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Chapter 25-26 AP World History Vocab Flashcards

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6053195532Toussaint L'Overtureleader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 18040
6053197803Miguel de HidalgoMexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed1
6053198511Augustin de iturbideConservative Creole officer in Mexican army who signed agreement with insurgent forces of independence; combined forces entered Mexico City in 1821; later proclaimed emperor of Mexico until its collapse in 18242
6053199105Simon BolivarCreole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822; military success led to creation of independent state of Gran Colombia3
6053199106Gran Columbiaindependent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolivar; existed only until 1803, at which time Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador became separate nations4
6053199881Pedro Ison and successor of Joao VI in Brazil; aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822; became constitutional emperor of Brazil5
6053199882Caudillosindependent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of latin america.6
6053200561Centralistslatin american politicians who wished to create a strong, centralized national governments with broad powers; often supported by politicians who described themselves as conservatives7
6053200562FederalistsLatin American politicians who wanted policies, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized national administrations; often supported by politicians who described themselves as liberals8
6053201375Monroe DoctrineA statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.9
6053201376PositivismFrench philosophy based on observation and scientific approach to problems of society; adopted by many Latin American liberals in the aftermath of independence10
6053202822Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaMexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)11
6053204248Manifest Destinybelief of the government of the US that it was destined to rule the continent from coast to coast; led to the annexation of Texas from the Mexican-American War12
6053204249Mexican-American WarWar from 1846-1848 leading to a loss of nearly half of Mexico's territory to the U.S13
6053206156Treaty of Guadalupe-HidalgoThe Agreement ending the Mexican-American war; resulted in the loss of texas and California to the U.S, left a widespread American distrust of Latin America14
6053206766Benito JuarezIndian governor of state of Oaxaca in Mexico; leader of liberal rebellion against Santa Anna; liberal government defeated by French intervention under Emperor Napoleon III of France and est of Mexico under Maximilian; restored to power in 1867 until his death in 187215
6053207514Maximilian von HabsburgProclaimed emperor of Mexico following intervention of France in 1862; ruled until overthrow and execution by liberal revolutionaries under Benito Juárez in 1867.16
6053208737Argentine RepublicReplaced the state of Buenos Aires in 1862 as a result of the compromise between the centralist and federalist17
6053209527FazendasCoffee estates that spread into the Brazilian interior between 1840 and 1860; caused intensification of slavery.18
6053210652Modernization TheoryA model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations19
6053210653Dependency TheoryA model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones.20
6053211982Porfirio DiazDictator who dominated Mexico, permitted foreign companies to develop natural resources and had allowed landowners to buy much of the countries land from poor peasants. Had power 1876-191121
6053213010CientificosAdvisors of government of Porfirio Díaz who were strongly influenced by positivist ideas; permitted government to project image of modernization.22
6053213011Spanish-American WarWar fought between Spain and the U.S in 1898; Centered on Cuba and Puerto Rico; permitted American intervention in Caribbean, annexation of Puerto Rico and the Philippines23
6053213869Panama CanalAn aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support for a Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panama isthmus; provided short route from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; completed 191424
6053213870Selim IIIsultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807; aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy; toppled by Janissaries in 180725
6053214821Mahmud II(1785-1839) Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents26
6053214822Tanzimat ReformsSeries of reforms in the Ottoman Empire between 1839 and 1876; established Western-style universities, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms; resulted in creation of new constitution in 187627
6053216950Abdul HamidOttoman sultan who attempted to return to despotic absolutism during reign from 1878 to 1908; nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 190828
6053216951Ottoman Society for Union and ProgressOrganization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Harmid; also called the "Young Turks"; desired to restore 1876 constitution.29
6053218147MamluksTurkic military slaves who formed part of the army of the Abbasid Caliphate in the ninth and tenth centuries; they founded their own state in Egypt and Syria from the thirteenth to early sixteenth centuries30
6053218148Murad(1790-1820) Head of the coalition of Mamluk rulers in Egypt; opposed Napoleonic invasion of Egypt and suffered devastating defeat; failure destroyed Mamluk government in Egypt and revealed vulnerability of Muslim core.31
6053219545Muhammad AliWon power struggle in Egypt following fall of Mamluks; established mastery of all Egypt by 1811; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms; by 1830s was able to challenge Ottoman government in Constantinople; died 184832
6053219546KhedivesDescendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite French and English intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952.33
6053220442Suez CanalBuilt across Isthmus of Suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives, permitted intervention of British into Egyptian politics to protect their investment34
6053220443MahdiIn Sufi belief system, a promise deliverer; also a name given to Muhammad Achmad, leader of late 19th century revolt against Egyptians and British in the Sudan35
6053220444Nurachi(1559-1626) Architect of Manchu unity; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing.36
6053221304Banner ArmiesEight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty.37
6053221305KangxiConfucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sinification among the Manchus38
6053223116compradorsWealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on Chian's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world39
6053223117Lin Zexu(1785-1850) Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War40
6053223875Opium warFought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening of Hong Kong as British port of trade41
6053225734Taiping RebellionBroke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry42
6053225735CixiUltraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners.43
6053226367Boxer Rebellionpopular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from china; failed because of intervention of armies of western powers in china; defeat of chinese enhanced control by europeans and the power of provincial officials44
6053226368Sun Yat-SenHead of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China (Guomindang) in 1919; died in 192545
6053228242PuyiLast emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 191246

