| 4385766873 | Homeostastis | dynamic constancy of internal environment | | 0 |
| 4548621135 | What is a neg. feedback loop? | Working to minimize change | | 1 |
| 4548621791 | Which loop (neg or pos) do most organ systems strive for? | Neg | | 2 |
| 4548622596 | What 3 system components are in pos and neg feedback loops | sensor
integrating center
effector | | 3 |
| 4548624083 | Neg or Pos:
Regulation of blood glucose?
Labor?
Heart Rate? | Neg
Pos
Neg | | 4 |
| 4548624355 | What does a pos feedback loop do? | Works to accelerate the change (snowball effect) | | 5 |
| 4548625327 | Levels of biological organization | cell-->tissue-->organ-->organ system | | 6 |
| 4548627049 | 4 Primary Vertebrate Tissues: | Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous | | 7 |
| 4548628296 | What is epithelial tissue? | Covering or lining of body cavities | | 8 |
| 4548628707 | What does epithelial tissue do? | Barrier to entry or exit of substances
Forms glands
Regenerates | | 9 |
| 4548629478 | What 2 glands does epithelial tissue produce? | exocrine and endocrine | | 10 |
| 4548629981 | How do exocrine glands work? | secrete product through a duct | | 11 |
| 4548630713 | What do endocrine glands do? | Release substances into the blood | | 12 |
| 4548631365 | What tissue contains cells scattered in an intracellular matrix? | Connective | | 13 |
| 4548632318 | 2 connective tissue "propers": | loose and dense | | 14 |
| 4548632535 | What does loose connective tissue do? | Acts as body's cement | | 15 |
| 4548632729 | What does dense connective tissue do? | Acts as body's scaffolding and holds organs in place (i.e. tendons and ligaments) | | 16 |
| 4548634192 | 4 types of connective tissue | cartilage
bone
blood
fat | | 17 |
| 4548635329 | What does muscle tissue do? | Specialized to contract (motors to the body) | | 18 |
| 4548636404 | 3 types of muscular tissue | smooth
skeletal
cardiac | | 19 |
| 4548637671 | Which muscle tissue is long, thin and involuntary (lines internal organs and blood vessels except heart) | smooth | | 20 |
| 4548638136 | Which muscle issue is long, striated and voluntary/polynucleated | skeletal | | 21 |
| 4548639784 | Which muscle tissue is short and branched, straits and connected by intercalated discs | cardiac | | 22 |
| 4548640174 | Which tissue is specialized for electrochemical signaling? (neurons and glia) | nervous tissue | | 23 |
| 4548640908 | What are the 2 types of nervous systems in vertebrates? | CNS and PNS | | 24 |
| 4548641510 | Which nervous system contains the brain and spinal chord? | CNS | | 25 |
| 4548641511 | What are glial cells? | Cells supporting the workings of the neurons | | 26 |
| 4548642992 | Does intracellular or extracellular contain more of the body's water? | Intracellular (2/3) | | 27 |
| 4548643280 | Water inside the cells is called | Intracellular | | 28 |
| 4548643281 | Water outside the cells is called | extracellular | | 29 |
| 4548643888 | Does intracellular or extracellular fluid contain blood plasma? | Extracellular | | 30 |
| 4548644195 | What amount of the extracellular fluid is blood plasma? | 1/5 | | 31 |
| 4548644729 | What is interstitial fluid? | The circulating blood plasma in closed circulatory systems | | 32 |
| 4548645896 | What part of the phospholipid is polar? non-polar? | polar-head
non-polar-tail | | 33 |
| 4548649479 | In direct intracellular signaling, cells are connected by | gap junctions (heart muscles connected by intercalated discs) | | 34 |
| 4548650835 | In contact-dependent signaling, cells touch and know they are touching when one cell | binds to the receptor on another cell (important in development) | | 35 |
| 4548652187 | What type of signaling is autocrine signaling? | self-signaling (molecule changes function in the cell that released the signal) | | 36 |
| 4548653489 | What type of signaling is paracrine signaling? | "beside" : the cell sends a signal to its neighbors | | 37 |
| 4548654163 | What to endocrine signals do? | Send signals to longer distance cells (hormones) | | 38 |
| 4548655848 | Steps for cell-cell signaling: | 1. signaling molecule (ligand) binds to receptor on or in target cell
2. receptor is activated by ligand binding
3. signal transduction carries information into target cell
4. cellular response amplified by signaling "cascade" | | 39 |
| 4548658612 | Steps occurring when signal transduction carries info into target cell (5) | 1. protein signaling complexes may interact with activated receptor
2. 2nd messengers are often produced
3. enzymes in cell may be turned on/off
4. structural proteins may change shape/action
5. message may travel into nucleus to alter transcription (making of proteins) | | 40 |
| 4548661057 | 2nd messengers in signal transduction are: | cAMP, lipid metabolites, calcium fluxes | | 41 |
| 4548662312 | 3 types of cell surface receptors: | 1. enzyme linked receptors
2. G-protein coupled receptors (GCPRs)
3. ligand gated ion channels | | 42 |
| 4548662975 | What is direct signaling? | Receptor is the ion channel | | 43 |
| 4548663253 | What is indirect signaling? | Receptor is separate from the ion channel, and ligand-receptor binding is communicated to the ion channels by 2nd messengers (signal transduction) systems | | 44 |
| 4548666730 | Neuron structure (4 main parts starting at soma (cell body)) | dendrites
initial segment (axon hillock)
axon
axon terminals | | 45 |
