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AP Literature: Poetry Terms Flashcards

8522157074	alliteration	repetition of similar consonant sounds	0
8522157075	allusion	a reference in a work of literature to something outside the work, especially to a well-known historical or literary event person or work	1
8522157076	apostrophe	an address to either an absent person, some abstract quality, or nonexistent personage	2
8522157077	assonance	the repetition of similar vowel sounds	3
8522157078	ballad	a poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas.	4
8522157079	blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter	5
8522157080	cacophony	a harsh, unpleasant combination of sounds or tones	6
8522157081	conceit	an ingenious and fanciful notion or conception, usually expressed through an elaborate analogy or extended metaphor and pointing to a striking parallel between two seemingly dissimilar things.	7
8522157082	Metaphysical Conceit	a figure of speech that employs unusual and paradoxical images in comparison used in 17th century an intricate and intellectual device usually sets up an analogy between one entity's spiritual qualities and an object in the physical world and sometimes controls the whole structure of the poem. For example, in the following stanzas from "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning," John Donne compares two lovers' souls to a draftsman's compass: If they be two, they are two so As stiff twin compasses are two, Thy soul the fixed foot, makes no show To move, but doth, if the other do. And though it in the center sit, Yet when the other far doth roam, It leans, and hearkens after it, And grows erect, as that comes home.	8
8522157083	The Petrarchan conceit	* especially popular with Renaissance writers of sonnets * hyperbolic comparison most often made by a suffering lover of his beautiful mistress to some physical object—e.g., a tomb, the ocean, the sun. Edmund Spenser's Epithalamion, for instance, characterizes the beloved's eyes as being "like sapphires shining bright," with her cheeks "like apples which the sun hath rudded" and her lips "like cherries charming men to bite."	9
8522157084	couplet	2 consecutive rhyming lines	10
8522157085	heroic couplet	Two rhymed lines written in iambic pentameter and used widely in eighteenth-century verse. See more at https://www.thoughtco.com/heroic-couplet-definition-4140168	11
8522157086	mock heroic	imitating the style of heroic literature in order to satirize an unheroic subject. used by Alexander Pope, especially in a Rape of the Lock * response to the deluge of epic, pastoral, heroic poems that were being written in the 17th century	12
8522157087	diction	author/poet's word choice	13
8522157088	didactic poem	a poem which is intended to teach a lesson	14
8522157089	dramatic poem	a poem which employs a dramatic form or some element of dramatic techniques (think theater drama)	15
8522157090	elegy	a formal poem that mourns the loss of someone, a lament for the dead	16
8522157091	enjambment	the continuation from one line to the next with no pause	17
8522157092	epic poem	a long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero	18
8522157093	extended metaphor	an implied analogy, or comparison, which is carried throughout a stanza or an entire poem	19
8522157094	eye rhyme/slant rhyme	rhyme that appears correct from spelling, but is half-rhyme or slant rhyme from pronunciation	20
8522157095	free verse	poetry which is not written in traditional meter or rhyme	21
8522157096	hyperbole	exaggeration	22
8522157097	iambic pentameter	five sets of unstressed syllables followed by stressed syllables. Hint: Shakespeare is famous for using this. Read more at http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-iambic-pentameter.html#ILmjQe2gELeRQ5cZ.99	23
8522157098	imagery	anything that appeals to at least one of the five senses,	24
8522157099	internal rhyme	rhyme that occurs within a line, rather than at the end	25
8522157100	lyric poem	a short poem that presents a single speaker who expresses thoughts and feelings, usually identified by its musical/lyrical quality	26
8522157101	metaphor	a direct comparison	27
8522157102	narrative poem	a poem which tells a story or presents a narrative (epics and ballads are examples)	28
8522157103	octave	an eight line stanza	29
8522157104	ode	a lyric poem written in the form of an address to someone or something, often elevated in style	30
8522157105	onomatopoeia	the use of words whose sound suggests their meaning	31
8522157106	oxymoron	a form of paradox that combines a pair of contrary terms into a single expression	32
8522157107	paradox	a situation or action or feeling that appears to be contradictory but on inspection turns out to be true or at least to make sense	33
8522157108	personification	giving inanimate objects or abstract ideas human characteristics	34
8522157109	quatrain	four line stanza	35
8522157110	refrain	a group of words forming a phrase or sentence and consisting of one or more lines repeated at intervals in a poem, usually at the end of a stanza	36
8522157111	rhyme	correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry	37
8522157112	rhythm	the recurrence of stressed and unstressed syllable	38
8522157113	rhyme scheme	the ordered pattern of rhymes at the ends of the lines of a poem or verse.	39
8522157114	sestet	a six line stanza	40
8522157115	simile	a comparison of 2 seemingly unlike things using like, as or than	41
8522157116	sonnet	a fourteen line poem with a specific rhyme scheme	42
8522157117	speaker	the voice of the poem, not necessarily the poet	43
8522157118	stanza	a group of lines in a poem	44
8522157119	symbol	something that represents something else	45
8522157120	syntax	the ordering of words into patterns or sentences, sentence structure	46
8522157121	tercet	a stanza of three lines in which each lines ends with the same rhyme	47
8522157122	terza rima	a three line stanza rhymed aba, bcb, cdc, etc	48
8522157123	theme	main thought expressed by a work	49
8522157124	tone	the author's attitude toward the subject	50
8522157125	understatement	a kind of irony that deliberately represents something as being much less than it really is	51
8522157126	villanelle	a 19 line poem divided into five tercets and a final quatrain. Line 1 is repeated in lines 6, 12, and 18 and line 3 is repeated in lines 9, 15, 19.	52
8522157127	meter	stressed and unstressed syllabic pattern in a verse or within the lines of a poem	53

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AP English Language Tone Words Flashcards