AP World History - Islam Flashcards

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5896034943When and where was Muhammed born?570 AD in Mecca0
5896034944What was Muhammed's original occupation?Merchant1
5896034945When and where was Muhammad visited by Gabriel?While meditating in a cave near Mecca2
5896034946What is the Qu'ran composed of?114 suras, or chapters, about the revelations Muhammad received.3
5896034947Name 3 of the Islamic prophetsAbraham, Isaac, and Jesus4
5896034948Did the Arabs descend from Ishmael or Isaac?Ishmael5
5896034949People of the BookJews, Christians, and Muslims6
5896034950Characteristics of the BedouinNomadic tribes in the desert, polytheistic7
5896034951What does Islam mean?"Surrender" to God8
5896034952Five Pillars of IslamThe Testimony, Daily Prayer, Almsgiving, Fasting, and the Pilgrimage9
5896034953What aren't Muslims allowed to eat/drink?Pork and alcohol10
5896034954Limit to number of wives411
5896034955Who established the law code?The Ulama scholars12
5896034956What is the law code called?Shari'a Law13
5896034957What is the Hadith?A collection of Muhammad's sayings14
58960349583 Holy cities of IslamMecca, Medina, and Jerusalem15
5896034959What is the Dome of the Rock on the site of?Where Muhammed ascended to heaven for a conversation with the prophets16
5896034960What is the Hejira?Muhammed's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 Marks beginning of Muslim calendar17
58960349612 options for successor of Muhammed1. A relative of Muhammed (Ali) 2. Someone capable but not related (Abu Bakr)18
5896034962Person next in line after Abu BakrUmar19
5896034963Caliph after UmarUthman20
5896034964Who became caliph when Ali died?Muawiya21
5896034965Festival that commemorates the battle of Karbala in which Muhammed's grandson was killedAshura22
5896034966Capital of first Islamic caliphateDamascus23
5896034967What did Muslims call Spain?Al Andaluz24
5896034968Capital of Al AndaluzCórdoba25
5896034969What happened at the Battle of Tours?Abd al Rahman defeated by army of Franks led by Charles Martel26
5896034970AverroesPhilosopher27
5896034971AvicennaMedicine, considered "Greatest genius of Islamic Golden Age"28
5896034972Alhazen"Father of Optics"29
5896034973What happened in 1492?Ferdinand and Isabella captured Granada in Spain, ending Islamic Golden Age30
5896034974ReconquistaGradual destruction of Muslim power and culture in Spain.31
58960349751st caliphateUmayyad Caliphate32
58960349762nd CaliphateAbbasid Caliphate33
5896034977Capital of Abbasid caliphateBaghdad34
5896034978Who took over the Abbasids?Seljuk Turks35
5896034979Who besieged Baghdad in 1258?The Mongols36
5896079251Intellectual "research facility" in BaghdadHouse of Wisdom37
5896079252First great Muslim architectural achievement?Dome of the Rock38
58960792532 major intellectual concepts the Muslims brought to EuropeThe concept of zero and the works of Aristotle.39
5896079254Name 2 architectural achievements of CórdobaThe Alhambra (palace) and the Great Mosque of Córdoba40

AP World History Unit 2 Flashcards

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5481394921Caste Systema class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich0
5481394922PatriarchyA male dominated society1
5481394923MatriarchalA female dominated society2
5481394924Mandate of Heavenan ancient Chinese belief and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well and fairly.3
5481394925Silk Roadan ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea4
5481394926Social Heirarchyhow individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder5
5481394927Reincarnationthe rebirth of a soul in a new body.6
5481394928AssimilationThe process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group7
5481394929MonotheisticThe belief in only one god8
5481394930Eightfold Paththe path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.9
5481394931Zoroanstrianismone of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.10
5481394932Greek Philosophythe rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics11
5481394933PolytheisticThe belief in many gods12
5481394934Legalismstrict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.13
5481394935Confucianisma system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.14
5481394936Buddhismis a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").15
5481394937Islamthe religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.16
5481394938Judaisman ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.17
5481394939Christianitythe religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.18
5481394940Daoisma philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.19
5481394941Han Dynastyan empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e.20
5481394942Persiaan empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.21
5481394943Guptaan empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e.22
5481394944Ancient Egyptan empire that lasted for 3000 years23
5481394945Roman empirelocated in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e24
5481394946Mayalocated in modern day central america, it lasted from 1800 b.c.e- 250 c.e25
5481394947StateA body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority26
5481394948Empirean extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.27
5481394949Hebrew ScripturesTorah, Old Testament28
5481394950Assyrian Empirethis empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE.29
5481394951Babylonian EmpireEmpire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites.30
5481394952Roman EmpireExisted from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.31
5481394953Sanskrit ScripturesAn ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived.32
5481394954Vedic ReligionsCore beliefs in sanskrit scriptures; Hinduism; influence of Indo-European traditions in the development of the social and political roles of a caste system; importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation.33
5481394955HinduismA religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms34
5481394956Mauryan Empire(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.35
5481394957AshokaLeader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.36
5481394958Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.37
5481394959Emperor ConstantineFounded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.38
5481394960Buddha39
5481394961Shiva40
5481394962Brahma41
5481394963Vishnu42
5481394964Darius I43
5481394965Alexander the Great44
5481394966Parthenon45
5481394967Agora at Corinth46
5481394968Hoplite Armor47
5481394969Gupta Empire(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.48
5481394970Roman Columns49
5481394971Greek Columns50
5481394972Pantheon51
5481394973Aqueduct52
5481394974Colosseum53
5481394975Circus Maximus54
5481394976Christianity Rho Chi Symbol (Emperor Constantine)Religion?55
5481394977Indian Ocean Maritime System56
5481394978Silk Road57
5481394979Trans-Saharan Trade Route58
5481394980filial pietyIn Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.59
5481394981monasticismA way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith60
5481394982shamanismThe practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia.61
5481394983animismBelief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.62
5481394984ancestor venerationVeneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors63
5481394985syncretic religionCombines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both64
5481394986Persian EmpireGreatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.65
5481394987Qin Dynastythe Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall66
5481394988Han Dynasty(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity67
5481394989PhoeniciaSemitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. Famous for developing the first alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks.68
5481394990HellenisticOf or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.69
5481394991TeotihuacanA large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.70
5481394992Mochecivilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.71
5481394993ChacoAn urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.72
5481394994Cahokiaan ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.73
5481394995PersepolisA complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby.74
5481394996Chang'anCapital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.75
5481394997PataliputraThe captial of both Muryan and Gupta empires76
5481394998AthensA democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.77
5481394999CarthageCity located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.78
5481395000AlexandriaCity on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.79
5481395001ConstantinopleA large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul80
5481395002Silk Roadstrade routes stretching from China to the Mediterranean, which allowed for the exchange of goods and ideas from China to the Roman Empire81
5481395003Trans-Saharan Caravan RouteIslamic trade in West Africa was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size was a thousand camels per caravan, with some being as large as 12,000.82
5481395004Indian Ocean Sea Laneslanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China83
5481395005Mediterranean Sea LanesTrade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred84
5481395006Qanat Systema traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields85
5481395007Shadufa mechanical device that consists of a long pole balanced on a crossbeam. It has a rope and bucket on one end and a weighted balance on the other. It is used for transferring water from the river to the fields.86
5481395008Jesus of Nazaretha teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity.87
5481395009Paul of TarsusA Pharisaic Jew who persecuted the Early Christian community; later, he had an experience of the Risen Christ and became the "Apostle to the Gentiles" writing numerous letters to the Christian communities.88
5481395010Greco-Roman PhilosophyIdeas that emphasized logic, empirical observation, and nature of political power and hierarchy.89
5481395011ZoroastrianismWhat religion?90
5481395012ChristianityWhat religion?91
5481395013corvee laborunpaid forced labor usually by lower classes, forced upon them by the government92
5481395014tributeMoney paid by one country to another in return for protection93