| 4548667922 | Neuron Parts:
Input zone | dendrites | | 46 |
| 4548667923 | Neuron parts:
trigger zone/ place where axon potentials start | axon hillock | | 47 |
| 4548668602 | Neuron parts:
conducting zone | axon | | 48 |
| 4548669554 | Neuron parts:
output zone (end point) where transmitter is released | axon terminals | | 49 |
| 4548670192 | What is the function of the glia? | Support the nerve function | | 50 |
| 4548670707 | In the CNS, what are the glia? | astrocytes and oligodendrocytes | | 51 |
| 4548672261 | In the spinal chord and PNS what are the glia? | Schwann cells | | 52 |
| 4548672959 | What do the oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths do? | speeds up axon potentials | | 53 |
| 4548674456 | In an axon potential, are the membrane ion gates (for NA and K) closed or open at rest? | closed | | 54 |
| 4548675362 | In the axon potential the excitatory stimulus hyper polarizes or depolarizes? | depolarizes | | 55 |
| 4548677243 | If depolarization reaches threshold, what occurs? | Action potential | | 56 |
| 4548678590 | In an action potential, if the Na gate opens the K gate | closes | | 57 |
| 4548678938 | In an action potential, if the K gate opens the Na gate | closes | | 58 |
| 4548682496 | Organizational levels to the nervous system (4) from simplest to most complex | 1. nerve nets
2. independent circuits
3. nerve chords
4. cephalization | | 59 |
| 4548684066 | Which of the nervous system levels is not specialized, arranged radially, and only has simple reflexes | nerve net | | 60 |
| 4548686169 | Which of the nervous system levels coordinates circuits in bodies with lateral symmetry and contains bundles of axon projections that run through the body | nerve cords | | 61 |
| 4548686821 | Which level is an arrangement of nerves in the head region that forms the brain | cephalization | | 62 |
| 4548687417 | What does the forebrain contain? | cerebral cortex (cerebrum), thalamus, and hypothalamus | | 63 |
| 4548688064 | What does the midbrain do? | processes sensory input | | 64 |
| 4548688270 | what does the hindbrain contain? What does it do? | brain stem and cerebellum
coordinates | | 65 |
| 4548689576 | Directional Information flow between CNS and PNS steps: | 1. sensory neuron (afferent)
2. ascending sensory pathways (spinal tracts=bundles of axons)
3. interneurons (CNS-brain and spinal chord)
4. descending motor pathways (spinal tracts)
5. alpha-motor neurons (efferent) | | 66 |
| 4548693598 | In the CNS, is grey or white matter on the outside? | grey | | 67 |
| 4548693599 | What does the grey matter contain in CNS? | bundles of synapses | | 68 |
| 4548694910 | Grey or white matter in CNS?
contains bundles of myelinated axons | white | | 69 |
| 4548696003 | In the spinal cord, is white or grey matter on the outside? | white | | 70 |
| 4548696231 | In spinal cord, which matter contains bundles of axons? Which contains synapses? | white
grey | | 71 |
| 4548698128 | 2 types of sensory receptors: | 1. neurons
2. synapses with neurons | | 72 |
| 4548707645 | What are tonic responses? | Constant respones | | 73 |
| 4548710669 | In phasic responses, what happens to the stimulus | it changes over time | | 74 |
| 4548718382 | What do mechanoreceptors do? | Generate receptor potentials in response to bending or changes in shape | | 75 |
| 4548722323 | Are touch receptors in the skin tonic or phasic? | Phasic | | 76 |
| 4548724818 | What type of touch receptors in the skin are near the surface and respond to light touch? | Meissner's corpuscles | | 77 |
| 4548726392 | Which type of touch receptors are in the skin and are deeper responding to a stronger touch? | Pacinian corpuscles | | 78 |
| 4548727178 | What are 2 types of stretch receptors? | muscle spindles
baroreceptors | | 79 |
| 4548727963 | What are baroreceptors built into (in the body)? | Major blood vessels | | 80 |
| 4548728533 | What do hair receptors do? | Bend in different directions depending on stimulus (bending in one direction increases the reception while bending in the other direction decreases it) | | 81 |
| 4548729134 | What is the lateral line system? What animal is it in? | A reflex loop keeping the body oriented even during sleep
Fish | | 82 |
| 4548730340 | Where is the organ of corti found in the ear? | Inside the cochlea | | 83 |
| 4548731522 | What is proprioception? | Sensing of body position, orientation, and movement | | 84 |
| 4548732914 | What animals are statocytes found in? | aquatic invertebrates | | 85 |
| 4548733663 | What animal types contain the vestibular system? | Vertebrates | | 86 |
| 4548735259 | What do thermoreceptors respond to? | Temp | | 87 |
| 4548735831 | What part f the brain functions as the thermostat? | Hypothalamus | | 88 |
| 4548737082 | What do nocireceptors respond to? | External stimuli or internal signals released when cells are damaged | | 89 |
| 4548737962 | What is generated during an inflammatory response? | Prostaglandins | | 90 |
| 4548741043 | What do photoreceptors respond to? | Visible light | | 91 |
| 4548744373 | 3 levels of eye complexity | 1. eye cups ( Planaria)
2. compound eyes (arthropods and annelids)
3. camera eyes (amphibians, birds, mammals) | | 92 |
| 4548744761 | Which of the eye levels contains ommatidia? | Compound eyes | | 93 |
| 4548748524 | What do ommatidia contain? | Cornea and crystalline cone | | 94 |
| 4548760143 | Rods or Cones?