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5861095661	optimistic	hopeful, cheerful	0
5861103335	objective	an unbiased view; able to leave personal judgments aside	1
5861110256	solemn	deeply earnest, tending toward sad reflection	2
5861131348	accusatory	charging of wrong doing	3
5861135617	apathetic	indifferent due to lack of energy or concern	4
5861142165	awe	solemn wonder	5
5861145006	bitter	exhibiting strong animosity as a result of pain or grief	6
5861151192	cynical	questions the basic sincerity and goodness of people	7
5861157248	condescension; condescending	a feeling of superiority	8
5861159556	callous	unfeeling, insensitive to feelings of others	9
5861162684	contemplative	studying, thinking, reflecting on an issue	10
5861167244	choleric	hot-tempered, easily angered	11
5861171627	contemptuous	showing or feeling that something is worthless or lacks respect	12
5861178530	critical	finding fault	13
5861185478	caustic	intense use of sarcasm; stinging, biting	14
5861187065	conventional	lacking spontaneity, originality, and individuality	15
5861194115	disdainful	scornful	16
5861197493	didactic	author attempts to educate or instruct the reader	17
5861202534	derisive	ridiculing, mocking	18
5861206589	earnest	intense, a sincere state of mind	19
5861211193	erudite	learned, polished, scholarly	20
5861215562	fanciful	using imagination	21
5861221323	forthright	directly frank without hesitation	22
5861226771	gloomy	darkness, sadness, rejection	23
5861228555	intimate	very familiar	24
5861231438	judgmental	authoritative and often having critical opinions	25
5861235556	lyrical	expressing a poet's inner feelings; emotional; full of images; song-like	26
5861239967	matter-of-fact	accepting of conditions; not fanciful or emotional	27
5861242468	mocking	treating with contempt or ridicule	28
5861245651	morose	gloomy, sullen, surly, despondent	29
5861249085	obsequious	polite and obedient in order to gain something	30
5861253718	patronizing	air of condescension	31
5861256201	pessimistic	seeing the worst side of things; no hope	32
5861259223	quizzical	odd, eccentric, amusing	33
5861264289	ribald	offensive in speech or gesture	34
5861270547	reverent	treating a subject with honor and respect	35
5861273400	ridiculing	slightly contemptuous banter; making fun of	36
5861276759	reflective	illustrating innermost thoughts and emotions	37
5861280388	sarcastic	sneering, caustic	38
5861283667	sardonic	scornfully and bitterly sarcastic	39
5861287580	satiric	ridiculing to show weakness in order to make a point, teach	40
5861290456	sincere	without deceit or pretense; genuine	41
5861293549	sanguineous	optimistic, cheerful	42
5861296540	whimsical	odd, strange, fantastic; fun	43
5861302187	indignant	marked by anger aroused by injustice	44
5861304598	malicious	purposeful hurt	45
5861315854	jovial	happy	46
5861323925	derisive	ridiculing, mocking	47

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AP Psychology Motivation & Emotion Flashcards

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6041184078	motivation	the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.	0
6041184079	extrinsic motivation	type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.	1
6041184080	intrinsic motivation	type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.	2
6041184081	instincts	the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals.	3
6041184082	instinct approach	approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by insticts similar to those of animals.	4
6041184083	need	a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism	5
6041184084	drive	a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension	6
6041184085	drive-reduction theory	approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal	7
6041184086	primary drives	those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst	8
6041184087	acquired (secondary) drives	those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval	9
6041184088	homeostasis	the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state	10
6041184089	stimulus motive	a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity	11
6041184090	arousal theory	theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation	12
6041184091	Yerkes-Dodson law	law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels or arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. This effect varies with the difficulty of the task: Easy tasks require a high-moderate level whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level	13
6041184092	incentives	things that attract or lure people into action	14
6041184093	incentive approaches	theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties	15
6041184094	self-actualization	according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential	16
6041184095	weight set point	the particular level of weight the body tries to maintain	17
6041184096	basal metabolic rate (BMR)	the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting	18
6041184097	leptin	a hormone that, when released into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body has had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full	19
6041184098	anorexia nervosa	a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs	20
6041184099	bulimia nervosa	a condition in which a person develops a cycle of "binging," or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain	21
6041184100	emotion	the "feeling" aspect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings	22
6041184101	James-Lange theory of emotion	theory in which a physiological reaction leads to the labeling of an emotion. I am afraid because I am shaking	23
6041184102	Cannon-Bard theory of emotion	theory in which the physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time. I am shaking and afraid at the same time	24
6041184103	Schachter's cognitive arousal theory/ Singer and Schachter's Two Factor	theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced. That huge bear is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid	25
6041184104	Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs	Humanist theory of motivation that says we must first fulfill lower level needs before achieving personal fulfillment and self actualization Physiological-Safety-Belongingness and Love-Esteem-Cognitive-Self Actualization	26
6041184105	ventromedial hypothalamus	stops the eating response; lets us know we are full if damaged, we would continue to eat	27
6041184106	lateral hypothamalus	initiates the eating response; lets us know we are hungry if damaged, we would starve	28
6041184107	Achievement motivation	a desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard	29
6041184108	Adaptation-Level Phenomenon	our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience	30
6041184109	Aerobic exercise	Rhythmic, nonstop, moderate to vigorous activity that requires large amounts of oxygen	31
6041184110	Behavioral medicine	an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease	32
6041184111	Binge-eating disorder	significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa	33
6041184112	Biofeedback	a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension	34
6041184113	Catharsis	Emotional release	35
6041184114	Coping	alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods	36
6041184115	Coronary heart disease	the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America	37
6041184116	Emotion-focused coping	attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction	38
6041184117	Estrogen	Female sex hormone	39
6041184118	Feel-good, do-good phenomenon	The tendency to be helpful when in a good mood	40
6041184119	Flow	a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one's skills	41
6041184120	General adaptation syndrome (GAS)	A model of the body's response to chronic stress; the three phases are alarm (fight-or-flight response), resistance, and exhaustion.	42
6041184121	Glucose	A simple sugar that is an important source of energy.	43
6041184122	Health psychology	a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine	44
6041184123	Industrial-organization (I/O) psychology	the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces	45
6041184124	Organizational psychology	a subfield of I/O psychology that examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change	46
6041184125	Personnel psychology	a subfield of I/O psychology that focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development	47
6041184126	Polygraph	a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion	48
6041184127	Problem-focused coping	Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.	49
6041184128	Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)	the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health	50
6041184129	Psychophysiological illness	literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches	51
6041184130	Refractory period	a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm	52
6041184131	Relative deprivation	the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself	53
6041184132	Sexual disorder	a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning	54
6041184133	Sexual orientation	an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)	55
6041184134	Sexual response cycle	the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution	56
6041184135	Social leadership	group-oriented leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support	57
6041184136	Stress	A nonspecific, emotional response to real or imagined challenges or threats; a result of a cognitive appraisal by the individual	58
6041184137	Structured interviews	interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales	59
6041184138	Subjective well-being	self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.	60
6041184139	Task leadership	goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals	61
6041184140	Testosterone	Male sex hormone	62
6041184141	Type A	competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people	63
6041184142	Type B	easygoing, relaxed people	64

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AP US History Period 6 (1865-1898) Flashcards