AP Literature Poetry Terms Flashcards

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6200827390anapestmetrical foot; 3 syllables: Unstressed-Unstressed-Stressed ("on a boat" or "in a slump")0
6200827391assonanceThe repetition of two or more vowel sounds in successive words, which creates a kind of rhyme. May occur initially ("all awful auguries") or internally ("white lilacs"). May be used to focus attention on key words or concepts; also helps make a phrase or line more memorable1
6200827392aubadePoem/music appropriate to the dawn or early morning2
6200827393blank verseMost common/famous meter of unrhymed poetry. 5 iambic feet per line. Never rhymed3
6200827394caesuraA pause within a line of verse. Appears near the middle of a line, but their placement may be varied to create expressive rhythmic effects. Will usually occur at a mark of punctuation, but can be present without punctuation.4
6200827395conceitA poetic device using elaborate comparisons, such as equating a loved one with the graces and beauties of the world.5
6200827396consonanceAlso called slant rhyme, a kind of rhyme in which the linked words share similar consonant sounds but different vowel sounds (reason and raisin, mink and monk.)6
6200827397dactylA metrical foot, 3 syllables: STRESS-unstress-unstress (HIL-la-ry). It is less common to English than to classical Greek and Latin verse7
6200827398dimeterA verse meter consisting of two metrical feet, or two primary stresses, per line8
6200827399elegyA lament or a sadly meditative poem, often written on the occasion of a death or other solemn theme. Is usually a sustained poem in a formal style9
6200827400enjambmentThe continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza10
6200827401epithetAn adjective or descriptive phrase expressing a quality characteristic of the person or thing mentioned (Alex the Great; or any metaphor)11
6200827402feminine rhymeA rhyme of two or more syllables with a stress on a syllable other than the last, as in tur-tle and fer-tile12
6200827403footThe unit of measurement in metrical poetry. Different meters are identified by the pattern and order of stressed and unstressed syllables in their foot, usually containing two or three syllables, with one syllable accented13
6200827404iambA metrical foot, 2 syllables: unstressed-STRESS. "ca-ress" or "a cat". Most common meter in English poetry14
6200827405litotesIronic understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary--a double negative (You won't be sorry)15
6200827406masculine rhymeEither a rhyme of one syllable or polysyllabic words--a rhyme on the stressed final syllables16
6200827407meterA recurrent, regular, rhythmic pattern in verse. Results when stresses recur at fixed intervals. Basic org device of poetry.17
6200827408metonymyFigure of speech in which the name of a thing is substituted for that of another closely associated with it ("White House = pres.")18
6200827409octaveA stanza of eight lines. Indicates the first eight lines of sonnets.19
6200827410scansionA practice used to describe rhythmic patterns in a poem by separating the metrical feet, counting the syllables, marking the accents, and indicating the pauses. Helpful in analyzing the sound of a poem and how it should be read aloud.20
6200827411sestetA poem or stanza of six lines. The last six lines of a sonnet.21
6200827412speakervoice of a poem. One should not assume that the poet is it, because the poet may be writing from a perspective entirely different from his own, even with the voice of another gender, race or species, or even of a material object22
6200827413spondeeA metrical foot of verse containing two stressed syllables often substituted into a meter to create extra emphasis23
6200827414synecdocheThe use of a significant part of a thing to stand for the whole of it or vice versa. (Wheels for car or rhyme for poem)24
6200827415tercetA group of three lines of verse, usually all ending in the same rhyme25
6200827416toneThe attitude toward a subject conveyed in a literary work. The net result of the various elements an author brings to creating the works, feeling, and manner.26
6200827417trocheeA metrical foot, STRESS-unstress, as in the words sum-mer and chor-us. Associated with songs, chants, magic spells.27
6200827418villanelleA fixed form developed by French courtly poets of the Middle Ages in imitation of Italian folk song. Consists of six rhymed stanzas in which two lines are repeated in a prescribed pattern28
6200827419voltaA rhetorical shift or dramatic change in thought and/or emotion29
6200827420zeugmaA figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses (John and his license expired last week.)30
6200827421alliterationThe repetition of two or more consonant sounds in successive words in a line of verse or prose31
6200827422allusionA brief (and sometimes indirect) reference in a text to a person, place, or thing- fictitious or actual32
6200827423antithesisWords, phrases, clauses, or sentences set in deliberate contrast to one another. Balances opposing ideas, tones, or structures, usually to heighten the effect of a statement33
6200827424didactic poetryKind of poetry intended to teach the reader a moral lesson or impart a body of knowledge. Aims for education over art.34
6200827425English sonnetAlso called Shakespearean sonnet; has a rhyme scheme organized into three quatrains with a final couplet: abab cdcd efef gg35
6200827426extended metaphorA comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem36
6200827427implied metaphorA metaphor that uses neither connectives nor the verb "to be." ("John CROWED over his victory"--we don't specifically say he is a rooster; we imply it)37
6200827428Italian sonnetAlso called Petrarchan sonnet; a sonnet with the following rhyme pattern for the first eight lines: abba abba; the final six lines may follow any rhyme pattern. Doesn't end in couplet. Shift in mood/tone after the octave.38
6200827429terza rimaA verse form made up of three-line stanzas that are connected by an overlapping rhyme scheme (aba, bcb, cdc, ded)39
6200827430odeA lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter. three major parts: the strophe, the antistrophe, and the epode.40
6200827431onomatopoeiaA literary device that attempts to represent a thing or action by the word that imitates the sound associated with it (crash, bang)41
6200827432oxymoronA figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction (faith unfaithful kept him falsely true)42
6200827433paradoxA statement that at first strikes one as self-contradictory, but that on reflection reveals some deeper sense.43
6200827434parallelismAn arrangement of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences side-by-side in a similar grammatical or structural way. Organizes ideas in a way that demonstrates their coordination to the reader44
6200827435personificationA figure of speech in which a thing, an animal, or an abstract term is endowed with human characteristics.45
6200827436phonetic intensivesA word whose sound, by an obscure process, to some degree suggests its meaning (short i sounds often indicate smallness: "inch," "imp,")46

AP Language Vocab 8 Flashcards

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8087675919allegeto assert without proof or confirmation0
8087675920alludeto refer to casually or indirectly1
8087675921brevityconciseness2
8087675922compatibleable to get along or work well together; capable of use with some other3
8087675923composuremental calmness4
8087675924detachedemotionally removed; calm and objective; indifferent5
8087675925detrimentinjury or damage, or that which causes injury or damage6
8087675926engenderto cause, to produce7
8087675927engimaAn obscure saying; anything inexplicable; an inscrutable person; puzzle8
8087675928ephemeralShort-lived; fleeting; temporary9
8087675929fluctuateto move or constantly change, as between two points, ideas, etc.10
8087675930gullibleeasily duped, fooled or imposed upon11
8087675931heresyopinion contrary to popular belief; opinion contrary to accepted religion12
8087675932incorrigiblenot correctable13
8087675933incumbentThe holder of an office; resting or lying upon14
8087675934lethargicdrowsy; dull; heavy15
8087675935methodicalsystematic16
8087675936nominalso small, slight, or the like as to be hardly worth the name17
8087675937omnipotentalmighty, having unlimited power or authority; al powerful18
8087675938pensivedreamy thoughtful; expressing thoughtfulness with sadness19

