die -Haiti becomes the second independent nation in the western hemisphere in 1801 -slavery ends there because of the revolution ***in the early 1800's, European leaders were concerned with stopping Napoleon instead of controlling people in the Americas	25
5913763548	Father Miguel de Hidalgo	priest who leads a revolt against the Spanish in Mexico	26
5913767010	Simon Bolivar	general who organizes an army and wins independence for northern south America	27
5913770875	Gran Colombia	the country he wants to create out of a unified south America (he will fail to do so)	28
5913775826	Prince Pedro	European who became emperor of Brazil, which will remain a wealthy nation, thanks to slavery	29
5913779825	caudillos	-local "strongmen" with their own armies -they will now rule different parts of south America -they will crush and repress the lower classes, which were most of the people living in south America	30
5913792025	echoes of revolutions	***smaller revolutions would occur in europe in 1830, 1848, and 1870	31
5913796632	ideology	the belief that a particular social and political organization is ideal	32
5913800914	liberalism	idea that change is both normal and required and will bring about equality and change	33
5913807571	conservatism	idea that societies develop slowly and must be protected from radical/revolutionary ideas	34
5913812746	slavery after revolutions	-it largely ended between 1780 and 1890 -enlightenment and religious leaders were critical of it -the cost of protecting people from slave revolts was making slavery too expensive	35
5913821778	Britain and the abolition	most powerful abolition movement ***abolition did little to improve the economic lives of emancipated (freed) slaves -many now refused to work on plantatinos	36
5913829211	migrants	cheap workers (especially from India and China) who moved across the globe to replace slaves	37
5913833408	Russia	-serfs still did the agricultural work there until they were emancipated in 1861 -like many former slaves, they would remain poor and impoverished	38
5913840457	nationalism	-belief that people belong to a distinctive national community -each "nation" should have a distinct culture, territory, and political life -tends to foster jealousy and distrust of others	39
5913849695	Nation-state	political organization in which a group of people who share the same history, traditions, or languages live in a particular area under on government	40
5913856268	national personification	many countries have national animals, but during the 1800's, nations started to make fictional personifications of their nation-states	41
5913863603	1800's (nationalism)	nationalist movements occur across Europe (especially in Greece, Italy, Germany, and Ireland) and elsewhere in the world	42
5913869872	Volkgeist	what German people called their "spirit" or "essence"	43
5913873325	Prussia	German country that was part of a greater "German confederation"	44
5913881096	Otto con Bismark	Prussian prime minister who said "blood and iron" would decide German nationalism	45
5913886884	Germany	Bismark's new, unified country where German people were liked through their language, culture, and the Volkgeist -Bismark expanded it's military until it rivaled Britain as the greatest power in Europe	46
5913897429	anti-semitism	hatred of Jews that was a direct result of nationalism (especially in Germany)	47
5913901291	Theodr Herzl	-Austrian Jew who wanted to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine where Jews could live and be safe (Zionism) -this fueled nationalism and anti-semitism among Palestinians	48
5913911833	1800's (feminism)	-feminist movements develop in Europe and north America -enlightenment thinkers challenged the idea that women were becoming educated -women were joining political movements and charities and were doing missionary work	49
5913926435	maternal feminism	it still stressed the distinctive and important role of women as mothers	50
5913930887	Seneca falls, New York	in 1848, a women's rights conference is held there, starting he modern feminist movement	51
5913940105	1870's	-the movement began to focus on suffrage (women's right to vote)	52
5913978447	effects of the feminist movement	-more women would attend universities -women's literacy rates rose -divorce laws were changed to vie women more rights -more professional opportunities -deep debates over the roles of women were finally taking place -conservative men became bitterly opposed to the movement	53
5952825269	industrial revolution	1750-today -influenced by scientific revolution -transformed European society -pushed Europe into a position of global domination -increased urbanization, empire building, globalization, and populations in countries that industrialized -landscapes were altered as raw materials were extracted -air and water pollution increased greatly	54
5952870824	Britain and the industrial revolution	it started there when the British began using coal as a fuel source because it was running out of wood	55
5952880870	James Watt	-adapts a previously invented steam engine and improves its ability to create energy -steam engines now replaced water power in textile mills	56