Responds to dim light | Rods | | 95 |
| 4548779050 | Rods or Cones?
Concentrated in the fovea | Cones | | 96 |
| 4548781152 | Rods or Cones?
Sees in black and white | Rods | | 97 |
| 4548781813 | Rods or Cones?
Sees in colors | cones | | 98 |
| 4548785868 | What is trichromatic vision? | 3 different cone types: blue, green, and red | | 99 |
| 4548787507 | What is dichromatic vision? | Red-green color blind; 2 types of cones | | 100 |
| 4548789260 | What do chemoreceptors respond to? | Chemicals in solution | | 101 |
| 4548790762 | What are the 5 types of taste receptors? | sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami (savory) | | 102 |
| 4548792585 | What does a working muscle mass contain? | Bundles of muscle cells | | 103 |
| 4548792835 | What is a muscle cell? | Muscle fiber | | 104 |
| 4548793404 | 2 types of myofibrils: | thick and thin | | 105 |
| 4548794007 | What type of protein does a thick myofibril have? | myosin | | 106 |
| 4548794284 | What type of protein does a thin myofibril have? | actin | | 107 |
| 4548794839 | What is a sarcomere? | Functional unit of contraction | | 108 |
| 4548795253 | 4 structures of skeletal muscle | 1. working muscle mass
2. muscle cell/fiber
3. Many myofibrils (thick and thin)
4. Sarcomere | | 109 |
| 4548797550 | The stimulation of muscle contraction (3) | 1. action potential (electrical signal) in motor neuron
2. acetylchlorine (ACh) is released at neurotransmitter junction (mid fiber)
3. EPP (end point potential) reaches threshold, then it stimulates muscle action potential and voltage gated sodium ion channels open | | 110 |
| 4548863375 | What is a motor unit? | a single motor neuron + muscle fibers that it innervates |  | 111 |
| 4548881798 | Most animals are holotrophs, what are holotrophs? | Consume other animals or plants whole or in part | | 112 |
| 4548890471 | 3 forms of Energy storage | 1. glycogen in liver
2. lipids in adipose tissue (most common)
3. proteins in muscle (used during starvation) | | 113 |
| 4548898828 | Most body conditions are maintained within normal range. This physiological principle is called:
a. homeostasis
b. homunculus
c. heterotrophic
d. pos. feedback | homeostasis | | 114 |
| 4548900665 | Deviation from the set point in a body condition is usually corrected by:
a. pos feedback
b neg feedback
c feedback forward
d hyper polarization | neg feedback | | 115 |
| 4548903200 | Groups of cells sharing structure and function are:
a multicellular organism
b organ system
c organ
d. tissue | tissue | | 116 |
| 4548903890 | Exocrine and endocrine glands are formed from modified:
a. connective tissue
b. muscle tissue
c. epithelial tissue
d. nervous | nervous | | 117 |
| 4548913893 | Which does not describe stratified squamous?