AP Composition and Language Vocabulary #2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4869220857arbitera judge who decides a disputed issue0
4869265263exculpateto free from guilt or blame1
4869268824impartialnot in favor of one side or another; unbiased2
4869276037incontrovertiblenot able to be denied or disputed3
4869280846integritytrustworthiness; completeness4
4869285781objectivitytreating facts without influence from personal feelings or prejudices5
4869294919penitentexpressing remorse for one's misdeeds6
4869312650plausibleseemingly valid or acceptable; credible7
4869318676substantiatedsupported with proof or evidence; verified8
4869323095vindicatedfreed from blame9

AP Literature Flashcards

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7397198342Adjuncta supplementary part, add-on, accessory0
7397198343Bellwetherone that takes lead or someone that points out upcoming trends1
7397200852Caterwaulto express pain or resentment, usually tiresome; screeching noise2
7397200853Chimericalfanciful; whimsical; playful3
7397206838Effetehaving lost vitality and strength4
7397212760Fait accomplia thing accomplished and presumably irreversible5
7397212761Hideboundrigidly opposed to change6
7397215999Hierarchya ranking system to maintain organization in society7
7397222255Liturgypractices carried out during a religious event8
7397224861Miragean illusion; appears real but does not exist9
7397227602Morassa complicated confusing situation10
7397234330Noisomedisgusting in smell11
7397237936Obliviousunaware of what is happening12
7397242664Poltroonone who acts cowardly13
8078198623Proselytea person who has converted (opinion, religion, party)14
8078198624Quasishowing similarity; in part15
8078285818Raillerygood-nature banter, good humored teasing16
8078285819Ribaldoffensive/vulgar language17
8078288441Supinelying face upward sentence:18
8078288442Vignettea short meaningful description19