5952906737	***other inventions in the industrial revolution	***other major inventions included steamships and steam locomotives -these were now connected to textile mills through waterways or railroads -this led to a reduction in shipping costs and cheaper goods	57
6021877580	industrial revolution spreads	***would spread to western Europe (especially Germany), the United States, Russia, and Japan	58
6021887694	Europe and the industrial revolution	historians believe it started there b/c of -luck -Europeans were the "middle men" in trade between the two hemispheres -capitalism encouraged change and innovation -raw materials were available in the Americas and could easily be shipped to Europe	59
6021905189	Britain (Industrial Revolution)	historians believe it started there in particular b/c it had: -stable government that promoted science, knowledge, and economic innovation -a ready supply of workers who had few options available to them -plenty of coal and iron ore -accessible water transport (lots of rivers and canals)	60
6021921086	India (Industrial Revolution)	-one example of a country that didn't industrialize (dependent nation) -it became dependent upon exporting a crop (cotton) to Britain in order to make money	61
6021931363	changes in Britain by 1800	-rapid development of railroads -increase in mining, manufacturing, and services -creation of more affordable goods -decreased focus on small family textile businesses (the "putting out system")	62
6021940448	nobles (kings and queens)	-they still retained great social prestige and personal wealth -they also continued to live far away from the middle class and laboring classes	63
6021949009	middle class (and the industrial revolution)	-they benefited the most from industry -factory owners, manufacturers, businessmen, bankers, and investors became more important than the wealthy aristocracy (nobility) -some became very wealthy and owned nice homes wit running water, sewers, and sidewalks -women became part of the "cult of domesticity" and were homemakers, wives, and mothers	64
6021968393	service sector workers	middle class clerks and secretaries who made up 20% of Britain's population	65
6021978269	1900 (world population)	-London is now the largest city in the world with over 6 million people -70% of those people were laborers	66
6021982335	cities	-they grew in size and were filled with factories and workhouses where laborers lived -overcrowded -filled with pollution, human waste, and raw sewage in the streets and rivers -diseases (cholera, tuberculosis), crime, gambling, drinking, and prostitution were rampant	67
6021995023	factory life	long hours, low wages, child labor, many women workers, and all supervisors were men	68
6021998717	socialists	critics who disliked the working conditions and inequalities of factory life	69
6022003244	Karl Marx	-leading socialist reformer -said capitalism was causing all of the world's social problems and should be abolished (along with private property_ -he said this would happen in a violent revolution led by industrial workers -("workers unite!")	70
6022017008	trade unions	illegal organizations that got better working conditions trough strikes	71
6022020505	child labor laws	they would eventually take kids out of factories and put them in schools	72
6022051718	migration	-a result of industry that most changed the modern world -millions moved from rural areas to cities -millions also moved to the Americas (especially the U.S.) to escape factory life and gain freedom	73
6022067692	outcomes of industrialization	***industrialization had similar outcomes and problems wherever it was established	74
6022071061	American Industry	began in textile factories in New England in the 1820s	75
6022075146	corporations	-developed to fund new industries through investment in stock markets -the U.S. government passed laws to make the formation of them easy, gave them tax breaks, and limited regulation over what they could do	76
6022082759	railroads	-the most important economic and social development in the U.S. in late 1800's -allowed for easy transportation of goods and people across the U.S.	77
6022095211	effects of industrialization on Native Americans	***railroads, the Gatling Gun, and barbed wire helped to facilitate the destruction of Native American culture	78
6022103471	"culture of consumption"	by 1900, it was being fueled through advertising, catalogs, and department stores	79
6022108242	self-made industrialists	men who invested in industry, got rich, and became cultural heroes -(Henry Ford, Andrew Carnegie, J.D. Rockefeller)	80
6022112255	America and socialism	***Americans preferred "proggressivism" over "socialism" because it was slower and non-violent	81
6022131503	Russia 1850	***bu 1859, Russia had expanded but had not industrialized or modernized	82
6022135471	serfs	-agricultural workers who were the majority of the populatoin -the government always feared they might revolt	83
6022141987	Alexander II	Tsar who frees the serfs in 1861 so they can work in factories and make money	84
6022145846	1890's in Russia	-Russia launches its own industrial revolution -focused on railroad building and factories with heavy industry -took place in only a few major cities ***serfs could not adjust to factory life, so they rebelled by going on large-scale strikes	85