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6166132855	People's (Populist) Party	An agrarian-populist political party in the United States For a few years, 1892-96, it played a major role as a left-wing force in American politic Drew support from angry farmers in the West and South and operated on the left-wing of American politic Highly critical of capitalism, especially banks and railroads Allied itself with the labor movement.	0
6166132856	assimilation	the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group	1
6166132858	The Gilded Age	Means something is gold covered The late 19th century, from the 1870s to about 1900. Term derived from writer Mark Twain's 1873 The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today, which satirized an era of serious social problems masked by a thin gold gilding of economic progress.	2
6166132859	Social Darwinism	Term coined in the late 19th century to describe the idea that humans, like animals and plants, compete in a struggle for existence in which natural selection results in "survival of the fittest." Provided a justification for the enormous wealth and power wielded by industrialists in the latter half of the 19th century.	3
6166132860	Gospel of Wealth	An essay written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. Promoted the idea of philanthropy	4
6166132861	Jane Addams	A pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women's suffrage and world peace. She created the first Hull House. Co-winner of 1931 Nobel Peace Prize.	5
6166132862	Plessy v. Ferguson	1896 - Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."	6
6166132863	racial segregation	the separation of humans into ethnic or racial groups in daily life. Generally applies to activities such as eating in a restaurant, drinking from a water fountain, using a public toilet, attending school, going to the movies, riding on a bus, or in the rental or purchase of a home.	7
6166132864	free enterprise	an economic system that permits unrestricted entrepreneurial business activity associated with laissez-faire capitalism	8
6166132865	trust	A set of companies managed by a small group known as trustees, who can prevent companies in the trust from competing with each other.	9
6166132866	socialist	one who believes in the ownership and control of the major means of production by the whole community rather than by individuals or corporations	10
6166132867	radical	one who believes in fundamental change in a political, economic, or social system	11
6166132868	lockout	the refusal by an employer to allow employees to work unless they agree to his or her terms	12
6166132869	cooperative	an organization for producing, marketing, or consuming goods in which the members share the benefits	13
6166132870	anarchist	one who believes that formal, coercive government is wrong in principle	14
6166132871	tenement	a multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded	15
6166132872	sweatshop	a factory where employees are forced to work long hours under difficult conditions for meager wages	16
6166132873	pauper	a poor person, often one who lives on tax-supported charity	17
6166132874	tycoon	a wealthy businessperson, especially one who openly displays power and position	18
6166132875	filibuster	to utilize the technique of obstructing legislation by tactics such as making long speeches and introducing irrelevant amendments	19
6166132876	landslide	an overwhelming majority of votes for one side in an election	20
6166132877	reserve	in finance, the portion of money held back from circulation by a bank or treasury, which provides backing for its notes or loans	21
6166132878	bimetallism	the legalized concurrent use of two precious metals as currency at a fixed ratio of value in US History associated with the Free Silver movement	22
6166132879	Wabash v. Illinois (1886)	Declared state-passed Granger laws that regulated interstate commerce unconstitutional.	23
6166132881	Frontier Thesis	stereotypical thesis that west represented individualism, democracy, economic freedom, and starting over Turner's idea	24
6166132882	Land Grants	land given by government to universities and railroad companies	25
6166132883	Dawes Act	1887 land given to individual Indians to discourage tribal mindset encouraged Indians to farm for a living instead of communally owning land	26
6166132884	Bureau of Indian Affairs	designed to assimilate Native Americans (children particularly) into American culture	27
6166132885	Open Range	the idea that cattle can be grazed on large tracts of public and/or private property invention of barbed wire ended this idea and drove many small cattle ranches out of business and off their small plots of land	28
6166132886	Vertical Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to own every step of the manufacturing process (ex. Carnegie Steel)	29
6166132887	Horizontal Integration	Strategy to maximize profits by attempting to purchase competing companies in the same industry; monopoly-building (ex. Rockefeller's Standard Oil)	30
6166132888	Knights of Labor	American labor organization in the 1880s led by Terence V. Powderly. Organized a wide range of workers, including skilled and unskilled, and had broad reform goals.	31
6166132889	Haymarket Riot	1886 Labor dispute in Chicago that ended with a bomb being thrown at police resulting in many deaths. Led to an unfavorable public opinion of organized labor especially the Knights of Labor	32
6166132890	American Federation of Labor (AFL)	An organization of various trade unions that fought for specific reforms Wanted better wages, fewer hours, better working conditions Founded by Samuel Gompers	33
6166132891	Homestead Steel Strikes	Violent labor conflict in Carnegie's mills Henry Frick (manager) announced pay cut Strike had to be put down by state militia	34
6166132892	Urbanization	movement of people from rural communities and settlements to big cities	35
6166132893	"New Immigrants"	immigrants from southern and eastern Europe such as Poland, Italy, Russia, Greece. that arrived in the US during & after the 1880s -unskilled	36
6166132894	Chinese Exclusion Act	First law limiting immigration based on race; effectively stopped immigration from China through the end of WWII.	37
6166132895	Political Machine	Unofficial political organization that works to win elections in order to exercise power Sometimes referred to as a shadow government Rose to power in the late 1800s because of ill-equipped local governments that failed to meet the needs of growing urban populations	38
6166132896	Tammany Hall	Political machine of New York City that was well-known for its corruption Lead by William Boss Tweed	39
6166132897	Pendelton Civil Service Act, 1883	Standardized an exam for federal employees so that people were awarded jobs on merit rather than political affiliations Made it illegal to remove federal employees without just cause.	40
6166132898	Sherman Antitrust Act	Outlawed monopolistic business practices not effective initially without a strong progressive federal government that would enforce it.	41
6166132899	Grange Movement and Farmers Alliance	Grassroots movements that attempted to address the plight of farmers in the late 1800s; attempted to regulate railroads and enlarge opportunity for credit evolved into Populist movement.	42
6166132900	William Jennings Bryan	Democratic presidential hopeful that was a member of the Populist Party free silver advocate "Do not crucify mankind on a cross of gold".	43
6166132901	Seward's Folly or Seward's Ice Box	Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was a mistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase.	44
6166132902	Susan B. Anthony	Social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association.	45
6166132903	Laissez-Faire Economics	This was an economic philosophy begun by Adam Smith in his book, Wealth of Nations, that stated that business and the economy would run best with no interference from the government. This economic thought dominated most of the time period of the Industrial Revolution.	46
6166132904	New South	After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. In reality, this growth was fairly slow.	47