AP Literature Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7514176078AllegoryA narrative or description having a second or symbolic meaning beneath the surface one0
7514178591AllusionA reference, explicit or implicit, to something in previous literature or history1
7514180814AnecdoteA short account of an interesting or humorous incident2
7514193578Artistic UnityThat condition of a successful literary work whereby all its elements work together for the achievement of its central purpose3
7514193579CacophonyA harsh, discordant, unpleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds4
7514201781EuphonyA smooth, pleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds5
7514204197GenreA type or class, as poetry, drama, etc.6
7514215243ImageryThe representation through language of sensory experience7
7514215244MoodThe pervading impression of a work8
7514215245MoralA rule of conduct or maxim for living expressed or implied as the "point" of a literary work. Compare Theme.9
7514225809ProseNon-metrical language; the opposite of verse10
7514228339ThemeThe main idea, or message, of a literary work. Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and may be implied rather than stated explicitly.11
7514228340ToneThe writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject, the audience, or herself or himself; the emotional coloring, or emotional meaning, of a work12
7514237822TopicThe subject matter or area of a literary work. Not to be confused with theme.13
7514240764SettingThe context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs14
7514240765Symbol(literary) Something that means more than what it is; an object, person, situation, or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well, a figure of speech which may be read both literally and figuratively.15
7514249378VerseMetrical language; the opposite of prose16
7514249379VoiceThe distinctive style or manner of expression of an author or a character in a book17
7514260122AntagonistCharacter in a story or poem who opposes the main character (protagonist). Sometimes the antagonist is an animal, an idea, or a thing.18
7514260123Character(1) Any of the persons involved in a story or play [sense 1] (2) The distinguishing moral qualities and personal traits of a character [sense 2]19
7514260124CharacterizationThe process of conveying information about characters20
7514271553Deuteragonistthe second most important character, after the protagonist, often a foil or eventual antagonist21
7514276209Direct presentation of characterA method of characterization in which the author, by exposition or analysis, tells us directly what a character is like, or has someone else in the story do so22
7514279405Dynamic CharacterA character (sense 1) who during the course of a story undergoes a permanent change in some aspect of character (sense 2) or outlook.23
7514289402Flat CharacterA character (sense 1) whose character (sense 2) is summed up in one or two traits24
7514289403Foila character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight various features of that other character's personality, throwing these characteristics into sharper focus.25
7514289404HeroA man who is endowed with great courage and strength, celebrated for bold exploits, and favored by the gods26
7514292359HubrisOverbearing and excessive pride27
7514307089Indirect presentation of characterThat method of characterization in which the author shows us a character in action, compelling us to infer what the character is like from what is said or done by the character28
7514307090ProtagonistThe main character of a novel, play, or film29
7514310454Round CharacterA character (sense 1) whose character (sense 2) is complex and many sided.30
7514337063Static CharacterA character who is the same sort of person at the end of a story as at the beginning.31
7514337064Stock CharacterA stereotyped character32
7514339417Tragic FlawA flaw in the character of the protagonist of a tragedy that brings the protagonist to ruin or sorrow33
7514347255AsideA brief speech in which a character turns from the person being addressed to speak directly to the audience; a dramatic device for letting the audience know what a character is really thinking or feeling as opposed to what the character pretends to think or feel34
7514347256ColloquialInformal, conversational language35
7514350317Dialogue(1) Conversation between characters in a drama or narrative. (2) A literary work written in the form of a conversation.36
7514350318DialectA regional variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary37
7514362926DictionWord Choice38
7514367047EuphemismSubstituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for a harsh, blunt, or offensive one39
7514367048Figure of SpeechBroadly, any way of saying something other that the ordinary way; more narrowly (and for the purposes of this class) a way of saying one thing and meaning another.40
7514370725HyperboleA figure of speech in which exaggeration is used in the service of truth41
7514378381InvectiveDenunciatory or abusive language.42
7514383845Monologue(1) A dramatic soliloquy. (2) A literary composition in such form43
7514383846ProverbA short, pithy saying that expresses a basic truth or practical precept44
7514383847PunA play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words45
7514390953SarcasmBitter or cutting speech; speech intended by its speaker to give pain to the person addressed46
7514394973Soliloquya device often used in drama where by a character relates his or her thoughts and feelings to him/herself and to the audience without addressing any of the other characters.47
7514398854SlangA kind of language esp. occurring in casual or playful speech, usu. made up of short-lived coinages and figures of speech deliberately used in place of standard terms48
7514409915UnderstatementA figure of speech that consists of saying less than one means, or of saying what one means with less force than the occasion warrants.49
7514473235ExpostionThe part of a play (usually at the beginning) that provides the background information needed to understand the characters and the actions.50
7514475259ConflictA clash of actions, desires, ideas, or goals in the plot of a story or drama. Conflict may exist between the main character and some other person or persons; between the main character and some external force—physical nature, society, or "fate"; or between the main character and some destructive element in his or her own nature. A struggle that takes place in a character's mind is called internal conflict.51
7514475260Rising ActionThat development of plot in a story that precedes and leads up to the climax52
7514477550ClimaxThe turning point or high point of a plot53
7514477551Falling ActionThe falling action immediately follows the climax and shows the aftereffects of the events in the climax54
7514496986Denouement(Also called the resolution) the conclusion of the story. Conflicts are resolved, creating normality for the characters and a sense of catharsis for them and the reader. Sometimes a hint as to the characters' future is given55
7514499910IronyA situation, or a use of language, involving some kind of incongruity or discrepancy. Three kinds of irony are distinguished in this class:56
7514502870Dramatic Ironyirony An incongruity of discrepancy between what a character says or thinks and what the reader knows to be true (or between what a character perceives and what the author intends the reader to perceive).57
7514505388Irony of SituationA situation in which there is an incongruity between appearance and reality, or between expectation and fulfillment, or between the actual situation and what would seem appropriate.58
7514508127Verbal IronyA figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant59
7514520938Epistolarynovel a novel written as a series of documents. First person point of view The story is told by one of its characters, using the first person.60
7514523370FlashbackA literary device in which an earlier event is inserted into a narrative61
7514529297FlashforwardA literary device in which a later event is inserted into a narrative.62
7514535434In medias res(into the middle of things) is a Latin phrase denoting the literary and artistic narrative technique wherein the relation of a story begins either at the mid-point or at the conclusion, rather than at the beginning, establishing setting, character, and conflict via flashback and expository conversations.63
7514544328Limited omniscient point of viewThe author tells the story, using the third person, but is limited to a complete knowledge of one character in the story and tells us only what that one character thinks, feels, sees, or hears.64
7514554017Linear structurea plot that follows a straight-moving, cause and effect, chronological order65
7514560194Objective point of viewThe author tells the story, using the third person, but is limited to reporting what the characters say or do; the author does not interpret their behavior or tell us their private thoughts or feelings.66
7514568317Omniscient point of viewThe author tells the story, using the third person, knowing all and free to tell us anything, including what the characters are thinking or feeling and why they act as they do67
7514578884Narratorthe speaker or the "voice" of an oral or written work. Although it can be, the narrator is not usually the same person as the author. The narrator is one of three types of characters in a given work, (1) participant (protagonist or participant in any action that may take place in the story), (2) observer (someone who is indirectly involved in the action of a story), or (3) non participant (one who is not at all involved in any action of the story). The narrator is the direct window into a piece of work.68
7514589464Nonlinear structureis when the plot is presented in a non-causal order, with events presented in a random series jumping to and from the main plot with flashbacks or flashforwards; or in any other manner that is either not chronological or not cause and effect, for example, in medias res.69
7514596964Point of ViewThe angle of vision from which a story is told.70
7514601514Stream of consciousnessNarrative which presents the private thoughts of a character without commentary or interpretation by the author71
7514604291Unreliable narratora narrator whose credibility has been seriously compromised. Unreliable narrators are usually first-person narrators.72
7514655331AnticlimaxA sudden descent from the impressive or significant to the ludicrous or inconsequential73
7514657789CatastropheThe concluding action of a classical tragedy containing the resolution of the plot74
7514661620Comic ReliefA humorous incident introduced into a serious literary work in order to relieve dramatic tension or heighten emotional impact75
7514666573DilemmaA situation in which a character must choose between two courses of action, both undesirable76
7514670441Deus ex machina(god from the machine) The resolution of a plot by use of a highly improbable chance or coincidence (so named from the practice of some Greek dramatists of having a god descend from heaven at the last possible minute—in the theater by means of a stage machine—to rescue the protagonist from an impossible situation).77
7514679559Indeterminate endingAn ending in which the central problem or conflict is left unresolved78
7514684277InversionA reversal in order, nature, or effect79
7514688307MotivationAn emotion, desire, physiological need, or similar impulse that acts as an incitement to action80
7514693304MysteryAn unusual set of circumstances for which the reader craves an explanation; used to create suspense81
7514696446ParadoxA statement or situation containing apparently contradictory or incompatible elements82
7514698412PlotThe sequence of incidents or events of which a story is composed83
7514703813Plot manipulationA situation in which an author gives the plot a twist or turn unjustified by preceding action or by the characters involved84
7514708772Plot deviceAn object, character, or event whose only reason for existing is to advance the story. Often breaks suspension of disbelief.85
7514712338PrologueAn introduction or a preface, esp. a poem recited to introduce a play86
7514714549Red herringa literary tactic of diverting attention away from an item or person of significance87
7514716871SceneA subdivision of an act in a dramatic presentation in which the setting is fixed and the time continuous88
7514719497SuspenseThat quality in a story that makes the reader eager to discover what happens next and how it will end89
7514724490Suspension of DisbeliefAn unspoken agreement between writer and reader: "I agree to believe your make-believe if it entertains me."90
7514726968Subplot Surprise An unexpected turn in the development of a plotA plot subordinate to the main plot of a literary work91