6022160469	intelligentsia	students and intellectuals who push for socialism and reform	86
6022164536	Siberia	secret police round up socialists and "revolutionaries", and ship them here and use them as slave labor	87
6022171551	pogroms	attack on Jews that force many to move to Europe and America	88
6022173779	Russo-Japanese war	-1905 -terrible defeat for Russia -their entire navy is destroyed -members of the military mutiny and rebel -soviets (workers council) lead major strikes and begin to push for violent revolution -Nicholas II responded with violence	89
6022185709	Latin America industrialism	***by 1850, Latin America was 18 different countries	90
6022188707	Creole elites	-descendants of Europeans whose goal was to control land for agriculture and ranching -this meant they did not industrialize -countries made money off of exports of food and raw materials (willingly become dependent nations) -Europe and the U.S. began to invest in Latin American countries	91
6022202092	machism	social ethic that honored male strength and aggression	92
6022204497	gauchos	cowboys of the pampas of Argentina	93
6022206563	Benito Juarez	-native American president of Mexico who led a reform movement (La Reforma) -wanted to limit the power of the catholic church in government -granted universal male suffrage -limited power of the military -created freedom of the press ***the reforms still did not help the poor	94
6022218664	Mexican revolution	bloody conflict (over 1 million killed) from 1911-1920 between landowners and peasants	95
6022224145	Porfirio Diaz	-hated Mexican dictator who was in power at the beginning of the revolution -wanted to help the rich at the expense of the poor	96
6022229195	Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa	revolutionary leaders of peasant armies fighting for "tierra and libertad" (land and liberty) ***support from the U.S. government helped crush the rebellion	97
6097117157	***industry and empire	***the industrial revolution fueled European expansion -created a demand for raw materials and agricultural products -need for products in which to sell European goods and allow to invest in them -foreign markets created jobs for Europeans -nationalism stressed expansion -steamships. the telegraph, canals (Suez and Panama), and railroads could connect empires -gunpowder, repeating rifle, the Maxim gun, and artillery on ships gave Europeans a military advantage	98
6097145676	political benefits (of industry and empire)	nations could acquire strategic locations across the world	99
6097147928	cultural benefits (of industry and empire)	spread education, health care, good government, and Christianity to the "weaker races"	100
6097155480	scientific racism	idea that humans consist of several racial groups	101
6097157648	Charles Darwin	said human societies developed as part of "survival of the fittest" (evolution)	102
6097161273	social darwinism	attempt to apply Darwin's theory to human history	103
6097289329	imperialism	the domination of powers (Europe, U.S., Japan) over subject lands	104
6097292263	colonialism	sending colonists to a foreign land and forcing your policies and culture on the people there	105
6097300152	India (Britain) and Indonesia (Dutch)	colonization happened thanks to trading companies	106
6097301780	Africa and the Pacific	carved up by European powers at the Berlin Conference in 1884	107
6097309956	Liberia (imperialism and conquest)	Africa country settled by freed U.S. slaves that was allowed to remain independent	108
6097313279	Australia (imperialism and conquest)	originally used by Britain as a prison colony but later settled for sheep herding and farming	109
6097319838	Singapore (imperialism and conquest)	colonized to link British bases between Indian ocean and South China sea	110
6097327253	Hawaii (imperialism and conquest)	U.S. companies arrive and begin exporting sugar and pineapple	111
6097333586	Latin America	most countries became dependent upon U.S. as a business link to East Asia (acquired in the U.S. victory over Spain in the Spanish-American war)	112
6097343903	Britain (European rule)	it developed the world's largest empire under Queen Victoria in the 1800s	113
6097349658	India (European rule)	Britain hired local troops (sepoys) over lack of British sensitivity toward their culture -Britain crushed the revolt and established direct rule (British officials and soldiers move in, local culture and tradition ignored)	114
6097359927	Indian National Congress	set up to create better communication between teh British and Indians	115
6097363859	Ram Mohan Roy	the "father of modern India" who began the first attack on British rule in the late 1800s	116
6097369341	colonial life	***life in colonies was traumatic for colonized people -colonial powers set up dictatorships -racism was the acceptable norm -all colonies, not just India -most colonized men were seen as being soft, passive, and feminine -policies contradicted Christian and enlightenment ideals	117
6097385005	Colonial economies	***most colonies specialized in one or two cash crops -cocoa in Ghana, cotton in India	118
6097389978	Indonesia (Colonial economies)	the Dutch made money by forcing peasants to give up 20% of their crops as taxes (the cultivation system)	119
6097399244	Vietnam (Colonial economies)	colonized by the French for rice production	120