6166132905	Americanization	Process of assimilating immigrants into American culture by teaching English, American history, and citizenship.	48
6166132906	middle class	a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers	49
6166132907	Interstate Commerce Act	1887 Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to regulate railroads to be fairer to farmers First legislation to regulate corporations Ineffective because government failed to enforce it.	50
6166132908	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. Great philanthropist	51
6166132909	Transcontinental Railroad	Railroad that would cross the continent and connect the East to the West Opened new markets and helped spur the Industrial Revolution Completed in 1869 at Promontory, UT	52
6166132910	Social Gospel	Late 19th-century movement Protestant movement preaching that all true Christians should be concerned with the plight of immigrants and other poor residents of American cities and should financially support efforts to improve lives of these poor urban dwellers. Settlement houses were often financed by funds raised by ministers of this movement.	53
6166132911	Standard Oil	John D. Rockefeller's company that gained a monopoly over the world petroleum market with the practice of trusts and swift elimination of competition. By 1890, owned 90% of the US oil market	54
6166132912	Carnegie Steel	A steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations.	55
6166132913	John D. Rockefeller	Wealthy owner of Standard Oil Company. Considered to be a robber baron who used ruthless tactics to eliminate other businesses. Built trusts and used money to influence government.	56
6166132914	Industrial Revolution	Period characterized by the rapid social and economic changes in manufacturing and agriculture that occurred in England during the late 18th century and rapidly diffused to other parts of the developed world. In the US, this occurred during the period roughly 1825-1925.	57
6166132915	Alaska	The last frontier of the North American continent. It was purchased from Russia in 1867 and was considered to be worthless land; however, in time, this was proven false	58
6166132916	Central Pacific Railroad	Started in CA & pushed eastward Eventually connected with the Union Pacific RR in Promontory Point, UT Hired Chinese laborers to complete the work	59
6166132917	Union Pacific Railroad	RR that started in Omaha, NE Connected with Central Pacific RR in Promontory Point, UT Hired inexpensive Irish laborers	60
6166132918	Wyoming & women's suffrage	WY was the 1st state to provide women the right to vote in 1870 Sometimes referred to as the "Land of Freedom"	61
6166132919	"old immigrants"	Immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s North/ West Europe Irish German English skilled	62
6166132920	Yellowstone National Park	Established in 1872 by US Congress 1st national park	63
6166132921	Panic of 1873	Financial panic in which banks closed and the stock market crashed	64
6166132922	US Steel	Largest steel company of the US Created by JP Morgan by merging with Carnegie Steel Largest corporation in existence at the time	65
6166132923	Bessemer Process	Way to manufacture steel quickly & cheaply	66
6166132924	Battle of Little Bighorn	1876- Indian leaders Sitting Bull & Crazy Horse defeated Gen. Custer & his troops	67
6166132925	Nez Perce War	Conflict between the Nez Perce & the US gov't Chief Joseph finally agrees to surrender & relocate to reservation	68
6166132926	Great Railway Strike of 1877	RR workers initiated a strike in 1877 when they were told there would be a pay cut	69
6166132927	A Century of Dishonor	Written by Helen Hunt Jackson Exposed mistreatment of Native Americans by US gov't & settlers	70
6166132928	James Garfield	Became president in 1880 Republican Assassinated after only 4 months Promoted civil service reform, but died before it could be enacted	71
6166132929	JP Morgan	Banker that controlled 2/3 of RRs and eventually bought Carnegie steel company Formed US Steel Considered a robber baron	72
6166132930	Captains of Industry	Owners & mangers of large industrial enterprises who wielded great political & economic power More positive term in contrast to "robber barons"	73
6166132931	Robber Barons	Refers to industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying employees low wages Drove competition out of business by selling goods much cheaper	74
6166132932	Hull House	Settlement home designed as a welfare agency for needy family Provided social & education opportunities for working class Worked to improve conditions caused by poverty Est. by Jane Addams in Chicago	75
6166132933	Jacob Riis	Danish immigrant Report who pointed out terrible conditions of tenement houses Author of How the Other Half Lives (1890)	76
6166132934	Wounded Knee	1890 Last Native American battle 300 Native killed by US military	77
6166132935	Ellis Island	Immigration processing center in NY Harbor	78
6166132936	Pullman Strike	Pullman RR car announced pay cut American Railway Union boycotts the use of the Pullman cars US mail failed to be delivered US gov't sent injunction to end boycott SCOTUS ruled injunction was constitutional	79
6166132937	Homestead Act	Gave settlers 160 acres of land if they lived on the land for 5 years and cultivated crops	80
6166132938	Credit Mobiler	Railroad scandal under Grant	81
6166132939	Whiskey RIng	During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheating the treasury out of millions of dollars.	82
6166132941	Thomas Nast	exposes Boss Tweed's corruption through political cartoons	83
6166132942	Tight money policy	monetary policy that reduces the money supply	84
6166132943	Causes of Panic of 1873	-overproduction in industry -over speculation by banks (giving too many loans)	85
6166132944	Compromise of 1877	Hayes is President (Republican) pulls out militia in south ENDS RECONSTRUCTION land grants and patronage	86
6166132947	15th amendment	African American males can vote	87
6166132948	Redeemers	White Democrats who reassumed political power in South	88
6166132949	Mark Twain	Huckleberry Finn, named period the Gilded Age	89
6166132950	Civil Service	Made people take an exam to make sure they were qualified	90
6166132956	Munn vs. Illinois	Victory for farmers	91
6166132957	Wbash case	overturns the victory in the Munn case	92
6166132958	Interstate Commerce Act	Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices	93
6166132959	Yellow dog contracts	cant join unions	94
6166132960	Great Railroad Strike	July, 1877 - A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men.	95
6166132961	Homestead Strike	1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.	96
6166132962	Reasons for immigration	Job opportunities - in factories, businesses steamships, railroads,that many other countries didnt have. political and religious freedom -lack of land in europe -religious persectution in europe	97
6166132964	Salvation Army	This welfare organization came to the US from England in 1880 and sought to provide food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching Christian values.	98
6166132965	horatio Alger	rags to riches	99
6166132967	Edward Bellany	future utopian society	100
6166132968	Booker T washington	must get jobs for respect of african americans -gradual equality	101
6166132969	WEB debois	immediate equality for african americans	102
6166132970	Helen Hunt	"a century of dishonor" reveals mistreatment of natives by federal gov	103
6166132971	Fredrick Jackson Turner	Closing of the Fronteir	104
6166132972	Coxey's army	unemployed march to dc to demand for public work jobs	105
6166132973	Sherman Silver Purchase Act	Increased the amount of silver the gov. bought for coinage, but the money supply did not increase enough to satisfy silver supporter	106
6166132974	Cross of Gold Speech	An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.	107
6166132975	Sand Creek Massacre	an attack on a village of sleeping Cheyenne Indians by a regiment of Colorado militiamen on 29 November 1864 that resulted in the death of more than 200 tribal members	108