a. covers/lines body part
b. made of flat cells
c. contains many layers of cells
d. holds organs in place | holds organs in place | | 118 |
| 4548915725 | Most body water is
a. outside cells
b inside the cells
c. inside the blood
d. inside the lymph | inside the cells | | 119 |
| 4548919595 | Ligand-gated channels are a good example of
a. peripheral membrane proteins
b. integral membrane proteins
c. phosphorylated membrane proteins
d. cell adhesion molecules | integral membrane proteins | | 120 |
| 4548930802 | Which does not describe facilitated diffusion
a. pushed by random molecular motion
b. direction flux is from high to low []
c. carrier-mediated transmembrane mov't
d. pushed by E of ATP | pushed by E of ATP | | 121 |
| 4548934034 | Uneven distribution of sodium an potassium across living membranes is maintained by Na-K ATPase. This is a good example of:
a. simple diffusion
b. facilitated diffusion
c. active transport
d. neg feedback | active transport | | 122 |
| 4548936801 | In cell-cel communication and sensory signaling, transduction mechanisms work to relay signals. A transducer:
a. amplifies the signal
b. converts 1 type of signal to another type
c. releases hormones
d. dampens (reduces) signal | converts 1 type to another | | 123 |
| 4548940316 | A/n (blank) signal affects cells that are close to the signaling cell:
a. paracrine
b. endocrine
c. autocrine
d. direct signaling | paracrine | | 124 |
| 4548943302 | When signals are not in direct contact with each other, cell-cell signaling is initiated by
a. synthesis of new proteins inside the target cell
b. activation of gene transcription inside the target cell
c. activation of enzymes inside target cell
d. binding of signal molecule to specific receptors on/in target cell | binding of signal molecule to specific receptors on/in target cell | | 125 |
| 4548947674 | In response to binding of signaling molecule in or on target cell, 2nd messenger molecules may be produced or released. 2nd messengers include:
a. calcium
b. cAMPS
c. lipid metabolites
d. all of the above | all of the above | | 126 |
| 4548950841 | When incoming signals summate and depolarize a post-synaptic neuron to threshold, the resulting action potential starts in the (blank) and is conducted along the (blank):
a. initial segment; axon toward neuron
b. initial segment; soma toward dendrites
c. dendrites; axon toward nerve terminals
d. dendrites; soma towards dendrites | initial segment; axon toward neuron | | 127 |
| 4548952833 | Glial cells in the brain that reach out to several surrounding axons and wrap around them to form insulating myelin sheathes are the:
a. astrocytes
b. Schwann cells
c. oligodendrocytes
d. grey matter | oligodendrocytes | | 128 |
| 4548955255 | In response to the binding of excitatory neurotransmitters to receptors on surface of the post-synaptic neuron, (blank) gates open and (blank) diffuses inward across the target cell membrane:
a. ligand gated; Na
b. ligand gated; K
c. Voltage gated; Na
d. Voltage gated; K | ligand gated; Na | | 129 |
| 4548957184 | Opening of the voltage-gated sodium gates produces:
a. depolarization to threshold
b. upstroke of action potential
c. downstroke of action potential
d. undershoot of action potential | upstroke of action potential | | 130 |
| 4548959361 | Binding of inhibitory neurotransmitter to post-synaptic receptors lead to (blank) of the post-synaptic neuron, making the neuron (blank) likely to generate and action potential:
a. depolarization; more
b. depolarization; less
c. hyper polarization; more
d. hyper polarization; less | hyper polarization; less | | 131 |
| 4548960364 | Organization of a complex nerve circuitry in the head is called:
a nerve net
b. cephalization
c. nerve cord
d. nucleation | cephalization | | 132 |
| 4548960641 | Sensory neurons carry information:
a. into CNS
b. up spinal to level of consciousness
c. down spinal cord to motor neurons
d. out if CNs | into CNS | | 133 |
| 4548962533 | Areas of CNS that are packed full of myelinated sheath axons are called:
a. forebrain
b. midbrain
c. grey matter
d. white matter | white matter | | 134 |
| 4548964061 | The (blank) are regions of the brainstem:
a. thalamus and hypothalamus
b. cerebellum and basal nuclei
c. pons and medulla oblongata
d. dorsal root ganglion and sensory cortex | pons and medulla oblongata | | 135 |
| 4548966628 | The electrical transmembrane change in sensory receptor cell in response to appropriate stimulus is the:
a. receptor potential
b. tonic response
c. phasic response
d. action potential | receptor potential | | 136 |
| 4548967836 | In lateral line system of fish and in own ears, hair cells function as:
a. mechanoreceptors
b. chemoreceptors
c. photoreceptors
d. nocireceptors | mechanoreceptors | | 137 |
| 4548969787 | In response to adequate stimulus, signals from sensory receptors cause sensory neurons to generate:
a. action potentials w larger electrical charge
b. action potentials w/ faster electrical charge
c. more frequent action potentials that are all the same
d. all of the above | more frequent action potentials that are all the same | | 138 |
| 4548970288 | Consider light-sensing cells in the retina. Which does not describe cones:
a. photoreceptors
b. respond to E of light
c. respond to dim light at dawn and dusk