6097402132	Congo Free State (Colonial economies)	-African region used by King Leopold of Belgium as a source of rubber -Africans were maimed (randomly) every day by having their hands cut off -up to 8 million Africans died there working for him	121
6097411168	Boer war	-bloody battle between Afrikaners (Dutch) and the British over diamonds and gold in southern Africa -last war in which calvary was effective -British set up "concentration camps" for Afrikaner prisoners -Britain wins	122
6097424807	South Africa	-nation created out of four Afrikaner provinces -whites were given "white privilege" by the British and allowed to set up their own government	123
6130043792	defenders of colonialism	said it jump-started modern growth	124
6130045679	critics of colonialism	said it exploited people and led to limited, uneven growth	125
6130051048	Western education	it led to a new identity for many people around the world	126
6130057271	Christianity (colonial era)	it became popular around the world as a result of European colonialism	127
6130060641	cultural changes in the colonial era	***race, ethnicity, and "tribe" helped to unite people (in Africa, it was called "pan-Africanism"	128
6130068247	impressionism	Eropean art form using styles from Africa (sculpture, metal work) and Asia (simple nature themes)	129
6130076925	leisure	-many people around the world now had higher wages and fewer working hours `	130
6130085995	inventions and improvements in the colonial era	*the bicycle, automobile, airplane, light bulb, telephone, and radio would change the world sanitation systems, soaps, disinfectants, and vaccinations helped prevent illness newspaper, theaters, and sports (soccer, the return of the Olympics) became popular *forests and animal species (whales, bison) were destroyed and pollution (land and air) became an issue everywhere	131
6130104947	1900	the world's population reaches 1 billion	132
6150746899	opium (in China)	-the British grew it in India -it was shipped to China and traded for silver -silver was then used to pay for Chinese goods -as addiction grew and labor shortages ensued, the Qing emperor cracked down	133
6157247768	Opium war	1839-1842 -British ships attack China and show how far behind China's military was	134
6157247769	Treaty of Nanjing	-an "unequal peace treaty" between Britain and China's Qing government -Hong Kong is given to Britain -opium trading is legalized -China could not levy tariffs on importing goods -Christian missionaries are allowed in China	135
6192836689	Hong Xiuquan	Chinese scholar (he believed he was Jesus' brother) who creates a peasant army to overthrow the Qing government	136
6192846040	Taiping Rebellion	revolutionary attempt to take land, redistribute it to peasants, develop free public education, and end foot binding -Qing army kills 30 million peasants	137
6192860320	self-strengthening movement (of China)	Qing emperor attempts to modernize China	138
6192862277	Empress Cixi	-emperor's sister who supports a violent anti-foreigner group called the Boxers -they are defeated by a European, U.S., and Japanese alliance	139
6192869122	1912 (in china)	China's dynastic system ends	140
6192932255	1800's (Ottoman empire)	-military losses to Europe, a lack of modernization, and the economic shift to the Atlantic Ocean caused the Ottomans to lose importance -the Sultans were losing power to local warlords -provinces like Greece had gone independent -people now called it the "Sick man of Europe"	141
6192948292	Muhammad Ali	-leader who creates a strong, modern Egyptian state that breaks away from the Ottoman Empire -industrialized (cotton and weapons) -became dependent on European loans	142
6192958781	Suez canal	constructed by Egypt but sold to Britain when Egypt's government spent too much money	143
6192963809	Young Turk Party	-group of Turkish nationalists who create modern Turkey in 1908 and break away from the Ottoman Empire -hoped for universal suffrage, compulsory education for both men and women, freedom for women, and a modern, secular state -World War I will slow down their plans and kill of the Ottoman empire	144
6192985907	sphere of influence	a region of which a foreign nation has control over trade	145
6192992044	1853 (Japan)	Japan still refused to trade with anyone except the Dutch ***The U.S. was becoming interested in Pacific commerce	146
6192999294	Matthew Perry	-U.S. admiral who uses "gunship diplomacy" to bring Japan out of it's isolation and crate a U.S. sphere of influence -this led to unequal treaties with Japan, along with huge political and social changes	147
6193012902	Meiji Restoration	-Japan's return to imperial government and a new sense of "Westernization" -emperor given "god-like" status again and a few checks are made on his power -factories, railroads, steamships, mines, and banking systems are created -the samurai are abolished and shot -men are given mandatory military service	148
6193034345	1895 in Japan	Japan has become (overnight) a powerful industrial nation by leaning from Europe and the United States	149
6193040505	modernization of Japan	*by the 1880's, Japan was becoming "Westernized" -almost all people became legally equal -clothing and hairstyles became "western" -books from the west are translated into Japanese *Christianity would make little progress (Shinto remained the major religion)	150