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AP World History Terms Flashcards

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4687346243	Abate	to reduce in amount, degree, intensity, ect.	0
4687347101	Absolutism	acceptance or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters.	1
4687347723	Adjacent	next to or adjoining something else.	2
4687349822	Agrarian	a person who advocates a redistribution of landed property, especially as part of a social movement.	3
4687351371	Agriculture	study of animals, plants, and other forms of food to sustain and enhance human life.	4
4687352600	Anthropomorphic	human characteristics or behaviors to a god, animal, or object.	5
4687353689	Aristocracy	government by the best individuals or by a small privileged class.	6
4687354292	Avarice	extreme greed for wealth or material gain	7
4687355073	Bias	holding prejudice in favor or against one person or thing, usually in an unfair way	8
4687357251	Buddhism	a religion originated in India by Gautama Buddha around 3rd century BCE	9
4687361588	Bureaucracy	a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives.	10
4687362125	Capital	the most important city or town of a country or region, usually its seat of government and administrative center.	11
4687363198	Capitalism	an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.	12
4687365385	Capitulate	surrender	13
4687366903	Centralized	control under a single authority	14
4687369345	Charlatan	a fraud	15
4687370712	Chattel	a personal possession	16
4687371094	Chiefdom	a chief, a ruler of people	17
4687372364	Christianity	the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.	18
4687373206	City-State	a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.	19
4687374197	Civilization	the society, culture, and way of life of a particular area	20
4689572744	Clergy	A body of officials who perform religious services, such as priests, ministers or rabbis.	21
4689574214	Coerce	To compel, force	22
4689575308	Colonialism	A system in which a country declares control over a territory or people outside its own boundaries, usually for economic purposes	23
4689577239	Colony	a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.	24
4689581287	Communism	A political system in which the government owns all property and dominates all aspects of life in a country.	25
4689582257	Confucianism	Chinese ethical and philosophical teachings of Confucius which emphasized education, family, peace, and justice	26
4689583214	Copious	Abundant; plentiful	27
4689584866	Culture	Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.	28
4689585491	Daoism	Chinese religion from 500s BCE that emphasized following the mystical and indescribable "Way." It celebrated the chaos and contradictions of reality as well as the harmony of nature. The Yin and Yang symbolizes many aspects of this religion.	29
4689587243	Deforestation	The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.	30
4689588237	Demography	Scientific study of human populations.	31
4689589352	Derive	to obtain from a specific source	32
4689593097	Diaspora	People who come from a common ethnic background but who live in different regions outside of the home of their ethnicity	33
4689593946	Divine	Discover through divination or supernatural means; perceive by insight	34
4689594645	Dynasty	A sequence of powerful leaders in the same family	35
4689595599	Economic	of or relating to economics or the economy	36
4689600728	Edict	an official order or proclamation issued by a person in authority	37
4689603622	Egalitarian	of, relating to, or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities	38
4693516559	Empire	A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler	39
4693518117	Encroach	intrude on another's property	40
4693519506	Epidemic	A widespread outbreak of an infectious disease.	41
4693520743	Equitable	equal, fair.	42
4693521350	Ethnocentrism	Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.	43
4693522925	Feudalism	A system of government based on landowners and tenants	44
4693523467	Forage	search for food or provisions	45
4693524159	Fundamental	1. forming a necessary base or core; of central importance 2. a central or primary rule or principle on which something is based	46
4693526351	Genocide	mass murder of a group of people, especially those within a particular religious group or ethnic background	47
4693532207	Globalization	the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture.	48
4693534467	Hegemony	the domination of one state or group over its allies	49
4693535047	Hierarchy	A system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.	50
4693535579	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	51
4693537281	Ideology	a system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy	52
4693539731	Imperialism	A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	53
4693540094	Incursion	An attack on another's territory; a raid	54
4693540608	Indentured Servant	Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years	55
4693540980	Indignant	Feeling or showing anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment	56
4693543239	Industrial	A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s	57
4693546207	Inflation	A continuous rise in the price of goods and services	58
4693548190	Institution	a society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose	59
4693550790	Intermediary	a negotiator who acts as a link between parties	60
4693551141	Judaism	The first major monotheistic religion. It is based on a sense of ethnic identity, and it's adherents tend to form tight-knit communities wherever they live.	61
4693553651	Lambast	1. to beat or whip severely. 2. to reprimand or berate harshly; censure; excoriate.	62
4693555759	Legitimate	lawful, rightful; reasonable, justifiable	63
4693556483	Malfeasance	wrongdoing, especially by a public official.	64
4693557017	Manufacture	to make.	65
4694645651	Maritime	Connected with the sea, especially in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity	66
4694646606	Matriarchy	A society ruled or controlled by women	67
4694647327	Medieval	Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period between roughly 500 and 1400, signifying the period between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance.	68
4694647874	Merchant	A person who makes money by selling goods	69
4694648112	Monarchy	A form of government in which power is vested in hereditary kings and queens who govern in the interests of all	70
4694648469	Monotheism	Belief in one God	71
4694648722	Munificence	generosity in giving	72
4694649116	Myriad	A very large number	73
4694649384	Nation	a large aggregate of people a large group of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory	74
4694650863	Negligible	so unimportant that it can be disregarded	75
4694651090	Neolithic	The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period.	76
4694651344	Nobility	the quality of elevation of mind and exaltation of character or ideals or conduct	77
4694651605	Nomad(-ic)	(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently	78
4694653125	Pagan	A person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions, such as polytheistic people who have almost animistic beliefs	79
4694653725	Pandemic	Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.	80
4694653886	Papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.	81
4694654301	Parity	equality, as in amount, status, or value	82
4694654632	Pastoral	A work of literature dealing with rural life	83
4694654826	Patriarchy	a form of social organization in which a male is the family head and title is traced through the male line	84
4694655419	Periodization	Division of a training program into smaller, progressive stages	85
4694655810	Placate	To appease, soothe, pacify	86
4694656065	Plethora	many, excess, ect.	87
4694658388	Polytheism	belief in many gods	88
4694658877	Prehistoric	those who lived before recorded or written history	89
4694659046	Prevalent	Commonly occurring; widely accepted or practiced	90
4694659528	Primary Source	A document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study.	91
4694660381	Prolific	Abundantly productive	92
4694661101	Protestant	a member or follower of any of the Western Christian churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church and follow the principles of the Reformation, including the Baptist, Presbyterian, and Lutheran churches	93
4694661575	Prowess	distinguished bravery; superior skill or ability	94
4694661871	Rational	based on or in accordance with reason or logic	95
4694663117	Reform	A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	96
4694663366	Regime	a government in power; a form or system of rule or management; a period of rule	97
4694663738	Revolution	An overthrow and replacement of an established government or political system by the people governed.	98
4694663918	Rural	Countryside	99
4694664181	Scribe	A writer.	100
4694664405	Secondary Source	Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event	101
4694664874	Secular	Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters	102
4694665061	Serf	A person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord	103
4694666564	Slave	A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.	104
4694666805	State	An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs.	105
4694667104	Stratified	Layered	106
4694669310	Subjective	Existing in the mind or relating to one's own thoughts, opinions, emotions, etc.; personal, individual, based on feelings	107
4694669615	Subjugate	to conquer by force, bring under complete control	108
4694669940	Surplus	excess amount	109
4694670153	Syncretic	Traditions that borrow from both the past and present.	110
4694670316	Textile	A fabric made by weaving, used in making clothing	111
4694670317	Theocracy	A government controlled by religious leaders	112
4694670754	Tumultuous	Riotous, violently agitated, marked by disturbance or uproar; noisy, chaotic	113
4694671062	Ubiquitous	Being everywhere at the same time	114
4694671265	Urban	city-like	115
4694672052	Veneration	Profound Respect	116
4694672508	Xenophobic	Having a fear or hatred for foreigners	117

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Periods 1 & 2 AP World History Flashcards