7514729697SurpriseAn unexpected turn in the development of a plot92
7514750024ComedyA type of drama, opposed to tragedy, having usually a happy ending, and emphasizing human limitation rather than human greatness.93
7514752986Comedy of mannersComedy that ridicules the manners (way of life, social customs, etc.) of a certain segment of society94
7514758839SatireA kind of literature that ridicules human folly or vice with the purpose of bringing about reform or of keeping others from falling into similar folly or vice95
7514761636Scornful comedyA type of comedy whose main purpose is to expose and ridicule human folly, vanity, or hypocrisy96
7514768134Romantic comedyA type of comedy whose likable and sensible main characters are placed in difficulties from which they are rescued at the end of the play97
7514769942FarceA type of comedy that relies on exaggeration, horseplay, and unrealistic or improbable situations to provoke laughter98
7514774946Escapist literatureLiterature written purely for entertainment, with little or no attempt to provide insights into the true nature of human life or behavior.99
7514776680FableA short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point and often employing animal characters that act like human beings100
7514783071FantasyA kind of fiction that pictures creatures or events beyond the boundaries of known reality Interpretive literature Literature that provides valid insights into the nature of human life or behavior101
7514788715MythAny story that attempts to explain how the world was created or why the world is the way that it is. Myths are stories that are passed on from generation to generation and normally involve religion. Most myths were first spread by oral tradition and then were written down in some literary form. Many ancient literary works are, in fact, myths as myths appear in every ancient culture of the planet.102
7514794918Novela book of long narrative in literary prose.103
7514797224Novella(also called a short novel), a written, fictional, prose narrative longer than a novelette but shorter than a novel.104
7514803219ParableA simple story illustrating a moral or religious lesson105
7514805432TragedyDrama in which a noble protagonist — a person of unusual moral or intellectual stature or outstanding abilities — falls to ruin during a struggle caused by a tragic flaw (or hamartia) in his character or an error in his rulings or judgments.106
7514832078ApostropheA figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and present and could reply107
7514834666ConnotationWhat a word suggests beyond its basic definition; a word's overtones of meaning108
7514838359DenotationThe basic definition or dictionary meaning of a word109
7514840952EkphrasisThe poetic representation of a painting or sculpture in words110
7514844773Epigram(1) A short, witty poem expressing a single thought or observation. (2) A concise, clever, often paradoxical statement.111
7514847856Extended figure(also knows as sustained figure) A figure of speech (usually metaphor, simile, personification, or apostrophe) sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem112
7514855001Figurative languageLanguage employing figures of speech; language that cannot be taken literally or only literally113
7514862214Figure of speechBroadly, any way of saying something other that the ordinary way; more narrowly (and for the purposes of this class) a way of saying one thing and meaning another114
7514866131JuxtapositionPositioning opposites next to each other to heighten the contrast115
7514869716MetaphorA figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made between two things essentially unlike116
7514872416MetonymyA figure of speech in which some significant aspect or detail of an experience is used to represent the whole experience117
7514874839OnomatopoeiaThe use of words that supposedly mimic their meaning in their sound (for example, boom, click, plop).118
7514877561PersonificationA figure of speech in which human attributes are given to an animal, an object, or a concept119
7514884143RhythmAny wavelike recurrence of motion or sound120
7514885989SentimentalityUnmerited or contrived tender feeling; that quality in a story that elicits or seeks to elicit tears through an oversimplification or falsification of reality121
7514892117SimileA figure of speech in which an explicit comparison is made between two things essentially unlike. The comparison is made explicit by the use of some such word or phrase as like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems122
7514898037SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole. In this class it is subsumed under the term Metonymy.123
7514900539SyntaxWord organization and order124
7514927420AlliterationThe repetition at close intervals of the initial consonant sounds of accented syllables or important words (for example, map-moon, kill-code, preach-approve)125
7514931200AnapestA metrical foot consisting of two unaccented syllables followed by one accented syllable (for example, understand)126
7514936641Anapestic meterA meter in which a majority of the feet are anapests127
7514939183Approximate rhyme(also known as imperfect rhyme, near rhyme, slant rhyme, or oblique rhyme) A term used for words in a rhyming pattern that have some kind of sound correspondence but are not perfect rimes (for example, arrayed-said)128
7514941623AssonanceThe repetition at close intervals of the vowel sounds of accented syllables or important words (for example, hat-ran-amber, vein- made).129
7514945872Ballad meterStanzas formed of quatrains of iambs in which the first and third lines have four stresses (tetrameter) and the second and fourth lines have three stresses (trimeter). Usually, the second and fourth lines rhyme (abcb), although ballad meter is often not followed strictly.130
7514951619Blank versePoetry with a meter, but not rhymed, usually in iambic pentameter131
7514955243ConsonanceThe repetition at close intervals of the final consonant sounds of accented syllables or important words (for example, book- plaque-thicker)132
7514957497CoupletTwo successive lines, usually in the same meter, linked by rhyme133
7514959233DactylA metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by two unaccented syllables (for example, merrily)134
7514963825Dactylic meterA meter in which a majority of the feet are dactyls135
7514967449End rhymeRhymes that occur at the ends of lines136
7514972056End-stopped lineA line that ends with a natural speech pause, usually marked by punctuation — the opposite of enjambment137
7514975746EnjambmentOr run-on line, a line which has no natural speech pause at its end, allowing the sense to flow uninterruptedly into the succeeding line — the opposite of an end-stopped line138
7514980523English (or Shakespearean) sonnetA sonnet rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. Its content or structure ideally parallels the rhyme scheme, falling into three coordinate quatrains and a concluding couplet; but it is often structured, like the Italian sonnet, into octave and sestet, the principal break in thought coming at the end of the eighth line.139
7514986040Feminine rhymeA rhyme in which the stress is on the penultimate (second from last) syllable of the words (picky, tricky)140
7514988440FootThe basic unit used in the scansion or measurement of verse. A foot usually contains one accented syllable and one or two unaccented syllables141
7514990926Free verseNonmetrical verse. Poetry written in free verse is arranged in lines, may be more or less rhythmical, but has no fixed metrical pattern or expectation142
7514992748Half rhyme(Sometimes called slant rhyme, sprung, near rhyme, oblique rhyme, off rhyme or imperfect rhyme), is consonance on the final consonants of the words involved143
7514995390Heroic coupletPoems constructed by a sequence of two lines of (usually rhyming) verse in iambic pentameter. If these couplets do not rhyme, they are usually separated by extra white space.144
7515004488IambA metrical foot consisting of one unaccented syllable followed by one accented syllable (for example, rehearse)145
7515023078Iambic meterA meter in which the majority of feet are iambs, the most common English meter146
7515024994Internal rhymeA rhyme in which one or both of the rhyme-words occur within the line147
7515029239Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnetA sonnet consisting of an octave rhyming abbaabba and of a sestet using any arrangement of two or three additional rhymes, such as cdcdcd or cdecde148
7515033373Masculine rhyme(also known as single rhyme) A rhyme in which the stress is on the final syllable of the words (rhyme, sublime)149
7515036793MeterRegularized rhythm; an arrangement of language in which the accents occur at apparently equal intervals in time150
7515040151Octave(1) An eight-line stanza. (2) The first eight lines of a sonnet, especially one structured in the manner of an Italian sonnet151
7515042850Perfect rhymeA rhyme in which is when the later part of the word or phrase is identical sounding to another. Types include masculine and feminine, among others.152
7527911757PentameterA metrical line containing five feet153
7527917966Quatrain(1) A four-line stanza. (2) A four-line division of a sonnet marked off by its rhyme scheme.154
7527924622RefrainA repeated word, phrase, line, or group of lines, normally at some fixed position in a poem written in stanziac form155
7527929824RhymeThe repetition of an identical or similarly accented sound or sounds in a work. Lyricists may find multiple ways to rhyme within a verse. End rhymes have words that rhyme at the end of a verse-line. Internal rhymes have words that rhyme within it.156
7527938088Rhyme schemeAny fixed pattern of rhymes characterizing a whole poem or its stanzas157
7527944261ScansionThe process of measuring verse, that is, of marking accented and unaccented syllables, dividing the lines into feet, identifying the metrical pattern, and noting significant variations from that pattern158
7527948334Sestet(1) A six-line stanza (2) The last six lines of a sonnet structured on the Italian model159
7527951507SpondeeA metrical foot consisting of two syllables equally or almost equally accented (for example, true-blue).160
7527958773StanzaA group of lines whose metrical pattern (and usually its rhyme scheme as well) is repeated throughout a poem161
7527965712SyntaxThe arrangement of words to form phrases, clauses and sentences; sentence construction162
7527968584Terza RimaA three-line stanza form borrowed from the Italian poets. The rhyme scheme is: aba, bcb, cdc, ded, etc.163
7527975683TetrameterA metrical line containing four feet164
7527978953TrimeterA metrical line containing three feet165
7527984103Triple meterA meter in which a majority of the feet contain three syllables. (Actually, if more than 25 percent of the feet in a poem are triple, its effect is more triple than duple, and it ought perhaps to be referred to as triple meter.) Anapestic and dactylic are both triple meters.166
7527987438Trochaic meterA meter in which the majority of feet are trochees167
7527992420TrocheeA metrical foot consisting of one accented syllable followed by one unaccented syllable (for example, barter)168
7527999471BalladA narrative folk song. The ballad is traced back to the Middle Ages. Ballads were usually created by common people and passed orally due to the illiteracy of the time. Subjects for ballads include killings, feuds, important historical events, and rebellion.169
7528007490ElegyA type of literature defined as a song or poem, written in elegiac couplets, that expresses sorrow or lamentation, usually for one who has died.170
7528012834EpicA long poem in a lofty style about the exploits of heroic figures. These often come from an oral tradition of shared authorship or from a single, high-profile poet imitating the style.171
7528019957LyricA song-like poem written mainly to express the feelings of emotions or thought from a particular person, thus separating it from narrative poems. These poems are generally short, averaging roughly twelve to thirty lines, and rarely go beyond sixty lines. These poems express vivid imagination as well as emotion and all flow fairly concisely.172
7528025949Narrative poemA poem that tells a story. A narrative poem can come in many forms and styles, both complex and simple, short or long, as long as it tells a story. A few examples of a narrative poem are epics, ballads, and metrical romances.173
7528032851OdeUsually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a serious subject, an elevated style, and an elaborate stanza pattern. The ode often praises people, the arts of music and poetry, natural scenes, or abstract concepts.174
7528035844SonnetA fixed form of fourteen lines, normally iambic pentameter, with a rhyme scheme conforming to or approximating one of two main types—the Italian or the English175