6193060096	modernization	-accomplished without acquiring foreign debt -peasants did become impoverished (many resorted to selling/killing girls) -peasant rebellions were crushed -urban workers were treated badly and unions were disallowed ***Japan's military now became the focus of their society	151
6193073726	Sino-Japanese war	Japan defeats China in a war over who should rule Korea and Taiwan	152

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AP World History Chapter 6 Flashcards

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5020797898	Axum	Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; replaced Meroë in first century CE; received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity.	0
5020797899	Ethiopia	A Christian kingdom the developed in the highlands of Eastern Africa under the dynasty of King Lalibela; retained Christianity in the face of Muslim expanision elsewhere in Africa.	1
5020797900	Sahara	Desert running across northern Africa; separates the Mediterranean coast from southern Africa.	2
5020797901	Shintoism	Religion of early Japanese culture; devotees worshipped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world; offers of food and prayers made to gods and nature spirits.	3
5020797902	Civilizations of Central and South America	Three cultural hearths are represented: Mesoamerica, extending from north-central Mexico to Nicaragua; the Andean region in South America, and the Intermediate zone of modern-day Colombia and Panama, which shared many characteristics with the other zones but did no build in stone.	4
5020797903	Teotihuacan	Site of classic culture in central Mexico; urban center with important religious functions; supported by intensive agriculture in surrounding regions; population of as much as 200,000.	5
5020797904	Maya	Classic culture emerging in southern Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacan; extended over broad region; featured monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion.	6
5020797905	Inca	Group of clans centered at Cuzco that were able to create empire incorporating various Andean cultures; term also used for leader of empire.	7
5020797906	Polynesia	Islands contained in a rough triangle whose points lie in Hawaii, New Zealand, and Easter Island.	8
5020797907	Yellow Turbans	Chinese Daoists who launched a revolt in 184 CE in China promising a golden age to be brought about by divine magic.	9
5020797908	Sui	Dynasty that succeeded the Han in China; emerged from strong rulers in northern China; united all of northern China and reconquered southern China.	10
5020797909	Tang	Dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 CE; more stable than previous dynasty.	11
5020797910	Harsha	Ruler who followed Guptas in India; briefly contructed a loose empire in northern India between 616 and 657 CE.	12
5020797911	Rajput	Regional princes in western India; emphasized military control of their religions.	13
5020797912	Devi	Mother goddess within Hinduism; widely spread following collapse of Guptas; encouraged new emotionalism in religous ritual.	14
5020797913	Islam	Major world religion having its origin in 610 CE in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literrally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad.	15
5020797914	Diocletian	Roman emperor from 284 to 305 CE; restored later empire by improved administration and tax collection.	16
5020797915	Constantine	Roman emperor from 312 to 337 CE established second capital of Constantinople; attempted to use religious force of Christianity to unify empire spirituality.	17
5020797916	Germanic Kingdoms After the Invasions	Nomadic tribes converged mainly on the western part of the Roman empire, invading Rome and its European outposts.	18
5020797917	Byzantine Empire	Eastern half of the Roman empire following collapse of western half of old empire; retained Mediterrarnean culture, particularly Greek; later lost Palestine, Syria, and Egypt to Islam; capital at Constantinople.	19
5020797918	Augustine(Saint)	Influential church father and theologian (354-430CE) born in Africa and ultimately bishop of Hippo in Africa; champion of Christian doctrine against various heresies and very important in the long-term development of Christian thought on such issues as predestination.	20
5020797919	The Mediterranean, Middle East, Europe, and North Africa	500CE, Soon after the fall of Rome, the former empire split into three distinct zones.	21
5020797920	Coptic	Christian sect in Egypt, later tolerated after Islamic takeover.	22
5020797921	Mahayana	Chinese version of Buddhism; placed considerable emphasis on Buddha as god or savior.	23
5020797922	Bodhisattvas	Buddhist holy men and women; built up spiritual merits during their lifetimes; prayers even after death could aid people to achieve reflected holiness.	24
5020797923	Jesus of Nazareth	Prophet and teacher amoung the Jews; believed by Christians to be the Messiah; executed 30CE.	25
5020797924	Paul	One of the first Christian missionaries; moved away from insistence that adherents of the new religion follow Jewish law; use of Greek in language of Church.	26