69 terms

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4248696915	Agricultural Rev./Transition or Neolithic Rev.	hunting and gathering to farming, occurred worldwide between 10,000 BC and 2000 BC	0
4248696919	Brahmins	a socially or culturally superior person, a member of the upper classes from New England	1
4248696925	Dharma	principle or cosmic order, teaching or religion of Buddha; you must accept what caste you are born into and do your duties in order to move on in your next life	2
4248696936	Irrigation Systems	artificial application of water to the soil; used to assist the growing of agricultural crops	3
4248696937	Karma	sum of a person's actions in all their states of existence, viewed as their deciding fate (what they will be judged on)	4
4248696938	Mandate of Heaven	traditional Chinese philosophical concept concerning the legitimacy of rules	5
4248696940	Pagan	person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions	6
4248696941	Pastoral/Pastoralism	branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock	7
4248696942	Patriarchy/Patriarchal Systems	system of government in which the father or the eldest male is head of the family	8
4248696943	Polygamy	practice of having more than one wife or husband	9
4248696949	Specialization of Labor	the learned skill of a specific job	10
4248696951	Syncretism	the amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought	11
4248696953	Theocracy	system of government in which priests rule in the name of god or a god	12
4248696954	Bureaucracy	system of governing in which most important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected officials	13
4248696955	Ancestor Veneration	Veneration of the dead is based on the belief that the deceased, often family members, have a continued existence and/or possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living	14
4248696956	Animism	the belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe	15
4248696957	Bodhisattva	Buddhism; a deity or being who has attained enlightenment worthy of nirvana but who remains in the human world to help others	16
4248696958	Caste System	a social structure in which classes (social classes) are determined by heredity (the family you are born with)	17
4248696959	City-State	urban center and agricultural around it under its control; loosely connected with others by cultural characteristics, but was independent and competed	18
4248696960	Classical	in the style of ancient Greece or Rome, especially in architecture; relating or belonging to the ancient Greeks or Romans or their cultures	19
4248696961	Codification	to arrange things, especially laws, rules, or principles, into an organized system or code	20
4248696962	Dao/Tao	the ultimate principle of the universe, the "way" in Chinese Daoism philosophy	21
4248696963	Diaspora/Diasporic Communities	scattered communities around the middle east; communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland	22
4248696964	Enlightenment	use reason and experience rather than religion or tradition to understand the world and help it progress	23
4248696965	Filial Piety	the virtue and reverence for family (CONFUCIANISM)	24
4248696966	Hellenistic	culture derived from Greek civilization that flourished between 800 and 400 B.C.E. ; Greek culture spread throughout the Mediterranean world	25
4248696972	Monsoon Winds	a period of heavy rainfall, especially during the summer over South and Southeast Asia	26
4248696973	Rajas	a chief of a group of nomadic Aryans. They later became kings of small villages in India; title given to an Indian prince or king	27
4248696974	Reincarnation	body in which someone is reborn; a person or animal in whose body somebody's soul is born again after he, she, or it has died	28
4248696978	Sanskrit Scriptures	sacred language by the Vedas in India, mainly for religion	29
4248696980	Shamanism	a religion of northern Asia, in which shamans are believed to be able to intercede	30
4248696981	Sinicization	to acquire a Chinese idiom, form, or cultural trait, or give somebody or something a Chinese idiom, form, or cultural trait	31
4248696983	Universal Truths (dealing with belief systems)	an organized collection of beliefs; what is believed in throughout every religion	32

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AP Literature Terms Flashcards

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4326716109	Catharsis	the release of the emotions of pity and fear by the audience at the end of a work	0
4326717942	Attitude	a speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of the subject	1
4326717943	Fourth wall	the imaginary wall of the theater stage, broken by an actor to talk directly to the audience about the action of the play. A modern concept, subtly different from a Shakespearean aside.	2
4326723024	Pathos	a quality of a play's action that stimulates the audience to feel pity for a character. Pathos is always an aspect of tragedy, and may be present in comedy as well.	3
4326723025	Stock character	flat characters that embody stereotypes such as the "dumb blonde" or the "mean stepfather". They become types rather than individuals.	4
4326725668	Epiphany	in fiction, when a character suddenly experiences a deep realization about himself or herself; a truth that is grasped in an ordinary manner.	5
4326727796	Metafiction	a work that explores the nature, structure, logic, status, and function of storytelling within the context of the work itself.	6
4326727797	In medias res	the common strategy of beginning a story in the middle of the action.	7
4326730837	Bathos	insincere pathos; a ludicrous descent from the lofty to the commonplace	8
4326732423	Internal monologue	inner voice; stream of consciousness; a narrative device in which an author allows the audience to literally know a character's thoughts from a first person perspective	9
4327188080	Fixed form/open form	Fixed form is categorized by the pattern of its lines, meter, rhythm, or stanzas. Open form (free verse) does not conform to established patterns of meter, rhyme, and stanza.	10
4327192428	Implied metaphor	A subtle comparison; the terms being compared are not specifically explained. "The man brayed his refusal to leave" (he is being compared to a mule).	11
4327195760	Editorial omniscience	an intrusion by the narrator in order to evaluate a character for a reader	12
4327201067	Unreliable narrator	Reveals an interpretation of events that is somehow different from the author's own interpretation of those events.	13
4327205485	assonance/consonance	repetition of vowel sounds in neighboring words/repetition of consonant sounds in neighboring words (NOT rhyme)	14
4327212371	panegyric	a literary expression of praise—"O Captain! My Captain" by Walt Whitman	15
4327229971	Juvenalian Satire	after the Roman satirist Juvenal: Formal satire in which the speaker attacks vice and error with contempt and indignation. Juvenalian satire in its realism and its harshness is in strong contrast to Horatian satire.	16
4327232688	Horatian Satire	after the Roman satirist Horace: Satire in which the voice is indulgent, tolerant, amused, and witty. The speaker holds up to gentle ridicule the absurdities and follies of human beings, aiming at producing in the reader not the anger of a Juvenal, but a wry smile.	17
4328724203	Paralipsis	drawing attention to something in the act of glossing it over; talking about something by explaining that you're not going to talk about it (a type of irony). "not to mention..."	18
4328727019	Non sequitur	a statement that does not follow logically the statement that preceded it	19
4328729640	Caricature	a description or portrayal of a subject (usually a person) using exaggeration of some characteristics and oversimplification of others, in order to poke fun of the subject	20
4328732136	Travesty	the treatment of a noble and dignified subject in an inappropriately trivial manner (Pyramus and Thisbe in A Midsummer Night's Dream)	21
4328735168	Double entendre	a figure of speech in which a spoken phrase is devised to be understood in either of two ways. Typically one of the interpretations is rather obvious whereas the other is more subtle (and often ribald).	22
4328738093	Cad (stock character)	a man whose behavior is unprincipled or dishonorable	23
4328743168	Fop (stock character)	a pejorative term for a foolish man overly concerned with his appearance and clothes	24
4328746217	Invective	insulting, abusive, or highly critical language	25
4328748640	Juxtaposition	placing two contrasting images, ideas, or characters side by side in order to expose the follies of one, the other, or both	26
4328753743	epigram	a brief witty poem, often satirical	27
4328756784	deus ex machina	a god who resolves the entanglements of a play by supernatural intervention elegy - a lyric poem that l	28
4328764181	Neutral omniscience	Narration that allows the characters' thoughts and actions to speak for themselves.	29
4328767547	Extended metaphor	A sustained comparison in which part or all of a work consists of a series of related metaphors.	30
4328771126	Archetype	Universal symbols that evoke deep and sometimes unconscious responses in a reader. Common literary archetypes include stories of quests, initiations, scapegoats, descents to the underworld, and ascents to heaven. Also—archetypal character.	31
4328777199	Denouement	"unraveling"; used to describe the aftermath of a plot climax/turning point	32
4328777224	Dramatic monologue	a type of lyric poem in which a character (the speaker) addresses a distinct but silent audience imagined to be present in the poem in such a way as to reveal a dramatic situation and, often unintentionally, some aspect of his or her temperament or personality.	33
4328780977	Chiasmus/Chiastic structure	a figure of speech in which two or more clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures to make a larger point (not the size of the dog in the fight, but the size of the fight in the dog). Chiasmus is also used as a plot structure.	34
4328784221	Reversal/Peripeteia	the point at which the action of the plot turns in an unexpected direction for the protagonist. Oedipus' and Othello's recognitions are also reversals.	35
4328790914	Exposition	a narrative device, used at the beginning of a work, that provides necessary background information about the characters and their circumstances.	36
4328794869	Cosmic irony	occurs when a writer uses God, destiny, or fate to dash the hopes and expectations of a character or of humankind in general.	37
4328797569	Masculine/feminine rhyme	Masculine rhyme describes the rhyming of single-syllable words, or when words of more than one syllable rhyme on the final stressed syllable (defend/contend). Feminine rhyme is the rhyming of a stressed syllable followed by one or more identical unstressed syllables (butter/clutter, gratitude/attitude).	38
4328800195	Recognition	the moment in a story when previously unknown or withheld information is revealed to the protagonist, resulting in the discovery of the truth of his or her situation and, usually, a decisive change in course for that character.	39
4328805208	Farce	a form of humor based on exaggerated, improbable incongruities. Farce involves rapid shifts in action and emotion, as well as slapstick comedy and extravagant dialogue.	40
4328809028	Innuendo	an indirect intimation about a person or thing, especially of a disparaging or a derogatory nature.	41
4328812001	Ingenue (stock character)	a young woman who is endearingly innocent and wholesome	42
4328816093	Reversal	taking overused, clichéd ideas and images and reversing them for satirical effect (male/female stereotypes; racial stereotypes—particularly black/white stereotypes)	43
4328820392	Parallelism, parallel structure, or parallel syntax	the repetition of words, phrases, or sentences to emphasize an idea or a series of ideas	44