d. 3 subtypes generate trichromatic vision in most people | respond to dim light at dawn and dusk | | 139 |
| 4548980017 | Hair cells in the (blank) bend in response to sound waves and generate action potentials in neurons of auditory nerve circuits that generate sensation of hearing:
a. organ of corti inside cochlea
b. ampullae in the semicircular canals
c. cupola inside otoliths
d. ossicles inside the middle ear
e. all of the above | organ of corti inside cochlea | | 140 |
| 4548982932 | Rods in the retina contain the visual pigment called (blank). The energy of light (blank) this molecule and creates the photoreceptive response:
a. G protein; increases synthesis of
b. G protein; bends
c. rhodopsin; increases synthesis of
d. rhodopsin, bends | rhodopsin, bends | | 141 |
| 4548984094 | The most curved structure that accomplishes most focusing in the camera eye is the:
a. lens
b. cornea
c. pupil
d. retina | cornea | | 142 |
| 4548986201 | The 5 taste sensations are:
a. spice, salty, buttery, creamy, umami
b. sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
c. bitter, buttery, spicy, salty, chocolate
d. salty, bitter, umami, spicy, peppery | sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami | | 143 |
| 4548988221 | The microscopic unit of contraction is:
a. sarcoplasmic reticulum
b. end plate
c. sarcomere
d. muscle fiber
e. myofibril | sarcomere | | 144 |
| 4548990333 | When a muscle fiber is depolarized to the threshold, the muscle action potential sweeps along the muscle fiber and into the muscle fiber along the
a. sarcoplasmic reticulum
b. t-tubules
c. end plates
d. thin filament
e. intercalated discs | t-tubules | | 145 |
| 4548991334 | When the sarcoplasmic reticulum is depolarized in response to a muscle action potential, it releases:
a. acetylcholine
b. magnesium
c. ATP
d. calcium | calcium | | 146 |
| 4548993894 | Cross-bridges form between thick and thin filaments when (blank), and the power stroke shortens the muscle fiber:
a. calcium binds to actin
b. calcium binds to troponin
c. ATP binds to actin
d. ATP binds to myosin | calcium binds to troponin | | 147 |
| 4548994808 | In the hydrostatic "skeleton" of a segmented worm, mov't is accomplished by the rhythmic, alternating contractions of circular and longitude muscles. The head sections extend forward when:
a. circular muscles contract
b. circular muscler relax
c. longitude muscles contract
d. both circular and longitude muscles contract | circular muscles contract | | 148 |
| 4549005176 | Arthropods (insects and lobsters) have a hard exoskeletons. Move't is accomplished by:
a. muscles attached to outside of the exoskeleton
b. muscles attached to inside of the exoskeleton
c. increased fluid press. exerted by contraction of muscles
d. decreased fluid press. exerted by contraction of muscles | muscles attached to inside of the exoskeleton | | 149 |
| 4549007096 | Living bone is constantly being remodeled. The cells that add mineral content to bone (building new bone) are called:
a. osteoclasts
b. osteoblasts
c. chondrocytes
d. Haversian canals
e. canaliculi | osteoblasts | | 150 |
| 4549008139 | "striated multinucleate and voluntary" describes:
a. skeletal muscles
b. cardiac muscles
c. smooth muscle
d. all types | skeletal | | 151 |
| 4549009117 | Which is a monosaccharide:
a. glycogen
b. maltose
c. starch
d. glucose | glucose | | 152 |
| 4549010728 | A listing of amino acids that are joined by peptide bonds in the sequence of a protein structure is called the proteins:
a. primary structure
b. secondary structure
c. tertiary structure
d. quaternary structure | primary | | 153 |
| 4549013269 | Essential nutrients are:
a. complex organic molecules contained in equal amounts in all natural foods
b. organic molecules that are broken apart by metabolic enzymes to produce ATP
c. specific dietary components that must be consumed to maintain health
d. all provided equally in vegan diets and non-vegan diets | specific dietary components that must be consumed to maintain health | | 154 |
| 4549015193 | Generally plant proteins are incomplete proteins, this means that they:
a. cannot be completely digested after ingestion
b. cannot be completely absorbed after digestion
c. do not contain all 8 essential amino acids
d. do not contain all 13 essential amino acids | do not contain all 8 essential amino acids | | 155 |
| 4549015773 | The digestive system in a segmented worm is a "complete" digestive system because:
a. foods are completely digested before absorption of nutrients
b. digestive enzymes are secreted into alimentary canal
c. alimentary canal has 2 openings: mouth and anus
d. absorptive epithelium delivers products of digestion to blood capillaries | alimentary canal has 2 openings: mouth and anus | | 156 |
| 4549019660 | Pepsin, released as pepsinogen by (blank) of the gastric glands in the lining of the stomach, is activated by (blank):
a. parietal cells; bile salts
b. chief cells; bile salts
c. parietal cells; stomach acid (HCl)
d. chief cells; stomach acid (HCl) | chief cells; stomach acid (HCl) | | 157 |
| 4549023755 | Salivary amylase initiates digestion of (blank) as we chew our food:
a. complex carbs (starch and glycogen)
b. disaccharide (table sugar--sucrose)
c. triglyceride (fats in veggie oil)