5020797925	Pope	Bishop of Rome; head of the Christian Church in western Europe.	27
5020797926	Council of Nicaea	Christian council that met in 325CE to determine orthodoxy with respect to the Trinity; insisted on divinity of all persons of the Trinity.	28
5020797927	Benedict of Nursia	Founder of monasticism in what had been the western half of the Roman Empire; established Benedictine Rule in the 6th century; paralleled development of Basil's rules in Byzantine empire.	29

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Chapter 14-AP World History Flashcards

The Earth and It's Peoples

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5303324348	Latin West	Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500	0
5303324349	Three-Field System	A rotational system for agriculture in which one feel grows grain, when grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced the two-field system in medieval Europe.	1
5303324350	Black Death	Outbreak of the Bubonic Plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, killing off vast numbers of people.	2
5303324351	Water Wheel	A mechanism that harnesses the power of flowing water to grind grain or power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900.	3
5303324352	Guild	In medieval Europe, and association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who work in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. Guilds were also important in other societies, such as the Ottoman and Safavid Empires.	4
5303324353	Gothic Cathedrals	Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows.	5
5303324354	Renaissance	A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern (trans-Alpine) Renaissance, from roughly be early fifteenth to early seventeenth century.	6
5303324355	Universities	Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in the Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities.	7
5303324356	Scholasticism	A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology the thirteenth century.	8
5303324357	Humanists	European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later.	9
5303324358	Printing Press	Mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a wood block or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450.	10
5303324359	Great Western Schism	A division in the Latin (Western) Christian church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy he existed in Rome and Avignon.	11
5303324360	Hundred Years War	(1337-1453); series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families in French noble families.	12
5303324361	Reconquest of Iberia	Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.	13

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AP World History 6.4 Flashcards

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6664223053	United Nations	An organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security.	0
6664223054	Cold War	This period of time following World War II is where the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers and faced off in an arms race that lasted nearly 50 years.	1
6664225800	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.	2
6664225809	World bank	A United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments.	3
6664228447	International Monetary Fund	An international organization founded in 1944 to promote market economies and free trade.	4
6664231021	World Trade Organization	An international organization begun in 1995 to promote and organize world trade.	5
6664231022	Iron Curtain	A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region.	6
6664232950	Containment	A policy of creating strategic alliances in order to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate peacefully.	7
6664234612	Truman Doctrine	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology.	8
6664235626	Marshal Plan	A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.	9
6664236634	Berlin Airlift	Airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin.	10
6664236635	Arms Race	The competition between nations to have the larger supply of weapons.	11
6664238820	Mutual Assured Destruction	50's & 60's U.S. foreign policy of telling any potential enemies not to attack or we will NUKE you.	12
6664238821	NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries.	13
6664239863	Warsaw Pact	Treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania.	14
6664241741	Mikhail Gorbachev	USSR ruler after 1985; renewed attacks on Stalinism; urged reduction in nuclear armament; proclaimed policies of glasnost and perestroika.	15
6664243971	Great Leap Forward	Economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 1960.	16
6664245374	Cultural Revolution	A radical reform in China initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 and carried out largely by the Red Guard.	17
6664245387	Deng Xiaoping	One of the more pragmatic, least ideological of the major Communist leaders of China; joined the party as a young man in the 1920s, survived the legendary Long March and persecution during the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s, and emerged as China's most influential leader in the early 1980s.	18
6664318787	Tiananmen Square	In 1989, demonstrators peacefully assembled to push for greater democracy in China; when the demonstrators refused to disperse the government sent in troops and tanks.	19