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AP World History Period 1 & 2 Flashcards

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4396292098	Paleolithic Age (2)	Refers to about 12,000 B.C. People were nomadic	0
4396300151	Nomads (2)	Sole focus was to satisfy basic needs of food and shelter Developed spoken language, simple tools from stone, controlled fire	1
4396310625	Foraging Societies (3)	Hunters and Gatherers Traveled based on climate and availability of plants and animals Limited by surroundings and incapability of long term storage	2
4396320046	Pastoral Societies (4)	Domestication of animals Formed in mountainous areas and places with insufficient rainfall extended family major institution society more egalitarian & ranking based on size of one's herd	3
4396328616	Neolithic Revolution (2)	12,000 BC to 8,000 BC Transition from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles	4
4396348668	River Valley Civilizations	3500 BC to 1500 BC	5
4396396500	Common Characteristics of River Valley Civilizations (6)	Complex irrigation systems Legal codes Money Art and written literature More formal knowledge on science, numbering systems and calendars Intensification of social inequality	6
4396534674	Classical Civilizations	1000 BC to 600 CE	7
4396746677	Common Characteristics of Classical Civilizations (4)	Patriarchal family structures Agricultural based economies Complex governments Expanding trade base	8
4396830551	Important Trade Routes (4)	Silk Road Indian Ocean Trade Network Saharan Trade Sub-Saharan Trade	9
4396856031	Silk Road (4)	Western China to Central Asia to Mediterranean area Chinese silk most desired commodity Series of passages w/ common stops No single merchant traveled the entire road	10
4396864094	Indian Ocean Trade Network (5)	Active during classical era from 1000 BC to 600 CE Three legs 1. Connected Eastern Africa and Middle East with India 2. Connected India with southeast Asia 3. Connected Southeast Asia to Chinese port of Canton	11
4396886087	Saharan Trade (3)	Connected people from south of Sahara to Mediterranean and Middle East Berbers, (nomads who traveled the desert) were most important agents Cairo was at the mouth of the Nile and deemed the most important destination because it linked many civilizations together	12
4396902036	Sub-Saharan Trade (3)	Inspired by Bantu Migration By the end of classical era, South Sahara connected to Eastern and Southern parts of Africa Connected to Indian Ocean along East Coast of Africa	13
4396923217	Decline of River Valley Civilizations	1200 BCE	14
4396926860	Decline of Classical Civilizations (4)	200 to 600 CE Han China in 220 Western Roman Empire in 476 Gupta in 550	15
4396945115	Similarities in Decline of Classical Civilizations (3)	Attacks from Huns - nomadic people of Asia that began migrating south and west Whenever a civilization became powerful and prosperous, it attracted envy outsiders and neighbors Often times, wealthy civilizations is far too big to protect all borders	16
4396989575	Differences in the Decline of Classical Civilizations	Gupta's dependence on alliances with regional princes broke down Roman Empire split in 2 and eastern half endured for another thousand years	17
4397069405	Common Consequences	Trade was disrupted Importance of religion increased as political authority decreased Political disunity in Middle East allowed Islam to emerge by 600 CE	18
4397105137	Bantu Migrations (Date? Who? Where? What did they carry with them?)	Beginning around 1500 BCE Niger and Benue River valley farmers began migrating south and east Carried knowledge of language, agriculture and metallurgy	19
4400274848	Olmec Civilization (Date? Where? Important Symbol? Advancements?)	1500 to 400 BCE Mexico Mastered irrigation techniques Developed system of writing and calendar Jaguar symbol important	20
4400319154	Chavin Civilization (Date? Where/Geography? Advancements? Animal?)	900 to 200 BCE Andean Region Unique geography of having access to coast Developed ways to use metals in tools and weapons Llamas were their beasts of burden	21
4400343831	Mayan Civilization (Date? Where? Rituals? Labor? Advancements?)	300 BCE to 800 BCE Southern Mexico and parts of Central America Sacrifices No large animals so humans were main source of labor Mayan Calendar based on a number system with 0 was fairly accurate	22
4400376743	Mauryan Empire	321 to 180 BCE India- Indus River Valley eastward through Ganges River Valley Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka Maurya	23

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Chapter 7 - The Americas - AP World History Flashcards