d. proteins (in meats and veggies) | complex carbs (starch and glycogen) | | 158 |
| 4549025699 | The process called (blank) breaks down large food molecules into smaller molecules. The process of (blank) moves these small pieces from GI tract to circulatory body fluids:
a. absorption; digestion
b. digestion; absorption
c. diffusion; osmosis
d. osmosis; diffusion | digestion; absorption | | 159 |
| 4549026835 | The final stage of diffusion in th small intestine are catalyzed by enzymes released from the:
a. liver
b. pancreas
c. spleen
d. gallbladder | pancreas | | 160 |
| 4549027424 | The dynamic, relatively constant conditions inside multi-cellular animals that support life is called
A. homeopathy
B. homeostasis
C. positive feedback
D. negative feedback | homeostasis | | 161 |
| 4549027864 | Animal control systems always include
A. sensory neurons, a brain, and motor neurons
B. basal metabolism and thermoregulation
C. extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid
D. a sensor, a control center, and an effector | a sensor, a control system, and an effector | | 162 |
| 4549028113 | Signals and responses that work to regulate body temperature around a desired set point is an example
of
A. feed forward regulation
B. positive feedback regulation
C. negative feedback regulation | neg. feedback | | 163 |
| 4549028114 | "Groups of cells that share common structure and function" defines
A. tissues
B. organs
C. organ systems
D. multicellular organisms | tissues | | 164 |
| 4549028776 | Which does NOT describe multicellular organisms?
A. body displays radial or line symmetry
B. anterior end has mouth; posterior end has anus
C. body's metabolic needs for nutrients and gases
are met by simple diffusion from external
environment to all body cells
D. organs reside in predictably arranged body
cavities | | | 165 |
| 4549028863 | Tightly packed collagen fibers in tendons and ligaments makes these tissues
A. dense connective tissue
B. loose connective tissue
C. specialized connective tissue | dense | | 166 |
| 4549029262 | The tissue above shows many nuclei, clear striations, and cells that attach to bones through tendons. This is
A. smooth muscle
B. cardiac muscle
C. skeletal muscle | skeletal | | 167 |
| 4549029462 | Connective tissues
A.line and cover body parts
B. contain cells scattered in extracellular matrix
C.contain neurons and glial cells arranged in our central and peripheral systems
D. are excitable tissues that shorten in response to threshold depolarization | contain cells scattered in extracellular matrix | | 168 |
| 4549031137 | In vertebrate animals, about two-thirds of body
is
A.extracellular water
B. intracellular water
C. interstitial water
D. vascular water | intracellular water | | 169 |
| 4549031827 | Animal cell membranes can best be described as
A. a protein bilayer with lipids attached on each
surface
B. a phospholipid bilayer with proteins covering
each surface
C. a phospholipid bilayer with proteins attached to
and inserted in the bilayer
D. a bilayer of cholesterol with phospholipids
attached on each surface | a phospholipid bilayer with proteins attached to
and inserted in the bilayer | | 170 |
| 4549032043 | Membranes are held together by noncovalent forces. The "heads" of phospholipids are _____. The "tails" are _____ and organize inside the membrane.
A. nonpolar; polar
B. nonpolar; nonpolar
C. polar; polar
D. polar; nonpolar | polar; nonpolar | | 171 |
| 4549032044 | Which type(s) of transmembrane movement is (are) pushed by a concentration gradient across the membrane barrier - with directional flux always from an area of higher concentration toward an area of lower concentration.
A. simple diffusion
B. facilitated diffusion
C. active transport
D. simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion
E. facilitated diffusion and active transport | simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion | | 172 |
| 4549032780 | Cell-cell communication accomplished by movement of signaling molecules or charged ions through gap junctions that connect cells to their neighbors is called
A. synaptic signaling
B. contact-dependent signaling
C. paracrine signaling
D. intercellular signaling | intercellular signaling | | 173 |
| 4549032781 | The process called _____ uses the energy of ATP to drive pumping action - driving transmembrane flux up the concentration gradient from an area of lower concentration toward an area of higher concentration
A. simple diffusion
B. facilitated diffusion
C. active transport
D. exocytosis | active transport | | 174 |
| 4549033219 | Signaling cascades
A. amplify (increase) the response in the target cell
B. dampen (reduce) the response in the target cell
C. work to destroy signaling molecules after
receptor binding
D. work to duplicate signaling molecules after they
bind to receptor | work to duplicate signaling molecules after they
bind to receptor | | 175 |
| 4549033220 | The neurotransmitter, called acetylcholine, binds to receptors on the sodium channels. This causes the ligand-gated sodium channels to open. This is an example of
A. direct signaling
B. indirect signaling
C. G protein coupled signaling
D. endocrine signaling | | | 176 |
| 4549033502 | Which does NOT describe binding of signaling molecules to receptors on target cells?