6664318788	Korean War	A war between North and South Korea to see whether the country would be communist or a democracy.	20
6664321909	Domino Theory	The Domino theory was a political theory in which believed that if one nation was Communist, neighboring countries would fall under Communist control as well.	21
6664321910	Ho Chi Minh	Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South vietnam until 1975.	22
6664325352	Prague Spring	A period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union.	23
6664327332	European Union	An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.	24
6664328480	Irish Republican Army	A militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland.	25
6664329781	Berlin Wall	Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics. Wall was torn down at end of Cold War in 1991.	26
6664329782	Bay of Pigs	An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.	27
6664333760	Cuban Missile Crisis	Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.	28
6664333761	detente	A releasing of tensions. Used by the Soviet and America to prevent nuclear war.	29
6664335551	SALT	Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. Rounds of bilateral talks between the US and the Soviet Union on the issue of armament control. SALT I froze the number of ballistic missile launchers at existing levels. If new ones were required, the nation had to destroy the older ones first. SALT II sought to limit the manufacturing of new weapons.	30
6664345203	Perestroika/ glasnost	Policy of Mikhail Gorbachev calling for economic restructuring in the USSR in the late 1980s; more leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture/ Policy of openness or political liberation in Soviet Union put forward by Mikhail Gorbachev in late 1980s	31

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AP World History Ch.2 Flashcards

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7237351282	Abraham	Hebrew patriarch that came from Sumerian city of Ur that migrated to northern Mesopotamia	0
7237351283	Alphabet	Phoenician style of writing that consisted of 22 symbols that represented consonants only, ni vowels, made it easier for all people to be literate because it was much easier to learn than cuneiform since there were less symbols	1
7237351723	Assyrians	hardy people from northern Mesopotamia, built flourishing cities on trade routes, extremely organized and powerful military, had horse-drawn war chariots, iron weapons, and archers that shot from moving platforms that unnerved the enemy, followed codes similar to Hammurabi, preserved first library, conquered Meso, Syria, Palestine, Anatolia, and Egypt, rebellion of conquered subjects was downfall	2
7237352116	Bronze, Iron technology	bronze:Mesopotamian workers discovered that if you alloyed copper with tin, you'd get bronze, 4000 B.C.E., very expensive, weapons and farming tools iron: 1300 B.C.E. Hitties discovered iron by heating and molding charcoal, much cheaper because it was more common, metal of choice, quickly spread to Mesopotamian and Assyrians	3
7237352117	City-state	controlled public life within the city walls, extended their authority to neighboring territories, oversaw affairs on surrounding agricultural regions, created because of permanent settlements overgrowing and needing organized government because of agriculture and food surpluses	4
7237352998	Cross-cultural interaction, exchange	different cultures trade, share customs, and interact with each other, Mesopotamians influenced Hebrews with laws (Hammurabi) and deities before Moses, even with Yahweh still had same flood-destruction of nature and humanity story	5
7237352999	Cuneiform	"wedge-shaped," flexible system of writing that used graphic symbols to represent sounds, syllables, ideas, and physical objects, reed stylus to write on wet clay, dried in sun and preserved records, Sumerians invented it, very cumbersome and had to receive formal education in order to learn it	6
7237353966	Economic specialization	large number of people allowed for focus on tasks other than agriculture, which expand human skills to discover bronze and iron metallurgy, the wheel, and shipbuilding, as well as small artisan crafts	7
7237354344	Elite	ruling classes that consisted of kings and nobles that won their positions because of their success as warriors as well as their valor, Mesopotamian ruling class, portrayed as offspring of the gods, set above all other social classes	8
7237354345	Free commoner	part of Mesopotamian social class, worked as peasant cultivators in country on their own land, some worked in cities as artisans and physicians or engineers, paid taxes to support elite and temples, provided labor	9
7237354945	Dependent client	part of Mesopotamian social class, owned no property, worked as agricultural laborers on land owned by others, owned portion of production to them, paid taxes to support elite and temples, provided labor	10
7237355350	Slave	POW, convicted criminals, or individuals who had to sell themselves into slavery in order to pay off debt, agricultural workers, domestic servants, usually granted freedom after an amount of time or could buy it, lowest of Mesopotamian social class	11