AP Spanish Literature and Culture - Narrativa Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5037239039AutorPersona que escribe una obra literaria. Hay que distinguirlo de la voz poética o la voz narrativa. Ejemplo: En Lazarillo de Tormes (Anónimo) claramente hay una voz narrativa pero no es la del autor de la obra ya que es anónima. En cambio en "Segunda carta de relación" (Hernán Cortés) la voz narrativa se asocia con el autor, Hernán Cortés.0
5037239040CuentoRelato de ficción poco extenso que narra sucesos tanto ficticios como reales o fantásticos. Debido a su brevedad, cada frase tiene una significación especial dentro de su estructura, en particular las del final, que suelen ser eveladoras. Ejemplos: "El hijo" (Horacio Quiroga), "No oyes ladrar los perros" (Juan Rulfo)1
5037239041NarradorLa voz que narra la acción. Puede hacerlo en primera, segunda o tercera persona, en singular o plural. El narrador omnisciente narra como si conociera todo cuanto ocurre y a menudo tiene una opinión sobre lo que sucede. El narrador fidedigno da una idea objetiva y consistente de la acción y suele narrar en tercera persona. El narrador aquiescente aparenta no saber más de lo que saben los propios personajes. El narrador deficiente relata como si supiera menos de lo que saben sus personajes y va descubriendo la acción con ellos. Ejemplo: Tenía el nombre de Belisa Crepusculario, pero no por fe de bautismo o acierto de su madre, sino porque ella misma lo buscó hasta encontrarlo y se vistió con él. Su oficio era vender palabras. Recorría el país, desde las regiones más altas y frías, hasta la costas calientes, . . . "Dos palabras" (Isabel Allende), narrador omnisciente2
5037239042NovelaObra narrativa de ficción y extensión variable escrita en prosa. Si no supera aproximadamente ciento cincuenta páginas se considera novela corta. Ejemplo: Don Quijote de la Mancha (Miguel de Cervantes)3
5037239043ProsaExpresión natural del lenguaje. Como expresión literaria, no pretende seguir las reglas de la rima y la musicalidad como en la poesía. Ejemplos: Los cuentos, las novelas, las novelas cortas, las leyendas, los ensayos X Poesía4
5037239044CrónicaObra histórica en prosa que se estudia como un género narrativo. Consiste en un relato histórico en el cual se observa el orden cronológico de diversos períodos. Las crónicas suelen incluir hechos reales y ficticios. Las cartas y relaciones de los conquistadores son parte de la literatura documental que muestra los testimonios del encuentro entre dos culturas: la indígena americana y la europea. Ejemplo: Primer presagio funesto: Diez años antes de venir los españoles primeramente se mostró un funesto presagio en el cielo. Una como espiga de fuego, una como llama de fuego, una como aurora: se mostraba como si estuviera goteando, como si estuviera punzando en el cielo. "Los presagios, según los informantes de Sahagún" en Visión de los vencidos (Miguel León-Portilla)5
5037239045FlashbackTécnica narrativa que permite al escritor hacer una retrospección, o salto temporal hacia atrás, para presentar eventos pasados intercalados en los del tiempo presente, con el fin de proveer un trasfondo. La voz de un narrador da indicios al lector acerca de detalles sobre el carácter, el comportamiento y las circunstancias de un personaje en la poesía lírica, la narrativa o el drama. Analepsis o retrospección se usan como términos sinónimos. Ejemplo: Ángela Carballino narra desde su presente sucesos que ocurrieron en el pasado, para que el lector pueda conocer el carácter, el comportamiento y las circunstancias de la vida de don Manuel. San Manuel Bueno, mártir (Miguel de Unamuno) 206
5037239046fluir de concienciaModo especial de narrar que busca capturar el transcurso continuo del proceso mental de un personaje; también conocido como monólogo interior. Ejemplo: Al otro, a Borges, es a quien le ocurren las cosas. Yo camino por Buenos Aires y me demoro, acaso ya mecánicamente, para mirar el arco de un zaguán y la puerta cancel; de Borges tengo noticias por el correo y veo su nombre en una terna de profesores o en un diccionario biográfico ... "Borges y yo" (Jorge Luis Borges)7
5037239047narrador omniscienteRelata como si conociera todo cuanto ocurre y narra en la tercera persona narrativa. No participa en la acción pero conoce los pensamientos y motivos de los personajes y comenta sobre lo sucedido. Es la técnica narrativa usada con más frecuencia. Ejemplos: "El ahogado más hermoso del mundo" (Gabriel García Márquez); "Las medias rojas" (Emilia Pardo Bazán)8
5037239048narrador limitado o narrativa en primera personaPuede participar como personaje u observar como testigo de la acción. Relata en 1ª. persona gramatical y su narración no es objetiva porque no conoce toda la realidad de la historia. Ejemplo: En Lazarillo de Tormes (Anónimo) Lázaro narra desde su punto de vista sus propias experiencias; Lázaro no conoce toda la realidad de las experiencias de los otros personajes de esta obra narrativa.9
5037239049PrefiguraciónEn un relato, insinuación o indicios de eventos venideros o incluso de la resolución. La prefiguración no se limita a la narración, sino que aparece en todos los géneros literarios. Ejemplos: Lázaro no comprendía el significado de un comentario del ciego acerca de los cuernos. Esto prefigura el final de la narración de Lázaro con respecto a la reputación de su esposa: —¡Oh, mala cosa, pero tienes la hechura! ¡De cuántos eres deseado poner tu nombre sobre cabeza ajena y de cuán pocos tenerte ni aun oír tu nombre por ninguna vía! Como le oí lo que decía, dije: —Tío, ¿qué es eso que decís? —Calla, sobrino, que algún día te dará éste que en las manos tengo, alguna mala comida y cena. Lazarillo de Tormes (Anónimo) Al principio del acto tercero, las hijas de Bernarda hablan con la vecina Prudencia acerca de la boda inminente de Angustias con 21 Pepe el Romano. Los signos de supersticiones son una prefiguración, ya que auguran el desenlace y la relación entre Angustias y Pepe: Prudencia. Y Angustias, ¿cuándo se casa? Bernarda. Vienen a pedirla dentro de tres días. Prudencia. ¡Estarás contenta! Angustias. ¡Claro! Amelia. (A Magdelena) Ya has derramado la sal. Magdelena. Peor suerte que tienes no vas a tener. Amelia. Siempre trae mala sombra. Bernarda. ¡Vamos! Prudencia. ¿Te ha regalado ya el anillo? Angustias. Mírelo usted. (Se lo alarga) Prudencia. Es precioso. Tres perlas. En mi tiempo las perlas significaban lágrimas. Angustias. Pero ya las cosas han cambiado. Adela. Yo creo que no. Las cosas significan siempre lo mismo. Los anillos de pedida deben ser de diamantes. Prudencia. Es más propio. Bernarda. Con perlas o sin ellas, las cosas son como uno se la propone. Martirio. O como Dios dispone. La casa de Bernarda Alba (Federico García Lorca)10
5037239050punto de vista o perspectivaÁngulo desde el cual el narrador cuenta una historia; sirve para transmitir los eventos de un relato y, en ocasiones, los sentimientos y motivos de los personajes. Puede haber más de un punto de vista en una obra. En la perspectiva de una narración se manifiesta una serie de factores: quién ve o es testigo de los hechos, cómo o de qué manera los ve; quién relata y qué persona gramatical elige el autor del relato. También los comentarios y ejemplos dados por el narrador pueden servir a revelar el punto de vista. Ejemplos: Las crónicas, cartas de relación y otros documentos del período de la colonización de América están narradas desde el punto de vista de vencedores (conquistadores) y de los vencidos (los indígenas): Se ha perdido el pueblo mexicatl. El llanto se extiende, las lágrimas gotean allí en Tlatelolco. Por agua se fueron ya los mexicanos; semejan mujeres; la huida es general. ¿Adónde vamos?, ¡oh amigos! Luego ¿fue verdad? Ya abandonan la ciudad de México: el humo se está levantando; la niebla se está extendiendo. "Se ha perdido el pueblo mexicatl" en Visión de los vencidos (Miguel León-Portilla)11
5037239051narrativa epistolarNarrativa en forma de cartas escritas por uno o varios personajes; permite presentar varios puntos de vista y prescindir del narrador omnisciente. Ejemplo: Lázaro, el narrador, establece un coloquio epistolar con su narratario: Y pues Vuestra Merced escribe se le escriba y relate el caso muy por extenso, parescióme no tomalle por el medio, sino del principio, porque se tenga entera noticia de mi persona. Lazarillo de Tormes (Anónimo), Prólogo 3712
5037239052narrador fidedignoNarrador digno de confianza, cuyo entendimiento de los personajes o las acciones del relato lo acredita para contar los hechos. Se ajusta a las normas que establece el autor implícito. Ejemplos: Patronio en "De lo que aconteció a un mozo que casó con una mujer muy fuerte y muy brava" (Don Juan Manuel); Ángela, narradora de San Manuel Bueno, mártir (Miguel de Unamuno), escribe un relato que llega a manos de Unamuno, un segundo narrador que solo corrige "muy pocas particularidades de la redacción" y comenta "lo que ella dejó dicho".13
5037239053narrador no fidedignoNarrador que malinterpreta los motivos o acciones de los personajes o que no percibe la conexión entre los hechos del relato, creando una discrepancia entre el autor implícito y el narrador no fidedigno porque éste ofrece información inconsistente. Ejemplo: El narrador de "El Sur" (Jorge Luis Borges) pone en duda lo narrado.14
5037239054narrador testigoNarrador que no participa en la acción pero relata los hechos en primera persona y hace comentarios. Ejemplo: El segundo narrador (Unamuno) en San Manuel Bueno, mártir15
5037239055NarratarioPersonaje o personajes a los que se dirige el narrador de un texto. El lector tiene que formular la imagen del narratario a veces a base de lo que dice el narrador y cómo lo dice. Ejemplos: Julia en "A Julia de Burgos." En Don Quijote de la Mancha cada narrador tiene su narratario, pero en ocasiones los personajes se dirigen a sus propios narratarios, por ejemplo, cuando Sancho le cuenta historias a don Quijote. En "Como la vida misma" (Rosa Montero), el narrador inicial se dirige a una segunda persona (tú) para dialogar consigo mismo: "Las nueve menos trece, hoy no llego. Atasco. Doscientos mil coches apretujados junto al tuyo. Tienes la mandíbula tan encajada de tensión ...".16
5037239056ParábolaRelato breve didáctico cuya acción se refiere, o es aplicable, a otra situación. Ejemplos: Relato de la banda de pobres titiriteros en San Manuel Bueno, mártir (Miguel de Unamuno); en "De lo aconteció a un mozo que casó con una mujer muy fuerte y muy brava" (Don Juan Manuel), Patronio presenta como ejemplo de lo que aconteció a una pareja mora para ser aplicada a otra situación, la que el Conde Lucanor usará como consejo para otra persona.17