A. Binding is specific - only certain receptors bind specific ligands.
B. Ligand-receptor binding is rapidly reversible - the ligand leaves the receptor after a very short time.
C. Most ligand-receptor effects are transient - continuing action requires binding of more signaling molecules.
D. Ligand-receptor binding is covalent - the receptor must be destroyed for the effect to be turned off. | | | 177 |
| 4549033503 | When a post-synaptic neuron is depolarized to threshold, an all-or-none action potential is generated. Each action potential begins in the _____ and travels to the _____.
A. initial segment of the axon; dendrites
B. dendrites; initial segment of the axon
C. initial segment of the axon; nerve terminals
D. dendrites; nerve terminals | initial segment of the axon; nerve terminals | | 178 |
| 4549033959 | When a pre-synaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter into the synapse, the signaling molecules bind to synaptic receptors on the post- synaptic cell. If this binding of signaling molecules moves the post-synaptic cell membrane potential closer to threshold, the response is called an ____ and the post-synaptic cell is _____ to generate an action potential.
A. EPSP; more likely
B. EPSP; less likely
C. IPSP; more likely
D. IPSP; less likely | | | 179 |
| 4549035740 | Myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than unmyelinated axons. In peripheral neurons, _____ wrap around an axon to creating the lipid insulation. In the CNS, _____ create myelin sheaths.
A. Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes
B. Meissner cells; astrocytes
C. Pacinian cells; oligodendrocytes
D. oligodendrocytes; astrocytes | Schwann cells; oligodendrocytes | | 180 |
| 4549036352 | The uneven distribution of sodium and potassium between the ECF and ICF that supports excitable tissue function is created and sustained by constant action of
A. voltage-regulated potassium channels
B. voltage-regulated sodium channels
C. ligand-gated sodium channels
D. sodium-potassium ATPase | | | 181 |
| 4549036353 | Which does NOT describe the nervous system of a flatworm (shown above)?
A. reflexes are accomplished by a nerve net
B. nervous system shows cephalization
C. nerve cords support bilateral symmetry of
response circuits
D. all of the above describe the flatworm | | | 182 |
| 4549036741 | In both the spinal cord and brain, bundles of tightly packed myelinated axons create
A. grey matter
B. ganglia
C. white matter
D. lobes | white matter | | 183 |
| 4549036742 | Consider what happens when someone taps you on the shoulder. Which correctly outlines the flow of neural communication from mechanoreceptors in your shoulder to your conscious brain?
A. descending spinal tract--thalamus--motor cortex--alpha-motor neuron
B. motor cortex- thalamus- descending spinal tractalpha-motor neuron
C. ascending spinal tract afferent sensory neuronsomatosensory cortexthalamus
D. afferent sensory neuron ascending spinal tractthalamussomatosensory cortex | afferent sensory neuron- ascending spinal tract-thalamus-soma-to sensory cortex | | 184 |
| 4549037103 | Muscle action is coordinated by neuronal crosstalk that involves nerve circuits in the _____.
A. basal nuclei and cerebellum
B. thalamus and hypothalamus
C. pons and medulla oblongata
D. right and left cerebral hemispheres | | | 185 |
| 4549037104 | Which does NOT describe receptor potentials?
A. change in sensory receptor transmembrane voltage in response to appropriate stimulus
B. all-or-none signal that propagates along sensory neuron
C. graded response that is proportional to stimulus intensity
D. usually depolarization but sometimes hyperpolarization | | | 186 |
| 4549037450 | Specific sensory perceptions map to specific nerve circuits in different regions of the
A. spinal cord
B. cerebellum
C. cerebral cortex
D. thalamus | | | 187 |
| 4549037451 | Mechanoreceptors generate a receptor potential in response to
A. the energy of light
B. chemicals in solution
C. a change in body temperature
D. bending or compression | | | 188 |
| 4549037855 | Which correctly outlines the order of vibrational transfer through the middle ear?
A. tympanic membrane - oval window - malleus - incus - stapes
B. malleus - incus - stapes - oval window - tympanic membrane
C. tympanic membrane - malleus - incus - stapes - oval window
D. oval window - malleus - stapes - incus - tympanic membrane | | | 189 |
| 4549037856 | Three small "hoops" filled with fluid in which hair cells bend in response to nodding or shaking the head are the
A. cochlea and Organ of Corti
B. semicircular canals
C. utricle and saccule
D. tympanic membrane and ossicles | | | 190 |
| 4549038488 | In the bleaching reaction, the energy of visible light causes a conformational (shape) change in _____. Visual pigment comes apart, G proteins are activated, and action potentials are generated in neurons of the optic nerve.