7237355351	Empire	an extensive group of states under a single supreme authority, i.e. Babylonian Empire under Hammurabi, Assyrian Empire under King Assurbanipal, Sargon of Akkad first did it, tired of warring city-states so decided to get enough power to control them all so they would stop warring with each other	12
7237355881	Epic of Gilgamesh	best-known reflective literature from Mesopotamia, explored themes of friendship, meaning of life, inevitability of death, and relationships between humans and gods, about Giglamesh who was saved by god Enkidu from the wrath of the other gods who wanted to destroy all humanity because they were angry with it	13
7237355882	Hammurabi	Babylonian king, "king of four quarters of the world," relied on regular taxation and centralized bureaucratic rule, stationed deputies at controlled territories, created Hammurabi's code, 1792-1750 B.C.E.	14
7237356298	Hammurabi's Code	borrowed from predecessors, high standards of behavior and stern punishments for violators, relied on lex talionis "law of retaliation," punishments were like violations, social standings were taken into account during verdicts, judges used own judgement, copied by many civilzations to come	15
7237357094	Hanging gardens of Babylon	symbolized the luxuriousness of the city of Babylon, King Nebuchadnezzar's wife missed flowers of home so he planted them in terraces above city walls	16
7237357095	Hebrews	speakers of Hebrew language, Abraham was patriarch, pastoral nomads, recognized many values, customs, and dieties of Mesopotamians, flood story and Hammurabi's Code, migrated to Egypt in 18th B.C.E., formed 12 Israelite tribes under Moses when left Egypt	17
7237357651	Israelites	followed Moses out of Egypt and formed twelve loose tribes, branch of Hebrews, fought for territory in Palestine, Mesopotamian style of government, Moses preached monotheism of god called Yahweh, followed Torah and Ten Commandments, built capital at Jerusalem, split into two kingdoms: Israel in north and Judah in south, Assyrians attacked Israel, and Babylonians attacked Judah	18
7237357652	Jews	maintained religious identity after attacked by Babylonians, did not abandon hope, built religious community based on relationship with Yahweh, Yahweh's teachings in Torah, and concern for justice and righteousness	19
7237358241	Hitties	group of Indo-Europeans that migrated to Anatolia, adapted cuneiform, invented iron metallurgy with charcoal and war-chariots with spoked wheels that helped them conquer Anatolia	20
7237358242	Indo-Europeans	tribal groups from southern Russia who migrated from India through Western Europe and distributed Indo-European languages throughout Eurasia, first discovered horses and used them to migrate,	21
7237358606	Irrigation	the supply of water to land or crops to help growth, typically by means of canals and reservoirs, helped Mesopotamia establish complex societies with lots of people	22
7237358607	Kingdom	a group of cities or small villages controlled by one major leader	23
7237358943	Monotheism	the worship of one god only, Moses taught the Israelites the monotheistic belief of Yahweh	24
7237358944	Moses	lead Israelites out of Egypt, taught them there was only one god called Yahweh and all others were imposters, Yahweh was creator and sustainer of the world, brought them the Ten Commandments from Yahweh to live by, Torah, laid down all religious teachings of Hebrews was Brough along	25
7237358945	Pastoral nomads	raise livestock and move about their territory to find good pasture for their livestock, produce food, Hebrews were this	26
7237359595	Patriarchal society	society where all public and private affairs were in the hands of men, men were legally heads of the households, Mesopotamian society	27
7237359596	Phoenicians	created series of independent city-states, relied on trade influence because land was bad, great ship builders, famous for red and purple textiles from local mollusk, prominent female deity was Astrarte, fertility goddess	28
7237360152	Polytheism	the worship of multiple gods, the religion of most Mesopotamian cultures	29
7237360758	Sargon of Akkad	talented administrator and warrior, established first Mesopotamian empire by organizing coup against local king, relied heavily on personal presence to remain in control, forced himself and army on subjects which they didn't like, broke and then controlled tax trade, ended from chronic rebellion	30
7237360759	Semitic	spoke tongues of the Semitic family of languages, nomadic herders from Arabian and Syrian deserts, merged with Mesopotamians	31
7237361097	Stele	central core of a stem, root of a vascular plant consisting of the vascular tissue and associated with supporting tissue	32
7237361098	Yahweh	the god that the Hebrews worshipped as creator of the universe and only true god, gave Moses the Ten Commandments to tell the Israelites how to live, Torah said he would punish those who disobeyed human and reward those who didn't, sent prophets to warn Israelites to fix behavior or be attacked	33
7237361314	Ziggurat	distinctive stepped pyramids that housed temples and pyramids to the principal local deity, heart of all Mesopotamian cities	34

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