AP LITERATURE TERMS Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5703664645AbstractTypically complex, discusses intangible qualities like good and evil, and seldom uses examples to support its points0
5703664646AcademicDry and theoretical writing1
5703664647AccentStressed portion of a word2
5703664648Aesthetic, AestheticsA coherent sense of taste3
5703664649AllegoryEach aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself4
5703664650AlliterationRepetition of initial consonant sounds5
5703517526AbstractTypically complex, discusses intangible qualities like good and evil, and seldom uses examples to support its points6
5703517527AcademicDry and theoretical writing7
5703517528AccentStressed portion of a word8
5703517529Aesthetic, AestheticsA coherent sense of taste9
5703517530AllegoryEach aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself10
5703517531AlliterationRepetition of initial consonant sounds11
5703758948AllusionReference to Greek and Roman mythology or literature such as The Iliad12
5703758949AnachronismMisplaced in time13
5703758950AnalogyA comparison14
5703758951AnecdoteShort narrative15
5703758952AntecedentWord, phrase, or clause that a pronoun refers to or replaces16
5703758953AnthropomorphismWhen inanimate objects, animals, or natural phenomena are given human characteristics, behavior, or motivation17
5703758954AnticlimaxOccurs when an action produces far smaller results than one had been led to expect18
5703758955AntiheroA protagonist (main character) who is markedly unheroic: morally weak, cowardly, dishonest, or any number of other unsavory qualities19

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