A. retinal
B. opsin
C. Na-K ATPase
D. light-sensitive sodium channels | | | 191 |
| 4549039056 | John fell while rock climbing without wearing a helmet. Damage to his right _____ lobe has caused what is hopefully temporary vision loss in _____.
A. temporal; his left eye
B. temporal; both eyes
C. occipital; his left eye
D. occipital; both eyes | | | 192 |
| 4549039507 | Most humans display trichromatic vision. Variations in activation of three subsets of _____ in the _____ generate signals that create perception of all colors of the rainbow.
A. rods; retina
B. rods; sclera
C. cones; retina
D. cones; sclera | cones; sclera | | 193 |
| 4549039508 | Taste receptors are clustered into taste buds. The five modalities of human taste are sensed by subsets of receptor cells that each optimally respond to
A. salty, sweet, caffeine, chocolate, and edamame
B. salty, crunchy, bubbly, hot and cold
C. beer, pretzels, chips, steak and potatoes
D. salty, sweet, sour, bitter and savory | salty, sweet, sour, bitter and savory | | 194 |
| 4549040191 | Which does NOT describe thin myofilaments?
A. formed by two twisted strands of actin
B. associated regulatory proteins hide myosin
binding sites when the muscle is resting
C. energy of ATP shortens actin chains to drive
muscle contraction
D. calcium released from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum binds to troponin protein to allow cross-bridge formation | | | 195 |
| 4549040525 | At the neuromuscular junction, release of _____ neurotransmitter from the motor neuron causes localized _____ of the end plate.
A. excitatory; depolarization
B. inhibitory; depolarization
C. excitatory; hyperpolarization
D. inhibitory; hyperpolarization | excitatory; depolarization | | 196 |
| 4549040526 | When a muscle action potential is generated, the electrical signal travels into the fiber along the T-tubules and stimulates release of _____.
A. sodium from the plasma membrane
B. ATP from the mitochondria
C. troponin from the thin filament
D. calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum | | | 197 |
| 4549040910 | Organized bundles of thick and thin filaments packed inside muscle fibers are called:
A. myofilaments
B. myofibrils
C. fascicles
D. motor units
E. sarcomeres | myofibrils | | 198 |
| 4549042694 | The living cells of bone are called
A. Haversian canals
B. stratified cuboidal epithelium
C. osteocytes
D. chondrocytes | osteocytes | | 199 |
| 4549043745 | Living bone is constantly being remodeled. This supports calcium homeostasis. When extra calcium is available, the _____ work to build new bone. When the body fluids run low on calcium, the ____ chew up bone mineral to release calcium into the blood.
A. osteoclasts; osteoblasts
B. osteocytes; canaliculi
C. osteoblasts; osteoclasts
D. canaliculi; osteocytes | osteoblasts; osteoclasts | | 200 |
| 4549043932 | Because it offers the strongest structural support, the largest animals on earth have a(n)
A. hydrostatic skeleton
B. exoskeleton
C. endoskeleton | exoskeleton | | 201 |
| 4549043933 | Molecular energy is contained in the covalent bonds of food molecules. Which types of energy nutrients provide the most energy on a gram-per-gram basis?
A. carbohydrates and sugars
B. proteins and amino acids
C. fats and lipids
D. all food molecules release the same amount of
energy | | | 202 |
| 4549044331 | When sugar is abundant in body fluids, the liver works to store the extra sugar as a polymer (large branched chain of sugar molecules) called
A. glucose
B. glycogen
C. adipose
D. triglyceride
E. phospholipid | glucose | | 203 |
| 4549044611 | Food energy is measured as kilocalories (kcal) or Calories. This is the amount of energy that
A. creates one pound of body fat
B. fuels the body's activities for one minute
C. heats one mL of water by one degree C
D. heats one L of water by one degree C | | | 204 |
| 4549044929 | Which sequence correctly outlines food processing by multicellular animals?
A. absorption - ingestion - digestion - elimination
B. digestion - ingestion - elimination - absorption
C. ingestion - digestion - absorption - elimination
D. ingestion - digestion - elimination - absorption | ingestion - digestion - absorption - elimination | | 205 |
| 4549044930 | As we chew food, salivary _____ begins breakdown of _____ in the mouth.
A. lipase; fats
B. lipase; complex carbohydrates
C. amylase; fats
D. amylase; complex carbohydrates | amylase; complex carbohydrates | | 206 |
| 4549045296 | The wall of the small intestine has a surprisingly large surface area that supports absorption into blood and lymph. This large surface area Is created by
A. villi and microvilli
B. chief cells and parietal cells
C. gastric pits and gastric glands
D. mucins and buffers | villi and microvilli | | 207 |
| 4549045865 | The large intestine works to absorb
A. energy nutrients in food
B. vitamins and minerals in food
C. salts and water
D. all of the above | | | 208 |