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4368892209	Cahokia	- historical site located near modern-day East St. Louis, Illinois; remnants of a sophisticated prehistoric native civilization north of Mexico.	0
4368897817	Khipu	- system of cords and beads for counting - Inca bureaucrats were able to keep track of the labor service and tribute owed by ayllus. This accounts for the fact that there was no written language in the Incan empire.	1
4368906650	mit'a system	- each person owed compulsory labor services to a state under this system; people within ayllus exchanged goods and services. - secured labor necessary for road construction, agricultural terraces, wavehouses, temples and other public works; added to ecnomic development with men doing heavy labor and women making textiles, poetry and jewelry.	2
4368922481	tribute system	- system in which defeated people were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. - conquered people contributed crops such as maize, beans and other to supply Tenochtitlan in the Aztec Empire	3
4368935293	chinampas	- floating garden; consisted of narrow artificial islands constructed by heaping muck from the lakes on beds of reeds anchored to the shores.	4
4368944359	Inca (leader)	- chief ruler - considered to be a deity descended from the sun. He owned and knew everything.	5
4368950089	Anasazi	- ancestors of the modern Pueblo, who inhabited southern Utah, southwestern Colorado, northeastern New Mexico and northern Arizona. - left a heavy accumulation of house remains and debris, so it was determined that the people lived in multistory stone-and-timber villages connected by roads and pueblos containing kivas, which revealed a lot about culture.	6
4368964908	Mochica	- Pre-Incan South Merican society (300-700) known for their brilliant ceramics - Because there was no use of writing, Mochica beliefs, values, and ways of life remain largely unknown. They built an extensive irrgation system from mountain rives to irrigate crops. The society was highly stratified, with wealth and power concentrated in the hands of priests and military leaders. Decline theories could've been caused by natural disasters.	7
4368986801	Aztecs	- Central American empire constructed by the Mexica and expanded greatly during the fifteenth century during the reigns of Itzcoatl and Moctezuma I. - Due to their geography, the Aztecs adopted themselves to an aquatic environment and used chinampas. They imposed a tribute system amongst conquered people. Rulers were militaristic aristocrats, whose lives centered on conquests. There was a clear and social hierarchy. Priests were among the elite and performed rituals and human sacrifices.	8
4369009439	Topiltzin	- Toltecs' most famous ruler; aka a priest - He was associated with Quetzalcoatl (god), who forced into exile in the east ("land of the rising sun"). After this exile, the Toltec state began to decline, paving a path for the Aztecs to take over.	9
4369026331	stelae	- a series of altars and memorial pillars built in Mayan societies - they were built to commemorate great actions of Maya leaders or to mark ceremonial occasions, and they were inscribed with hieroglyphic script.	10
4369038855	slash and burn agriculture	- farming technique in which fields are cleared by slashing vegetation and burning debris. - this agriculture was used along with the Mayan-built terraces that trapped silt carried by the rivers, supported by irrigation and swamp drainage systems, since the land was originally and practically unfertile. This technique boosted agricultural productivity and helped to support the large population.	11
4369057922	Inca (empire)	- powerful South America empire that would reach its peak in the fifteenth century during the reigns of Pachacuti Inca and and Topa Inca - strong/ambitious leaders consolidated political power that led to an aggressive expansion, also made possible by a supportive food surplus. They had polytheism.	12
4369082502	Toltecs	- Central American society (950-1150) that was centered on the city of Tula, migrated from northwestern Mexico. - First group to unify central Mexico again after the Teotihuacans. They tapped he waters of the nearby River Tula to irrigate crops since the soil was thin and the area received very little rainfall. Their centralized state was based on military power. Civil conflict and nomadic incursion destroyed the Toltec state.	13
4369101269	Teotihuacan	- Central American society (200 BCE-750 BCE); its pyramid of the sun was the largest structure in Mesoamerica. - The civilization was home to almost 200,000 inhabitants, scores of temples, several palatial residences, busy marketplaces and hundreds of workshops for artisans and craftsmen. Written records perished but paintings and murals suggested that Teotihuacan was a theocratic government. There were little signs of military organization. City's final decades may have been violent according to archaeologists since important public buildings were burnt down and religious images deflected.	14
4369128856	Maya	- Brilliant Central American society (300-1000) known for math, astronomy, and a sophisticated written language. - they built more than eighty large ceremonial centers in the lowlands, all with pyramids, palaces, and temples, and it inhabited a large number of people. They boosted their agricultural productivity by building terraces that supports shifting agriculture to make use of unfertile land. Polytheism and human sacrifice played a huge role in their religion. Social classes existed, with rulers and other elite both having priestly and political functions and lower classes working for them and obeying orders. They constructed a solar (260 days). Accordingly, kingdoms always fought with each other. The civilization declined for an unknown reason, although theories include Mexican invaders, civil war or epidemic diseases.	15

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AP World History Princeton Review Key Terms Section 1 Flashcards

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4288438363	Nomad	constantly moving people, following the food	0
4288438364	Foraging Societies	small nomadic groups of hunter-gatherers	1
4288438365	Pastoral Societies	first domesticated animals	2
4288438366	Cuneform	Sumerian writing	3
4288438367	Polytheistic	worship of more than one god	4
4288438368	Ziggurat	Sumerian temples, terraced pyramids	5
4288438369	Code of Hammurabi	legal code in Babylon	6
4288438370	Pharaohs	Rulers of Egypt	7
4288438371	Hieroglyphics	Egyptian writing, pictures represents letters and words	8
4288438372	Mummification	embaming of Egyptian bodies	9
4288438373	Pyramid	large structures, tombs of pharohs in the Old Kindom of Egypt	10
4288438374	River Valley	type of place early civilizations formed in	11
4288438375	Calendar	system for organizing days, Egyptians developed a reliable one	12
4288438376	Hinduism	Religeon evolved from Aryan beliefs, caste system, main religion in India, study Vedas	13
4288438377	The Vedas & The Upshanids	record of Aryan beliefs, now studied by Hindus	14
4288438378	Caste System	Hindu system, strict social hierchy, originaly warriors-priests-peasants, now- from top to bottom- 1. Brahmans 2. Warriors 3. Landowners & Merchants 4. Peasants	15
4288438379	Patriarchy	men are above women, leader is eldest male	16
4288438380	Mandate of Heaven	heaven only lets a dynasty rule China if it governs justly and wisely	17
4288438381	Migration	people permanently travel, often not intentionally and/or over many generations	18
4288438382	Zhou Dynasty	followed Shang dynasty, longest dynasty in China, founded by Wu Wang, maintained many of the Shang customs	19
4288438383	Neolithic Revolution	transition for nomadic to agricultural societies	20
4288438384	Bronze Age	invention of bronze, late Neolithic era	21
4288438385	Mesopotamia	fertile crescent between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers	22
4288438386	Sumerian Civilizations	civilization in Southern Mesopotamia	23
4288438387	Tigris and Euphrates Rivers	rivers between which is MesopotamiaS	24
4288438388	Babylon	Empire in Mesopotamia, conquered Akkad, Code of Hammurabi	25
4288438389	Hittites	conquered Babylon, discovered iron, improved chariot, spokes on wheels	26
4288438390	Assyrians	conquered Hittites, capital at Ninveheh, conquered by Medes and Chaldeans	27
4288438391	Nebuchadnezzar	Chaldean King, rebuilt Babylon	28
4288438392	Persian Empire	conquered Babylon, largest empire yet	29
4288438393	Egyptian Civilizations	civilization sdeveloped upon Nile River	30
4288438394	King Menes	united Nile river valley, built capital at Memphis	31
4288438395	Queen Hatshepsut	Queen of Egyptian new for 22 years, first known female ruler in history	32
4288438396	Indus Valley	valley on Indus river in Northwestern India, home to early civilizations	33
4288438397	Fertile Crecent	region from Mesopotamia towards the Medditaranian sea	34
4288438398	Khyber Pass	pass through mountain which connects to the Indus Valley	35
4288438399	Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro	two major cities in the Indus Valley	36
4288438400	Aryans	nomadic tribes from the north of Caucasus Mountains, defeated Indus Valley with horses and advanced weaponry, each tribe migrated to India separately	37
4288438401	Bantu Migrations	farmers in Niger and Benue River valleys (Bantu) migrate south and east and impact language	38
4288438402	Shang China	first major Chinese kingdom, patriarchy, very religious, believed they could call on dead ancestors ,oracle bones	39
4288438403	Olmec and Chavin	early societies in North America, not in river valleys, prove that developments in civilizations can occur independantly	40
4288438404	Akkad	first major empire, starting in Northern Mesopotamia, Sargon	41
4288438405	Jenne-Jeno	first city in sub-Saharan Africa, reached urban density	42
4288438406	Bureacracy	government organized into departments	43
4288438407	Nubia / Kush	developed at same time as ancient Egypt, conquered Egypt temporarily around 750 BCE, capital at Meroe	44

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